community planning &design theory & practice 0101049
TRANSCRIPT
Community Planning &Design
Theory & Practice
0101049
policy
Do ask for permission if you need help!
Welcome your participation. You will be
awarded if answer questions on your own
/actively.
城市规划原理 P:484-553
城乡住区规划, read relevant literature
critically?
How many from urban community?
多少来自商品房住区?多少来自福利房住区?
Comments
虽然改革 30 多年了,新版教材基本仍然是计划经济的陈旧的“硬”规划内容;
不能适应当前的市场经济要求;
硬规划 软规划
Community Planning & Design under Command Economy
I. Demand estimation
Hukou system
immigration control
Plan of recruitment, employment
Planning & Design (1 )Comprehensive Planning level
Demand estimation
Population Growth Rate 人口增长率,机械和自然增长率
land use planning, emphasizing layout and two-
dimensional physical structure, R2,
all public housing, standards firmly controlled by the gov..
“ 十一五”时期,针对房价攀升的问题,国家住建部多次发文要求编制住房规划,但当前市场经济条件下 how?
Planning & Design (2 )Detailed Planning & Design
Demand estimation ,计划 Principles of Layout
Collective lifestyle under socialism
Equipped with education (kindergarten, primary school,
middle school, high school), retail (food, vegetable, cloth etc),
postal, recreation and medical services.
What is the difference of lifestyles under market system
from those under socialism?
emphases
Physical environment
国家规范与标准
means minimum requirements
仍然是计划经济观念、意识和模式,
城市居住区规划设计规范 (2002) changing
居住区 (3-5 万 )
居住小区 (1.0-1.5 万)
居住组团( 1000-3000 )
Layout Structure ( 1 )
居住区居住小区
Layout Structure ( 2 )
居住区居住组团
Layout Structure ( 3 )
居住区居住小区 居住组团
居住区用地构成
住宅用地、公建用地、道路用地和绿化用地
用地比例?
公建配置? Changing?
绿地与公共空间, Useful?
住宅布置方式
1. 行列式 p505
2. 院落式 /周边式 P506
3. 混合式 P507
4. 自由式 P507
理念?实践原则(“性”):
整体性、经济性、科学性、生态型、地方性与时代性、超前性与灵活性、领域性与社会性、健康性;
“ 以人为本”, Who?
社会、经济和环境效益的统一;
布局 pragmatic?
重点在于物质环境的营造,过分强调轴线布局、景观、平面构图 ,见物不见人;
对“人”的生活方式、行为、习惯等漠不关心 ;
实例
布局开放空间的效
用
Housing Reform in China
3 stages
The first stage (79-88) an experiment stage when changes were
carried out in a piecemeal fashion tested in a few selected cities;
the sale of new housing at construction costs in 1979, and
extended to old public housing in 1980 with share ownership (82-
85). More attributes: land acquisition, compensation and
provision of local public facilities; halted in 1985.
The second stage (89-98) Large-sale housing reform, investment,
management and distribution
The third stage: (98-)
Housing Reform in China
3 stages
The second stage (89-98) Large-sale housing reform, investment,
management and distribution, privatization of public housing,
rental reform, housing finance.
In October 1991, a major national housing reform conference was held in Beijing.
The conference resolution, On Comprehensive Reform of the Urban Housing
System, compiled by the State Council’s Housing Reform Steering Group, was
issued in November 1991. This resolution led to the large-scale sale of existing
public housing at very low prices, particularly to their current occupiers. In 1993,
concern about the low-price sales of public housing led government to suspend the
housing reform programme. In 1993 the sale of existing public-sector housing at
very low prices had been stopped
Housing Reform in Chinaestablishing:
(1) a dual housing provision system with a social housing
supply providing economic and comfortable housing to
middle- and low-income households and a commercial
housing supply for high-income families;
(2) a public and private housing savings system;
(3) housing insurance, finance and loan systems which
would enable both policy-oriented and commercial
developments; and
(4) a healthy, standardized and regulated market system of
property exchange, repair and management.
Housing Reform in China
3 stages
The third stage: (98-)The overall timescale was set at the end of 1998.
Local authorities were left to decide when the change would take place and the details of subsidy policy. In order to catch the last welfare train, some work units could extend the implementation to the year 2000, and bought housing from commercial developers at market prices to sell or allocate to their employees at discounted prices.
The policy aimed to establish a new system so that housing consumption is no longer a burden to the state or work units.
Urban Land Use Reform Land in urban China is owned by the state and administrated
directly by municipalities, rural land has been owned collectively
by rural communities since the Chinese Communist Party took
power in 1949 (Li, 1999). Municipalities can requisition rural
land at its discretion by paying some compensation and
transferring related rural residents into urban registration.
During the pre-reform era (from 1949 to 1979), land users were
all public work units, thus land allocation was based on
administrative planning, land was nominally worthless and the
acquisition of the land was nothing more than a bureaucratic
arrangement.
Land Use Rights System(LURS)
The Land Use Rights system, literally the “paid transfer of
land-use rights” (tudi youchang zhuanran), was made
official by adding the statement “The right of land use can
be transferred in accordance with the relevant legislation”
to the Constitution (Li, 1999). Land still belongs to the
State, making land use rights acceptable on the basis of the
socialist doctrine.
Land Use Rights System(LURS)Land Use Rights (LURs) are separated from ownership rights and
become tradable in the market by private treaty, negotiation and
auction (Li, 1999). LURs are rights with time limits for different kinds
of land use. The longest leasehold term is 70 years for residential, 50
years for industrial, 50 years for educational/cultural and 40 years for
commercial/office according to the 1990 Provisional Regulations on
the Conveyance, Granting and Transferring of the State LUR in Cities
and Towns. Within the leasehold period, LURs can be transferred and
traded with the permission of the government. At the end of this
contract period, the land and all its attachment would automatically
revert to the state without payment and compensation, but the land
users could renew the contract after paying for extension
Commercial Housing ProvisionDevelopers
InternationalPublic-owned companiesPrivate companies
Development ProcessLand market (two tiers)Planning permission
Affordable Housing Provision
The Economy Habitable Housing (EHH) plan
Anju Project
Income system?
Submarket boundaries
Home Mortgages
Home mortgages in China, where available at all, usually
require large downpayments and high monthly installments
that few workers can afford (Rosen and Ross, 2000). The
relatively few Chinese citizens who have taken out these
mortgages were largely private business owners or
employees of foreign-funded enterprises that offered
special incentives to enable their workers to buy a home.
Only three Chinese banks (ICBC, ABC and CCB) were
authorised to provide home mortgages prior to 1998.
Hedonic model In the hedonic model formally rendered by Rosen (1974), a
housing unit is described by a vector of n objectively
measurable characteristics. The housing unit (a bundle of
characteristics) commands a price in the market. Various
bundles and their associated prices reveal the implicit
prices of the characteristics, known as hedonic prices.
Hedonic modelAlthough there is no consensus in the literature regarding the
variables to be included into the hedonic price function,
characteristics in three categories are generally considered
appropriate (Bowen, et al., 2001): housing structural
characteristics (S), social and environmental attributes of the
neighbourhoods in which dwelling is located (N), and other
locational characteristics such as accessibility to CBD,
employment and services etc (L). Given appropriately measured
variables in these three categories, it is generally agreed that
proper specification of the hedonic price function accordingly
expresses the market (cross-sectional) prices of housing units as
P=(S, N, L)
Evidence
Dependent Variable
PRICE LN(PRICE)
Independent Variable
Coefficient t-value Coefficient t-value
Constant 4191.649 15.318*** 8.318 110.629***
FR1BKM -1109.644 -2.975** -.413 -4.033***
Hsage -24.675 -2.137* -.008 -2.377*
Tt94/01 -671.021 -2.198* -.170 -2.024*
Tt03 1097.686 3.032*** .258 2.596*
Tt04 2458.581 6.028*** .509 4.543***
Tt05 4104.450 5.427*** .759 3.654**
R2 0.830 .797
Adjusted R2 0.800 .760
F-Statistic 26.941 21.635
df 39 39