powerpoint overheads for sedra/smith microelectronic circuits 5/e ©2004 oxford university press

PowerPoint Overheads for

Sedra/SmithMicroelectronic Circuits 5/e

©2004 Oxford University Press.

Oxford University Press Oxford New YorkAuckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi KolkataKuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai NairobiSão Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.   ISBN 0–19–517267–1           

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2

Introduction to Electronics

3

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 4Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the Thévenin form, and (b) the Norton form.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 5Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.2 An arbitrary voltage signal vs(t).

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 6Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.3 Sine-wave voltage signal of amplitude Va and frequency f = 1/T Hz. The angular frequency v = 2pf rad/s.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 7Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.4 A symmetrical square-wave signal of amplitude V.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 8Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.5 The frequency spectrum (also known as the line spectrum) of the periodic square wave of Fig. 1.4.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 9Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.6 The frequency spectrum of an arbitrary waveform such as that in Fig. 1.2.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 10Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.7 Sampling the continuous-time analog signal in (a) results in the discrete-time signal in (b).

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 11Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.8 Variation of a particular binary digital signal with time.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 12Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.9 Block-diagram representation of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 13Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.10 (a) Circuit symbol for amplifier. (b) An amplifier with a common terminal (ground) between the input and output ports.

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Figure 1.11 (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a signal vI(t) and connected to a load resistance RL. (b) Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage amplifier with voltage gain Av.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 15Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.12 An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as batteries) for operation.

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Figure 1.13 An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 17Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.14 (a) An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small. Observe that this amplifier is operated from a single power supply, VDD.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 18Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.15 A sketch of the transfer characteristic of the amplifier of Example 1.2. Note that this amplifier is inverting (i.e., with a gain that is negative).

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 19Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.16 Symbol convention employed throughout the book.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 20Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.17 (a) Circuit model for the voltage amplifier. (b) The voltage amplifier with input signal source and load.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 21Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.18 Three-stage amplifier for Example 1.3.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 22Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.19 (a) Small-signal circuit model for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). (b) The BJT connected as an amplifier with the emitter as a common terminal between input and output (called a common-emitter amplifier). (c) An alternative small-signal circuit model for the BJT.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 23Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure E1.20

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 24Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.20 Measuring the frequency response of a linear amplifier. At the test frequency v, the amplifier gain is characterized by its magnitude (Vo/Vi) and phase f.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 25Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.21 Typical magnitude response of an amplifier. |T(v)| is the magnitude of the amplifier transfer function—that is, the ratio of the output Vo(v) to the input Vi(v).

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 26Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.22 Two examples of STC networks: (a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass network.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 27Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.23 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 28Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.24 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 29Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.25 Circuit for Example 1.5.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 30Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.26 Frequency response for (a) a capacitively coupled amplifier, (b) a direct-coupled amplifier, and (c) a tuned or bandpass amplifier.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 31Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.27 Use of a capacitor to couple amplifier stages.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 32Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure E1.23

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Figure 1.28 A logic inverter operating from a dc supply VDD.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 34Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.29 Voltage transfer characteristic of an inverter. The VTC is approximated by three straightline segments. Note the four parameters of the VTC (VOH, VOL, VIL, and VIH) and their use in determining the noise margins (NMH and NML).

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 35Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.30 The VTC of an ideal inverter.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 36Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.31 (a) The simplest implementation of a logic inverter using a voltage-controlled switch; (b) equivalent circuit when vI is low; and (c) equivalent circuit when vI is high. Note that the switch is assumed to close when vI is high.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 37Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.32 A more elaborate implementation of the logic inverter utilizing two complementary switches. This is the basis of the CMOS inverter studied in Section 4.10.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 38Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.33 Another inverter implementation utilizing a double-throw switch to steer the constant current IEE to RC1 (when vI is high) or RC2 (when vI is low). This is the basis of the emitter-coupled logic (ECL) studied in Chapters 7 and 11.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 39Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.34 Example 1.6: (a) The inverter circuit after the switch opens (i.e., for t 0). (b) Waveforms of vI and vO. Observe that the switch is assumed to operate instantaneously. vO rises exponentially, starting at VOL and heading toward VOH .

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 40Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 1.35 Definitions of propagation delays and transition times of the logic inverter.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 41Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.6

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 42Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.10

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 43Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.14

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Figure P1.15

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 45Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.16

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 46Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.17

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 47Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.18

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 48Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.37

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 49Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.58

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 50Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.63

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 51Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.65

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 52Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.67

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 53Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.68

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 54Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.72

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 55Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.77

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 56Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure P1.79

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith 57Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Table 1.1 The Four Amplifier Types