Stakeholder analysis can be defined as a methodology for gaining an understanding of a

system, and for assessing the impact of changes to that system, by means of identifying the

key stakeholders and assessing their respective interests

dapat diartikan sebagai metodologi untuk mencapai kesepakatan dalam system, dan untuk mengkaji dampak dari perubahan system tersebut, dengan mengidentifikasi stakholders kunci dan kepentingan mereka.

Stakeholder analysis is methodology to achieve common agreement toward system and to assess the impact of its change by identifying the key stakeholders and their interests.

Socio-Economic Methodologies Best Practice Guidelines: Stakeholder Methodologies In Natural Resource Management

Governing can be considered as the totality of interactions, in

which public as well as private actors participate, aimed at solving

societal problems or creating societal opportunities; attending to

the institutions as contexts for these governing interactions; and

establishing a normative foundation for all those activities.

Governance can be seen as the totality of theoretical conceptions

on governing.

Many different labels have been used to describe the interactive

patterns of multiple organizational systems, and we employ ‘‘collaboration’’ as our primary descriptor of managing across governments and organizations. In the public administration literature,

the term ‘‘governance’’ is often used to describe a wide range of

organization types that are linked together and engaged in public

activities, enlarging (and changing) the domain of government.

Governance connotes that more than public agencies are involved

20

.......................... 9788$$ $CH2 01-07-03 07:48:00 PSManaging in an Age of Collaboration / 21

in the formulation and implementation of policy, which suggests

‘‘the declining relationship between jurisdiction and public management’’ (Frederickson 1999, 702). Although Frederickson identi-

fies governance as an emergent managerial phenomenon, others

point to the increasing number of structural relationships between

public and nonpublic organizations, and the increasingly complex

mixes of public and private activities that must be incorporated

into frameworks of understanding, regardless of their impact

(Campbell and Peters 1988). It is within this latter framework that

we look to current governance as involving multiple organizations

and connections that are necessary to carry out public purposes.

Dengan demikian DAS merupakan satuan wilayah alami yang memberikan manfaat produksi serta memberikan pasokan air melalui sungai, air tanah, dan atau mata air, untuk memenuhi berbagai kepentingan hidup, baik untuk manusia, flora maupun fauna. Untuk memperoleh manfaat yang optimal dan berkelanjutan perlu disusun sistem perencanaan pengelolaan DAS yang obyektif dan rasional. Perencanaan pengelolaan DAS bersifat dinamis karena dinamika proses yang terjadi di dalam DAS, baik proses alam, politik, sosial ekonomi kelembagaan, maupun teknologi yang terus berkembang.

Watershed is a natural unit which productively beneficial and providing water supply through river, groundwater, and or water spring, to sustain livelihood for human, flora and fauna.

Daerah aliran sungai (DAS), yang dipandang sebagai ekosistem tata air dan digunakan sebagai unit pengelolaan sumberdaya alam vegetasi, tanah dan air yang rasional, merupakan wilayah daratan dengan batas alam berupa punggung-punggung bukit sehingga tidak selalu bisa berhimpitan dengan batas administrasi pemerintahan.

Watershed as hydrological ecosystem and rational natural resources management unit is terrestrial area with natural boundaries such as ridge, hence it is not always tangent with administrative boundaries.

Dengan demikian perbedaan batas wilayah tersebut tidak perlu dipertentangkan tetapi perlu ditata keselarasannya, agar keterkaitan antar wilayah administrasi dalam satuan DAS bisa terhubung secara serasi melalui jalinan daur hidrologi. Penggunaan DAS sebagai satuan wilayah pengelolaan adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman secara rasional dan obyektif bahwa setiap kegiatan yang dilakukan di suatu tempat (on site) di bagian hulu DAS memiliki dampak atau implikasi di tempat lain (off site) di bagian hilir DAS; atau sebaliknya bahwa pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam di wilayah hilir merupakan hasil dari daerah hulu yang secara daerah otonomi atau administrasi berbeda wilayah pengelolaannya.

Menurut Dixon (1986), pengelolaan DAS didefinisikan sebagai proses formulasi dan implementasi dari suatu rangkaian kegiatan yang menyangkut sumberdaya alam dan manusia dalam suatu DAS dengan memperhitungkan kondisi sosial, politik, ekonomi dan faktor-faktor institusi yang ada di DAS dan di sekitarnya untuk mencapai tujuan sosial yang spesifi

According to Dixon (1986) cit Paimin (2002), Watershed management can be defined as formulation and implementation process of activities series regarding to the natural and

human resources by considering condition of social, politic, economy, and institutional factors in adjacent watershed to reach specific social objectives.