Brief Response

• How was the West developed? Who benefitted and suffered? Explain.

• industries like Cattle, mining and farming• Native Americans were overpowered by American

technology and organization.• The railroads expanded with government subsidies and

began to take advantage of their monopoly in the West.

• Farmers in the Midwest and West united to beat the overpriced rates of the railroads.

Today’s goal

• America’s industrial revolution jumped after and as a result of the American Civil War.

• America had what it needed: abundant resources, creative ideas, and growing markets.

• Railroads were crucial to economic activity, but owners abused their power for higher profits.

• People demanded that their governments do something to regulate the railroads.

The Expansion of Industry;The Age of the Railroads

p. 230,236

Vocabulary

• Edwin L. Drake• 1859, first to successfully use a steam drill to

access underground petroleum, in Pennsylvania.

• Started an oil boom in Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Texas.

• Petroleum is refined into kerosene and gasoline.

Entrepreneur (review)

• A person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk of a business venture.

Bessemer Process

• UK method, started around the 1850s, to inject air into molten iron.– The technique removed carbon and other

impurities.– Made stronger steel and in greater quantities.– 90% of steel made this way after.

• Later replaced by the open-hearth process– Could recycle scrap metal.

Thomas Alva Edison

• 1876, started his Menlo Park, NJ, research laboratory.

• Developed:– the incandescent lamp (light bulb).– Entire system for generating and distributing

electricity to businesses and homes.– Many other electrical appliances.– The light bulb

incandescent

• Giving off visible light as a result of being heated.

Christopher Sholes

• Developed the typewriter in 1867.• Greatly affected the business community,

government, and the military.• Created many new jobs– Eventually for women

• Sholes typewriter (YT link)

Alexander Graham Bell

• Developed the telephone with Thomas Watson, in 1876.

• Made world wide, instant voice communication possible.

• Created many new jobs– Eventually for women

• Revolutionized business and government, as well as private homes.

1892 AT&T

Transcontinental railroad

• First rail line to go from coast to coast.– Development had been encouraged and subsidized

by the Pacific Railway Act, signed by Abraham Lincoln.

• Created jobs for African Americans and immigrants from Ireland and China.

• Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met at Promontory Point, UT, in 1869.

• Enabled westerners to reach eastern markets.

George M. Pullman

• Manufactured sleeper and other railroad cars for passenger rail use.

• Created a factory town in Illinois: Pullman• Many new jobs • Homes/dormitories for workers• Opportunities for businesses workers would

use.• Included recreational and athletic facilities.

Credit Mobilier (Scandal)• A construction company, set up by the Union Pacific

Railroad, that charged the federal government three times the actual cost of its work for some eight years.– Investors made great profits

• Key US Congress members were given stock and bribes to facilitate things.

• 1872, an investigation began, spurred by the Sun newspaper in New York.– Penalties were weak, James Garfield would become a US

president anyway.– The Republican Party was humiliated.

Munn v. Illinois

• Grangers had succeeded in electing politicians into local and state governments to protect farmer interests.– Illinois authorized a commission to “establish maximum

freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination.”• 1877, railroads feared more governments would do

this and took the case to the Supreme Court.• SCOTUS upheld the Granger Laws, encouraging other

states to do the same for their farmers and consumers.

Interstate Commerce Act • 1887, Congress established the right of the federal

government to supervise railroad activities• A five-member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was

started to oversee the supervision.– Legal process is long and, of course, businesses resist.– Later, SCOTUS would rule that the ICC could not control railroad

rates.– In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt would increase it power,

beyond railroads.– It was dissolved by Congress in 1995

• Its supervisory powers were divided up among other government agencies.

consolidation

• The act of uniting or combining.• Many failing businesses were bought up or

taken over by finance companies, reorganized and revived as fewer businesses.

hwk

p . 231, geography skillbuilder

• 1• Pennsylvania• 2• An abundance of coal and iron ore• Access to a major river

p. 232, summarizing

• Oil• Coal• Iron ore• water

p. 233, analyzing effects

• It changed the nature of business• Made possible the invention of new

appliances• Helped cities and industries grow.

EC

• on a chart or PPT, make a graphic presentation showing electric appliances invented between 1876 and 1900. (five max)– Show their equivalent today. (five max)

• Ex. (telephone then and now.)– Should have a large main topic title– Each image should have a brief title

• Due in 7 school days from the day of this lesson.– By written agreement.– Total possible points = 40

p. 233, 3, making inferences

yes• Availability of products• More leisure time

no• Low wages• Less skill and craft

p . 233, 4, hypothesizing

• Less wealth• Less industry• Slower growth

p. 233, 5, analyzing effects

• Electricity– Changed business and home environments

• Telephone– Sped up communication– Faster service– Faster growth

• Bessemer process– Steel used for buildings, machines, factories,

bridges, railroads, etc.

p. 237, analyzing effects

• The growth of industries that could ship to new markets

• Hazardous jobs for railroad workers• Increase of immigration• Increase of migration to the West.

p. 238, summarizing

• Railroads led to a growth of cities in the Northeast and the Midwest

• Led to the development of new cities in the West

p. 238, summarizing

• By charging too much for railroad construction • paying off government officials

p. 239, geography skillbuilder

• 1.• Their location as railroad hubs.• 2.• In 1869, the transcontinental railroad was

complete– Spurred need for new, smaller rail lines across the

West

p. 239, analyzing issues

• The farmers took political action in one united front

• They pressed for laws to protect them.

p. 240, analyzing political cartoons

• 1.• The “Colossus of Rhodes” protected the harbor of

Rhodes, long ago.• Criticism– The business magnates controlled and protected the

railroads for their own gain.• 2• Controlling the tracks and station, and being the

largest figure, implies that Vanderbilt has total control of the whole operation.

p. 240, 3, making inferences

Yes • Consumer boycotts• Munn v Illinois broke new

ground for regulation– More regulation

• Better prosecution of corrupt officials

No • More regulation slowed

industrial growth

p. 240, 4, synthesizing

• Railroads:• increased US settlement• Built up US commerce

p. 240, 5, analyzing motives

• Pollution and social changes brought on by railroads impeded rights and freedoms.

• Some feared change because of unknown consequences.

Brief Response

• What issues arose as a result of American industrialization?

EC

• Make a graphic presentation on school-sized paper of a modern idea or product that has great promise, but also has caused social fears of unknown side-effects.– Title– Picture– ELA paragraph (ID idea/product, what it promises, what

some people fear about it)• Due in 5 school days• 10 possible points.

Today’s goal (review)

• America’s industrial revolution jumped after and as a result of the American Civil War.

• America had what it needed: abundant resources, creative ideas, and growing markets.

• Railroads were crucial to economic activity, but owners abused their power for higher profits.

• People demanded that their governments do something to regulate the railroads.