dli grammer pam

8/9/2019 DLI Grammer Pam

1/28

Grammar PamphletPrepared by:

JAF Lang Institute


2/28

ArticlesA, an , and the

Nouns are, either countable (one horse , six horses , three girls) or uncountable(Sugar. ,coal , butter) . Countable nouns take I and An ( An goes with nouns beginning withvowel sounds ) to show that the noun is singular and. undefined. A. boy is any undefined

boy . An a!!le is any undefined a!!le."hen we for# the !lural of countable nouns, we dro! An or A (A boy) in the

singular beco#es( boys) in the !lural, An a!!le beco#es (a!!les)

Examples:

A cowboy lives in A#erica.

"e get #ilk fro# a cow

A soldier salutes an officer.

The $ countable nouns in the singular for# take A or An before the# to show

that they are$

a singular

b undefined

%lural countable nouns dro! A or An also to show that they are undefined. "hennouns, either countable or uncountable, singular or !lural, are defined, we !ut &he beforethe#. (&he #an, &he #en, &he sugar).

Examples:&he sugar Is sweet and the coffee is bitter.

&he sun was In the sky nearly all &he ti#e.

2. Tenses

2. Present Tense

All verbs (exce!t be) have one for# for all !ersons exce!t the third singular . &hethird !erson singular is usually for#ed by adding s to the si#!le, or infinitive for#.

I!"u

#rite#rite

g"g"

amare

ha$eha$e

%ix%ix

&e

'he

It

#rites g"es ishas

%ixes

(e

!"u

They

#rite g" are ha$e %ix

'


3/28

'.' The uses "% the present tense are:

. &o ex!ress a condition that exists at the #o#ent of s!eaking and #ay continue for a

short ti#e. &hey are angry

She see#s ha!!y about the news.

'. &o ex!ress a general truth.

&he sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

&he earth revolves around the sun.

. &o ex!ress the idea that an activity or ca!ability existed before the

#o#ent of s!eaking, existed at the #o#ent of s!eaking and #ay continue She s!eaks fluent *nglish.

+y country !roduces a lot of #aterials.

. &o ex!ress a custo#ary or habitual action.

I usually take the bus to work.

I so#e ti#es slee! late on Sunday

-. &o ex!ress future ti#e.

e leaves for *uro!e next week. &he #ovie starts at eight

2.) Past Tens

&he !ast tense of a regular verb is for#ed by adding ed or d to the base for# . &he for#is the sa#e for all !ersons, both singular and !lural.

%resent &ense %ast &ense

/egular

0erb

&alk

Agree

Study

&alked

Agreed

Studied

Irregular

0erb

S!eak

1ly

co#e

S!oke

1lew

ca#e

An exce!tion is the verb *E+ which has two !ast for#s.

I was "e were

2ou were 2ou were

e was &hey were


4/28

2., The uses "% the past tense are:

. &o ex!ress an activity that occurred at a definite ti#e in the !ast.

It rained yesterday.

&hey ca#e here a year ago.

'. &o ex!ress an activity that occurred at an uns!ecified ti#e in the !ast.

e ca#e to see us about his schedule.

e s!oke to the ca!tain about it.

. &o ex!ress au activity that occurred in the !ast over a continuous !eriod of ti#e, butdoesn3t continue to the !resent #o#ent of s!eaking.

e studied 1rench when he was in high school .2.- Present Pr"gressi$e Tense

&he !resent !rogressive is for#ed with the !resent tense for#s of the auxiliary be !lus the ing for# of the verb .&his tense is also called !resent continuous.

'ingular Plural

Sub4ect for# of be 5 ing for# Sub4ect for# of be 5 ing for#

I a# studying "e are studying

2ou are writing 2ou are writing

*

She is working

It

&hey are working

2. The uses "% present pr"gressi$e are:

. &o ex!ress an activity that is in !rogress at the #o#ent of s!eaking.6

7avid and his uncle are !laying cards now.

2ou are reading this sentence now.

'. &o ex!ress an activity that occurred in the !ast, is going on. at the ti#e of

s!eaking, and will !robably continue into the future.

+ary is studying #usic in New 2ork.

1red is working for an oil co#!any.

. &o ex!ress an activity that will take !lace in the future

"e are going to that new #ovie after su!!er.

"e are buying a new car as soon as the new #odels co#e out.


5/28

. &o ex!ress a fre8uently re!eated or habitual action that is usually by the si#!le !resent tense It is used in co#bination with the adverb al#ays.

+y son is always learning new things. .

'.9. Past Pr"gressi$e Tense $

&his tense is for#ed with the !ast tense for#s of the auxiliary verb :* !lus the ;ing for# of

the verb. &his tense is also called past c"ntinu"us .'ingular Plural

'ub/ect %"rm "% be 01ing %"rm 'ub/ect %"rm "% be 01ing %"rm

I was studying "e were studying

2ou were writing 2ou were writing

*

She was working

It

&hey were working

&he !ast %rogressive is used to show that an activity was in !rogress in the !ast whenanother activity occurred. It is fre8uently used with the %ast &ense.

I was eating dinner when &o# called

"hile they were !laying tennis, it rained.

2. Present Per%ect Tense:

&his tense is for#ed with the for#s of the auxiliary verbs &A3E or &A' !lus the pastparticiple of the verb.

'ingular Plural

Sub4ect Auxiliary 0erb %% Sub4ect for# of be 5 ing for#

I have s!oken "e have seen

2ou have driven 2ou have flown

*

She has gone

It

&hey have studied

2.4. 5ses "% the Present Per%ect:

. It is used to show that an action started in the !ast and continued until the #o#ent ofs!eaking and finished.

"e have finished reading this story.

She has 4ust closed the store.

'. &his tense is used to ex!ress that the action started in the !ast continued to the#o#ent of s!eaking, but we are not sure if it Is going to continue in the future


6/28

I have taught this sub4ect for ' years.

e has driven his #other3s car.

2. 6 Past Per%ect:

&his tense is for#ed with only one for# of the auxiliary verb to have, which is the !ast for#of have = had !lus the verb in the !ast !artici!le for# for all !ersons.

'ingular Plural

Sub4ect Auxiliary( had ) 0erb %% Sub4ect Auxiliary( had ) 0erb %%

I had s!oken "e had seen

2ou had driven 2ou had flown

*

She had goneIt

&hey had studied

l

&he !ast !erfect tense is used to show that there were two actions in the !ast, one occurred before another action, or an action occurred before a s!ecific ti#e in the !ast.

I had got #arried before I graduated.

e had watched &0 before he went to bed.

She had #oved before the accident.2. The Future Tense:

&he future verb %hrase #ay be for#ed with (ILL !lus the si#!le for# of the #ain verb.

Sub4ect Auxiliary( (ill ) #ain verb Sub4ect Auxiliary( (ill ) #ain verb

I #ill eat "e #ill be

2ou (ill drive 2ou #ill read*

She (ill go

It

&hey #ill study

2. 2 5ses "% Future:

&he 1uture tense is used to ex!ress an action that will take !lace in the future. (ILL is usedfor all !ersons. '&ALL #ay be also used for first !erson singular or !lural in for#al s!eechand writing.

>


7/28

e will see you to#orrow at eight o3clock.

I will do #y best to hel! you.

"e will discuss that later.

Shall I !ick you u! at eight tonight.

' . 1uture ti#e #ay be ex!ressed by !resent tense.

e graduates to#orrow.

&hey leave Sunday #orning.

. 1uture ti#e #ay be ex!ressed by !resent !rogressive tense.

&hey are o!ening the new store next week.

She is cooking dinner for us tonight.

. &he. Auxiliary ? g"ing t" @ co#bines a for# of *e with ? g"ing t" @ followed by a#ain verb &his for# is very co##on in s!oken *nglish.

Sub4ect 5 :e5 going to5 +ain 0erb Sub4ect 5 :e5 going to5 +ain 0erb

I a# going to walk "e are going to walk

2ou are going to answer 2ou are going to answer

*

She is going to finish

It

&hey are going to study

'. inking 0erbs$

A linking verb in a state#ent can be followed by a sub4ect co#!li#ent(a noun orad4ective) . &his sub4ect co#!le#ent #odifies the sub4ect. &he #ost co##on linking verbsare $

a. *E.

. Bohn is a student. (noun co#!le#ent).

'. &he #en are hungry. (ad4ective co#!le#ent).

. ackland is an air force base. ( noun co#!le#ent)

. &he ca!tain #as angry. (Ad4ective co#!le#ent)

b. 3erbs "% Percepti"n $

. I %eel unco#fortable with those !eo!le

'. 2our !erfu#e smells wonderful.

. &his ice crea# tastes too sweet.

. &hat chair l""7s co#fortable.

-. &he #usic s"unds very loud.

c. &he verbs, ( get , turn , grow) when they #ean bec"me .

9


8/28

. &he sky gre# dark as the stor# a!!roached.

'. It turns red when heated.

Exercise .

8"mplete the sentence #ith a sub/ect c"mpliment.

. She see#s .

'. &he #usic sounds .

. &he #en got .

. &he sky grew .

-. :ob beca#e .

>. &he food tastes .

9. &he student felt .

. &he girl looks 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111.

Exercise 2.

8h""se the c"rrect %"rm9 adjective "r adverb .

. &his #ath !roble# looks ( easy, easily)

'. I felt ( sadDsadly) when I heard the news.

. &he sou! tasted ( goodDwell).

. &he roo# got (8uietD8uietly) when the teacher entered.

-. She see#ed ( cheerfulDcheerfully).

Pr"n"unsA !ronoun is a word that can take the !lace of a noun &he #ost co##on kinds of !ronounsare$

'ingular Plural

'ub/ect pr"n"uns

I

2ou

e she it

"e

2ou

they

;b/ect pr"n"uns

+e

2ou

er, hi# it

Es

2ou

the#

Examples

I. I read the book . it was good. ( it refers to the noun b""7 )

'. +ary said,@ I drink tea .?(&he !ronoun ?I@ refers to the s!eaker ?+aryF).. &his letter is fro# +ary. (It is fro# her )

. &his letter Is for Bohn. (It is for him )


9/28

?; @uesti"ns:

A. A yesDno 8uestion is a 8uestion that #ay be answered by !E' , or ?; ,

:. If the verb is an auxiliary, the sa#e Auxiliary is used in the 8uestion. &here is nochange in the for# of the #ain verb.

Examples $

. e is living there. Is he li$ing there

'. +ary can swi#. 8an Bary s#im

. &hey will go to school. (ill they g" t" sch""l

G


10/28

C. if the sentence has #ore than one auxiliary , only the first auxiliary !recedes the sub4ect.

Examples

&hey will be studying. (ill they be studying

7. If the verb is in the si#!le present . Ese d"es with ( he , she , it) or d" with ( I, you , we ,they) in the 8uestion. If the verb is in the si#!le past , Ese, did . &he verb in the 8uestion isin its simple for#.

Examples $

. She li$es in New 2ork.


11/28

"ho is co#ing to dinner tonightH

"ho wants to co#e with #eH

(h"m $ asks about the ob4ect

"ho(#) did you seeH

"ho(#) are you visitingH

In s!oken *nglish , who is used instead of who# unless !receded by a !re!osition.

(h"se $ asks about !ossession.

"hose book did you borrowH

"hose key is thisH

(hat $ is used as the sub4ect of a 8uestion . It refers to things.

"hat #ade you angryH

"hat went wrongH

(hat is also used as an "b/ect .

"hat do you needH

"hat did she buyH

(hat #ay also acco#!any a n"un .

"hat c"untries did you visitH

"hat time did she co#eH

(hich $ is used instead of #hat when choosing fro# a grou!.

"hich !en do you wantH"hich book should I buyH

"hich can also be acco#!anied by a n"un .

"hich countries did be visitH

"hich class are you inH

Expressi"ns "% @uantityBany Buch '"me and Any

. Bany $ used with !lural count nouns such as a!!les, chairs, students , .,.. etc

used in affir#ative and negative state#ents and 8uestions as well $

Examples

a. She has #any children.

b. e doesn3t s!eak #any languages.

c. 7oes she have #any friendsH

d. 7oesn3t she have #any friendsH

'. Buch $ used only with non c nouns such as$ rice, #ilk, infor#ation etc.used in affir#ative and negative find negative state#ents and 8uestionsas well$


12/28

Examples

a. Bohn has #uch #oney.

b. Bohn doesn3t have #uch #oney.

c. 7oes she have #uch confidence in herselfH

d. 7oesn3t she have #uch confidence in herselfH

. '"me $ used with !lural count nouns and non count nouns,

students, salt .. etc

used in affir#ative state#ents and 8uestions to give a !ositive attitude.

Examples

a. Bean has bought so#e sugar..

b. 7o you have so#e #oneyH

. Any $ used with singular and !lural count nouns and non count nounsK any

book D any books ,any infor#ation. Esed in both affir#ative andnegative 8uestions and negative state#ents.

Examples

a. 7oes she have any !roble#(s)H

b. 7on3t they have any faith in LodH

c. She doesn3t have any !roble#(s) .

Exercises:

Fill in the blan7s #ith the c"rrect #"rd %r"m the b"x.

Bany much s"me any

. &he test is a !iece of cake, students can #ake it.

'. +any 8uestions were too hard to answer and were easy.. &he &


13/28

Indirect ob4ect either co#es before the direct ob4ect as in.

a. She sent her m"ther a package .

I;


14/28

-. ;r (shows a choice of two or #ore ite#s.) (used to contrast e8uivalent Ite#s.

She has to study harder "r she fails the course.

>. *"th ...... and ( shows addition of two or #ore ite#s. It3s so#ewhat #ore e#!haticthan and .

*"th #y #other and sister are here (the two sub4ects connected by ?both ..... and@take a !lural verb.

9. ?"t "nly .. but als" ( shows #utual relations).

?"t "nly #y #other but als" #y sister is here. (the sub4ect that is closer to the verbdeter#ines whether the verb is singular or !lural.

. ?either 111111n"r.9 shows #utual relations and #eans n"t and n"t )

?either #y sister n"r #y !arents are here.

G. Either "r ( offers a choice between two structurally e8ual ite#s).

Either Bohn "r +ary gets the !riMe.

Notice that in Neither .... nor and either ---- or the, subject that is closer determineswhether the verb Is singular or plural .

J. owever (shows contrast).

I a# getting along 8uite well, however, #y roo##ate isn3t doing so well

Exercise

Co#bine the following sentences by using a con4unction fro# the box.:ut and both and so or

Not only but also

either or neither nor

*xa#!le

She likes to swi#.

She isn3t a good swi##er.

She likes to swi# but she isn3t a good swi##er.. e went to the store. e bought so#e raMor blades.

' . &he weather is very hot. Bohn 1eels cold.

. Bean does not like rare steak. +ary does not like rare steak.

. +artha ran over an old #an yesterday.

-. +artha didn3t take hi# to the hos!ital.


15/28

Prep"siti"nsA !re!osition is a word or, a grou! of words, that is often !laced before a noun or a !ronounto indicate !lace, direction, source .... etc. such as at, on, by, in etc.

. Prep"siti"ns ;% time and date. 9at+ "n+ by. in

1 At a time

(at dawn, at six o3clock, at #idnight, at an age ( at sixteen)

1 ;n a day> In time

on ti#e #eans at the ti#e arranged, not before D not after.

&he bus leaves at 9$ J.

&he bus leaves on ti#e if it leaves at 9$ J (not before not after) ,in ti#e not late.

%assengers should be in ti#e for their train.

1 Fr"m + since +%"r .

Fr"m is nor#ally used with to or till until.

&hey work fro# eight to five$

'ince fro# that ti#e to the ti#e of s!eaking. e has been working since J$ J.

F"r is used with a !eriod of ti#e. for ' #onths D .' years

e has worked at that restaurant for ' years. 7uring is used with known !eriods ofti#e, during su##er D class.......

1 A%ter and be%"re.

e has a shower before breakfast.

e always brushes his teeth after #eals.

Prep"siti"ns "% Place

I? is used with any !lace that has boundaries or is enclosed and rather big.

in a country, town, village. OAt is used with rather a s#all area bus sto! D air!ort D schoolDrestaurant.

Notice the difference between At and In in the

following ' sentences.

She is at school (either inside or in the grounds or 4ust outside)

She is in school (inside only).

;n ( #eans covering or for#ing a !art of a surface or in contact with).

&he ball is on the table.She sat on the table.

-


16/28

Ab"$e D;$er ( higher than and so#eti#es either can be used.

&he sky is over D above our heads.

"hen there is contact or touching, "$er is used only.

e s!read his handkerchief over his face.

5nder >*el"# ( lower than and so#e ti#es either can

&here is nothing below D under -J3 cents.

"hen there is contact ,?under@ is used only.

She !ut her book under her !illow.

*et#een>Am"ng:

*et#een is used with two !eo!le or things as in( she divided the #oney between her twosons).

It can be used also whenever there is a definite nu#ber in #ind as in

uxe#burg lies bet#een Ler#any, :elgiu# and 1rance.Am"ng is used with #ore than two !eo!le or things or whenever we have an indefinitenu#ber in #ind.

She divided the #oney am"ng her four sons..

Int" > ;n t" . (:oth indicate #otion.

She !oured tea int" the cu!.

&he actor walked on to the stage

Exercise $1ill the blanks with the correct !re!osition (over, on, at, above, during ,for, between ,a#ong , in , into, onto... etc.

. She left her keys ....... the car.

'. e ca#e to school > $ J a.rn.

. She sat Bohn and Bean

. &hey !oured ce#ent ........ ..... the hole.

-. e has been waiting .... three hoursP

>. &hey !ut a blanket ................ her dead body.

>


17/28

A


18/28

'. +ore and +ost are used with the Co#!arative and the su!erlative when an ad4ectivehas #ore than two syllables and for so#e two syllable ad4ectives.

*xa#!les

P"siti$e 8"mparati$e 'uperlati$e

careful #ore careful #ost careful

*x!ensive +ore ex!ensive +ost ex!ensiveInteresting +ore interesting +ost interesting

. A few ad4ectives are co#!ared with irregular for#s

*xa#!lesK

P"siti$e 8"mparati$e 'uperlati$e

Lood :etter :est

:ad "orse "orst

1ar 1arther 1arthest

1ar 1urther 1urthest

ittle ess least

Examples and exercises:

. &oday is better than yesterday.

'. %lane tickets are #ore ex!ensive than train tickets.. &o# is the richest student in the class.

. Sel#a is the s#artest one in the !arty

-. &he weather today see#s the best during this week.

>. *xercise A is the #ost i#!ortant of all.

Exercise "n c"mparis"ns

8h""se the c"rrect ans#er:

*xercises


19/28

-. She has ............ #oney than her friend.

a. #ore b. #ost c. #uch

>. S!eaking is than listening.

a. #ore difficult b. difficult c. difficultier

9. &he weather today see#s than it was yesterday.

a. bad b. worst . . c. worse

. She is .

a. taller than #e b. taller than I C. .. tallest than #e

Ad$erbsAn adverb. is a word that #odifies a verb , an ad4ective, or an other adverb.

Examples

. e waited patiently . ad$ #odifying a $erb ..

'. e is c"mpletely satisfied with his boss . ad$ . #odifying ad/ .

. Su##er ca#e $ery early this year. ad$ #odifying ad$

Types "% Ad$erbs:I. Adverbs of +anner. ?usually for#ed by adding an ;ly to an ad4ective

*xa#!les$ 8uickly slowly easily differently.

'. Adverbs of fre8uency.

*xarn! es$ always never ; so#eti#es often usually ever . Adverbs of location $

*xarn! es $outside here there back down town u!stairs.

. Adverbs of ti#e $

*xa#!les $ to#orrow tonight today early soon later.

-. Interrogative adverbs$

*xa#!les where when why how.

>. Adverbs of degree $*xa#!les$ very ; 8uite al#ost too . extre#ely rather.

P"siti"n:Adverbs co#e after action verbs

. &he stor# broke suddenly .

'. She dances beauti%ully .

. e s!eaks @uic7ly .

. She drives care%ully .

G


20/28

So#e words are u both as ad4ectives and adverbs such as$

Fast 1 &ard 1 Late 1 Early (ell

. e is Fast. ad4ective.

'. e runs %ast. adverb.

. &he 4ob see#s hard . ad4ective.

. e works hard adverb.

Examples "% ad/ecti$es and ad$erbs:

Ad/ecti$es ad$erbs

Quick Quickly

Slow Slowly

Llad Lladly

a!!y a!!ily

Correct Correctly

:ad :adly

*arly *arly

ate ate

ard ard

1ast 1ast

Lood well

C 8"mparis"n "% ad$erbs.Adverbs have three degrees$

P"siti$e 8"mparati$e superlati$eQuickly +ore 8uickly +ost 8uickly

Carefully +ore carefully +ost carefully

1ast 1aster 1astest

'J


21/28

Irregular F"rms:

P"siti$e 8"mparati$e superlati$e

:adly "orse "orst

"ell :etter :est*arly *arlier *arliest

+uch +ore +ost

1ar 1arther

1urther

1arthest

furthest

E$aluati"n Exercises "n ad/ecti$es and ad$erbs:

. 5nderline the ad$erbs in the %"ll"#ing paragraph:

t. Bones is a good !ilot. e flies well . e handles his !lane efficiently and well. eis verb !atient. "hen he instructs the students, he answers their 8uestions cheerfully.

e3s a ra!id s!eaker but he Always ex!lains slowly and carefully.

2. Fill in the blan7s #ith the ad$erbial %"rms "% the ad/ecti$e in parenthesis.

. She drives very (fast)

'. e did the work ( careful )

. She s!eaks *nglish (good)

. "e arrived (early)

-. e obeyed (8uick)

). 'upply the c"rrect %"rm "% the ad/ecti$e "r ad$erb.

. e is a ( fast ) driver

'. e drives........... . (fast)

. &his sentence is .(correct)

. &hey all s!oke ( correct(-. e is always ( glad ) to go

>. e went .( glad )

,. 8h""se the c"rrect %"rm.

. is *nglish is very (well , good)

'. e s!eaks (careful , carefully)

. e doesn3t drive, as (careful , carefully) as I.

. &he !ilot landed his !lane ( 8uick, 8uickly) and (careful, carefully).-. 7on3t s!eak ( careless, carelessly) because it sounds (bad, badly(

'


22/28

Ad$erbs "% Fre@uency: &hey are used to indicate the nu#ber of ti#es an action re!eated

&he #ost co##only used adverbs of fre8uency are always (100%) ; usually ( !%-"!%) often (!0- !%)- so#eti#es (1-#!%)- ever (0%-100%) ; never (0%)

P"siti"n:. :efore action verbs

She always eats in the cafeteria.

"e usually slee! at night.

"e often s!eak 1

'. After be verbs

She is always late.

&he answers re usually right

"e are often careless.

. :etween the Auxiliary and +ain 0er$

+artha has al#ays been #y friend

2ou can usually find the colonel here.

Beff has s"metimes been wrong

+eaning and %ercentage$Always All of the ti#e. JJ R

Esually +ost of the ti#e. 9-R GGR


23/28

?e$er is a negati$e %"rm "% ad$erb.

Never =Negative state#ent

I have never been to E. .

&hey never take a cab

&hey never work hard.

E$aluati"n Exercise:

Place the ad$erb in the c"rrect p"siti"n:

. (. (usually) 7oes +r. ilton teach *nglishH

9. (ever) 7oes your friend call the wrong nu#berH

. (always) I don3t understand the lesson.

G. (ever) +r. and +rs. :urns don3t ride the bus.

J. (never) have orange 4uice.

.(usually) She goes to work at oTclock.

' . (often) "e have unch at the cafeteria3.

. (ever) 7o you take the busH . (so#eti#es) &hey go to bed by J o3clock.

-. (always) "e have toast with . (ever) 7o you study in the eveningH

9. (usually) %aul doesn3t work at night.

. (often) "e don3t in a restaurant..

G. (ever) &hey aren3t in class on Sunday.

'J . (always) Are the waitresses busyH

B"dal Auxiliaries+odals are auxiliary or hel!ing verbs that are different fro# the other ty!es of auxiliaries.&hey give a s!ecial #eaning to the #ain verb. &hey ex!ress #ental conce!ts such as

!ossibility, ability, !er#ission, obligation, necessity, and inference. &he #odals are followed by the si#!le for# of the #ain verb.

'


24/28

Esage and +eaning of +odals$

A. 8an18"uldD be able t"

5ses

*xa#!les$

+artha can !lay the !iano

e could s!eak 1rench when he was a boy.

She can cli#b the #ountain

. In$ormal ermission.

*xa#!les$

2ou can leave after dinner

Anyone can go to the concert.

Can I go with youH

. ossibilit&.

*xa#!les$

I can !ick you u! to#orrow at $JJ

I could get #arried next year.

I will be able to attend #y brotherTs wedding

'. olite e uest*

*xa#!les$

Could I get the !rice list , %leaseHCan you lend #e ten dollarsH

Can I leave early todayH

b. Bay1might

5ses

. ermission

*xa#!les$

+ay I visit you so#eti#eH+ay I leave earlyH

2ou #ight watch &0.

#. e uest.

*xa#!les$

+ay I have so#e #ore coffeeH

+ay I s#oke hereH

+ay I leave earlyH

'


25/28

+. ossibilit&

*xa#!les$

"e #ay take our vacation in Buly.

"e #ight go to the #all to#orrow

It #ight rain tonight.

'. $$ers.

*xa#!les$

+ay I drive you ho#eH

+ay I hel! youH

+ay I !re!are it for youH

8. 'h"uldD"ught t"Dhad better

5ses $

. bligation

*xa#!les$

2ou should !ay your :ills on ti#e.

"e should write letters to our friends

2ou should co#e on ti#e

#. robabilit&

*xa#!les$

&he boss should be back anyti#e now.I should get a call fro# hi# soon.

+y friend should be at ho#e now.

+. dvisabilit&.

*xa#!les$

2ou should get #ore slee!

"e should exercise #ore

I should study for the test.


26/28

#. In$erence(conclusion).

*xa#!les$

e is wet, It #ust be raining.

&he statistics #ust be right.

She didn3t co#e. She #ust be sick.

N


27/28

I would buy a car if I had #oney

+. /ould rather2 pre$er.

*xa#!les$

I would rather stay ho#e.

I would rather have coffee

I would rather study +ath.

'. at habitual activit&.

*xa#!les$

"hen she was young, she would drea# of being a #other.

"hen I was young, I would !lay football.

"hen she was living in E , she would !ractice s!orts.

*xercises on +odals$

*xercise

Find the err"r in each "% the %"ll"#ing sentences+ then c"rrect it.

. She can refuses the offer.

'. e #ust to be at ho#e right now.

. e has to gave #ore ho#ework.

. She didn3t able to cli#b the #ountain.

-. I ought #eet so#eone tonight.

*xercise '"rite the #eaning of the underlined +odal in each sentence.

. It may rain tonight

2. ("uld you !lease wait over thereH

. "e ha$e t" leave !retty soon

,. 8"uld I get the !rice list !leaseH

-. e #"uld rather #ake the decision later.

>. I #ill visit her tonight.9. If I had #oney, I #"uld go sho!!ing.

. 2ou must obey #y orders.

'9


28/28

'entence 8"nstructi"n&here are four ty!es of sentences according to the structure. &he char below shows thesety!es$

Type 'tructure examplessi#!le

dli grammer pam

Documents