TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TPHCMKHOA CNG NGH HA HC

BO CO THC TPVIN A L TI NGUYN THNH PH H CH MINH

Ging vin hng dn: TS. TRN TH THANH THYSinh vin thc hin:L NGUYN HUNH DNG10058991TRN HU THIN THANH10052431NGUYN TH BCH VN10043151B UYN TRANG10040971NGUYN HU NGHA10047881Lp : DHPT6Kho: 2010-2014

Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 02 nm 2014

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. HCMKHOA CNG NGH HA HC

BO CO THC TPVIN A L TI NGUYN THNH PH H CH MINH

Ging vin hng dn: TS. TRN TH THANH THYSinh vin thc hin:L NGUYN HUNH DNG10058991TRN HU THN THANH10052431NGUYN TH BCH VN10043151B UYN TRANG10040971NGUYN HU NGHA10047881Lp: DHPT6Kho: 2010-2014

Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 02 nm 2014LI CM NLi u tin, chng em xin cm n Ban Gim Hiu nh trng to cho chng em iu kin v mi trng hc tp tt nht. Chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n qu thy c trong khoa Cng ngh Ha Hc nhit tnh ging dy, trang b cho cho chng em nhng kin thc cn thit, chnh l nhng nn tng c bn, l hnh trang v cng qu bu, nhng bc u tin cho tng lai sau ny ca chng em.Bn cnh chng em cng gi li cm n n cc anh ch trong Vin. Khi ln u bc vo mi trng lm vic chuyn nghip ca Vin, chng em khng khi b ng trc quy m ca Vin cng tc phong lm vic ca cc kim nghim vin. Nhng cc anh ch lun hng dn v ch bo chng em mt cch tn tnh, gip chng em vt qua s b ng ban u v gip chng em dn thch nghi vi mi trng lm vic ni y. Sau hn 4 tun c lm vic cng cc anh ch, chng em hc c rt nhiu kinh nghim b ch m cc anh ch truyn dy v c kt cho bn thn mnh nhiu kin thc t thc tin.Do y l ln u tin tip xc vi cng vic thc t v kin thc cn nhiu hn ch nn bi bo co ca chng em khng trnh khi nhng thiu st d l nh nht. Em rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca cc thy c cng cc anh ch Vin. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n.

TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2014i din sinh vin thc hin

NHN XT CA C QUAN THC TPTn c quan thc tp: Nhn xt: nh gi:TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2014

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DNPhn nh gi: thc thc hin: Ni dung thc hin: Hnh thc trnh by: Tng hp kt qu: im bng s: im bng ch: TP. H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm 2014Gio vin hng dn

MC LCCHNG 1: GII THIU VIN A L TI NGUYN THNH PH H CH MINH21.1. Gii thiu chung21.1.1. Lch s hnh thnh Vin a l Ti nguyn TP. H Ch Minh21.1.2. Chc nng v nhim v31.1.3. C cu t chc41.2. Gii thiu Trung tm phn tch Th nghim v Cng ngh khong51.2.1. Chc nng51.2.2. Nhim v61.2.3. Cc thit b trong phng6CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V T72.1. Gii thiu v t72.1.1. Khi nim72.1.2 Thnh phn c gii ca t72.1.3. Qu trnh hnh thnh t102.2. Phn loi t mn hin nay112.2.1. Gii thiu v t mn122.2.2. Phn loi t mn132.2.3. Nguyn nhn lm t mn132.2.4. S hnh thnh t mn142.3. Ly mu v x l mu152.3.1. Ly mu phn tch152.3.2. Phi kh mu172.3.3. Nghin v ry mu182.3.4. Bo qun mu182.4. Qu trnh nhn mu kim nghim v tr kt qu192.4.1. S tin hnh kim nghim192.4.2. Nhn mu192.4.3. Chun b dng c th nghim ha cht192.4.4. Kim tra cht lng phn tch192.4.5. Ghi chp s kim nghim vin202.4.6. Tr kt qu cho khch hng202.4.7. Lu mu202.5. Mt s ch tiu v t21CHNG 3: PHN TCH CC CH TIU TRONG T223.1. Quy trnh x l mu t ti s b phn tch cc ch tiu223.2. Xc nh hm lng Fe2+ trong t bng phng php trc quang233.2.1. ngha mi trng233.2.2. Nguyn tc xc nh233.2.3. Dng c - thit b233.2.4. Ha cht243.2.5. Cch tin hnh243.2.6. Cng thc tnh ton253.2.7. Kt qu thc nghim263.3. Xc nh hm lng Carbon bng phng php Walkley - Black273.3.1. ngha mi trng273.3.2. Nguyn tc xc nh273.3.3. Dng c - thit b273.3.4. Ha cht283.3.5. Cch tin hnh283.3.6. Cng thc tnh ton293.3.7. Kt qu thc nghim293.4. Xc nh hm lng SO42- bng phng php dng Baricromat303.4.1. Nguyn tc xc nh303.4.2. Dng c - thit b303.4.3. Ha cht303.4.4. Cch tin hnh313.4.5. Cng thc tnh ton313.4.6. Kt qu thc nghim313.5. Xc nh hm lng Cl trong t bng phng php Mohr323.5.1. ngha mi trng323.5.2. Nguyn tc xc nh333.5.3. Dng c - thit b333.5.4. Ha cht333.5.5. Cch tin hnh343.5.6. Cng thc tnh ton343.5.7. Kt qu thc nghim343.6. Xc nh Nit tng trong t bng phng php Kjeldahl353.6.1. ngha mi trng363.6.2. Nguyn tc xc nh373.6.3. Dng c - thit b373.6.4. Ha cht373.6.5. Cch tin hnh383.6.6. Cng thc tnh ton383.6.7. Kt qu thc nghim393.7. Xc nh hm lng Mg, Ca, Na, P, K bng phng php ICP OES403.7.1. Mc ch xc nh403.7.2. Gii thiu v cc nguyn t K, Mg, Ca, Na, P403.7.3. Dng c - thit b423.7.4. Ha cht423.7.5. X l mu xc nh hm lng K, Mg, Ca, Na, P423.7.6. Cch tin hnh433.7.7. Cng thc tnh ton443.7.8. Kt qu thc nghim44KT LUN47KIN NGH48TI LIU THAM KHO49PH LC50Ph lc 3.6. Gii thiu cc thng s k thut ca my ICP OES50Ph lc 3.7. Quy trnh m h thng my quang ph pht x ICP58DANH MC BNG BIUBng 2.1. S phn chia cp ht trong t (Kachinskii)8Bng 2.2. Phn ha t theo thnh phn c gii.9Bng 3.1. Dy chun Fe2+26Bng 3.2. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Fe2+26Bng 3.3. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Carbon trong t mu t mn Cn Gi29Bng 3.4. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng SO42- mu t mn Cn Gi31Bng 3.5. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Cl- trong mu t mn Cn Gi34Bng 3.6. Phn loi t da vo hm lng Nit tng36Bng 3.7. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Nit tng trong mu t mn Cn Gi39Bng 3.8. nh gi cht lng t da vo hm lng P2O542Bng 3.9. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Mg, Ca, Na, P trong t (mg/L)44Bng 3.10. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng % Mg, Ca, Na, P trong t45Bng 3.11. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng mg/L, mg/100g,46

DANH MC HNHHnh 1.1. S t chc phng ban5Hnh 2.1. Quan h gia vng tun hon a cht v tiu tun hon sinh hc11Hnh 2.2. S b tr ly mu ring bit16Hnh 2.3. S ly mu hn hp17Hnh 2.4. S tin hnh kim nghim19Hnh 3.1. S quy trnh x l mu t22Hnh 3.2. My quang ph 722N24Hnh 3.3. H thng chng ct Kjeldahl c in35Hnh 3.4. My quang ph pht x nguyn t ghp cp ion cm ng ICP OES Model OPTIMA 2100DV4068

LI M UTheo s liu thng k hin nay, mt nc bin bao ph n 70% b mt Tri t trong khi t lin ch chim 30% nhng cng vi bin, t cng ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic xy dng nn h sinh thi ng thc vt ca ton b Tri t. V th, vic nghin cu vai tr ca t v cc yu t nh hng n cht lng t v ang c trin khai rng ri cc quc gia nhm phc v cho s pht trin cng nghip v nng nghip ca cc quc gia .t nc Vit Nam chng ta l mt nc ng hng th hai th gii v xut khu go, bn cnh chng ta cng cung cp cho cc nc trn th gii nhiu loi cy nhit i c trng, v th phn ln ngi dn lm ngh nng l ch yu. c mt ma bi thu th yu t v t trng l khng th thiu, cn c nghin cu k cng v khoa hc. c nhiu trung tm nghin cu ra i. Vin a l thuc Vin khoa hc v cng ngh Vit Nam l mt in hnh. Vi hi vng gip ch cho ngnh nng nghip, cng nghip ca t nc pht trin, thi gian qua vin nghin cu nhiu ti v cc loi t nui trng, t sn xut cng nghip (lm gm, gch khng nung), t ven bin ven sng, t chua... T kt qu nghin cu phn tch gip chng ta c th hiu r bn cht ca t c hng khc phc tt hn.Trong cun bo co ny, chng em xin trnh by mt s ch tiu v t m trong qu trnh thc tp chng em c hc, thc hnh v nghin cu thc tin.

CHNG 1: GII THIU VIN A L TI NGUYN THNH PH H CH MINH1.1. Gii thiu chung1.1.1. Lch s hnh thnh Vin a l Ti nguyn TP. H Ch Minh Vin a l Ti nguyn Tp. H Ch Minh trc thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam trc kia l Phn vin a l ti thnh ph H Ch Minh trc thuc Vin a l c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 25/Q ngy 19/6/1993 ca gim c trung tm khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia. Vin nghin cu chuyn ngnh khoa hc tri t. Vin c lch s ra i v pht trin hn 35 nm, qua cc giai on sau: 1976-1980: T a hc thuc Vin Khoa Ha K Thut Min Nam l t chc s khai ca Vin a l Ti nguyn TP.HCM vi c cu nhn s l 3 ngi. 1980-1986: Phng a hc thuc Phn vin Khoa hc Vit Nam ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. 1986-1993: Trung tm a Hc thuc Phn Vin Khoa Hc Vit Nam ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. 6/1993-9/2007: Phn Vin a l ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 25/KHCNQG ca Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia trn c s Trung tm a hc. 2007 n nay: Vin a l Ti nguyn Thnh Ph H Ch Minh c thnh lp trn c s pht trin ca Phn Vin a l ti TP.HCM theo quyt nh s 1898/Q-KHCNVN ngy 20/09/2007 ca Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam ( nay l Vin Hn Lm Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam). Vin a l Ti nguyn thnh ph H Ch Minh c t cch php nhn, c con du ring, c m ti khon tin Vit Nam v ngoi t ngn hng.

1.1.2. Chc nng v nhim v1.1.2.1. Chc nng Thc hin cc hot ng nghin cu iu tra c bn v nghin cu thc nghim. T vn, thm nh, phn bin v xy dng n, d n kinh t - k thut. o to cn b khoa hc v cng ngh trong cc lnh vc lin quan. T chc v thc hin cc hp tc quc t trong nghin cu c bn v cng ngh v a l v ti nguyn.1.1.2.2. Nhim v T chc, iu tra, nghin cu c bn tng hp iu kin t nhin, ti nguyn thin nhin, mi trng v pht trin kinh t x hi cc vng lnh th. iu tra, nghin cu v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin; th nghim, phn tch cc mu vt phc v nghin cu a l, ti nguyn v mi trng. T chc nghin cu tm kim, thm d khai thc v ch bin khong sn. Nghin cu v ng dng cc gii php khoa hc v cng ngh trong iu tra, s dng, khai thc ti nguyn, kim sot v x l nhim mi trng, bo v a dng sinh hc, phng trnh v gim nh thin tai. Nghin cu, pht trin v ng dng cng ngh Vin thm, GIS, GPS, Internet, trong phn tch d liu khng gian, m hnh ha phc v nh gi, d bo. Nghin cu, pht trin v ng dng cc phng php a vt l nghin cu a cht, a cht thy vn, a cht cng trnh v mi trng. Nghin cu xy dng cc m hnh dn c sinh thi, gii quyt nc sch v v sinh mi trng; ng dng trin khai, t vn, thm nh, phn bin v thc hin cc dch v khoa hc cng ngh trong cc lnh vc chuyn mn. T chc thc hin cc hp tc trong v ngoi nc v nghin cu a l, ti nguyn thin nhin, mi trng v chuyn giao cng ngh trong cc lnh vc lin quan. T chc, o to cn b khoa hc thuc lnh vc a l, ti nguyn thin1.1.3. C cu t chcBan Lnh o: Ban lnh o Vin a l Ti nguyn TP. HCM gm Vin trng v cc Ph Vin trng. Vin trng l i din php nhn ca Vin a l Ti nguyn TP. HCM trong quan h vi cc t chc v c nhn trong nc v nc ngoi, chu trch nhim trc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, Ch tch Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam v ton b hot ng ca Vin a L Ti Nguyn TP. HCM. Vin trng do Ch tch Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam b nhim v min nhim. Vin trng c quyn quyt nh b nhim v min nhim cc cp trng, ph cc n v trc thuc. Cc Ph Vin trng do Ch tch Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam b nhim v min nhim theo ngh ca Vin trng Vin a l Ti nguyn TP. HCM v chu trch nhim trc Vin trng v nhim v c Vin trng phn cng. Hi ng Khoa hc: Hi ng Khoa hc Vin l t chc t vn cho Vin trng v cc hot ng nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh nhm thc hin c hiu qu cc nhim v nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh do Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam v cc t chc Khoa hc Nh nc giao. Hi ng c c cu t chc v hot ng theo Quy nh hin hnh ca Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam. Phng Qun l Tng hp: l phng chc nng gip Vin trng qun l k hoch khoa hc, cng tc nghin cu trin khai khoa hc cng ngh, qun l ti chnh, cng sn, hnh chnh, qun tr, hp tc quc t,.v.vca Vin.

Hnh 1.1. S t chc phng ban

1.2. Gii thiu Trung tm phn tch Th nghim v Cng ngh khong1.2.1. Chc nng Phn tch cc ch tiu phc v nghin cu nh gi ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng. Nghin cu phn tch vi lng cc cht v dng cc cht trong cc i tng mu khc nhau bng cc phng php phn tch hin i, cc phng php phn tch ht nhn khng ph hy mu. T chc v phn tch th nghim ti hin trng v trong phng th nghim. Nghin cu pht trin v chun ha cc phng php phn tch ha, l phcv cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh, o to sau i hc, iu tra nh gi ti nguyn, phn tch mi trng, kim tra an ton thc phm, dc phm, L c s o to, hng dn thc tp phn tch cho hc vin, trung cp, i hc, cao hc, nghin cu sinh t cc trng, vin.1.2.2. Nhim v Phn tch cc loi mu vi lng, a lng phc v nghin cu a cht, a cht cng trnh, th nhng, nc, khng kh, mi trng, y hc, thc phm, dc phm, an ton lao ng, Mt s phn tch nng ha chuyn bit theo yu cu nghin cu. Phn tch tui kho c v trm tch.1.2.3. Cc thit b trong phng My ICP OES. H thng Kjeldahl c in. My o quang 722N. Cc thit b th nghim mu t nh my lc, cc loi ry, cc bnh ph mu Kjeldahl, ng ly tm.

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V T2.1. Gii thiu v t2.1.1. Khi nimt trong thut ng chung l cc vt cht nm trn b mt Tri t, c kh nng h tr s sinh trng ca thc vt v phc v nh l mi trng sinh sng ca cc dng s sng ng vt t cc vi sinh vt ti cc loi ng vt nh.V.V.Dokuchaev, nh khoa hc ngi Nga tin phong trong lnh vc khoa hc t cho rng: t nh l mt thc th t nhin c ngun gc v lch s pht trin ring, l thc th vi nhng qu trnh phc tp v a dng din ra trong n. t c coi l khc bit vi . Theo ng, chng b thay i mt cch t nhin bi cc tc ng ph bin ca nc, khng kh v mt lot cc dng hnh ca cc sinh vt sng hay cht. t trn b mt lc a l mt vt th thin nhin c hnh thnh do s tc ng tng hp cc k phc tp ca nm yu t: sinh vt, m, a hnh, kh hu v tui a phng.Nh vy ta c th ni rng, t l s hnh thnh t m lu ngy nm trong thin nhin, b ph hy bi cc yu t ha hc, l hc.2.1.2 Thnh phn c gii ca tCc loi t dao ng trong mt khong rng v thnh phn v cu trc theo tng khu vc. Cc loi t c hnh thnh thng qu qu trnh phong ha ca cc loi v s phn hy ca cc cht hu c. Phong ha l tc ng ca gi, ma, bng, nh nng v cc tin trnh sinh hc trn cc loi theo thi gian, cc tc ng ny lm v vn ra thnh cc ht nh. Cc thnh phn khong cht v cc cht hu c xc nh cu trc v c thuc tnh khc ca cc loi t.t c th chia ra lm hai lp tng qut hay tng: tng t b mt, l lp trn cng nht, phn ln cc loi r cy, vi sinh vt v cc loi hnh s sng ng vt khc c tr v tng t ci, tng ny nm su hn v thng thng dy c vcht hn cng nh t cc cht hu c hn.Nc, khng kh cng l thnh phn ca phn ln cc loi t. Khng kh, nm trong cc khong khng gian gia cc ht t, v nc, nm trong cc khong khng gian cng nh b mt cc ht t, chim khong mt na th tch ca t. C hai u ng vai tr quan trng trong s sinh trng ca thc vt v cc loi hnh s sng khc trong thit din ng ca t trong mt h sinh thi c th (bng 1).Kt qu ca qu trnh phong ha v khong cht to nn lp ti xp bao gm nhng ht c kch thc khc nhau. Nhng ht c kch thc khc nhau ny gi l phn t c hc. Nhng phn t c hc c kch thc gn ging nhau trong mt phm vi ln no c gi chung l cp ht ca t. Theo Kachinskii, t c chia thnh ba cp ht chnh l ct, limon, st (bng 2.1).Bng 2.1. S phn chia cp ht trong t (Kachinskii)Tn giKch thc (mm)

> 3

Si31

CtTh10,5

Trung bnh0,50,25

Nh0,250,05

LimonLn0,050,01

Trung bnh0,010,005

Nh0,0050,001

StTh0,0010,0005

Mn0,00050,0001

Keo< 0,0001

T hp cc cp ht c kch thc khc nhau gi l thnh phn c gii ca t. Thnh phn c gii ca t c ngha rt quan trng i vi ph nhiu ca n. Trc ht thnh phn c gii l nhn t quyt nh ch nc v khng kh ca t. t c t l cp ht nh chim u th th kh nng gi nc tt, nhng chnh v th m thiu khng kh. Ngc li, t c cp ht th chim u th th kh nng gi nc v cht dinh dng km. V th ci to thnh phn c gii cho thch hp c ngha ln v nhiu mt.Bng 2.2. Phn ha t theo thnh phn c gii.St vt l ( < 0,01mm,%)Tn t

t tho nguyn , vngt mn

0505t ct ri

510510t ct dnh

10201015t ct pha

20301520t tht nh

30452030t th trung bnh

45603040t tht nng

60754050t st nh

75855065 st trung bnh

> 85> 65t st nng

Cn c vo t l cc loi ht (thnh phn v khong cht) trong t ngi ta chia t ra lm 3 loi chnh: t ct, t tht v t st. Chng c cc t l cc ht ct, limon v st nh sau: t ct: 85% ct, 10% limon v 5% st. t tht: 45% ct, 40% limon v 15% st. t st: 25% ct, 30% limon v 45% st. Gia cc loi t ny cn c cc loi t trung gian.V d: t ct pha, t tht nh...Cc loi t nguyn thy b chn vi di cc hiu ng ca cc sinh vt c gi l t c.Cc loi t tin ha t nhin theo thi gian bi cc hot ng ca thc vt, ng vt v phong ha. t cng chu nh hng bi cc hot ng sng ca con ngi. Con ngi c th ci to t lm cho n thch hp hn i vi s sinh trng ca thc vt thng qua vic b sung cc cht hu c v phn bn t nhin hay tng hp, cng nh ci to ti tiu hay kh nng gi nc ca t. Tuy nhin, cc hot ng ca con ngi cng c th lm thoi ha t bi s lm cn kit cc cht dinh dng, nhim cng nh lm tng s xi mn t.2.1.3. Qu trnh hnh thnh tQua trinh hinh thanh a rt phc tap, bao gm nhiu hoat ng: sinh hoc, hoa hoc, ly hoc, ly hoa hoc tac ng tng h ln nhau: S tng hp cht hu c va phn giai chung. S tp trung tich luy cht hu c, v c va s ra tri chung. S phn huy cac khoang cht va s tng hp cac hp cht hoa hoc mi. S xm nhp cua nc vao t va mt nc t t. S hp thu nng lng mt tri cua t lam t nong ln va mt nng lng t t, lam cho t lanh i.T khi xut hin s sng trn Tri t th qu trnh phong ha xy ra ng thi vi qua trinh hinh thanh t.Thc cht cua qua trinh hinh thanh t la vong tiu tun hoan sinh hoc, thc hin do hoat ng sng cua sinh hoc (ng vt, thc vt va vi sinh vt). Trong vong tun hoan nay sinh vt a hp thu nng lng, cht dinh dng va cac khi t khi quyn tng hp nn cht hu c (quang hp). Cac cht hu c nay v c hoa nh vi sinh vt va la ngun thc n cho sinh vt th h sau.

Hnh 2.1. Quan h gia vng tun hon a cht v tiu tun hon sinh hc2.2. Phn loi t mn hin nayTheo phn loai hin nay, t mn c chia lam 3 n vi t: t mn su, vet, c. t mn nhiu. t mn trung binh va it. Trong s nay, din tich t mn nhiu va it chim a s (75%). Loai nay chim din tich ln mt s tinh ng bng sng Cu Long (chim 80% cua n vi t). Ngoai ra, con co cac vung khac. ng bng sng Hng 53,307 ha 7,30% cua n vi Khu 4 cu 38,358 ha 5,20% cua n vi duyn hai min Trung 38.358 ha 4,90% cua n vi ng Nam B 35.561 ha 0.34% cua n vi Trung du min nui Bc B 16,360 ha 2,20% cua n vi. Cc loi t mn t v trung bnh thng xuyn phn b a hnh trung bnh t 0,8 n 1,2 m cch xa bin v sng ln. Loi t ny c canh tc kh lu i , ma kh kit b b trng, ch bc hi manh nn d bi kt vn su 80100 cm (Ba Tri, Thanh Phu). Loi t mn nhiu, mn tng thi k thng phn b a hnh thp hn, khi triu cng nc trn ln, khin tng t mt c mn cao rt kh ra nhanh vo u ma ma. tng t su 5080 cm thng c lp ct xm xanh ca bi thy triu, c cha mica v nhiu mnh v vi. Loi t mn nhiu thng xuyn di rng ngp mn, phn b thnh di dc ven bin Bn Tre. t thng co mn rt cao, khng thun li cho nng nghip.2.2.1. Gii thiu v t mnt mn l t cha nhiu mui ha tan (11,5% hoc hn). nhng loi mui tan thng gp trong t l: NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, NaHCO3 Nhng loi mui ny c ngun gc khc nhau (ngun gc lc a, ngun gc bin, ngun gc sinh vt hc), nhng ngun gc nguyn thy ca chng l t cc thnh phn khong ca ni la. Trong qu trnh phong ha , nhng mui ny b ha tan di chuyn tp trung nhng dng a hnh trng khng thot nc. vng nhit i ma nhiu nh Vit Nam, s phong ha xy ra mnh m, k c nhng loi mui kh tan nh CaCO3, CaSO4 Cng b ha tan v ra tri ra sng ra bin.t mn c thnh phn c gii nng. T l st t 5060%. t cht, thm nc km, khi b t, do, dnh. Khi b kh, t co li, nt n, rn chc, kh lm t. t c nhiu mui tan di dng NaCl, Na2SO4nnp sut thm thu dung dch t lnlm nh hng n qu trnh ht nc v cht dinh dng ca cy trng. t c phn ng trung tnh hoc kim yu. Hot ng ca vi sinh vt t yu.t mn l nhm t ph sa ven bin c hnh thnh do trm tch sng v bin chu nh hng trc tip ca nc mn bin theo thy triu trn vo hoc gin tip do nc mch mn t bin ngm vo. Nh vy, s hnh thnh nhm t mn Vit Nam ch yu l do qu trnh ha mn cc vng t ven bin do tc ng ca nc bin. Theo phn loi ca FAO - UNESCO loi t ny c gi l ph sa mn; quan im ny cng ging nh phn loi t phn (Thionic Fluvisols) v do c tnh ca phn v mn nc ta cha t ch tiu ca nhm (major soil grouping) m ch t ch tiu ca loi hay n v t. t mn Vit Nam c xc nh l t c c tnh mn (salic properties) nhng khng c tng sunfidic cng nh tng sufuric t b mt t xung su 125cm. 2.2.2. Phn loi t mn

phn loi t mn c mt s phng php phn loi khc nhau. Theo phn loi pht sinh t mn c phn chia da vo tng s mui tan ch yu l mui Cl- v SO42-. Theo phn loi ca FAO - UNESCO ngi ta da vo dn in ca dung dch t v t l mui tan (%). Ngoi ra mt s tc gi cn phn loi da trn c s cc dng ion ca mui tan ( Cl-, SO, CO32-, Na+, Mg2+... ) kt hp vi thnh phn c gii. 2.2.3. Nguyn nhn lm t mnTnh trng hn han gay gt khp cc tnh min Bc v min Trung hi u thang nay, khin vng h lu nhiu con sng ln b nhim mn nng. Hoc mc nc sng M Kng cung co lin h n hin tng ni ng bi nhim mn. Lu lng v it, ma ri vao cao im cua mua kh thang 3 thang 4 thi mc nc bin se dng va se n su vao trong t lin.Con lu lng hang nm v ln thi no se y lui kha nng nhim mn ra xa hn.Hin tng nhim mn i vi vung t nng nghip, nu la t trng lua thi kha nng anh hng rt ln. La t trng hoa mau, kha nng anh hng cao hn na. Nu la t dung nui trng thuy san, nc l thi lai tt. Co nhng ch ngita phai bm nc l vao, mn khoang 78 nui tm su mi c.2.2.4. S hnh thnh t mnS hnh thnh t mn l kt qu tng hp ca nhiu yu t: m, a hnh trng khng thot nc, mc nc mn nng, kh hu kh hn v sinh vt a mui. Trong cc yu t trn nc ngm mn l nguyn nhn trc tip lm cho t b mn.Da vo ngun gc, c im tch ly mui, ngi ta phn chia qu trnh mn ha lm 2 loi: Qu trnh mn ha do nh hng ca nc bin: qu trnh ny xy ra min nhit i do nh hng ca bin. Nc bin xm nhp vo ni ng theo sng ngi khi thy triu ln cao, qua cc trn ma bo v bin hoc vo ma kh khi nc ngt ca cc con sng c lu lng thp chy ra bin, nc ngt khng lc y nc bin khi thy triu mnh. Nc mn vng c th theo cc mao mch, ng nt trong t,i qua cc con bin thm su vo ni ng. Qu trnh mn ha lc a: nhng vng kh hn v bn kh hn, cc loi mui kh tan vn cn li trong t, ch nhng mui d tan nh: NaCl, MgCl, NaCl2mi b ha tan, nhng cng khng c vn chuyn i xa, tch t nhng a hnh trng khng thot nc di dng nc ngm. Do iu kin kh hanh v mc nc ngm cn, mui c di chuyn v tp trung ln lp mt do qu trnh bc hi v thot hi nc.Cc nguyn nhn gy nn mn ha lc a l:+ Dng nc mao qun t nc ngm (nguyn nhn chnh).+ Do gi chuyn mui cng vi bi t bin v cc h nc mn. + Do ging thy ra mui t ni c a hnh cao xung thp.+ Do s khong ha xc thc vt u mn trong chng cha nhiu mui.+ Do ti tiu khng hp l. Qu trnh mn ha th sinh: nhng vng kho hn v bn kh hn lng ma rt thp (200500 mm/nm), nn nng nghip c ti v cn ti lph bin. Do vic qun l t v dng ngun nc ti b nhim mn, nntng t mt b nhim mn. do tc ng nhn sinh lm mn ha tng t mn.2.3. Ly mu v x l mu2.3.1. Ly mu phn tchTy thuc vo mc ch nghin cu m la chn cch ly mu thch hp. Thng thng c mt s cch ly mu nh sau: ly mu nguyn theo tng pht sinh, ly mu c bit hoc hn hp, ly mu nguyn trng thi t nhin khng ph hy cu to ca t.Ly mu theo tng pht sinh: Khi nghin cu t v pht sinh hc hoc nghin cu tnh cht vt l, tnh cht nc ca t th tin hnh ly mu nh sau: o phu din t: Chn im o phu din phi i din cho ton vng cn ly mu nghin cu. Phu din thng rng 1,2m, di 1,5m, su n tng m hoc su 1,52m nhng ni c tng t dy. M t c trng hnh thi phu din v chia tng pht sinh khc nhau. Ly mu t: ln lt ly mu t t tng pht sinh di cng ln n tng mt. Mi tng, mu t c c ng trong 1 ti ring, c ghi nhn r rng, lng t ly t 0,5 n 1kg l . i vi tng pht sinh cui cng th ly mu phn gip vi y phu din, tng mt ly dc sut c tng n cch ng phn tng 2 -3cm, cc tng khc ly gia tng pht sinh vi dy 10cm ri gp li. Cn vi tng pht sinh mng th ly b dy c tng. i vi tng tch t ca t mn th chn v tr mu ch cht nht ca tng ny.Mi mu t u c ghi phiu ch r: s phu din, tng ( su ly mu), a im ly mu, ngy ly mu v ngi ly mu.Ly mu hn hp: nguyn tc ca ly mu hn hp l ly cc mu ring bit nhiu im khc nhau ri hn hp li. Thng thng ly mu t 510 im ri hn hp li ly mu trung bnh. Khi ly mu t cc im ring bit cn trnh cc v tr c bit khng i din nh sau: ch bn phn hoc vi t li, ch cy qu tthoc qua xu, ch cy b su bnhMu hn hp thng c ly trong nhng nghin cu nng ha hc, nghin cu ng thi cc cht dinh dng ca t hoc ly cc rung th nghim. Mu t hn hp c ly nh sau:Ly cc mu ring bit: Ty theo hnh dng khu t cn ly mu m b tr cc im ly mu (510 im) phn b ng u trn ton din tch. C th p dng cch ly mu theo ng cho hoc theo ng thng gc (hnh 1a v 1b) vi a hnh vung gn, hoc theo ng gp khc hoc nhiu ng cho (1c v 1d) vi a hnh di. Mi im ly khong 200 gam t b dn vo 1 ti ln.

a

b

dc

Hnh 2.2. S b tr ly mu ring bit

Trn mu v ly mu hn hp: cc mu ring bit c bm nh v trn u trn giy hoc nilon. Sau dn mng ri chia lm 4 phn theo ng cho, ly 2 phngiy hoc nilon. Sau dn mng ri chia lm 4 phn theo ng cho, ly 2 phn i din nhu trn li c mu hn hp.

Hnh 2.3. S ly mu hn hpLy phn 1 v 3, b 2 v 4 hoc ly 2 v 4 b 1 v 3.Lng t ca mu hn hp ly khong 0,5 1kg, cho vo ti vi, ghi phiu mu nh ni dng ghi cho phiu mu trn, ghi bng bt ch en trnh nhe, nht l t t.2.3.2. Phi kh muTr mt s trng hp phi phn tch trong t ti nh xc nh hm lng nc, mt s cht d bin i khi t kh nh: NH4+, NO3-, Fe2+, Fe3+ Cn hu ht cc ch tiu khc u c xc nh trong t kh.Mu t ly t ng rung v phi c hong kh kp thi, bm nh ( c 11,5cm), nht sch cc xc thc vt, si Sau dn mng trn bn g hoc giy sch ri phi kh trong nh. Ni hong mu phi thong gi v khng c cc ha cht bay hi nh: NH3, Cl2, SO2 tng cng qu trnh lm kh t c th lt u mu t. Thi gian hong kh t c th ko di vi ngy ty thuc vo loi t v iu kin kh hu. Thng thng t ct s nhanh chng kh hn t st.Cn ch l mu t c hong kh trong khng kh l tt nht. Khng nn phi kh ngoi nng hoc sy kh trong t sy.Mu phn tch ti: trong phn tch, mt s ch tiu bt buc phi phn tchngay trong mu mi mi c ly (mu ti) nh: in th oxi ha kh, hm lng st, amoni, sunphua v hm lng cc nguyn t ny s thay i trong qu trnh phi kh mu.Mu t mi ly v trn u ri em phn tch ngay. ng thi cn 5 gam tny em sy kh xc nh hm lng nc, phc v cho vic chuyn kt qu phn tch t t ti sang t kh kit.2.3.3. Nghin v ry mut sau khi hong kh, p nh ri nht ht xc thc vt v cc cht ln khc. Dng phng php cho gc ly khong 500g em nghin, phn cn li cho vo ti c gi n khi phn tch xong.Trc ht gi phn t em nghin trong ci s, ri ry qua ry 2 mm. Phn cn si c kch thc ln hn 2mm c cn khi lng ri i. Lng t ry c chia i, mt na dng phn tch thnh phn c gii, na cn li tip tc nghin nh bng ci s ri ry qua 1mm (phi gi v cho qu ry ton b lng t ny). t ry qua 1mm c ng trong 1 ci l thy tinh nt nhm rng ming hoc hp giy bng ba cng, c ghi nhn cn thn dng phn tch cc thnh phn ha hc thng thng. Nu cn phn tch tng thnh phn khong, mn, nit tng s th ly khong 50 gam t ry qua 1mm, tip tc nht ht cc xc thc vt, sau nghin nh v cho qua ry 0.25mm. Gi t ny bng giy ri b chung vo hp ng t trn.2.3.4. Bo qun mut sau khi nghin c trn u v ng trong cc hp v ti ni lng c nhn v phiu ghi r: k hiu ngoi ng, k hiu trong phng, ni ly mu, su ly mu, loi t v cc yu cu phn tch.Mu c trn gi trong phng mu. Phng mu phi thong, sch, kh ro khng c cc loi kh nh: NH4, H2S, HCl tt nht bo qun trong cc phng lnh.

2.4. Qu trnh nhn mu kim nghim v tr kt qu2.4.1. S tin hnh kim nghim

Hnh 2.4. S tin hnh kim nghim2.4.2. Nhn mu Mu phi c nhn ghi r ni sn xut, ni gia cng nu c, k hiu mu, ngun gc ca mu. Mu phn tch mt s ch tiu yu cu ca khch hng. Ngy nhn mu, ngy giao mu cho khch hng. L do yu cu phn tch tin hnh phn tch cho ph hp vi yu cu. 2.4.3. Chun b dng c th nghim ha chtDa vo quy trnh chn phn tch cc ch tiu khch hng yu cu m ta phi la chn: Dng c c chnh xc, thch hp. Lng ha cht cn dng cho quy trnh phn tch.2.4.4. Kim tra cht lng phn tch nh tnh: phi cho cc phn ng c trng nhn bit vi tng hot cht kim tra. nh lng: Ty ch tiu cn phn tch m s s dng phng php phntch cho ph hp. Hm lng cc ch tiu phn tch phi nm trong gii hn cho php ca TCVN, ISO2.4.5. Ghi chp s kim nghim vin Mi kim nghim vin phi c s ghi chp y v t m cc s liu thu c lc tin hnh th nghim k c php tnh thc hin vo s kim nghim vin. S tay kim nghim vin phi t c cc mc ch sau: Ghi li cc nhn xt, cc din bin, cc s liu ca cc th nghim, cch tnh ton cui cng tng hp cc kt qu v ghi phiu tr li. tra cu li khi cn thit. rt kinh nghin trong qu trnh cng tc kim nghim. S tay kim nghim c xem nh chng t gc ca cc s liu cng b mang tnh php l ca cc phiu kim nghim.2.4.6. Tr kt qu cho khch hng Sau khi hon tt cc th nghim phn tch, nh gi cc kt qu, kim nghin vin vit vo phiu tr li (lu hnh ni b nh phi l phiu chnh thc) a cho trng phng duyt li, nu kt qu t th lm th tc giao tr cho khch hng. Phiu tr kt qu cho khch hng phi c con du, ch k ca th trng n v. Cn cc phiu gc v cc chng gc cng vn bn nh gi c lu li phng hnh chnh. Kt qu phn tch phi km theo phng php phn tch. T ng vit phi ht sc chnh xc, r rng, gn v thng nht.2.4.7. Lu mu Mu lu l mt phn ly t mu ban u ging nh mu th, c ring v sau ny s dng trong trng hp c tranh chp v kt qu cng b. Mu lu phi c k hiu ging mu th cng loi, c du hiu nhn bitring, phi c bo qun trong iu kin quy nh.2.5. Mt s ch tiu v tTrong t c rt nhiu thnh phn khc nhau. Do ta c rt nhiu ch tiu phn tch cc thnh phn . Ty vo mu t m ta dng phng php cho ph hp.Di y l mt s ch tiu m nhm em c thc tp ti Vin a l Ti nguyn: Xc nh Fe2+ bng phng php trc quang. Xc nh Cacbon bng phng php Walkley - Black. Xc nh Sulfat ( SO42- ) ha tan trong t bng phng php dng Bicromat. Xc nh anion Clo (Cl-) bng phng php Mohr. Xc nh hm lng Nit tng bng phng php Kjeldahl. Xc nh K d tiu, Ca, Mg, Na, P bng phng php ph pht x nguyn t ghp cp ion cm ng ICP OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry).

CHNG 3: PHN TCH CC CH TIU TRONG T3.1. Quy trnh x l mu t ti s b phn tch cc ch tiu

Hnh 3.1. S quy trnh x l mu t

3.2. Xc nh hm lng Fe2+ trong t bng phng php trc quang3.2.1. ngha mi trngSt c trong thin nhin di dng hp cht oxit, sunfua, cacbpnat v silicat. Ngoi nhng m khong vt ca st, st cn c phn tn trong cc khong vt ca Al, Ti, MnNgy nay vi s pht trin ca cng nghip thi ra nhiu loi bi kim loi, trong c st, khng nhng gy nhim mi trng khng kh m cn gy nhim mi trng t.Khi trong t c vt liu sinh phn lu hunh, n s kt hp vi st tp Fe2S. Khi chng tip xc vi khng kh s to phn hot ng lm chua t v gy c cho cy trng.St c vai tr gi m, gi mu, c nh ln cho t.3.2.2. Nguyn tc xc nh xc nh hm lng Fe2+ ngi ta s dng t ti ngay sau khi ly mu t v m khng phi kh v nghin nh.Trc khi phn tch mu ta phi xc nh hm lng Fe2+ s b. Sau dng ng chun v tin hnh o quang bc sng 508 nm vi thuc th 1-10 phenantrolin.3.2.3. Dng c - thit b Ci, chy s. Erlen 250 mL . Bnh nh mc v pipet cc loi. Giy lc, phu lc.. My o quang UV VIS 722N

Hnh 3.2. My quang ph 722N3.2.4. Ha cht Dung dch H2SO4 0.1N. Dung dch m pH = 5: ha tan 30g natriacetat trong 500mL acid acetic 1N. Dung dch 1,10-phenantrolin 0.5%: ha tan 0.5g 1,10-phenantrolin trong 100 ml nc ct c acid ha nh bng H2SO4 (un nh). Dung dch chun gc Fe2+ 5ppm.3.2.5. Cch tin hnh3.2.5.1. X l mu xc nh hm lng Fe2+ ta s dng t ti ngay sau khi ly mu t v (khng phi kh v nghin nh). Cn 5g t cho vo erlen 250mL, thm vo 50mL H2SO4 0.1N. Lc 5 pht, lc qua giy lc kh vo trong bnh kh. Th hm lng Fe2+ trong mu: Trc khi xc nh ta cn th hm lng Fe2+ trong dung dch lc bng cch ly 1-2mL dung dch lc cho vo ng nghim, thm 1mL dung dch m v 1 git 1,10-Phenantrolin, lc u v quan st cng mu - da cam ca dung dch, t quyt nh lng dung dch lc cn ly. Nu cng mu ny yu th ta ly nhiu v ngc li.

3.2.5.2. Xy dng ng chun: Xy dng dy chun gc c hm lng Fe2+ trong khong 1-10ppm trong bnh nh mc 50mL. Ht vo cc bnh 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 theo th t sau: 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 mL dung dch chun Fe2+ 5ppm. Thm 5mL dung dch m v 5 git 1,10-Phenantrolin. Lc u, nh mc. yn 10 pht. o mt quang ca dy chun bc sng 508nm, sau tm phng trnh hi quy v h s tng quan R.3.2.5.3. Phn tch mu Ly phn dung dch lc cho vo bnh nh mc 50mL ( ty thuc vo hm lng Fe2+). Thm 5mL dung dch m v 5 git 1,10-Phenantrolin. Lc u, nh mc. yn 10 pht. o quang ti bc sng 508nm.3.2.6. Cng thc tnh ton

Trong : Cmg/L: S liu o c t my (mg/L). Vm: Th tch nh mc (mL). F: H s pha long. mm: Khi lng mu phn tch (g). k: H s chuyn i t mu kh khng kh sang kh tuyt i.

3.2.7. Kt qu thc nghim Dy chun Fe2+ t dung dch chun gc 5ppmBng 3.1. Dy chun Fe2+Bnh01234

Th tch ht (mL)010203040

Nng 01234

Dung dch m pH = 55mL

Thuc th 1,10 phenantrolin1mL

nh mc50mL

Lc u, yn10 pht

Mt quang (508nm)00.5570.1130.1690.226

T mt quang o c v nng ca dy chun ta c phng trnh hi quy sau:A = 0,0563.C + 5.10-4V R2 = 0,9999 Phn tch mu (mu t mn Cn Gi)Bng 3.2. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Fe2+K hiu mummu (g)Vht (mL)Th tch nh mcH s pha longMt quang Amg/L Fe2+% Fe2+

CG25 (015)5.01264.0050.0012.50.1472.60210.032

CG25 (1530)5.02350.5050.001000.0931.64300.164

CG25 (3070)4.99990.5050.001000.1192.10480.210

CG25 (70110)5.03500.5050.001000.1392.46000.244

CG25 (110150)5.06970.5050.001000.1332.35350.232

Nhn xt: Hm lng Fe2+ trong mu t cao v c s khc nhau, tng theo chiu su ca tng t, nhng tng su nht li gim, chnh lch khng qu ln.3.3. Xc nh hm lng Carbon bng phng php Walkley - Black3.3.1. ngha mi trngS tch ly cht hu c dng mn trong t l do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, thc vt cng nh bn phn hu c. Hm lng, thnh phn mn quyt nh hnh thi v cc tnh cht l, ha hc, ph ca t.Trong tng mn cha gn 90% Nit dng d tr v phn ln cc nguyn t dinh dng nh Photpho, Lu hunh, cc nguyn t vi lng, l kho d tr cht l kho d tr cht dinh dng cho cy trng.3.3.2. Nguyn tc xc nhPhng php da trn nguyn tc oxy ha cht hu c ca t bng dung dch K2Cr2O7.3C + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 3CO2 + 2K2SO4 + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 8H2OSau chun li lng K2Cr2O7 d, bng dung dch mui c tnh kh l FeSO4, t tnh c mn ca t.K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2OCht ch th dng cho qu trnh chun ny l diphenylamin. im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm en sang mu xanh l cy.im khc nhau gia phng php ny so vi phng php Chiurin l: nhit dng cho qu trinh oxi ha c to ra do qu trnh ha tan H2SO4 c trong dung dch K2Cr2O7.3.3.3. Dng c - thit b Beacher 50mL Erlen 250mL Pipet cc loi Buret 25mL ng ong 100mL3.3.4. Ha cht Dung dch K2Cr2O7 1N: Ha tan 49,039g K2Cr2O7 trong nc ct v thm th tch n 1L. Dung dch FeSO4 0,5N: Ha tan 139g FeSO4.7H2O trong 800mL nc ct, thm 20mL H2SO4 c ri nh mc n th tch 1L. Ch th diphenylamin: Ha tan 0,5g ch th trong 20mL nc ri thm tip 100mL H2SO4 c.3.3.5. Cch tin hnht dng phn tch Carbon cn c chun b cn thn. Ty theo dng tm ly lng khc nhau nh:t trng (t mn): Khi lng t hn 1g.t en (nhiu mn): Khi lng t hn 1g. Cn 0.1g t c ry qua ry 1mm. Cho vo trong erlen 250mL, thm 10mL K2Cr2O7, 20mL H2SO4, lc nh, trnh t bm ln thnh. yn 30 pht. Thm 200mL nc ct, 10mL H3PO4 85%, 1mL ch th diphenylamin. Chun bng dung dch mui Mohr 0,5N n khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm en sang mu xanh l cy. Tin hnh tng t song song vi mt mu trng i chng (mu trng khng cho t).Lu :Nu khi cho K2Cr2O7 v H2SO4 vo m dung dch c mu xanh l cy th ta phi cn li vi lng cn t hn. V chng t hm lng mn tng i cao.

3.3.6. Cng thc tnh ton

% Cht hu c = 2%CTrong : V0 : th tch mui Mohr dng chn mu trng (mL). V : th tch mui Mohr dng chun mu tht (mL). CN : nng ng lng ca dung dch mui Mohr. k : h s chuyn i t mu kh khng kh sang mu kh tuyt i. m : khi lng mu phn tch (g). 3.3.7. Kt qu thc nghimBng 3.3. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Carbon trong t mu t mn Cn GiK hiu mum cn (g)CN (FeSO4)V0 (mL)V (mL)C (%)% Cht hu c

CG5 (020cm)0.10070.490520.217.205.69911.398

CG5 (2060cm)0.100415.808.38316.767

CG5 (60150cm)0.100517.804.5689.136

CG2 (010cm)0.100219.700.9951.909

CG2 (1030cm)0.100118.652.6925.924

CG2 (30120cm)0.100718.303.6097.219

CG2 (120-150cm)0.100119.501.3382.695

Nhn xt: Hm lng cht hu c (Carbon) trong mu c s khc nhau gia cc tng t, cht hu c tp trung nhiu nhng tng gia theo chiu su ca mu t m ta ly.3.4. Xc nh hm lng SO42- bng phng php dng Baricromat3.4.1. Nguyn tc xc nhTrn c s BaSO4 c tch s tan nh hn BaCrO4 dng BaCrO4 cho vo dung dch cha SO42-, chng s y CrO42- dng t do. Lng CrO42- gii phng ny chnh bng lng SO42-.SO42- + BaCrO4 BaSO4 + CrO42- xc nh lng CrO42- c gii phng trong dung dch ngi ta dng phng php chun ngc: Cho CrO42- (c tnh oxi ha) tc dng vi mt lng d Fe2+ (c tnh kh), sau dng KMnO4 chun lng Fe2+ d tha.3.4.2. Dng c - thit b Erlen 250mL Pipet cc loi. Bnh nh mc 100mL, 1000mL. Phu lc, giy lc. Cn phn tch.3.4.3. Ha cht BaCrO4 0.1N: cn 12.6g BaCrO4 cho vo bnh nh mc 1000mL, cho vo 50mL HCl m c (d = 1,19) lc u ri nh mc n vch bng nc ct (o u cho tan). KMnO4 0,02N: pha long 5 ln t KMnO4 0,1N chun. Mui Mohr 0,02N: cho 8g FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O vo bnh nh mc 1000mL, ha tan bng khong 500mL nc ct, cho vo 20mL H2SO4 c ri pha ln th tch n 1000mL bng nc ct (nu c cn lc hoc lng cn). NH4OH 5%: 215.4mL NH4OH c (25%) pha vi nc ct thnh 1 lt.

3.4.4. Cch tin hnh Cn 20g t lc 5 pht vi 100mL nc ct, yn 30 pht ri lc. Ly 50mL dch lc, thm 10mL BaCrO4 0,1N cho vo bnh nh mc 100mL, lc u 5 pht. Thm 10mL NH4OH 5% lc u vi pht ri thm th tch n vch, sau lc, dch lc c mu vng. Ly 50mL dch lc ny, thm 2mL H2SO4 c v 10mL mui Mohr 0.02N lc u ri chun bng KMnO4 n khi xut hin mu tm (V1), ngthi ly 10mL mui Mohr chun bng KMnO4 0,02N (V2).3.4.5. Cng thc tnh ton

Trong : V1: Th tch KMnO4 0.02N chun mu (mL). V2:Th tch KMnO4 0.02N chun 10mL mui Mohr (mL). CN: Nng KMnO4 0.02N. 32,02: 1/3 lng ion SO42- . m: Lng t cn (g). F: H s pha long.3.4.6. Kt qu thc nghimBng 3.4. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng SO42- mu t mn Cn GiMuTng tm(mg)m(g)VKMnO4CKMnO4%SO42-

CG18(020)30014.730.01471.500.0198N0.0186

CG18(2040)29997.829.99781.250.0191

CG18(40120)30006.730.00671.750.0180

CG18(120150)30006.030.00601.950.0176

Nhn xt: Mu t trn hm lng SO42- thay i theo su: T 040cm: hm lng SO42- tng dn. T 40150cm : hm lng SO42- gim dn.Nhn chung hm lng SO42- < 0.1%, do mu t trn l t t mn.3.5. Xc nh hm lng Cl trong t bng phng php Mohr3.5.1. ngha mi trngNh chng ta bit, hm lng Cl- trong t th hin mn ca t.Bi vy phn tch tng s mui tan Cl- v SO42- trong t mn v chua mn c th gip ta tham kho lc phn loi, qui hoch s dng v ra cc bin php ci to. Trong t mn v chua mn c th tn ti nhiu loi mui. Da vo ha tan ca chng c th chia lm 3 nhm: Nhm d tan gm c mui clorua (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2), mui sunfate (Na2SO4, MgSO4), mui bicacbonat (NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2 ), cc mui nitrat, mui nitrit Nhm tan trung bnh: CaSO4.2H2O. Nhm kh tan nh: CaCO3, MgCO3, photphat canxi, photphat st nhm.Trong cc t khng mn, tng s mui tan chim t l rt nh (t vi phn nghn n vi phn vn). cc t mn t l mui tan c th trn 0,2%. Mui Cl- d tan nn thng b ra tri, do nguyn nhn ny m phn ln t mn nc ta c t l sunfat gn gp i clo.nh hng xu ca cc mui ha tan n cy ph thuc loi cy v thi k sinh trng. Ni chung, khi t cha 0,1% mui l bt u b hi. T 0,30,5% nhiu cy sinh trng km v c cy cht.

Bng 3.5. T l mui trong mt s loi tTn tTng s mui tan (%)Cl- (%)SO42- (%)

Khng mnMn tMn trung bnhMn nhiuMn chuaChua mn0,20,20,50,51,0> 10,50,20,50,050,050,10,10,2> 0,20,10,050,10,20,20,3 > 5,50,30,80,80,3 < 5,50,20,3

3.5.2. Nguyn tc xc nhXc nh Cl- trong dung dch da trn nguyn l kt ta phn on trong mi trng trung tnh vi cht ch th K2CrO4:NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3(ta trng) K2CrO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3(ta gch)Nh vy mt lng d nh AgNO3 s kt hp vi K2CrO4 thnh kt ta mu gch cho php xc nh im tng ng khi chun Cl- bng AgNO3.3.5.3. Dng c - thit b Giy lc thng My ht chn khng Bng thy tinh Buret, erlen, cc, phu lc,..3.5.4. Ha cht AgNO3 0,02N: cn 1,7g AgNO3 pha thnh 1000mL trong bnh nh mc. Dng NaCl hoc KCl tiu chun (sy 1200C) chun li. KNO3 tinh th. K2CrO4 10%: cn 10g K2CrO4 ha trong 100mL nc ct.3.5.5. Cch tin hnh Cn 20g t (ry 1mm) lc trong 5 pht vi 100mL nc ct, yn 30 pht 1 gi ri lc (nu dch lc c c th cho vo mt t tinh th KNO3 chng c). Hoc ly dung dch 1 sau khi loi b mn. Ly 25mL dch lc thm 1mL K2CrO4 10% ri chun bng AgNO3 0,02N. Lc u xut hin kt ta AgCl mu trng, sau chun n kt ta mu gch Ag2CrO4.3.5.6. Cng thc tnh ton

Trong : N: nng AgNO3 dng chun . V0, V1: th tch AgNO3 chun mu trng v mu tht. m: lng t cn (g). F: h s pha long.3.5.7. Kt qu thc nghimBng 3.5. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Cl- trong mu t mn Cn GiMuTng tm (g)VAgNO3% Cl-Phn loi t

CG18(020)30.01581.351.115t mn

CG18(2040)29.99875.401.071t mn

CG18(40120)30.007117.801.673t mn

CG18(120150)30.00662.700.890t mn trung bnh

CG26(010)30.00533.800.480t mn t

CG26(1040)30.01433.300.473t mn t

CG26(40100)30.00738.950.553t mn t

CG26(100150)29.99737.850.538t mn t

Nhn xt: Ta thy hm lng Cl- tng t 0-120 l t mn, nhng cng su hn t li cng t mn hn. Bi v nhng tng t pha trn thng b xm hi do mui ca nc bin nhiu, lm t mt i hm lng cht dinh dng vn c, khng tt cho cy trng, cn nhng tng cng su pha di khng b xm hi, nn cng t b nhim mn.3.6. Xc nh Nit tng trong t bng phng php Kjeldahl

Hnh 3.3. H thng chng ct Kjeldahl c in

3.6.1. ngha mi trngNit l mt trong nhng nguyn t dinh dng quan trng ca thc vt. Hu ht cc nit trong t u dng hu c (9599%), ch mt phn dng v c (1 5%). a s cc t, hm lng nit trong cht mn chim khong 5% cht mn. Cy trng ch s dng nit trong t khi chuyn ha thnh dng v c (nit hu c trong mn axit amin amit amoni nitrat). Mc phn gii ph thuc vo bn cht ca dng nit hu c (nu C/N cng cao, nit hu c cng kh phn gii), vo nhit , m, pH ca t.Theo nhng kt qu nghin cu bc u v t la ng bng Bc b th gia nit tng s vi nng sut la c mi tng quan thun v cht. Nhng t la tt c nng sut n nh thng c nit tng s khong trn 0,15%.Ch tiu nh gi nit tng s:Bng 3.6. Phn loi t da vo hm lng Nit tngDi 0,08%Ngho

0.080,15%Trung bnh

0,150,20%Kh

Trn 0,20%Giu

Nit tng l mt ch tiu thng c phn tch nh gi ph nhiu tim tng ca t. phn tch ngi ta thng phn hy cht hu c chuyn nit thnh dng amoni. Qu trnh phn hy ny c rt nhiu phng php khc nhau: Dng H2SO4 c kt hp vi cht xc tc. Phng php Kjeldahl (Kjeldahl, 1883) dng H2SO4 c un si vi cht xc tc l selen hoc CuSO4. Dng H2SO4 c kt hp vi cht oxi ha mnh. Chiurin (1983) dngH2SO4 c un si vi K2Cr2O7 hay CrO3.Sau khi chuyn ton b nit trong t sang dng amoni ngi ta dng phngphp chun hoc so mu xc nh nit tng s trong t.3.6.2. Nguyn tc xc nhChuyn ton b nit trong mu v thnh NH4+ bng H2SO4 m c v hn hp xc tc CuSO4, K2SO4 v Se. Phn gii NH4+ bng NaOH c trong thit b Kjeldahl sinh ra kh NH3. Kh NH3 sinh ra c hp thu bng H2SO4 tiu chun hoc H3BO3.3.6.3. Dng c - thit b Bnh ph mu Kjeldahl. Erlen 250mL. Pipet bu, pipet vch. B thit b Kjeldahl. Buret 25mL.3.6.4. Ha cht H3BO3 3%: Cn 30g H3BO3 tinh khit cho vo 500mL nc ct ha tan (nu cn c th un nng) ri ln th tch 1000mL. HCl 0.05N: ly 4,2mL HCl c (12N) pha thnh 1000mL. Lc u, dng Na2B4O7 hoc NaOH chun chun li. NaOH 4045%: cn 400500g NaOH ha tan thnh 1000mL (thng dng NaOH cng nghip). Ch th mu Nessler: 15g HgI2 v 10g KI ha vo 500mL nc ct. Cho vo y 40g NaOH. Khuy u cho tan, lng vi ngy ri lc gn dung dch trong vo bnh mu nu dng. Nu khng c sn HgI2 th pha nh sau: 9g HgCl2 + 15,5g KI ha vo 500mL nc ct. Thm 40g NaOH, khuy u cho tan. lng vi ngy v gn nc trong dng. Ch th Tashiro: hn hp metyl v metylen xanh c khng bin i mu pH = 5,25,6. Mi trng axit c mu , kim c mu xanh lc. Ha 0,05g metylen xanh vo 5mL nc ct, thm vo y 100mL etanol v ha thm 0.15g metyl . Khuy u cho tan ht, rt vo nt kn, bc giy en.3.6.5. Cch tin hnh Phn hy mu: Cn 1 gam t cho vo bnh Kjeldahl kh. Cho 10g K2SO4, 0,5g CuSO4. Thm vo y 25mL H2SO4 c, mu thm u nn lc nh bnh nhng ch khng t bm ln thnh bnh. y bnh bng mt chic phu nh ri t ln bp un. un nh 15 pht sau mi un mnh n si. Khi dung dch c mu xanh nht trong sut th un tip 15 pht na. Ly ra ngui, chuyn ton b dung dch vo bnh nh mc 100mL, dng nc ct trng bnh t v ln th tch n vch nh mc. Chng ct nit: Chun b dung dch hp th NH3: Ly 30mL dung dch axit sunfuric 0.05N cho vo bnh tam gic 250mL. Cho vo 3 git ch th Tashiro, lc ny dung dch hp th s c mu tm . u ng sinh hn phi ngp xung dung dch hp th.Cho vo mt lng NaOH 40% gp 4 ln lng H2SO4 c dng phn hy mu (hoc c th cn c vo vic xut hin kt ta mu nu bit lng NaOH cho vo cha). Sau tin hnh ct. Khi c NH3 gii phng ra, nu dung dch axit sunfuric bin dn sang mu xanh th thm ngay axit H2SO4 lng NH3 trnh b mt i trong qu trnh chng ct. Chng ct n khi th tch ln n khong 100mL th dng ch th Nessler xem cn NH3 bay ra khng. Nu ch th khng i mu chng t ct ht NH3. Dng mt t nc ct ra qua ng sinh hn. Ly bnh hp th ra. Chun : Dng dung dch NaOH 0.05N chun cho n khi va xut hin mu xanh lc th ngng. Lm mu trng cng nh cc bc trn nhng khng c t.3.6.6. Cng thc tnh ton

Trong : V1, V2: S mL NaOH dng chun mu phn tch v mu trng. CN: Nng ng lng ca NaOH. m: Khi lng t kh kit tng ng vi th tch dung dch ly em i ct nit. DN: ng lng ca nit. k: H s kh kit ca t.3.6.7. Kt qu thc nghimBng 3.7. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Nit tng trong mu t mn Cn GiMuTng tm(g)CNNaOH chun liV2NaOH(mL)V1NaOH(mL)%N

CG18(0-20)1.00060.103N15.0014.500.09

CG18(20-40)1.003615.0013.850.19

CG18(40-120)1.001425.0023.400.27

CG18(120-150)1.003615.0014.550.09

CG26(0-10)1.000915.0014.200.14

CG26(10-40)1.001915.0014.550.09

CG26(40-100)1.003115.0014.100.15

CG26(100-150)1.002615.0013.800.19

Nhn xt:Hm lng Nit phn b khng u gia cc tng t. i vi cc mu CG18 th Nit tp trung cc tng gia, cn cc mu CG26 th li khng u.

3.7. Xc nh hm lng Mg, Ca, Na, P, K bng phng php ICP OES

Hnh 3.4. My quang ph pht x nguyn t ghp cp ion cm ng ICP OES Model OPTIMA 2100DV3.7.1. Mc ch xc nhVic xc nh hm lng vt cc nguyn t trong t l cc k quan trng, nht l cc nguyn t kim loi, n gip ta hiu r c tnh cht ca t, dinh dng m t c th mang li cho cy trng cng nh l tc hi ca t b nhim chua, nhim cc ion kim loi gy hi cho thc vt, cho cy trng. Ngoi ra, vic xc nh cc nguyn t tn ti trong t bng phng php ICP OES cn gip cc nh phn tch a ra c nhng cnh bo v mi trng, mc nhim mi trng t, t ra c nhng bin php tc thi v thch hp gii quyt. Phng php ny c chnh xc cao v sai s thp, c th phn tch c khong 70 kim loi v kim.3.7.2. Gii thiu v cc nguyn t K, Mg, Ca, Na, P3.7.2.1. Nguyn t Kali -Kali trong t c th chia lm 4 dng: Hu hiu trc tip: l K+ ha tan v trao i.Hu hiu chm hay bn hu hiu khng th trao i ngay do K+ chui su v b gi cht trong cc cu trc ca khong hoc phc h hu c khong. Phn kali ch yu tn ti trong t l phn nm st ngoi li tinh th silic,l ngun d tr kali lu di. Dng kali ny phi qua qu trnh v cng lu di mi c th cung cp kali hu hiu cho t vi tc ng ca nc, kh hu v mi trng t. Kali trong li tinh th silic l dng kali khng c kh nng iu ng. Ty theo tc phong ha v ra tri dng kali ny c t l rt khc nhau so vi kali tng s.Kali tng l tng 4 dng kali trn, phn nh lng cht tim nng v kali ca t. Hm lng kali tng s ph thuc vo ngun gc pht sinh, tc phong ha v mc ra tri.3.7.2.2. Nguyn t NatriNatri trong t t c nghin cu nh kali v natri t trong t v khng phi l nguyn t dinh dng.Natri c nhiu trong cc loi t mn di dng NaCl, Na2CO3 thng to thnh nhng loi t mu trng hoc khi c nhiu cht hu c to thnh mu en ca t kim en.Lng nh Na+ vo t c tc dng iu ng cc cation dinh dng c bit l K+, v i vi mt s cy trng Na+ c th thay K+ nh mt nguyn t dinh dng.Tuy nhin khi bo ha Na+ trn 15% c xem l ngng gy c hi. bo ha Na+ cng l c s phn hng mn ca t mn kim.3.7.2.3. Nguyn t PhotphoP l nguyn t rt cn thit i vi cy trng, c ngha v mt dinh dng cng nh v mt khc phc mt s yu t c hi ca t.Photpho c tc dng rt quan trng trong dinh dng ca thc vt, c bit i vi s pht trin ca r v ht, hm lng photpho trong t dao ng trong khong0,1 0,19% (P2O5). Trong t, photpho ch yu t Apatit, photphoric phong ha to thnh chim khong 0.08%, photpho dng v c ch yu l cc mui photphat ca Ca, Al, Fe.Photphat tng s cc t mt cao hn cc lp sau do s tch t cht hu c. Trong tt c cc loi t hm lng photpho cc tng di nh hn ng k so vi tng trn.Cng ph ha tan photpho tng s bng nung chy vi Na2CO3 hoc vi hn hp hai axit HNO3 v HClO4.Bng 3.8. nh gi cht lng t da vo hm lng P2O5tP2O5(%)

t ngho P< 0,06

Trung Bnh0,060,1

t giu P> 0,1

3.7.3. Dng c - thit b My ICP OES Bnh nh mc 50mL, 100mL Beaker 50mL Erlen 250mL Pipet bu 5mL, 10mL T sy3.7.4. Ha cht Dung dch chun photpho 1000ppm. Dung dch chun Natri 1000pm. Dung dch chun Kali 1000ppm. Dung dch chun Canxi 1000ppm. Dung dch chun Magie 1000ppm.3.7.5. X l mu xc nh hm lng K, Mg, Ca, Na, PPh hu mu bng hn hp H2SO4 c v HClO4: Cn 1g t ry qua ry 1mm v cho vo bnh Kjeldahl dung tch 50mL. Thm vo mt t nc ct cho mu t hi m ri cho vo 5mL H2SO4 c, lc u. y bnh bng mt chic phu nh. un si n khi ngng thot khi mnh, ly ra ngui ri cho 4 git HClO4 70% ri tip tc un cho n khi cn tr nn trng (nu cha trng th thm 2 3 git HClO4 70% v tip tc un thm). ngui, chuyn ton b sang bnh nh mc 100mL, dng dung dch HNO3 2% ra v chuyn dung dch vo bnh nh mc 100mL, nh mc bng HNO3 2%.3.7.6. Cch tin hnh3.7.7.1. Xy dng ng chun Ht 4mL mi dung dch chun 1000ppm ca Photpho, Natri, Kali, Canxi, Magie, cho vo bnh nh mc 100mL, nh mc bng HNO3 2% (dung dch chun 40ppm). Chun 1 (20ppm): Ht 25mL dung dch chun 40ppm cho vo bnh nhmc 50mL, nh mc ti vch bng dung dch HNO3 2%. Chun 2 (10ppm): Ht 25mL dung dch chun 20ppm cho vo bnh nh mc 50mL, nh mc ti vch bng dung dch HNO3 2%. Chun 3 (0,1ppm): Ht 0,5mL dung dch chun 10ppm cho vo bnh nh mc 50mL, nh mc ti vch bng dung dch HNO3 2%. 3.7.7.2. Quy trnh phn tch bng ICP - OES Bc 1: Chun b mu. Bc 2: Cc iu kin vn hnh my. Bc 3: Chun my. Bc 4: Phn tch m Bc 5: Kim sot cht lng ca thit b. Bc 6: Kim tra cc nh hng s c mt cc nguyn t khc (nguyn t nn) ln kt qu phn tch.

3.7.7. Cng thc tnh ton

Trong : a: s liu o c t my (mg/L). V: th tch nh mc (mL). F: h s pha long. mm: khi lng mu (g).3.7.8. Kt qu thc nghimBng 3.9. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng Mg, Ca, Na, P trong t (mg/L)MuTng tm (g)Vm (mL)Fa (mg/L)

MgCaNaP

CG2(0 10)3.00661001001.480.166.580.04

CG2(1030)3.00061.490.358.310.05

CG2(30120)3.00081.380.447.560.03

CG2(120150)3.00091.440.496.810.03

CG5(020)3.00660.880.432.650.02

CG5(2060)3.00080.920.472.850.01

CG5(60150)3.00080.990.312.520.02

CG18(020)3.00811.460.432.740.13

CG18(2040)3.00611.450.372.680.13

CG18(40120)3.00241.410.433.440.12

CG18(120150)3.00631.590.574.130.12

CG26(010)3.02711.530.872.390.13

CG26(1040)2.99991.490.672.340.14

CG26(40100)3.00331.540.892.520.12

CG26(100150)3.00841.510.712.560.13

Bng 3.10. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng % Mg, Ca, Na, P trong tMuTng tHm lng %

MgCaNaP

CG2(010)0.49230.05322.18850.0133

CG2(1030)0.49660.11662.76940.0167

CG2(30120)0.45990.14662.51930.0100

CG2(120150)0.47990.16332.26930.0100

CG5(020)0.29270.14300.88140.0067

CG5(2060)0.30660.15660.94970.0033

CG5(60150)0.32990.10330.83980.0067

CG18(020)0.48540.14290.91090.0432

CG18(2040)0.48240.12310.89150.0432

CG18(40120)0.46960.14321.14580.0400

CG18(120150)0.52890.18961.37380.0399

CG26(010)0.50540.28740.78950.0429

CG26(1040)0.49670.22330.78000.0467

CG26(40100)0.51280.29630.83910.0400

CG26(100150)0.50190.23600.85100.0432

Nhn xtHm lng vt cc kim loi Mg, Ca, Na, P phn b khng u theo su. i vi cc mu CG2 th lng vt Mg, Na, P phn b khng u, cn Ca th tng theo su tng t. i vi cc mu CG5 th lng vt Mg, Ca, Na tng, P li gim. i vi cc mu CG18 th hm lng Mg, Ca, Na phn b khng u, hm lng P gim. i vi cc mu CG26 th hm lng Na tng, cn Mg, Ca, P phn b khng u.Bng 3.11. Kt qu thc nghim xc nh hm lng mg/L, mg/100g,% Kali d tiuMuTng tm (g)Vm (mL)FHm lng K d tiu

mg/Lmg/100g% K

CG2(010)5.0017501027.35273.410.2734

CG2(1030)5.00061035.26352.560.3526

CG2(30120)5.0031036.35363.280.3633

CG2(120150)5.00081029.56295.550.2956

CG5(020)5.00171034.12341.080.3411

CG5(2060)5.00071035.69356.850.3569

CG18(020)5.00451012.21121.990.1220

CG18(2040)5.00241012.79127.840.1278

CG18(40120)5.01091015.61155.760.1558

CG18(120150)5.01061016.49164.550.1646

CG26(010)5.01171013.51134.790.1348

CG26(1040)5.01011013.06130.340.1303

CG26(40100)5.00381011.37113.610.1136

CG26(100150)5.04871012.65125.280.1253

Nhn xt:Hm lng Kali d tiu trong t phn b khng u gia cc tng: i vi cc mu CG2 th Kali d tiu ch yu tp trung nhng tng t gia. Cc mu CG5 th tng nh, khng ng k. Cc mu CG18 cng tng theo su tng t. Cn i vi cc mu CG26 th li gim dn theo su tng t.

KT LUNTrong hn mt thng thc tp va qua Vin, chng em hc tp c rt nhiu kinh nghim, cng nh thnh tho hn trong cc thao tc, k nng thc hnh m trc c hc trng, bn cnh chng em cng c cc anh ch hng dn tn tnh nhng k nng m mt chuyn vin phn tch cn phi c.Mc d thi gian thc tp ch din ra trong mt thng, nhng vi khong thi gian ngn ngi mang n cho chng em nhiu kinh nghim thc t, to iu kin tt cho chng em p dng c nhiu kin thc hc vo thc tin, v b sung c nhiu kinh nghim mi cho cng vic sau ny, cng nh c lm quen vi mi trng lm vic thn thin, nhit tnh, nng ng, nhng cng y p lc. ng thi vi nhng kinh nghim hc c, chng em cng tp cho chnh mnh tnh cn thn, chnh xc, chu o v tinh thn trch nhim cao.Trong thi gian thc tp, chng em s khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. V vy, chng em mong nhn c s ng gp v ch dn ca thy c v anh ch trong bi bo co ca chng em.Chng em xin chn thnh cm n.

KIN NGHChng em xin chn thnh cm n thy c ca Khoa Cng ngh Ha hc v cc anh ch bn Vin a l Ti nguyn TP. H Ch Minh gip chng em hon thnh tt t thc tp ny.Qua t thc tp ny chng em cng c mt s kin ng gp v pha Khoa Cng ngh Ha hc, trng i hc Cng Nghip TP. H Ch Minh: Tng thm thi gian thc tp. V vi thi gian thc tp 4 tun th hai tun u tin chng em c cc anh, ch hng dn l thuyt thm. Hai tun sau chng em mi tip xc cng vic, v vy khng th tip xc ht vi cc cng vic Vin v c thi gian kim nghim thc t lng l thuyt hn ba nm hc trng. C nhng chuyn i kin tp nhng x nghip, nh my chuyn v phn tch cho sinh vin sau khi hc thc hnh nhng mn nh: phn tch cng nghip, phn tch mi trng v thc phm. Cho sinh vin tip xc nhiu hn vi cc thit b, my mc phn tch c in ln hin i v chuyn ngnh ca chng em cn tip xc, thc hnh nhiu th k nng mi thun thc v chnh xc c.Trn y l mt s ng gp ca chng em cc ln thc tp tip theo s tt hn.

TI LIU THAM KHO[1].Charles B. Boss and Kenneth J. Fredeen, Concepts instrumentation and techniques in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, by The Perkin-Elmer Corporation in USA, Third Edition, 1997.[2].Nguyn Ln Dng, Vi sinh vt t v s chuyn ha cc hp cht cacbon, nit, NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut, 1984.[3].L Vn Khoa, Phng php phn tch t - nc - phn bn - cy trng, NXB Gio Dc.[4].Phm Lun, Phng php phn tch ph nguyn t, NXB i Hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2006.[5].Ti liu ni b, Cc ch tiu t nc, Trung tm phn tch th nghim khong, Vin a l TP. HCM, 2010.[6].TCVN 6649 2000: Cht lng t chit cc nguyn t vt tan trong nc cng thy.[7]. TCVN 6647- 2000: Cht lng t x l s b t phn tch ha l.[8]. TCVN 5297 1995: Ly mu yu cu chung.

PH LCPh lc 3.6. Gii thiu cc thng s k thut ca my ICP OESQun l s dng: Trung tm Th nghim v Cng ngh khong, thuc Vin a l Ti nguyn Thnh ph H Ch Minh.Ph gim c Trung tm: Ths. Phm Tun Nhi.

H THNG MY QUANG PH PHT X ICP- OESMODEL: OPTIMA 2100DV

c tnh thng s v k thut ca my

1iu khin thit bTon b h thng thit b c iu khin hon ton t ng bng my tnh, bao gm c tc dng kh, lu lng dng kh v cc thit b ph tr thng qua phn mm Winlab32 hoc tng ng.

2 nhy 10 ppb: Cl, Br, I

3 phn gii0,009 nm ti bc sng 200 nm

4Ngun pht cao tn (to plasma) Ngun pht cao tn kiu bn dn (Solid State RF Generator) vi tn s 40 MHz Cng sut c th iu chnh: 750 1500W Hiu sut: > 81% bin ng: < 01% Ngun pht cao tn p ng cc tiu chun v bc x cao tn iu khin cng sut v khi ng Plasma bng my vi tnh v t ng ha (phn mm cho php t ng khi ng plasma v t ng tt sau khi kt thc qu trnh phn tch).

5H quang hc H thng quang hc khp kn v c n nh nhit . Khong bc sng lm vic: 160 900nm o ng thi ton b cc nguyn t. phn gii: < 0,009nm B a cch t nhiu x: Echelle 79 vch/mm, gc chiu sng 63,4 , dng tch nh sng vi cc bc nhiu x khc nhau v to thnh kiu nhiu x hai chiu. Ton b h thng lng knh v thu knh lm bng thch anh. Ton b h thng quang hc c cch ly bng kh v n nh nhit. Ton b h thng quang c t trn b bn quang hc ln nh h thng ly mu. Bn quang hc thit k chng rung ngay khi sn nh b rung m khng nh hng n hiu nng ca my. Ch o cng pht x t ngun Plasma c thc hin v iu khin t my vi tnh. Thc hin ch o: ng trc, xuyn tm hoc ng thi c hai ch . V iu chnh kh nng o cng pht x t ngun plasma theo hai mt phng nm ngang v thng ng. V tr o c ti u ha t phn mm Winlab32.

6u dHai u d CCD ghp mng, mt s dng cho nh sng pht x vng t ngoi v mt s dng cho nh sng pht x vng kh kin. u d c 2 photosentivitive segments cha ng 176 x 128 pixels cm nhn nh sng. Cho php hiu chnh nn ng thi, tng chnh xc v tc phn tch.

7H thng iu khin kh s dng cho Plasma Dng kh s dng cho plasma c iu khin hon ton t ng thng qua phn mm iu khin, tc dng kh c ci t v iu chnh trn my vi tnh thng qua van selonoid. Van Selenoid t ng iu chnh lu lng kh Argon t 0 20 lt/pht cho Plasma vi bc tng 1 lt/pht, 0 2 lt/pht cho dng kh ph tr vi bc tng 0,1 lt/pht. Kh ct ui lnh Plasma: s dng khng kh nn (khng s dng kh Argon nn chi ph thp) vi lu lng: 18- 25 lt/pht loi b ui plasma trn ng dn quang hc. Gip gim nhiu v m rng khong ng hc.Bung a mu v thp Plasma: Thp Plasma v bung a mu d dng tho v lp li, khng cn dng c.1. Thp Plasma (Torch/ Mount Torch): Thp Plasma c thit k s dng mt ng bng thch anh cho dng kh plasma v dng kh ph tr. Thp Plasma tiu chun c cha ng phun mu lm bng hp kim nhm c ng knh trong 2,0 mm, chu c tt c cc cht acid c tnh n mn k c HF v nc cng thy. C nhiu loi ng phun mu c ng knh khc nhau. Cassette bung a mu c ca bn ngoi lm bng vt liu hp thu cc tia UV, ngi s dng c an ton khi quan st ngn Plasma trong qu trnh khi ng v lm vic. Ngoi ra cn c h thng kha lin ng an ton, t ng tt ngn Plasma khi ca m trong qu trnh hot ng.2. Bung phun mu: Chu c tt c cc loi acid (HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HF, HClO4, H2O2,) base (NaOH, KOH, NH4OH,) v cc dung mi hu c (Spay chamber): kiu Scott c lm t vt liu PSS (Polyphenyl Sulfide) ph cacbon c tnh chng n mn cao, chu c tt c acid c tnh n mn k c HF v nc cng thy.3. u phun sng (Nebulizer): bao gm high & low concentric, high & low flow GemCone type, high sensitivity MiraMist design. Lu lng dng kh qua u phun sng c iu chnh cho hiu nng v lp li cao. Bao gm: thp plasma,bung phun mu, u phun mu.

8H thng an ton Ch an ton s dng kha lin ng: an ton cho ngi s dng v bo v h thng, cc thng s lm vic ca my nh: lu lng dng nc lm mt, p sut kh ct ui lnh plasma. p sut dng kh Argon, ca bung mu v s n nh ca dng plasma v tnh trng kha c hin th trn mn hnh my vi tnh v cc biu tng ca th. Nu c mt thng s lm vic khng ng vi iu kin an ton th ngun plasma t ng ngt.

9Bm nhu ng (bm mu) Bm nhu ng ba knh, c iu khin t my vi tnh. Lu lng: 0,2 5 mL/pht vi bc tng 0,1mL/pht cho ng c ng knh trong 0,76 mm. Phn mm iu khin c nhng c tnh Fastpump v SmartRinse, ci tin ch ra gii v thi gian phn tch mu.

10Phn mm iu khin h thng Optima Software Winlab32Thng s k thut: Phn mm iu khin chy trn mi trng window d dng iu khin ton b h thng my tnh nh:lu lng kh, ngun RF, hin th cc peak tng nguyn t v d liu phn tch, lu tr cc ph v d liu phn tch. iu khin cc b phn ph kin kt ni khc. Phn mm x l s liu phn tch. C chc nng kim tra cc b phn ca my bo m h thng hot ng hon ho. C chc nng nh lng. C kh nng phn tch ph cc ph b trng lp s dng 2 k thut l IEC (Interfering Element Correction) v MSF ( Multi- component Spectral Fitting). Phn mm lu tr cc iu kin ti u cho phn tch cc nguyn t.

11H thng lm mt my bng nc hon lu (Refrigerate Recirculatin Cooling System)c iu khin kch hot bng phn mm.Thng s k thut: Nhit nc lm vic: 5 350C. chnh xc nhit : 0,50C Cng sut lm lnh: 2850W 200C Tc nc lm mt: 4 gallon/pht (khong 16 lt/pht). Ngun in: 220/240V 50/60 HzCung cp bao gm: My chnh Remote iu khin v cc ph kin lp t.

12My vi tnh H iu hnh Windows XP Professional Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 (2x2,4 GHz); 8MB/FSB1066 cng: dung lng 160GB B nh trong (RAM): DDRII 2 x 512 GB Mn hnh: rng 17 inch v p dng cng ngh mn hnh gng. a DVD: c, ghi a DVD 16x, 6USB NIC 10/100 Fdd. Card mn hnh (512MB, NX840GS), m thanh (Sound 5.1 channel, Speaker A 3000), mng: ring Thit b km theo: chut quang, keyboard,

13My in Laser My in kh A4 Tc in: 27 trang/pht Cht lng in: 1.200 x 1.200 dpi B nh: 32MB RAM Giao din: Compliant parallel Kt ni vi my tnh: Chun IEEE 1284 cng song song v tng thch vi USB 2.0

14Dung dch chuna nguyn t gm ti thiu l 15 nguyn t thng dng trong nc (gm nhiu chai), cc nguyn t c th ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng. Th tch: 500 mL. Hm lng: 1000 mg/L.

15Ph tng km theo

Bung phun mu v cc ph kin cn thit tng nhy.Bung phun tia dng ci thin nhy (Baffled Cyclonic Spray Chamber) cho mu nc v c hm lng cht rn thp (di 1%), chu ng c acid, k c HF. Bao gm: bung phun mu, adapter.B phn phun sng: s dng cho dung mi hu c (Concentric glass nebulizer Type K) bao gm b phn phun sng v u phun mu bng thch anh ng knh trong 1,2 mm.Van iu p hai th (s lng: 03 van).Kh Argon 5.0 (99,999%), p sut 150 bar, dung tch bnh 47 lt (s lng: 03 bnh).H thng ht kh thi (Blower & vent Assy): bao gm m t v chp ht, ng dn ht hi t ra khi bung t.My nn kh (Air Compressor).

Ph kin cn thit i theo my Hose kit (cho kh v nc). Bnh v np c ng dn cho nc thi. Drip tray for Peristaltic pum. Air duct filter Assembly. ICP- OES instrument Maintenance Log.Dng c tho lp, thay th bnh kh, phc v hot ng my.

Ph lc 3.7. Quy trnh m h thng my quang ph pht x ICPModel: OPTIMA 2100 DVHng sn xut: Perkin Elmer1. Bt my Kim tra in p t 220 VAC. Nu khng t khng tin hnh tip tc. Kim tra nc trong chiller, nc trong chiller phi nm gia hai mc Min v mc Max, nu nc thp hn mc Min th m np cho thm vo. Bt cng tc sau my sau nhp nt ON m my. Kim tra nhit ci t cho chiller l 18oC, p sut khi chiller hot ng phi 52 psi. Bt qut ht cho my ICP M kh Argon, kim tra p lc u ra ca b iu p t 100 psi (80 120 psi) M kh Purge, kim tra p lc u ra ca b iu p t 60 psi (40 120 psi) Bt my nn kh, i p lc (my nn s t ng ngt), kim tra p sut u ra trn ng h c lc l 100 psi (80 -120 psi), ch kim tra nc lc trn cc b lc, nu c nc th x ht nc trong lc. Bt cng tc in my ICP. Bt my tnh, mn hnh. Sau khi my tnh khi ng xong th vo phn mm WinLab32. i khong 3 pht h thng t ng kim tra v kt ni xong, ca s System Status t ng tt i, lc ny phn mm sn sng cho iu khin my ICP. Lp Torch, b phun mu, v cc ng ng cho bm nhu ng. Nhp vo biu tng m bng iu khin Plasma.

Nhp vo nt Pump cho bm nhu ng chy v kim tra li ng ht v ng thi c ng cha v tc ph hp cha. Nu tc c u ng, th tt bm, v tin hnh bt Plasma.Nhp nt Plasma ON bt plasma.Sau khi Plasma c bt, i cho h thng n nh khong 15 30 pht. Nu va thay Torch th tin hnh View Torch trc khi o mu (dng Mn 1 ppm cho ch dc trc v Mn 10ppm cho ch xuyn tm). Nhp vo Tools Spectrometer Control Ch dc trc chn Axial. Nhng ng ht mu vo dung dch Mn 1ppm. Nhn nt Align View Ch xuyn tm chn Radial. Nhng ng ht mu vo dung dch Mn 10ppm. Nhn nt Align View Tin hnh o mu1. o mu - (Manual) 1. B tr mn hnh o bng cch nhp vo cc biu tng sau: , , , . B tr cc ca s hp l sau lu li trong Workspace sau ny ch cn m ra th c ngay cc ca s trn. (File Save as Workspace t tn. Nhn Save.)1. M phng php (File Open Method chn method. Nhn OK). Hoc c th nhp nhanh vo biu tng chn method. Nhn OK.1. Chn Open trong phn Results Data Set Name: t tn file lu cc s liu v ph trong qu trnh o mu.

1. Phi check vo , th khi phn tch kt qu c lu li.1. Tin hnh o mu: o mu trng bng cch nhp vo nt o mu chun bng cch nhp vo nt o mu bng cch nhp tn mu vo ri nhn nt 1. Sau khi o mu xong, tin hnh ra bung phun mu v cc ng ht mu sch s trc khi tt Plasma. (Lu mu c nng cao hay mu mui cn ra lu hn trong dung dich Acid v sau cho ht nc ct lm sch)1. Tt Plasma, gii phng cc ng trn bm nhu ng.

1. Tt my1. Sau khi o mu xong tin hnh lm sch bung phun mu, tt Plasma, gii phng cc ng trn bm nhu ng.1. Thot khi phn mm WinLab32. Lu phi i phn mm WinLab32 thc hin shutdown xong.1. Tt my ICP.1. Tt Chiller.1. Tt my vi tnh v m hnh LCD.1. Tt qut ht1. Tt my nn kh x hi v nc trong bnh nn kh ra. X nc cho cc b lc.1. Kha chai kh Purge & van kh1. Kha chai kh Argon & van kh1. Cc lu khi s dng my:1. Cht lng Argon ti thiu l 99,996%1. Thay bnh Argon khi p lc bnh xung cn 100 - 200 psi1. Nn s dng bnh Argon 5.0 (99,999%) lm kh purge.1. Tho nc trong my nn kh v lc kh hng ngy nu chy my.1. Chy xong mu, phi gii phng cc ng trn bm nhu ng.1. Ly injector v torch v sinh sch s.1. Cch to mt phng php1. Chn File New Method

1. iu kin plasma cho mu nc chn: Aqueous v mu hu c chn: Organic

1. Khai bo cc nguyn t tng ng vi cc bc sng cn o trong th Define Elements.

1. Chn ch Purge Gas Flow1. Chn thi gian Delay Time1. Chn s ln o lp li trong Replicate1. Nhn vo Th Calibration. Nu dng phng php thm chun th check vo Method of Additions.

1. t tn chun cn o.1. Nhp n v v nng vo trong th Calib Units and Concentrations.

1. Lu method: File Save as Method t tn trong Name v nhn OK lu method.1. Kho st ph o (Examine) 1. Chn method cn kho st.1. Nhp vo biu tng , xut hin ca s

1. Nhp vo Select Data Set chn kt qu cn kho st, ri lm theo hng dn t ca s hin th, chn Next Next Finish.1. Trong ca s ny cho php ngi s dng chnh li bc sng phn tch cho ng peak, v iu chnh background v update v save method.

1. Xem li kt qu chy (dng chc nng Reprocess)Lu chc nng ny c th xem s dng phn mm online (khi khng chy mu- ng ca s Manual li) hay offline1. Chn Phng php ca kt qu cn phn tch bng cch nhp vo File Open Method hay nhp vo biu tng chn phng php c nguyn t v kt qu chun chy, nhn OK.1. Nhp vo Tools chn Data Reprocessing (hay nhp vo biu tng )

1. Nhp vo Browse trong phn Data Set To Reprosess chn kt qu ng vi phng php chy, nhn OK.

1. Nhp vo Browse trong phn Reprocessed Data Set t tn kt qu sau khi x l li lu vo, nhn OK.1. Lc ny trn hp thoi c check vo mc Save Reprocessed Data

1. Nu nh khng check vo Save Reprocessed Data th kt qu sau khi x l ch xem trong ca s Results thi nhng khi tt phn mm th khng lu li.1. B tr mn hnh o bng cch nhp vo cc biu tng sau: , , , xem li kt qu.Chn kt qu cn xem li ca Blank, chun v mu (bi en chn bng cch nhn gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut u dng chn)Sau khi chn xong nhp vo nt Reprocess x l li ri xem kt qu.

Mn hin th sau khi Reprocess s hin th y nh khi o mu

Bo co kt qu phn tch0. M phn mm Data manager0. Chn kt qu cn bo co, nhp vo biu tng

1. Nu c dng bo co sn th chn vo Use Existing Design sau nhp chut vo Browse chn dng bo co sau nhp vo Preview nhn trc khi in.1. To mi dng bo co th nhp vo Create New Design nhn Next.1. Chn mu cn bo co, nhn OK.1. Nhn Next.

1. Chn nhng nguyn t cn bo co, nhn Next

1. Chn nhng kiu bo co tng (Summary) qut hay chi tit (Detailed) xem th bng cch nhn vo Preview trc khi chn.

Nhn Next t tn tiu trn ri lu dng bo co li. sau ny ch cn chn dng bo co v tn mu, nguyn bo co v Preview trc khi in.1. T mn hnh Preview, c th nhp vo biu tng in in hay nhp vo xut kt qu ra file Acrobat, Exel, Word,1. Lu tr phng php v kt qu trong chng trnh Data ManagerLu tr phng php (method)1. Vo File chn Select Library Category

1. Xut hin hp thoi

1. Chn Methods nhn OK1. Nhn nt ctrl v dng chut nhp vo nhng phng php cn lu tr (bi en)1. Nhn vo nt 1. Chng trnh xut hin hp thoi .

1. Nhn OK

1. Nhn vo Browse chn ng dn lu method1. Nhn OK. Methods s c lu vo ng dn chn.Lu tr kt qu1. Vo File chn Select Library Category

1. Xut hin hp thoi

1. Chn Results nhn OK1. Nhn nt ctrl v dng chut nhp vo nhng kt qu cn lu tr (bi en)1. Nhn vo nt 1. Chng trnh xut hin hp thoi

1. Nhn OK

1. Nhn vo Browse chn ng dn lu method1. Nhn OK. Methods s c lu vo ng dn chn.Ly li Methods v Results lu trong chng trnh Data ManagerLy li Methods1. Vo File chn Select Library Category

1. Xut hin hp thoi

1. Nhp vo Chn Methods nhn OK1. Nhn vo nt 1. Chng trnh xut hin hp thoi.

1. Nhn OK

1. Nhn vo Browse chn ng dn chn method lu li.1. Nhn OK. Methods s c ly li vo chng trnh Data Manager.1. Ly li kt qu1. Vo File chn Select Library Category

1. Xut hin hp thoi

1. Chn Results nhn OK1. Nhn vo nt 1. Chng trnh xut hin hp thoi.

1. Nhn OK

1. Nhn vo Browse chn ng dn chn kt qu lu li.1. Nhn OK. Results s c ly li vo chng trnh Data Manager.Vin trng

Vin ph

Cc phng ban

Phng qun l tng hp

Th vin

Phng a l tng hp

Phng Ti nguyn t

Phng a vt l

Phng a cht - a mo

Trung tm phn tch - Th nghim v Cng ngh khong

Trung tm vin thm v H thng thng tin a l

Phng a l kinh t - X hi

Phng ti nguyn nc

1

2

3

4

Khach hNhn mu

Phn loai mu

Lu mu

Ky thut vin phn tich mu

Kt qua

Chon phng phap phn tich

Trng phTra kt qua

Mu t ti

Xc nh Fe2+

Hong kh ngoi khng kh

Tn nh, nghin mn

Ry 1 mm xc nh C, SO42-, Cl-

Ry 0,25 mm xc nh Nit tng, Na, K, Ca, Mg

Lc u, yn 30 pht- 1 gi

Cn 20g thm 30 mL nc

Lc

Xc nh SO42-, Cl-

Dung dch

Xc nh C

Cn

Ry