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ClausesIndependent ClausesThe independent clause expresses a complete thought and has a subject and averb. It is a main thought of the sentence and can stand alone correctly as a

simple sentence without anything attached to it.

Example:The artist signed her name to the paining before she sold it.

Although he spoke too softly, we heard him.Gas prices will rise if the supply is limited.

Dependent ClausesThe dependent or subordinate! clause is dependent for its understanding uponthe independent main! clause. A dependent clause when standing alone is not acomplete sentence.

Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.

The whole clause will act as an adjective, describing and giving moreinformation about a noun or pronoun.

A relative pronoun usually introduces an adjective clause. "elative pronouns

signal that a clause is a subordinate clause and cannot stand alone."elative #ronounsthat, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, what

Example: $d%s bicycle, which he bought on sale, is a mountainbike. The underlined adjective clause tells moreabout $d%s bicycle.

Example: &e paid a price that was really low. The underlined adjective clause tells more about the price that he paid.

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Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective,

or an adverb. The whole clause will act like an adverb.

An adverb clause tells where, when, how, why, to what extent, or under what

condition. A subordinating conjunction introduces an adverb clause.

'ubordinating (onjunctions

after as though since whenalthough because so that whenever as before than whereas if how though wherever as long as if unless whether as soon as in order that until while

Example: &e will leave when he is ready.The underlined adverb clause tells when he will leave.

Example: If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go to the lake.The underlined adverb clause tells under whatcondition we will go to the lake.

Noun Clauses

)oun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do*+. A noun clause can be a subject*

hat -illy did shocked his friends.. A noun clause can be an direct object:

-illy%s friends didn%t know that he couldn%t swim./. A noun clause can be a predicate nominative*

-illy%s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.0. A noun clause can be an object of a preposition*

1ary is not responsible for what -illy did.

ords that introduce noun clauses

&ow hen hoever If here homThat hether homever hat hich hosehatever ho hy

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PRACTICE:

Determine which type of clause is underlined.

+. 'ome people buy expensive cars simply because they can .

. 1any people hope that (anada can resolve its economic problems .

/. The bankers need to know what they should do .

0. hich one is the person who stole your car2

3. herever there is a large American city, there will be poverty.

4. The books which the professor assigned were very expensive.

5. (anada might give up its marketing boards if the $uropean (ommunity

gives up its grain subsidies .

6. This is where olfe7s and 1ontcalm7s armies fought.

8. 9nless the crown can make a better case, the accused murderer will notbe convicted.

+:.It is important to ask whether the wedding is formal or semi;formal.