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B GIO DC & O TOTRNG CAO NG KINH T - CNG NGH TP.HCM

KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC***************

N

CNG NGHSAU THU HOCH C PH

GVHD: ThS Ng Minh Nh

SVTH: L ThKim Chung

Nguyn Thanh Trc

Nguyn ThCm T

Ging Thng Thin

Tp HCh Minh , Thng 10 nm 2014

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MC LC

CHNG 1: MU ........................................................................................................ 51.1. L do chn ti ................................................................................................ 5

1.2. Phm vi nghin cu ............................................................................................ 5CHNGII: C IM CA C PH V TNH HNH TN THT TRN TH

GII V VIT NAM........................................................................................................... 62.1. c im ca c ph. [3] [2] .............................................................................. 6

2.1.1 Cu to ................................................................................... 8_Toc4015294212.1.2 c im sinh ha ca c ph ................................................................... 12

2.1.3 c im sinh l v thc vt ca cy c ph ............................................ 152.1.4 Ma v....................................................................................................... 192.1.5 Tc dng ca c ph .................................................................................. 19

2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht. ......................................................................... 192.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut trn thgii [5] ........................................................... 192.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trong nc [5] ................................................. 20

2.2.3 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trong nc [6] .................................................. 212.2.4 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trn thgii [7]................................................. 24

2.2.5 Tn tht do cng nghsau thu hoch [4] .................................................. 242.2.6 Tn tht do thi tit [1] ............................................................................. 25

2.2.7 Tn tht do su bnh .................................................................................... 27CHNG III: BIN PHP KHC PHC ( HN CH) TNH HNH TN THT

SAU THU HOCH CA C PH ................................................................................... 283.1 i vi thin thi tit [1] ................................................................................ 28

3.2 i vi cng nghsau thu hoch v chbin [2] ........................................... 293.3 i vi su bnh hi [2] ................................................................................... 30

3.3.1 Su hi: ......................................................................................................... 303.3.2 Bnh hi ....................................................................................................... 35

3.4 Ccphng pho bo qun c ph sau thu hoch [3] ..................................... 373.4.1 Bo qun c ph quti............................................................................. 37

3.4.2 Bo qun c ph thc kh v c ph nhn ................................................ 373.4.2 Bo qun c ph ht rang , v ph bt mn v c ph ha tan .................. 41

CHNG IV: BIN PHP CHBIN C PH SAU THU HOCH [3] ..................... 424.1 Kthut sn xut c ph nhn ........................................................................ 424.2Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php chbin t... ...... 43

4.2.1 Phn loi: ...................................................................................................... 43

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4.2.2 Bc vqu, vtht (xt ti):...................................................................... 444.2.3 Ngm, (ln men): ...................................................................................... 46

4.2.4 Ra: .............................................................................................................. 464.2.5 Lm ro, phi sy: ....................................................................................... 47

4.2.6 Sy ............................................................................................................... 484.2.7 Bc vthc (xt kh): ................................................................................. 49

4.2.8 Bc vla (nh bng):.............................................................................. 504.2.9 Phn loi: ..................................................................................................... 50

4.2.10 u trn, ng bao, bo qun: ................................................................... 524.4 Sn xut c ph rang c ph bt mn............................................................ 54

4.4.1 Phn oi theo ch thc:........................................................................... 544.4.2 nguyn iu:....................................................................................... 55

4.4.3 Rang: ............................................................................................................ 55

4.4.4 Lm ngui:................................................................................................... 564.5 C ph ha tan ................................................................................................. 57

4.6.1 Tuyn chn nguyn liu c ph nhn:......................................................... 57

4.6.2 Rang, xay c ph:......................................................................................... 57

4.6.3 Trch ly:....................................................................................................... 57

4.6.4 C c: ......................................................................................................... 604.6.5 Sy kh : ...................................................................................................... 61

4.6.6 Hi hng.................................................................................................... 63

CHNG V: KT LUN V NGH........................................................................ 655.1 Kt lun ........................................................................................................... 655.2 ngh............................................................................................................ 65

TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................. 66

DANH MC HNH

Hnh 2.1. Tri c ph Arabica v c ph nhn arabica .................................................... 6Hnh 2.2. Tri c ph Robusta v c ph nhn Robusta .................................................. 7

Hnh 2.3. Cy c ph mt v c ph nhn mt .................................................................. 7Hnh 2.4. Cu to quc ph ........................................................................................... 9Hnh 2.5 Cy c ph ch ................................................................................................ 18Hnh 2.6: Sn ng v din tch trng c ph Vit Nam ............................................. 23Hnh 3.1 Su c thn.................................................................................................... 31Hnh 3.2 rp sp xanh (Coccus viridisHomoptera - Coccidae)................................ 34

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Hnh 3.3.Rp sp phn (Pseudococcus mercaptorHomopteraPseudococcidae).. 34Hnh 3.4 Bnh gst ...................................................................................................... 35Hnh 3.5 Bnh kh cnh kh qu.................................................................................. 36Hnh 4.1 Nguyn tc lm vic ca bxiphng .............................................................. 44

Hnh 4.2 My xt ti iu a...................................................................................... 45Hnh 4.3 My xt ti Raoeng...................................................................................... 46Hnh 4.4 L sy c ph .................................................................................................. 48Hnh 4.5 My sy thng quay nm ngang ..................................................................... 49Hnh 4.6 My xt kh kiu Engelber ............................................................................. 50Hnh 4.7 My nh bng mt trc Smout ..................................................................... 50Hnh 4.8 Sng Catador kp ............................................................................................ 51Hnh 4.9 Nguyn tc rang c ph .................................................................................. 55Hnh 4.10 S hthng sy phun ............................................................................... 62

Hnh 4.11 C cu phun bng h ng .......................................................................... 62Hnh 4.12 C cu phun p lc ....................................................................................... 63

DANH MC BNG

Bng 2.1Tlcc phn cu to ca c ph9Bng 2.2Thnh phn ha hc ca vqu.10Bng 2.3Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht...10Bng 2.4Thnh phn ha hc ca vtru.11Bng 2.5Thnh phn ha hc cnhn..12Bng 2.6Sn ng c ph Vit Nam tma v2010/11 n ma v2013/14...22Bng 2.7Sn ng c ph nin v2000/20012005/200624Bng 4.1 So snh phng php chbin t v phng php h...54

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CHNG 1: MU

1.1.

L do chn ti

C ph l mt c sn nhit i c gi trtrn thgii, mt mt hng c bunbn rng ri, giao u nhiu vo loi thnh trong cng tc mu dch quc t. i vinc ta, cafe cng mt phn quan trng trong cc mt hng xut khu c gi tr.

Nc ta c iu kin thin nhin tt pht trin loi cy cao cp ny. Nhiuvng t rt thch hp trng c ph nh PhQu (NghTnh) cc cao nguyn

Gia Lai, KomTum, c Lc, Di LinhC Ph VitNam c mthuhtcc qucgia trn thgii.Cc ncnhp

hu chnh C ph ca Vit Nam: c, M, Ty Ban Nha, , Nht Bn, B, HnQuc,Php, VngqucAnh v Lin Bang Nga. Th vng enny caVitNam

nhncsnnhncangitiu dng hpnmchu. yl mtiththtscangnh C ph Braxin l nhgi caNguyn tng thngBraxin - ngi LuizInacio Lula da Silva sau khi thngthcly c ph Legendee trongbuigpgutinvichtchncNguynMinh TrittiVitNam.

Cc th trngnhphuC ph caVitNam c xu hngngy cng phttrinvsnng.iuny mra chipht trincho cc doanh nghipC ph Vit

Nam

Nhn chung, C ph Vit Nam trn th trng th gii c mt v th quantrng, tuy nhin mun gi vng v pht trin v th ca thng hiu Made inVietnam ny i hi phi c sphi hp nhp nhng gia nng dndoanh nghipnh nc, trong vic nng cao sn ng cng nh cht ng sn phm tkhu trng

trt, thu hoch n chchbin.Cng vi vic pht trin trng c ph, th k thut bo qun,ch bin sau thu

hoch cng i hi ngy cng cao. Khu ch bin, bo qun c nh hng ln nphm cht cafe v tc ng mnh n sn xut c ph.

Do vy chng em chn ti cng nghsau thu hoch ca c ph.

1.2. Phm vi nghin cu

- c im cu to, sinh l, sinh ha ca c ph.- Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht c ph trn thgii v Vit Nam.- Bin php khc phc ( hn ch) tn tht sau thu hoch ca c ph.- Bin php chbin c ph sau thu hoch .

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CHNG II: C IM CA C PH V TNH HNHTN THT TRN THGII V VIT NAM

2.1.

c im ca c ph. [3] [2]Cc loi cafe u thuc nhm coffea, gm 70 loi khc nhau, chc khong 10

loi ng ch vgi tr, trng trt. Trn thgi hin nay ngi ta thng trng 3 loicafe chnh :

Ging Arbica: gm cc ging thng nh : typica, moa

Ging Robuta

Ging Chari

Cc ging ny u c thi gian thu hoch khc nhau, nn c thbsung thi v

cho vic trng v thu hoch cc ging chnh.Cafe Arabica : thng gi l cafe chy oi trng nhiu nht trn th gii. Ngun gc ca ging ny l cao

nguyn Etiopia vng nhit i ng Chu Phi. Arabica cao t3- 5m, trong iu kint ai thun li c thcao n 7m, c thn hoc nhiu thn, l hnh trng hoc hnh

i mc, quthng hnh trng c khi hnh trn, khi quchn c mu ti, mt sging hi chn mu vng, ng knh khong 10- 15mm. Sng t800-1200 qu/1kg. Thi gian nui qut6-7 thng. Trong iu kin thi tit kh hu min Bc, cafeArabica chn rvo thng 12 v thng 1. Ty Nguyn cafe chn sm hn 2-3 thng

so vi min Bc. Khi quchn nu bma dnt v rng. Trong 1 qu thng c 2nhn, mt st quc 3 nhn. Nhn c vla mu bc bm cng vo nhn. Ngoi vla l vtru c5-7kg qusthu c 1 kg caf sng. Mu ht xm xanh, xanh lc,

xanh nht ty theo cch chbin. Lng cafein c trong nhn khong 1-3% ty theoging.

Hnh 2.1.Tri c ph Arabica v c ph nhn arabica

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Caf Rubusta:thng gi l caf viNgun gc khu vc sng Conggo v min ni vng thp xch o v nhit i

Ty chu phi. Robusta cao t 5-7m. Qu hnh trng hoc trn, qu chn c mu thm. Vqucng v dai hn cafe Arabica. T5-6 kg qusthu c 1 kg nhn. Qu

chn tthng 2 n thng 4 min Bc, Ty Nguyn chn sm hn tthng 12 nthng 2. c bit loi cafe Rubusta khng ra hoa kt quti cc mt c ca cnh. Nhn

hnh trn, to ngang, v la mu nh nu bc. Mu sc ca nhn xm xanh, xanh bc,vng mg,Ty thuc chng v phng php chbin.

Hnh 2.2.Tri c ph Robusta v c ph nhn Robusta

Cafe Chari: thng gi l cafe mt

Ngun gc xUbangui Chari thuc Bin Hgn sa mc Xahara, loi nyc a vo Vit Nam 1905. Chari cy ln cao 6-15m l hnh trng hoc i mc,

gn l ni nhiu nhiu mt di. Quhnh trng, num hi i v to. Quchn cngmt lc vi t hoa mi cho nn trn cng mt t cnh c thc ng thi quchn,quxanh nhoa, hoa nv nqu. iu bt li trong thu hoch. Quang chn

vo thng 5 n thng 7.

Hnh 2.3. Cy c ph mt v c ph nhn mtHoa c3 loi cafe m ttrn u ncchm, mu trng v hng thm ngt.

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2.1.1 Cu to

-Cy thuc dng bi, nhiu thn, cao 2-3m, tn l bn, cnh i xng, di, mm

mi, mnh d, khi mi mc c hng thng, sau vn di th rxung.- L c ph ch mc i xng, hnh trng di, u nhn, ra qun, gn

sng,mu xanh m, bng, di 10-15cm, rng 4-6cm.- Hoa c ph ch c mu trng, c mi thm ngt hi hc, mc chm li nch

l t8 n 15 hoa . Cung hoa ngn, i hoa c 5 cnh nhtrm ln pha trn ca nonso.

- Trng hoa hnh ng di, pha u nra thnh 5 cnh hp. Nhy gm c 2 vic 2 u vn ra ngoi trng hoa. Non so spht trin thnh qu.

- Quhnh trng, di 10-18mm, rng 8-12mm.- Thn c ph ch c vsn si, c ging phn cnh cao trng on thn ti

60-80cm.

- B rc ph ch kh pht trin. Gp t ti xp v c su ln th rcc

mc thng v su ti trn 1m. Cc rphv rlng ht mc theo hng chch ngangv tp trung ti 80-90% lp t mt c su

- Cu to qucafe gm c nhng phn sau: cung tri, lp vqu, lp nht, lpvtru , lp vla, nhn.

Cung tri:L phn bt u t ht c ph tip ni vi thn cy, nhnhcy c ph

Lp vqu:lp vngoi, mm, ngoi b c mu , vccafe ch mm

hn cafe vi v mt Di lp vmng l lp v tht gi l trung b v tht cafe mm, cha

nhiu cht ngt, dxay xt hn. Vtht cafe mt cng v dy hn.

Ht cafe sau khi loi bcc cht v phi h gi l cafe thc, v bao bcnhn l mt lp vcng nhiu cht x gi l vtru tc l ni b. Vtru ca cafe

ch mng v ddp vhn vtru ca cafe vi v mt.

St nhn cafe cn mt lp vmng, mm gi l v la, chng c musc v c tnh khc nhau ty theo loi cafe. V la cafe ch c mu trng bc rt

mng v dbong ra khi ht trong qu trnh chbin. Vla cafe c mu nu nht.Vla cafe mt mu vng nht bm st vo nhn cafe.

Trong cng nhn cafe. Lp t bo phn ngoi phn ca nhn cng cnhng tbo nh, trong c cha nhng cht du. Pha trong c nhng tbo ln v

mm hn. Mt qucafe thng c 1,2 hoc 3 nhn. Thng thng th ch2 nhn.

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Hnh 2.4.Cu to quc ph

Bng 2.1Tlcc phn cu to ca c phCc loi vv nhn Cafe ch Cafe vi

Vqu Lp nht

Vtru

Nhn v vla

43 -45%20 -23%

6 -7.5%

26 -30%

41 -42%21 -22%

6-8%

26 -29%

(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)

2.1.1.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca qucph

Thnh phn ha hc ca vqu :Vquc mu khi chn, l chtantoxian trong c vt ca ancaloit, tanin, cafein v cc loi men. Trong vquc

t21,5-30% cht h. Ngi ta phn tchcc cht sau

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Bng 2.2Thnh phn ha hc ca vquCafe ch Cafe vi

Protein

Cht bo

Xenllose Tro

Hp chtkhng c N

Cht ng

Tanin

Pectin

Cafein

9,2-11,2%1,73 -

13,16 -3,22

66,16 -

0,58

9,17 %2,00 -

27,6 -3,33 -

57,1 -

14,12 -

4,07 -

0,25 -

(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)

Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nht:Pha di lp vqul lp nht, ngm nhng tbo mm khng c protein, tanin, c nhiu ng v pectin.

Bng 2.3Thnh phn ha hc ca lp nhtThnh phn ha hc Cafe ch Cafe vi

Pectin 33,0% 38,7%

ng kh 30,0 45,8

ng khngkh

20,0 -

Xenlulose v

tro

17,0 -

(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)

pH culp nht ty theo chn ca quthng t5,6-5,7, c i hi6,4. Trong lp nht t bit c men pectaza phn gii pectin trong qu trnh ln

men.

Thnh phn ha hc ca vtru:Gm c xenlulose l chyu. Sau yl thnh phn ha hc ca vtru cafe ch n men sau 40 giv ra sch.

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Bng 2.4Thnh phn ha hc ca vtruThnh phn ha

hcCafe

ch

Cafe

vi

Hp chtc du

Protein

Xenlulose

Hemi

xenlulose

Cht tro

ng

Pantosan

0,35%

1,46

61,8

11,6

0,96

27,0

0,2

0,35%

2,22

67,8

-

3,3

(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)

Trong vtru c mt sloi cafein, khong 0,4% do tc nhn khuch tn ra lcln men hoc c phi h. Vtru dng lm cht t, dchy c thng thnh bnhkhng cn cht dinh dng cc loi my p than, p mn ca.

Thnh phn ha hc cnhn:Caf nhn dng thng phm gm c: nc, khong, lipit, protit,gluxit. Ngoi

ra cn c nhng cht hong m ta thng gp trong thc vt l nhng axit hu c chyu l axit clorogenic v ancaloit. Trn thgii cng nh trong nc ta, c nhiu

nghin cu v phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nhn caf. Sau y l mt s chttrong caf nhn sng

Ngoi ra trong nhn caf c mt ng ng Vitamin, cc cht bay hi v cutmi thm. Hin nay ngi ta tm ra c hn ti 70 cht thm hn hp li thnhmi thm c bit ca caf. Trong caf chyu l vitamin nhm B nh B1,B2, B6,B12 v cc loi acid hu c tin cc loi vitamin.

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Bng 2.5Thnh phn ha hc cnhnThnh phn ha hc Tnh bng

g/ 100g

Tnh bngmg/ 100g

NcCht bomProtein

Cafein

Axit clorogenic

Trigonenlin

Tanin

Axit xitcafetanic

Axit cafeicPantosan

Tinh bt

Dextrinng

Xenlulose

Hemixenlulose

Linhin

TroTrong c: Ca

P

Fe

Na

Mn

Rb, Cu, F

8-124-18

1,8-2,5

9-16

0,8-2

2-8

1-3

2

8-9

15

8-23

0,855-10

10-20

20

4

2,5-4,585-100

130-150

3-10

4

1-45

Vt

(theo Hong Minh Trang , 1983)

2.1.2

c im sinh ha ca c ph

2.1.2.1.Nhit

C ph a nhit bnh qun hng nm cao ; trong c ph ch sinh trng vpht trin thun i t 19 n 30oC , so vi cc oi c ph hc , c ph ch c hnng chu nh kh hn; nhit t 2 n 3oC trong thi gian ngn hng nh hng

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ti cy. Nhng cy mi trng, chu nh yu hn nhng cy 3-4 tui tr n. Mc dvy, hi b tr vn c ph ch cn ch trnh nhng ni c sng mui , c nhng

ni sng mui p i theo chu 3- 5 nm/nnh thung ng, ni hp thy Trong cc ging c ph ang trng nc ta th cc ging Catur, Catimor t ra

chu rt h hn cc ging Bourbon, Typica.Ngc i, nhit cao t 38oC tr n cng gy nh hng xu ti c ph v

trong c ph ch v t ra chu nng h hn c ph vi.Khi trng c ph cn ch n chnh ch nhit ngy v m . ch nh

ch ny cao th phm cht c ph thm ngon v ban ngy nhit cao thc y qutrnh quang hp, tch y cht h v ban m nhit xung thp s hn ch s tiuhao cc cht c tch y.

2.1.2.2.Nc v m

Ni chung, c ph cn ma m. Ring c ph ch, hng nm cn mt ng mat 1200 n 1500 y mt , tc t hn so vi c ph vi. Lng ma ni trn nu cphn b tng i u t hi hoa n n hi thu hoch rt tt. Sau hi thu hoch, cph ch cn hong 2 thng cui nm h nh phn ha mm hoa, nu 2 thng

vn cma th hng thun cho c ph, ng thi hi hoa n v qu non c hnhthnh m khng c ma th t u qu thp, qu b p. Do vy thi gian ny, nugp h hn, nht thit phi ti nc cho cy c ph.

Thc t nc ta cho thy cc v c ph c ma thng trng hp vi cc nm

c ma ng r rt, tip theo ma dn u v nhiu m cho c ph tri qua ma h

phn ha mnh mm hoa vsau c m sinh trng, n hoa, nui qu (NguynS Ngh,1982).

m tng i ca hng h c nh hng n i vi sinh trng c ph v

n in quan n bc hi nc ca c ph. Hin tng c ph ho r vo nhngngy gi Lo nc ta chng minh iu ny. Nu gi h nng gay gt o di s

gy thithi cho sinh trng v nng sut c ph. ngn nga tc hi ni trn, cn cai rngphng h, trng cy che bng, xi xo t gc gi m, trng cy phn xanh

gia hng c tc dng rt tt hng nhng gi m cho t m cn ci to c mi

trng tiu h hu ca vn c ph.2.1.2.3. nh sng

Cy c ph a nh sng tn x; i ny c th cn c vo ngungc ca c ph

cc rng tha. Ngi ta coi cy c ph oi cy cn che bng .Tuy nhin, qua qutrnh thun ha, ngi ta trng c ph hng cn che bng m vn cho nng sutcao, nhng phic thm canh tt ngay t u. iu in sinh thi nc ta cho thy

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cy c ph ch vn cn cy che bng m bo cho cy sinh trng v chng chucc ngoi cnh bt thun nh sng mui, gi h nng, su bnh v.v Tuy vy, cy

che bng cn c a chn cho thch hp, c tn tha va phi v hng phi ch ca cc oi su bnh nguy him nh nm hng, su c thn v.v

2.1.2.4

. Gi

Cng nh nhiu oi cy trng hc, gi c nh hng quan trng i vi cy c

ph. Gi c tc va phi gip cho s tung phn v th phn ca hoa. ong ng ch iu in nc ta gi c nhiu mt bt thun nh gi nng thi vo ma h gy

h, mt m; gi bo gy gy cnh, rng qu;gi rt m chm sinh trng ca c phmi trng .

Khc phc tc ng tiu cc ca gi cn trng cy ai rng phng h, cy chebng v cy ph t

2.1.2.5

.t ait trng c ph phi t tt, mu m, c su v c ph cy u nm ,

c b r he, pht trin tt v n su ti hn 1m.Trn nn t tt v c chm scchu o th hng nhng cy c ph sinh trng tt, nng sut cao m cn o di

c tui th v nhim inh t. Ngoi su trn 70cm, t cn phi c tnh tt,tc ti xp, b r vnht r ng ht pht trin, ti xp cn t 50-60%, va

d thot nc hi ma to vathun i cho b r pht trin. R cy rt mn cm vi tb, ng nc d b thi v nh hng xu n sinh trng ca cy. Trong ma h t

gi c m tt t bazan i vi cy cph.Theo Nguyn S Ngh (1982) th cc oi t c tng s 0,15-0,2%, P2O5 tng s

0,08-0,1% v K2O tng s 0,1-0,5% thch hp trng c ph. Cn u hmng c cht dinh dng phi dng d tiu mi c ngha.

Ngoi NPK trng cy cph cn oi t c t nht 2% mn. tng ngmn th vic trng cy h u, cy phn xanh nh ct h, u mo t t , pxanh cho c ph rt quan trng .

So ci cych th c ph thch hp vi ca t t chua hn, c th t 5,5

n 6,5. i vi t qu chua, pH

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Ngoi t bazan, c ph cn trng c trn t pooc-phia, dip thch st, dipthchmica, dip thch vi, ph sa c, vi, dc tTuy cc oi ny m t bazan,

nhng nu c thm canh tt ngay t u th c ph vn cho nng sut cao.Do iu in a hnh trn ni, nn nhiu din tch c ph ca ta, nm trn

dc nht nh, do vy, d trng c ph trn oi t no cng phi c bin php chngxi mn bo v t nh trng theo ng ng mc, gieo cy ngn ngy h u chndng chy, trng rng ungun, b tr trng c ph theo hnh nanh su v.v v nhtthit phi tm cch bi dng nng cao ph cho t trong qu trnh chm sc , khai

thc c ph.

2.1.3 c im sinh l v thc vt ca cy c ph

Cy c ph ch bnh thng c th sng o di 30 -40 nm, tuy nhin trongthc t sn xut ngi ta iu chnh cy mc theo nhim inh t 12 nm v hai

thc 2 nhim ri ph b trng i. 2.1.3.1.Brcacy Cph:

C ph c ba oir:Rcc,rtrv rcon. Rccc di t0,3-0,5m, mctthn chnh, dng lm trcgithn. Hrtrl nhngrnhnh mcra trcc,nsu vo tht nc.Rtrc thnsu xungtn1,2-1,5m. Rtrcng nsu, hnnght ncv

chuhncac ph cng tt.Cc rbn mctrtrv pht trinra chung quanhthnh hthngrcon.

Hthngrcon ny huhttptrung ptmt(0-30 cm), c nhimvchyul ht chtdinh dng.Spht trincabrc phphthucvo dy, xptngtcanh tc, gingc ph, chbn phn, tincv chcanh tc.

Theo cc tquhostbrc ph th c ti85% hingrnmtrongvng tc su 0-30cm tnh tmtt.

Tngdi camtbrc ph trngthnh c thti30,765m. Rcy c

ph c thht dinh dngcavng tc thtch 12-15m3t.Nhiukhonghimcho thy,nuchctbt rcon gnmttth khng

nhhnglnnsinh trngcacy, nhngnurccbt,xonhay bgt lis

lm cy chtnon (ycngl nguyn nhn c ph gim cnh khng thpht trincdo khng c rcc).

2.1.3.2.Cnh vl cph:

Cc cnh mctthn chnh gil cnh cbn(cnh cp1), cnh mctcnhcp1 gil cnh thcp(cnh cp2).

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Trong iuinchmsc tt,cc cnh cbncacy c phbtuxuthinsau khi trng20-40 ngy.

Cy c ph ch mt nm tui c hong 6-10 cp cnh c bn, c ph vi chong 10-12 cp cnh c bn. C ph 2 nm tui c nhiu tng cnh.

Trong thc tin sn xut, cy c ph vi cn c bm ngn cao hong 1,2-1,4m tp trung nui nhng cnh c bn di.

Sau hi thu hoch c 2-3 nm, cn nng chiu cao ca cy bng cch chingn nhm to tip 6-8 cpcnh c bn mi. Lc ny chiu cao ca cy cn hng ch

1,6-2m.

Chiu cao ca cy cng nh s cnh c bn, cnh cp 2 v s pht trin ca chng phthuc vo nhiu yu t nh tnh trng th nhng v ch chm sc, ta cnh.Cy c ph trng thnh v c to dng hp thng c tng din tch b mt

tn t 22-45m2.

Tui th (i vi c ph vi) t 7-10 thng. Cc tc ng v thi tit hoc ch dinh dng hng tt c th s m cho rng sm hn.

Vi cy c ph ch, hng c cy che bng, bnh qun mt ngy ng nc

bc hi 6,29-8,9 t, (tng ng vi mt ng ma 593-840mm/nm).Lng hi nc thot ra qua trong bui sng chim 45,5% v bui chiu

52,6%, cn i vo ban m.Cnh v c tng quan cht vi nng sut c ph. Cc nghin cu chng t

rng chnh , cnh v thn c ph ni d tr cc ngun dinh dng to hoa v

nui dng s pht trin ca qu.Lng tinh bt hnh thnh trong qu trnh quang hp ca s c tch ytrong v h thng mca cy, nu ng ny suy gim s dn n hin tng rnghoa, qu v cho ht nh, nng sut thp.

Cc th nghim ct bt trong giai on cy mang qu non th nng sut c th

gim ti 30%. Trong qu trnh qu hnh thnh v pht trin, tu theo s ng qu hnhthnh, ng tinh bt trong gim r rt. Tuy nhin, n hi qu gn chn th ngtinh bt trong i tng n.

y chnh mt yu t cn quan tm trong qu trnh chm sc cy c ph

t c nng sut cao.

2.1.3.3.Hoa vqucph:

Cy c ph trng bng ht s bt u ra hoa vo nm thba sau hi trng, tuynhin nu chm sc tt th nm th hai cho thu hoch, song ch nn hai thc t nmth ba tr i hi cy thc s trng thnh.

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Cc mm sinh ra t cc chi nch c th phn ha thnh mm hoa hoccnh cp hai. Mm hoa thng hng ra ht t cc chi, mt s th n hoa, mt s th

ng.Sau thu hoch xut hin s phn ha mm hoa. Khi mm hoa hon

chnh (giai on m s) th qua mt cn ma vi ng hong 15mm, sau mt tunhoa s n r (cn ma ny gi ngng ma n hoa). Do vy chng ta c th iuchnh qu trnh ra hoa bng phng php ti tiu.

Hoa c ph thng n v m v n ht vo 4-5 gi sng. Cy c ph ch

(C.Arabica) c h nng t th phn cao (hong 90%).Vi c ph vi, c ph mt th qu trnh th phn u giao phn (th phn

cho) ch yu. c tnh ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi v cn trng, do vy, vic nuiong mt trong vn c ph cng mt bin php tng t u qu cph.

Sau hi hoa c th phn, qu pht trin h nhanh. Thi gian nui qu

thay i ty theo oi c ph, ch chm sc v iu in thi tit. Qu c ph ch c thi gian sinh trng 6-8 thng.

Qu c ph vi c thi gian sinh trng 9-11 thng.

Qu c ph mt c thi gian sinh trng 11-14 thng.

i vi cy c ph ch, qu trnh hnh thnh ht theo Cane (1984) c chia ra5 giai on:

- Giai on u inh t hi hoa bt u n n thng th hai sau hi hoan, hi ng v th tch qu tng hng ng , nhu cu dinh dng ni chung cha

cao- Giai on th hai giai on tng nhanh v v th tch qu, giai on ny

o di t thng th 1,5-thng th t sau hi hoa n.

Lc ny hai hoang cha ht pht trin ti th tch ti a v gha cui giaion, v th ch thc ht c nh hnh trong giai on ny.

y giai onpht trin v, thnh phn qu ch yu nc (80-85%), chnhv th nhu cu nc trong giai on ny rt cao.

iu ny cng gii thch v sao nhng vng hhn, nhng nm h hn hochng nc ti ( giai on ny) qu v nhn c ph thng nh hn cc vng cma v ti nc y .

- Giai on th ba giai on hnh thnh ht, o di t thng th ba n

thng th t v nm sau hi hoa n. Lc ny hai ht bt u hnh thnh.Nu nc v dinh dng, qu c ph s c hai nhn, ngc i, nu gp hn

hoc hng dinh dng trong thi ny, t ht hai nhn gim, ht mt nhntng.

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- Giai on th t giai on tch y cht h, c ny hai ni nh trong haihoang cha ht tp trung cc cht dinh dng v v hi ng ht pht trin nhanh,

cn ch thc qu tng chm.Giai on ny o di t thng th nm n thng th tm sau hi hoa n.

Nu cung cp nc v dinh dng trong giai on ny th ht c ph my,nng sut cao, ngc i nu thiu nc hoc dinh dng th c ph c nhiu ht p,trng ng ht gim dn n nng sut gim.

- Giai on th nm giai on qu chn, o di t thng th tmn thng

th misau hi hoa n.y chnh giai on hon chnh s pht trin ca qu c ph, c ny cht h

c tp trung cao nht vo ht, qu v cng giai on quyt nh cht ng caht c ph.

C ph cy trng c t qu rng h cao. Nu thi utrong qu trnh

pht trin ca qu c ph, hin tng rng qu non thng do qu trnh th phn m,su bnh hoc thi tit hc nghit th thi gia v cui, hin tng rng quthng do s thiu ht hoc mt cn i dinh dng gy ra.

Ngha bnhng phn hoc bn phn nhng i hng cn i.Cc t qu nghin cu cho thy: trong giai on pht trin ca qu, hm ng

tinh bt v cht dinh dng trong cng gim thp v iu ny thng m theo hintng rng qu do thiu ht dinh dng.

Nh vy cn phi tng cng bn phn b sung dinh dng p thi v y

, c bit trong giai on qu hnh thnh v pht trin nhm hn ch t rngqu, tng nng sut v cht ng c ph.i vi cy c ph vi, do tc tng trng thi ba n bn thng u

h chm, do thi gian qu pht trin hon chnh o di hn c ph ch.

Hnh 2.5Cy c ph ch

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2.1.4 Ma v

Vit Nam, v c ph c tnh bt u t thng 10 ca nm ny n ht thng

9 nm sau. V ma bt u thu hoch t thng 10 v thu hoch xong hong thng 12hng nm. Thng th ti cc vng trng c ph chnh ca Vit Nam c h hu nhit

i gi ma v thi tit c chia thnh hai ma ma, nngr rt. Ma ma y btu t thng 4 v t thc vo thng 11 , cn ma nng c tip ni t thng 11 n

thng 4 hng nm. Tuy nhin, c mt s nm th ma ma c th o di hoc t thcsm hn v ma nng cng chu nh hng theo m x dch

2.1.5 Tc dng ca c ph

C ph kch thch hot ng tr c

C ph c thgip tng tr nh

C ph chng bnh tiu ng type II

C ph gip gim hng huyt C ph bo vkhi cc bnh vgan

C ph m tng sc mnh ca c bp

C ph tt cho trsinh non

C ph lm gim nguy c mc bnh hen v cha c dng

C ph gip gim au

C ph lm cho chng ta thoi mi v dtnh hn

C ph c hi khng?

Ung c ph, ngi thch ung c, ngi thch ung ong nn h xc nhbao nhiu . Ngi ta tnh theo hot cht ca c ph l cafein bi tc dng chnhca c ph l do cafein em i. Theo cc nh khoa hc, 300mg cafein mi ngy l hpl.

2.2Tnh hnh sn xut v tn tht.

2.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut trn thgii [5]

Trn th gii hin nay c 75 nc trng c ph vi din tch trn 10 triu hectav sn ng hng nm bin ng trn di 6 triu tn. Nng sut bnh qun cha vt

qu 6 t nhn/ha. Trong chu Phi c 28 nc nng sut bnh qun hng vt qu4 t nhn/ha. Nam M t di 6 t nhn/ha. Bn nc c din tch c ph n nht l: Brazil trn 3 triu hecta chim 25% sn ng c ph th gii, CTE DLVOIRE(CHU PHI), INDONESIA (CHU ) mi nc hong 1 triu hecta v Cmbia cgn 1 triu hecta vi sn ng hng nm t trn di 700 ngn tn. Do p dng mt

s tin b thut mi nh ging mi v mt trng dy nn c hng chc nc

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a nng sut bnh qun t trn 1 tn/ha. in hnh c Costa Rica Trung M vidin tch c ph ch 85.000 ha nhng t nng sut bnh qun trn 1.400 g/ha.

Do s xut hin v gy tc hi ca bnh gst c ph ti nhiu nc Trung vNam M t nm 1970 tr i y gy thm nhng h hn v tn m cho ngh

trng c ph hu vc ny. C ph ch hin nay vn chim 70% sn ng ca thgii. Din tch c ph ch c trng tp trung ch yu Trung v Nam M, mt snc ng Phi nh: Kenya, Cameroon, Ethiopie, Tanzania v mt phn chu nh: Indonesia, n , Phiippines.

Th trng c ph trn th gii trong nhng nm va qua thng chao o,hng n nh nht v gi c. T chc c ph th gii (ICO) do hng cn gi chn ngch xut nhp hu, gi c tri ni trn th trng t do cho nn c nhng giaion gi c ph xung thp cha tng c so vi vi chc nm tr i y. Tnh trng

ny dn n hu qu nhiu nc phi hy b bt din tch c ph, hoc hng tip

tc chm sc v inh doanh hng cn thy c hiu qu. Nm 1994 do nhng tsng mui v sau hn hn din ra Brazi, v vy m cho sn ng c phca nc ny gim xung gn 50%, do gp phn m cho gi c ph tng vt, c

i cho nhng ngi xut hu c ph tr th gii.

2.2.2

Tnh hnh sn xut c ph trong nc[5]

Cy c ph c a vo trng Vit Nam t nm 1857, trc ht mt snh th ti H Nam, Qung Bnh, Kontum Song mi ti u th hai mi tr i

th cy c ph mi c trng trn quy m tng i n ca cc ch n in ngi

Php ti Ph Qu Ngh An v sau c Lc v Lm ng, nhng tng dintch khng qu vi ngn hecta.

Sau cch mng thng 8,dintch c ph min Bc c pht trin thm ti

mt s nng trng quc doanh v thi c din tch cao nht trn 10.000 HAVO NM 1963 1964. min Nam trc ngy gii phng, vo nm 1975 din tch

c ph c hong 10.000 ha. Ti c Lc c hong 7.000 ha, Lm ng 1.700 ha vng Nai 1.100 ha.

C phtrng min Bc trong nhng nm trc y ch yu c ph ch

(Coffea arabica), nng sut thng t t 400 600 g/ha, c mt s in hnh thmcanh tt t trn 1 tn/ha. Hn ch n nht i vi vic trng c ph ch min Bc tc hi ca su bnh. Su c thn (yotrechus quadripes) v bnh g st c ph

(Hemieia vastatrix), hai i tng su bnh hi nguy him nht. Do iu in sinhthi hng ph hp, c bit c mt ma ng gi nh o di, v vy cy c phvi h c h nng pht trin min Bc, nhiu vng trng c ph vi sau phi

hy b v m hiu qu.

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Dintch trngc ph mim Nam trc ngy gii phng ch yu ging cph vi (Canephora robusta), mt s din tch nh c ph ch c trng Lm

ng.Nngsutc ph vi trong thi ny thng t trn di 1 tn/ha, mt sn in c quy m va v nh cng t nng sut t 2 3 tn/ha. Ngy nay trong

c ch qun mi, c p dng ng b cc tin b thut cho nn nng sut tng n rt nhanh. Tnh n cui nm 1994, tng s din tch c ph nc ta chong 150.000 ha v sn ng v nm 1993/1994 t trn 150.000 tn.

V c ph nm 1994/1995 c t 180.000 tn. Nng sut bnh qun trn din

tch c ph inh doanh t trn 1,2 tn/ha, nhiu nng trng c quy m t 400 1500 ha t nng sut bnh qun t 2,5 3 tn/ha. nhiu vng in honh rng tivi trm hecta, nhiu ch h nhn hon, nhiu vn c ph t nhn t c nngsut t 4 6 tn/ha, c bit c mt s in hnh t t 8 10 tn/ha. T mt vi nm

gn y cy c ph ch c pht trin m rng mt s tnh min ni pha Bc vi

tng din tch hong 7.000 ha bao gm: Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Bc Thi, Vnh Ph,Lai Chu, Lng Sn, Ha Bnh, Yn Bi v.v

Do s dng ging mi c tn lCatimor nn hn ch c tc hi ca su

bnh, mt s in hnh cho nng sut t t 1 2 tn/ha. Ti Vin nghin cu cph t c trn 3 tn/ha. Theo ch trng ca Chnh ph v B Nng nghip mc

tiu pht trin c ph Vit Nam ti nm sau 2000 : C din tch trn 200.000 ha vtng sn ng hng nm t 250.000 tn. C ph Vit Nam s mt mt hng nng

sn quan trng trn th trng th gii v em v ngun ngoi t xng ng trong nn

inh t quc dn2.2.3 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trong nc [6]

Din tch trng c ph nc ta ngy cng c m rng trong vi nm tr i

y. Theo B B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT), din tch trng cph tng 8% trong nm 2012 t mc 616.000 ha so vi 571.000 nm 2011.

Sn lng:T chc USDA iu chnh sn ng c ph c tnh nc ta ma v 2012/13

n 1,49 triu tn, gim 4% so vi ma v trc do ng ma tri ma trong giai on

cy c ph n hoa ti bn hu vc trng c ph chnh Da La, Lm ng, DaNng v Gia Lai.

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Bng 2.6Sn ng c ph Vit Nam tma v2010/11 n ma v2013/14

Ma v

2010/11

Ma v

2011/12

Ma v

2012/13(c

tnh)

Ma v

2013/14

(d bo)

Thi gian bt u Thng 10 nm

2010

Thng 10 nm

2011

Thng 10 nm

2012

Thng 10 nm

2013

Sn ng (nghn

tn)

1.200 1.560 1

.450

1

.497

1.374

Nng sut

(tn/ha)

2,18 2,44 2

,25

2

,32

2,1

Ngun: USDAD bo ban u ca USDA v sn ng c ph nc ta ma v 2013/14 22,9

triu bao (tngng 1,37 triu tn), gim 8% so vi ma v trc. iu in thitit h hn c bit ti Ty Nguyn trong qu I nm 2013 to ra nhiu mi o

ngi cho ngnh c ph nc ta. Theo S NN&PTNT Da La, hn hn nh hngti hn 34.000 ha din tchtrng ca ph ti Ty Nguyn, trong ch ring Da La

17.000 ha. Theo c tnh ca Hip hi C ph & Cacao Vit Nam v mt s doanhnghip a phng, thi tit h hn s hin sn ng c ph nc ta ma v

2013/14 gim t 20-30%.Mc d sn ng c ph ma v 2013/14 c d bo gim, nhng din tch

canh tc vn tip tc c m rng do s cnh tranh v gi gia c ph vi cc oi cytrng hc. Hin nay gi c ph vn gi mc cao v tng i n nh, to ng cn cho ngi nng dnm rng din tch canh tc. Theo B NN&PTNT v thng ca cc S NN&PTNT, c tnh din tch trng c ph nc ta nm 2012 t 616.000

ha, tng 8% so vi 571.000 ha nm 2011. Trong , cc tnh Da La, Lm ng vDa Nng vn ang tip tc m rng din tch gieo trng (ch yu oi c ph

Robusta), chim 58% din tch trng c ph ca c nc. Din tch trng c ph

Arabica c tnh vo hong 40.000 ha, chim 6,5% tng din tch trng c ph ca cnc.

USDA c tnh sn ng c ph Arabica nc ta ma v 2012/13 850.000bao (tng ng 51 triu tn), v d bo sn ng ma v 2013/14 gim 10% xungcn 750.000 bao (tng ng 45 triu tn) do cy c ph phi chu t hn hn o

di trong thi gian cy ra qu.

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Ngy 21 thng 8 nm 2012, B NN&PTNT thng qua Quy hoch pht trinngnh c ph Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn n nm 2030. Theo , n nm

2020, tng din tch c ph c nc t 500.000 ha, sn ng c ph nhn t1.112.910 tn, m rng cng sut ch bin n 125.000 tn,trong sn phm c ph

ha tan v c ph 3 trong 1 hong 50.000 tn, im ngch xut hu t 2,1 -2,2 t USD.nh hng n nm 2030: Tng din tch trng c ph c nc t 479.000 ha, snng c ph nhn t 1.122.675 tn, tip tc m rng cng sut ch bin n 135.000tn, trong sn phm c ph ha tan v c ph ha tan 3 trong 1 hong 60.000 tn,

im ngch xut hu t trn 2,2 t USD.

Hnh 2.6: Sn ng v din tch trng c ph Vit NamHin tng bin i h hu ang vn c rt nhiu ngnh hng quan

tm, c bit ngnh hng c ph. Ngi nng dn v chnh quyn cho bit nhng thn hn t u nm n nay hng ging nh nhng t hn hn thng xy ra hngnm. Trong mt vi ma v gn y, ngi nng dn gp rt nhiu hhn nh maqu nhiu, hn hn o di, nng sut v cht ng c ph gim. Hip hi c ph v cacao Vit Nam huyn ngh ngi nng dn nn pht trin cc ging mi c th hng

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i vi cc iu in thay i hi gieo trng c in quan ti hin tngbin i hhu.

2.2.4 Tnh hnh tn tht c ph trn thgii [7]

Bng 2.7Sn ng c ph nin v2000/20012005/2006

Ngun:USDA

Sn ng c ph th gii tng, gim tht thng mtphn do thi tit, mt

phndo canh tc, mtphndophthucvo chu sinh trngcacy c ph l hai

nmmtn(ngha l nmnay thu hochcao th nmsau sgim) v.v... Cy c phphthucvo nhiuyut,trong c yutthititnn sbtnvsnngliudnhnthy.Do vycc vnnh: snggi, hnhn l milo ngirtnvsmtmt snngc ph. Thctnhngnmqua khi c snggi xyra mtsnitrn thgiinhBrazin chnghn,tuy mcnhnhnggy stgimsnngng.Vma 2002/2003 tngsnngcaqucgia ny hong53,6 triu

bao nvma 2003/2004 do nhhngsnggi nn snngstgimxungcn hong33,2 triubao . Vo nm2014 ,thnhn honh hnh tiBrazil, quc

gia xuthuc ph hng uthgii,trong suthnhai thng unmnay lm sn

ng hai oi c ph ch c ca ncny (arabica v robusta) trong nm nay cgim 8,16% so vi v thu hoch trc, xung cn hong 45,1 triu bao (1 bao =60kg). cbit,sn ngc ph arabica, chimti3/4 snngc ph caBrazil,gim16,1%.

Nm ngoi, sng gi gy thit hi cho nhiu n in c ph ti bang

Parana caBrazil. V thnhn nmnay bithm mtnmnhnaging vocy c ph caBrazil.(Ngun: TTXVN)

2.2.5

Tn tht do cng nghsau thu hoch [4]

Cng nghi vi sn xut c ph nh ccphng tin phc v thu hi , syqu , sy nhn , xay xt sng lc tp cht ,phn loi , ng gi , bo qun v.vThuhoch bng cch tut cnh dn n tnh trng sn phm a vo chbin hng ngu vi nhiu loi quc chn khc nhau th khng c mt phng php chbinno c th to ra c sn phm c cht ng cao. Mt khc, trong ma thu hoch,

nu ququ chn trn cy, tc chn nu, scho c ph nhn c mu nu v nc

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ung khi pha ra khi thnm c mi vkhc lca vthi, hng vhng thm ngontuyt nh. Bn cnh , nhng quchn p do cy bthiu dinh dng, su bnh khin

nhn pht trin hng y , nc ung c v chua, ng gy xc kh chu, mikhng hp dn v thiu hu vu uyn, quyn r. Qusu bnh l qubmt c, b

bnh nm hng hay bnh kh qu, c nhn khng nguyn vn, cho cht ng ncung thp v bnh i trong cc tiu chun phn loi. Qukh l nhng qucn st

li trn cy hay brng di t mt thi gian di, thng c ht mu en, cht ngthp.

Thiu sn phi cng nguyn nhn chnh m gim cht ng c ph. Nngdn c tp qun u gi trong bao sau khi thu hi t5- 7 ngy rt ngn thi gian

phi. Vic u giqu trong bao thc y qu trnh pht sinh nm mc, chuyn hamu sc ca nhn, lm gim cht ng, mi vmt cch ng . Chsau mt ngy

u gic ph, nhit trung bnh trong bao tng n 41,2C. Nhit ny rt thch

hp cho spht trin ca nm mc v cc vi sinh vt khc c trong khi qu. n ngythba, nhit trung bnh trong khi n n 45,6C, cht ng quti cng cnhng chuyn bin xu, tlquchn nu n n 10,5%, mc 24,8%.

2.2.6 Tn tht do thi tit [1]

Nc ta thuc vng kh hu nhit i c hai ma nng ma r rt . hi ma ma

ko di th snh hng n vic thu hoch c ph v gy ra vic h hi dn n chtng c ph gim st do hng phi, sy kp thi. Phn ln nhng ngi trng c ph

l cc hc thvi nng c sn xut thp, t vn nn vic u t cho cng nghsau

thu hoch gn nh cha c v thm khi thu hoch ti tit tt th cht ng c phcng tt, cn thi tit xu th cht ng c ph cng bnh hng theo. Bn cnh ,cng c thkhi thu hoch c ph va xong th nu gp ma cy c ph ra hoa v nu

ma o di sgy thi hoa, khng thphn c v dn n smt ma cho nmsau. Mt hc, hi ma h n sm dxy ra hn hn tc ng n vic ra hoa ca c

ph km v nu hng nc ti sgy cht cy hoc kh cnh dn n mt ma vma tip theo.

Bn cnh hin tng bin i kh hu c thtc ng rt r rt n sn xut

c ph trn nhiu mt nh cht ng, nng sut, dch bnh, ti nc v sn ng cph ton cu.Vcht lng: Khi nhit tng n, c ph chn nhanh hn dn n sgim

thp cht ng. Theo Tin s Peter Ba-er CABI, nu nhit tng n 300C vocui thkny (mt schuyn gia cn tin rng nhit c thtng n ti 500C). Ccgii hn cao so vi mc nc bin cho vic sn xut c ph Arabica cht ng cao

stng n vo hong 150ft (46m) mi thp nin, tc tng n 15ft mi nm. iu

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cng c ngha nhng vng t hin nay cn l qu lnh khng trng c c ph,c s trthnh vng t thch hp. Tuy nhin nhiu nc, nhng vng t cao

nh thcng bhn chv s cnh tranh ca nhiu loi cy trng khc, hoc l vnth nhng khng thch hp, ch ma hng thch hp, khng c nc ti,

hng c c shtng.Nng sut:Nhit tng n nh hng n nhiu mt ca strao i cht ca

cy c ph nh sra hoa, quang hp, h hp v tng hp vt cht, chng snh hngn nng sut c ph. Thm na, nhiu chin c thch nghi stho lun tip phn

sau cng m gim sn ng.Dch bnh:Nhit tng n slm sinh si ny nmt sloi dch bnh cng

nhcho php phn bn cc vng m trc y hng c. Nh mt c qu(CBB

Coffee berry borer - Hyp-pothenemus hampei) c coi l loi dch tc ng n sn

xut c ph nng nnht. Jaramillo v cng s(2009) don tltng trng qunth loisu ny tng n 8,5% khi nhit tng n 100C. Ngi ta nghin cu nhhng ca bin i kh hu ln tuyn trng hi c ph (meloidogyne incognita) v su

c l (leucoptera) tin hnh Brasil cho t lun l sph hi ca cc loi dchbnh ny, theo kch bn tng ai, tng n so vi iu kin kh hu bnh thng phbin t1961 n 1990. Mt bo co tColombia cnh bo khnng tng cc loi bnhgst (hemileia vasta-trix) v nm hng c ph (corticium samonicoor). V nh th,

kt qul gi thnh sn xut c ph stng ln do p dng cc bin php qun vn

cy cao hn.Ti nc:Do nc trnn khan him, ngi ta phi sdng nc rt cht ch,c bin php kim tra nghim ngt. Trong cng trnh nghin cu Bin i kh hu vnc ngi ta rt ra kt lun l nhiu vng bn kh hn nh Nam Phi v ng BcBra-sil hu nh phi tri qua sgim ngun nc do bin i kh hu. Mt hc, ng

ma n v din bin tng ri ro v c 2 mt lt li v kh hn nhiu vng. nhng vng khng tin ti nc, nhit cao c thm tng bc hi nc v lm

gim ng cha nc trong t. nhng vng nh th, c thi hi trng c phvi hthng ti t tin. Thm na, i sng ca cy c ph cng v scng thng v

thiu nc ti m ngn li.Sn lng c ph ton cu:Kt quca tt csbin i v mi trng, c kh

nng din tch thch hp trng c ph cht ng cao snhi. C thsn ng cph ton cu c chiu hng bin ng ln, do mt sgim ang n sn ng camt nc sn xut c ph chyu c thlm ht i sn ng c ph ton cu

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2.2.7 Tn tht do su bnh

Cc bnh thng gp i vi cy c ph nh: bnh gst do nm gy ra chyu

trn l v lm cho l rng; bnh kh cnh kh qudo nm, vi khun gy ra l kh cnh,kh qu; bnh hi rdo cc tuyn trng,mi lm cho rc ph bthi v hy hoi r.

Ngoi ra, cy c ph cn be da bi su hi c ph nh: cc oi rp gy hi phnthn, l, qu; cn mt gy hi nh c qu, c cnh; v su c thn v.v

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CHNG III: BIN PHP KHC PHC ( HN CH)TNH HNH TN THT SAU THU HOCH CA C

PH

3.1 i vi thin thi tit [1]

Cn phi chun btt cng nghsau thu hoch nhm chbin m bo c ph

khng bgim st ,u t cc trang thit bcho bo qun , sy phng trnh ri ro khigp thi tit xu nh hin tng mako di .

i ph vi sbin i kh hu :

Vn quy hoch: cy c ph c thdi chuyn theo hai hng, ln cao vv

v ln cao so vi mc nc bin. nc ta vn phn vng quy hoch cy c ph

robusta c lhng ng o ngi vmt nhit v cy c ph robusta c trng tptrung Ty Nguyn vng cao cvv v cao trn mc nc bin. Vny thut trng trt chm sc v nht l vn nc ti cho c ph. Cy c

ph arabica v ci ngng vcao ti thiu cc vng c ph arabica Vit Nam lunay l 600-700m trn mc nc bin th nay phi a n cao hn. Mt vn t ra

y nc ti cho c ph. Tnh hnh kh hn s tc ng n cc vng c ti cph, chc chn schu nh hng ln. Do nc ta vn phn vng nng nghip,

quy hoch sdng ti nguyn thin nhin t ai cho mc tiu an ton ng thc, chocy cng nghip di ngy, cho cc loi cy nng ng cn c xem xt cc yu tv

mi trng nh ngun nc. mt svng thp, kh hn c thphi bcy c ph vnh thngi ta phi tm nhng cy thch hp khc thay thnh cy iu chng hn.

V k thut nng nghip: cn phi quan tm n cc bin php trng cy chebng va ci thin iu kin vkh hu trong vn c ph va thc hin a dngha cy trng, a dng ha sn phm trong vng c ph. V cy che bng cng chu tcng ca nhit cao cho nn cn nghin cu tm cy thch hp hn. Cc bin phpdng nhiu phn hu c, trng cy ph t (cover plant), t gc cho cy c ph

(muching) nhng bin php kthut quan trng cn c p dng. Cng cn ch

bin php kthut ta cnh to hnh cho cy c ph cy c ph pht trin hp hn, bt tiu hao dinh dng v nc hn, cho hiu qucao hn. Vn ti nc chocy c ph cng cn c quan tm. V ngi ta cng quan tm vic nghin cu v

cng nghdi truyn pht trin nhng ging c ph c khnng chu hn tt hn.

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3.2i vi cng nghsau thu hoch v chbin [2]

Mt trong nhng gii php ti u cho vn gim tn tht sau thu hoch y

mnh c gii ha trong sn xut nng nghip, c bit l cc khu thu hoch, boqun, phi sy, ch bin v tiu th. V vy, vic u t mua sm my mc thit b

phc vsn xut ca nng dn cn c mt chnh sch ph hp khuyn khch ccthnh phn kinh t tham gia. Trong , n vchnh sch gim TTSTH cho nng

sn ra i c xem hng mcho vn ny, to ng lc cho nng dn tng giasn xut.

Cc khu cn u t nh sau :-i vi khu thu hicn c nhng my mc phn loi mu sc , trng ng ,

kch cnhm hi a vo s chsau ny c sng nht .Thu hoch c ph chn tri chn trn cnh m hi, v tri chn mi c cht ng

thm ngt v do pht trin ng mc nn c trng ng caoKhng thu hi nhng quc ph cn xanh cn non cha cht ng

Phi hi tng qu, khng hi chn lm nh hng n cy v nng sut ma sauKhi thu hi phi bo vcc nhoa nht l c ph mt

Cn givsinh hi thu hi . hng ln rc , cnh , t m nhim bn khiht.

Sau khi thu hi xong phi vn chuyn ngay vni chbin hng ng qulu lm cho c ph nu , bc nng .

Thnhng, hi hi tri thno cng n mt st tri xanh (gi) v tri cn non.

Nu tltri xanh v tri non trong mi ln thu hoch chkhong 5% trli th ta cthyn tm phi sy v chbin. Ngc li, nu tltri xanh v non vt qua mc 5n 10% th tt nht nn la ra phi sy ring.

-Khu phi , sy :Phi: hu phi mt trong nhng khu c chi phi thp hn so vi sy rt

nhiu nn gi thnh hnht v c thsdng c mi tng lp ao ng trong xachi v vn u t i thp hn rt nhiu . Tuy nhin n phthuc rt nhiu vo yu t

thi tit nn mang tnh bng cao . Vic xy dng h thng sn phi cn phi vam bo vsinh , va m bo rt ngn thi gian phi .Ngha sn phi cn c vtrsch s, thong ng , m bo thu nhn nh sng vi mc ti a ( hng bche chn )

Sy: sy l khu bo m gic cht ng c ph hn phi v chng hotng trong cc tnh hung bin ng ca thi tit . m bo cht ng c phkhng bgim st th cn phi u t phng tin sy hin i , trnh c scchyht hoc gy ra scht c ph sau khi sy c mi l, m bo cng sut nhm trnh

h ng hng ho gy ra mc hoc n men hay en , xanh mc , thi v.v

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- Khu xay xt: m bo bc vtrnh c hin tng trc vla trong ht cph , trnh dp vhay bin dng ht nhng cng cn bc vvi t lbc ht cao

nht .i vi loi my xay xt bc quti trong trng hp chbin t th cn phitrnh xt vv thc v lp vny gicho nhn m bo c mu sc tnhin v

m bo cht ng tt hn- Phn l oi : h thng my phn loi phi lp t lin hon tsng phn loi

theo kch c, sng phn loi theo trng ng , my phn loi theo mu sc , my nhbng , my o trn , my phn chia sng v bao b , bao gi v.v phi ng b

nhm m bo tnh khp kn , m bo quy cch phm cht v tnh nng sut cao

-ng gi: vic ng gi cn phi ci tin hnh theo hng cng nghip v tng ha nhm rt ngn thi gian gia cng ch bin v m bo tnh ng nht vtrng ng.

- Bo qun: do mt hng c ph dht m nhng cng nhanh chng thot hi

nc nn nu mi trng tnhin tc ng qu mc th cht ng c ph s bgim st nhanh chng . Chnh v vy , kho bo qun cn xy dng thong mt , trnhc mi trng c m cao , song cng trnh c snng nng , phng trnh chy

, nv.v- Vn chuyn : phng tin chuyn chhoc trung chuyn phi m bo tiu

chun nhm bo vbao b , bao gi , sng , cht ng v p ng c thi gianca hnh trnh

3.3i vi su bnh hi [2]

3.3.1 Su hi:3.3.1.1 Su c thn (Xylotrechus quadr ipes)

Loi su ny chph hoi cafe ch, pht trin quanh nm- Trng thnh l con xn tc, thn di 17-18mm, ru u thng, c nhiu t ;

ng ngc vo vng xm. Khi cnh cng ca xn tc chm li th trn cnh c cc vch

hnh chnhn trn nn en; trn mnh ng ngc c hnh chU nm p mu vng.- Trng hnh bu dc, mt u to, di 1,2mm.

- Su non mu trng ng, hng c chn, cc t thn rt r, ngang ngc rng

hn bng ; hm rng cng khe, mu nu sm. Khi gn lt nhng th phn ngc hp libng phn bng, nhng trn mu vng sm.

- Ty thuc vo thi tit, trng pht trin t15 n 30 ngy ; su non t2 n 4

thng, nhng pht trin hn 30 ngy.- Mi nm chyu c 2 la su, c khi 3 la : la 1 bt u tthng 4, xn tc

bt u trng vo thn cy cafe ch v ti thng 10-11 th v ha v trng thnh li

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trng, tc l bt u la th2 ; cng c hi a th2 bt u tthng 7-8 v lth3 tthng 10,11.

- Su trng thnh (xn tc) trng vo vt nt trn vcy cafe. Sau khi n,su non lp vthnh ng vng, sang tui 2 th c su vo phn gv tip tc

pht trin trong cho n khi lt nhng, to thnh cc ng quanh co i n hoc ixung ; c ti u, su non dng phn bt ng c ti .

- Khi gn lt nhng, su c mt st vcy v lt nhng ti , sau v ha vc mt ltrn qua vchui ra ngoi.

- Nhng cy bsu c thn thng c mu vng a, c u ho nhvo ccginng to ; sau mc hi tng n th cy vng hn v ho r; nhiu cy cm cnh

lay, c thlm cy gy ngang thn.- Con xn tc a trng vo cy tha cnh, t ; gp cy c tn l rm rp th

xn tc kh tip cn vi thn, nn t c khnng gy hi.

Hnh 3.1Su c thnPhng vcha bnh :- phng ta cn chm sc tt, bn phn cy pht trin nhiu cnh l, bao

ph, che chn cho thn cy.- Nn trng cc ging thp cy, nhiu cnh, rm rp nh Catimor, Catyra,

Catuay Ging Catimor c thtrng dy 5.000-6.000 cy/ha, cng mt bin php

chng su c thn hiu qunht hin nay.- Vi cc ging thn cao, tha cnh, t nh Bourbon, Typica th dng phn

b+ t st v Lidanpho theo tl10+5+1 v pha 10 phn nc, trn u thnh thnho v dng on thn cy tre bnh t, p dp thnh chi qut u v kn thn

cy. Mt nm m 2 n trnh xn tc trng.- Khi c cy bhi nng th nhv t dit su, hn chly lan.

3.3.1.2. Su gm v(Dihaminus cervinus) :

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Su gm vcng thuc hxn tc, c nhiu im tng ng nh oi c thnXylotrechus quadripes. Tuy vy, n c nhng nt c th ring.

- Vcy k ch, hin nay mi tm thy cy cafe ch, cha pht hin cc cytrng khc.

- Cc ging cafe ch tha cnh, t , on thn cao v trng tri nh Bourbon,Typica bhi nhiu v nng hon so vi cc ging nh Catimor, Catura, Catuay

cc ging thp cy, rm cnh, thn c che chn.- Con trng thnh xn tc, c ch thc trungbnh, di trn di 20mm, b

ngang 5-7mm. Trn cnh c hoa vn dng cc vch mu vng trn nn xm. Ru hnhsi ch, c t, chiu di va phi.

- Xn tc xut hin ltv khng tp trung vo cc ginht nh.- trng vo vthn cy, ni c cc he nt.

- Su non sau n, gm vo vv bt u ttui 2 th sinh sng phn tip gip

vv g. Su non gm ti u th mt vpha ngoi ni cm n n .- Trong qu trnh sinh sng ca su non nh vy, cc mch dn ca vv g

thn bct ngang, lm cho svn chuyn nc v cht dinh dng btrngi, tn l b

vng v ho.

- Khi su gm thnh vng trn khp kn quanh thn cy th cy bvng a vcht. Qu trnh ny din ra chm v ko di, v su non pht trin ttui 1 n tui 5i hi 4-5 thng.

- Sau khi pht trin y , su non tm mt ni di vlt nhng, v t

ha thnh xn tc bay ra, giao phi v trng.Bin php phng tr:- i vi su gm vny c thp dng nh i vi su c thn Xylotrechus

quadripes.- Cn ch theo di vn cafe pht hin sm v kp thi phng tr.

- Nn trng cc ging thp cy, xt cnh, rm nh Catimor, Catuna hnchtc hi ca su. Theo kinh nghim th trong iu kin cho php th nn trng dy,

mt ti 5.000 cy/ha, cng c tc dng ngn nga.

3.3.1.3 Su (Zeuzera coffeae) :

Su ny cn gi l su hng, v mnh su c mu hng.- Trng thnh oi bm, mu cnh trng c nhiu chm xanh bic, thn di

20-35mm, si cnh di 30-54mm.- Bm ci c ru u dng si ch, trn cnh c chm trn, to, mu xanh.

Bm c c ru u hnh rng c gc, c phn ngn l hnh si ch; trn cnh c

nhiu chm nh, mu xanh.

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- Trng hnh ht xoi, 1 u to, di 1mm.- Su non mu hng hoc da cam, trn mnh c cc lng cng, tha, hi

di. Pha ng ca t ngc v t cui thn c mnh sng cng, mu nu en.- Khi ln y sc, su non di 30-50mm. Nhng di 15-35mm, bngang 3-

7mm. nh u nh ra pha trc, trng ta ci m. Pha ng ca mi t bng c 2mu nu song song vi ngn t.

- Bm ci trng trn vcnh, vthn cy cafe vo u ma h. Vtr trng thng l khe gia n, hoa, qunon, nch l.

- Sau khi n, su non c vo cnh non lm cho cc pha trn lc bho richt kh. Cng ln su non cng c su v gia thn hoc cnh v m thnh 1 ngng thng, rng gia phn gv su n xung pha di ri lt nhng.

- Qu trnh sinh sng, su non to 1 ltrn ngang thn hoc cnh n ra phn

dng mn ca ra ngoi.

Bin php phng tr:Dit su chyu bng cch ct cnh bsu dit su non v su pht

sinh ltv ri rc. Nu mt su nhiu th sau khi ct cnh nn chm bn bsung

cho cafe.

3.3.1.4. Rp sp hi qu, l (Pseudococcus sp.) :

- Rp ci trng thnh thn mm, hnh bu van, di 4mm, ngang 2mm, trnmnh c lp sp xp nh bng mu trng, khng thm nc, xung quanh ra thn c

cc tua sp, trng di, ring i tua cui thn bao gicng di hn cc tua hc.

- Rp c trng thnh c i cnh mng, thn thon di 2-3mm, ru u cnhiu t, trn ru u c cc chn c nhiu long cng. Trn u c 2 mt p to, en.Cui thn c 2 tua cong hnh gng km.

- Trng hnh bu dc, dnh vi nhau v c phmt lp xp sp mu trng.- Rp non mi nhnh van, cha c sp v mu hng, chn kh pht trin, v

vy, rp non b kh nhanh nhn.- Tthng 4, rp bt u trng trong bc sp. Rp non mi n, sau vi gi

tm ni sinh sng, ri tli thnh rp.

- rp thng tp trung cung chm qu, cung l.- Tc hi ca rp r nht trong cc thng h thu, cc bphn bhi ho nh, avng v rng.

- Ma ng, rp t pht trin v nhng con ci trng thnh tr n trong cc kl, bp hoa hoc mt di l gi, nhlp sp phtrn mnh, nn rp chng c lnh.

Bin php phng tr.

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- Cn tin hnh sm, v khi rp c p sp trn mnh th cc dung dch thucsu kh thm vo.

- Cui vxun khi trng rp nv rp non b i th phun thuc nh Supracid25Epha 0,1%.

- Ct ta cnh hp to thng thong v t m t cho vn cafe.3.3.1.5. Rp sp hi gc, r(Pseudococcous mercaptor) :

- Loi ny tng tnh oi hi quv , tuy ch thc nhhn.- Rp sp hi gc sng v sinh sn trong t, bm vo vrv to thnh mt lp

t keo bao bc xung quanh r. Nhlp t eo ny m nc khng thm vo rp.- Cy cafe bhi br, nn vn ho, nng sut sinh trng gim r rt, nhng

qu trnh din bin chm v phi qua 1-2 vmi ho vng v cht.- Cn theo di nhng cy cafe bho hi vng, bng cch bi t quan st b

r, nu thy chm c rp lp tc phi kim tra tt cnhng cy nghi ngv tin hnhxl tng cy mt.

Bin php phng tr- Bi t xung quanh gc thnh hnh phu, ng knh 25-30cm v sau 15-20cm

cho lr rp.- Dng dung dch Supracid 25E pha 0,2% v ti vo gc, ty theo cy cafe ln

hay nhm ti t1-2 t n 3-4 lt dung dch thuc. Sau vi ngy mi lp t li.

Hnh 3.2rp sp xanh(Coccus viridisHomoptera - Coccidae)

Hnh 3.3.Rp sp phn (Pseudococcus mercaptorHomopteraPseudococcidae)

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3.3.2 Bnh hi

3.3.2.1. Bnh gst (Hemi leia vastatrex) :

- Bnh gst cn gi l nm da cam, v vt bnh c mu vng nh cam chn.- Vt bnh xut hin nh mt chm nhhi vng, sau dn dn trthnh vt hnh

trn mu vng xanh pha trn mt v mu vng ti pha di mt l. mt di l, trn vt bnh dn dn xut hin cc bt vng ti,

cc bo tca nm.

Sng bo ttrn mi vt bnh vi ng knh 6-8mm, c ti hng tci. Nhkhi ng khng lnhvy, nm ly lan rt nhanh.

- C ththy vt bnh trn cy cafe ch quanh nm nhng min Bc th bnhgst c 2 thi im l vXun thng 3-4 v vThu thng 9-10.

- Bo tbnh gst c thbay theo gi, dnh bm theo cn trng, chim, ngi

v dng cchm sc ri ri vo cc cy he, khi gp m th ny mm v gybnh.- Nm a thch h hu m v m, nhit bnh qun 20-240C v m 85% tr

n nn ni c cy bng mt qu rm mt th bnh thng nng hn.- Trong scc ging cafe ch hin nay nc ta, ging Catimor tra t b

nhim bnh gst hn c.

Hnh 3.4Bnh gstBin php phng tr:- Trc ht cn mrng trng ging hng nh Catimor, Catuay.

- Chm sc y v bn NPK+ phn chung cn i.- Thuc c hiu trgst Tit pha 0,05% (nm phn vn), Bayleton pha

0,1% (mt phn nghn). Thuc Boc tuy vn c tc dng ngn nga bnh, nhng tsdng v vic pha chhng n gin. Phun mt di l cafe.

- Thi gian phun thuc thch hp l cui thng 3 u thng 4 v cui thng 9u thng 10. Tuy nhin, cn ch theo di pht hin.

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- Nu bnh pht trin nhiu th phun thuc Bayleton 0,1% vo ma h thu.

3.4Cc phng pho bo qun c ph sau thu hoch [3]

3.4.1 Bo qun c ph quti

Sau khi thu hoch, caf vn cn tip tc chn, v h hp mnh. Nhng sau mt

thi gian bo qun th cng h hp gim xung, ny mm v nng ng nymm tng n. Qu trnh chin sau thu hoch l qu trnh tng hp sinh ha phc tptrong cc tbo m ca ht caf, l qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c phn tthpn cc cht hu c phn tcao, v thng km theo sthot nc:

2C6H12O6 C12H22O11 +H2O

Nu m ca khi quthp th ng nc ny thot ra nh hng t n chtng qu. Nu m khi qucao th vic ng nc trn bmt qulm cho vi sinhvt hot ng mnh mgy h hng khi ngyn liu. Mt khc trong khi bo qun s

h hp ca cc cu tsng lm cho khi quthot nhit gy hin tng bc nng nguyn nhn chyu, ngoi ra sbc nng cn do cc yu ttc ng them vo nanh: hot ng ca vi sinh vt, ca cc loi nm mc v.v Bi vy hn chcc qutrnh bc nng lm hng nguyn liu th trong qu trnh bo qun cn ch tkhuu tin, hu thu hoch, vn chuyn. Thu hoch nhng qu ng tm chn,

khng thu hoch qu xanh, caf rng gc nht ring. Qu ti phi c vnchyn ngay v xng sau thu hoch. Trnh gip nt, phi nng hoc qu bn.

Nguyn liu hng nn nn t. Dng cthu hoch vn chuyn phi sch s.Xevn chuyn cng phi sch s, caf khng ng trong 24 giv lu khi ngyn liu

bnu, thi.Yu cu ni bo qun nguyn liu ti:Ni bo qun phi c mi che, thong,

sch, nn phi c lt gch hoc xi mng hoc lm bng sp, sn bng tre na an.Khng ng qu nhiu, ri lp khng qu dy, ti a 40cm. Thi gian tkhi thuhoch n khi chbin khng qu 36 gi ti a vi caf ch (Arabica) v 48 giivi caf vi (Robu-sta) v caf mt (Chari). Trong qu trnh bo qun phi kim tra

lun , cn o trn khi khi qunng so vi nhit mi trng.

3.4.2 Bo qun c ph thc kh v c ph nhn

Cafe thc h v cafe nhn sau qu trnh phi v chbin cn c mang i boqun. Qu trnh phi sy khng lm cht cc tbo trong ht c cho nn cafe thch cng nh cafe nhn n vn l nhng c thsng v hot sng bnh thng ca ht

vn tip din. Nu bo qun khng tt th nhng hot sng c th tng mnh nmc ph hy c nhng tbo trong ht lm ht bhng hoc mt khnng pht

trin sau ny.

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3.4.2.1.Bo qun cafe thc kh

Cafe thc kh sau hi phi sy n m gii hn, hn chc pht trin ca

vi sinh vt, cc cht dinh dng trong ht cafe trng thi n nh. Cn thit phi cbo qun iu kin thch hp lm ht cafe hng thay i trc hi mang i xay xt.

Bo qun cafe thc kh ddng hn cafe nhn v nhn n cn c bao bc bihai lp v, bo vnhn khi bnh hng ca trng bgip cho nhn khi bsay st.

Khi phi sy th nhit hay m tch t lp vngoi t nh hng n nhn bntrong. Qu trnh bo qun cafe thc h cng yu cu kho tng, nhit , m, iukin vsinh, thng gi cng nh hi bo qun cafe nhn. Nhng cafe thc cha phi lthnh phn nn hng i hi bao b bo qun. Cafe thc bo qun trong ho thng

tdo theo chiu quy nh.Bo qun cafe thc lm ging th phi rt thn trng bo m c ny

mm ca ht, nht l phi thong trnh sh hp ym h sinh ra ru lm cho phi bu c bung mm. Thng thng cafe thc lm ging th chnn phi m hng

nn sy, v qu trnh sy tc rt nc nhanh s lm phn hy mt s cht dinhdng trong phi.

Cc phng php bo qun cafe thc kh.

Bo qun thong tch cc: c s ca phng php ny i dng hng ca khi ht cafe m qut khng kh kh vo mt khi ht nhiu ln vi mc ch

gim c nhit v m ca khi ht, chqut hi m tng i ca khng khngoi tri thp v nhit ca hng h cng thp hn nhit ca khi ht

Bo qun kn :l bo qun khng c mt ca oxy c qu trnh h hphiu kh ca cc cu tsng hu nh chm dt hong ton v n chuyn sang h hpym kh. Hot ng ca vi sinh vt ngng tr. Phng php ny i hi phi c khotht n. Ngi ta c thcho CO2vo khi ht cafe.

Ngoi ra c thbo qun bng ha cht nhng cng hn chi vi nhng snphm thc phm.

3.4.2.2.Bo qun cafe nhn

Do c tnh l hc cng nh sinh ca cafe nhn thay i nhanh hn cafe thc,

qu trnh bt li xy ra nhanh hn, bn khi bo qun m hn cafe thc v p vtru v vla bbc i, nhn cafe tip xc trc tip vi mi trng xung quanh visinh vt xm nhp ddng v vy phng php bo qun v chkim tra cht ngcafe nhn cn khe kht hn cafe thc. Hin nay chng ta thng dng 2 phng php

sau bo qun cafe nhn.

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+Bo qun trong bao b xp vo kho :y phng php phbin nht cp dng nhiu nc sau khi chbin. Trong sn xut, sau khi phn loi theo ng

tiu chun quy nh, cafe nhn c ng thnh bao ngay trong xng. Bao c thdng l bao vi, bao gai, bao ay p vngoi, cn lp vtrong l polietilen.

+ Quy cch ca cafe nhn :bao gi, ghi nhn, bo qun, vn chuyn theo ngquy nh ca Nh nc : TCBN-1279-72.

Khi bo qun cn ch mt im ssau :

m ca cafe nhn a vo bo qun phi t10-12 %

Tp cht trong cafe nhn cng t cng tt.

Kho tt ng quy cch ca kho bo qun.

Khng xp bao trc tip xung nn kho hoc nn nh, hoc st tng.

Cn o v tr bao sau 2-3 tun 1 ln trnh hin tng nn cht. Nuhng o th phi sp ln gi g, hoc gi st ri chng ln nhau.

Xpbao theo phng php di y:Ty theo tnh trng bao b v ho m quy nh s lp bao c thc.

Thng t4-12 lp. m cafe cao th slp phi gim. Nu bo qun trn cc gi gth chiu cao bo qun c t6-10m.

+ Bo qun trong cc xilo :Mun tit kim bao b v bo qun thi gian u hn ngi ta bo qun trong

cc kho bng ton, bng gghp hoc bng b tng, cnh hoc u ng u c c.u im ca phng php ny ngoi vic tit kim bao b v tng thi gian bo

qun, cn tit kim c thtch ho, trnh c hin tng nn cht lm gim rica khi ht caf nhn.

+ Kim tra cht lng caf nhn trong bo qun:Caf nhn kh bo qun hn caf thc v vy trong qu trnh bo qun cn c

chkim tra cht ng cht chv thng xuyn theo di cc chssau: nhit ,m, axit, mu sc, mi vv mc nhim trng ca caf nhn.

Vnhit : cn kim tra nhit trong khi caf v xung quanh bngnhit kthy ngn hoc nhit kin tr. Nu nhit khng kh trong khi caf cao

hn nhit khng kh xung quanh th cn phng hin tng bc nng c thxyra.Chu kkim tra ty thuc trng thi ca khi caf v thi tit. Vma ng c

th1 tun 1 ln, nhng vma h thi gian c thrt ngn 4-5 ngy 1 ln.

axit cng ch l s quan trng c trng cht ng caf trong bo

qun. Nu axit tng, chng tc sphn hy cht bo, hoc cc qu trnh phn hyhc nh phn hy gluxit di tc dng ca vi khun n men chua Chu kim tra

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cng phthuc vo thi tit. Ma ng sln kim tra t hn ma h. Thng thng lt nht 2 tun 1 ln kim tra.

Thng xuyn kim tra m ca caf v mc nhim trng. Vi thitit v m ca nc ta t nht kim tra thy phn 1 tun 1 ln theo phng php

nhanh trong phng th nghim. Khi ly mu kim tra m , cn kim tra lun mu sc,mi vcaf.

Lun kim tra v gim st xung quanh kho ngoi bao xem c hi n tng trngbpht trin xn kp thi c bin php x thch ng.

3.4.2.3Kho bo qun cafnhn hoc cafthc kh:

a. Yu cu k thut ca kho

Mun bo qun caf c u nhng cht ng sn phm khng bgim, khngnhng cn c nhng ch bo qun thch hp vi iu kin ca nc ta. Khi xy

dng kho cn ch cc yu cu sau y: Da theo ng caf cn bo qun m thit kdung ng ho m

bo chbo qun c tt.

Cu trc ca kho phi cch m, cch nhit tt, sn kho phi cch m ttkhng b m b ngm nc. Mi kn khng c nh sang lt vo, khng b ht ma,

nng.

Cu trc n gin nhng in c, trnh iu kin cho trng bpht trinv n no, ng thi tin li cho dit trng. Trnh lm kho tm trnh ha hon.

b.

Tnh ton dung lng kho:

Ty theo sc cha v mc u ho hi ti a m tnh ton dung ng kho.Thng dung c shnh hc tnh, nhng cng c thdung cng thc sau y tnh kho:

S=

m2

S: din tch kho m2

Q: sc cha ca kho=tn kho ln nht trong nm= tnH: chiu cao sn phm: thng bnh qun 2m.: Dung trng ca sn phm = t/m3

1,15: tnh them din tch thao tc: 15%: ca caf thc ho thng = 0.4t/m3

: ca caf nhn = 0.6-0.7 t/m3

c.

Cc loi kho

Ty theo tnh cht bo qun, mc c gii v vn chuyn khi xut nhp khohoc kim tra sn phmm ngi ta ra lm 2 loi kho :

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Kho thng.

Kho c gii : c thit blin hon trong kho khi gu ti, thit bsy, bngti vn chuyn ht ddng ly sn phm ra ngoi.

3.4.2

Bo qun c ph ht rang , v ph bt mn v c ph ha tan

Cafe sau hi rang hi nguyn ht rt dht m v do sc mt ca oxi trongkhng kh lm gim cht ng sn phm. Cho nn cc dng cafe sau khi rang xay cn

bo qun tht n. Thng thng bao gi bng 3 lp :

- Lp thnht : giy tinh khit hoc giy thic.- Lp thhai : giy cch m (parafin)

- Lp thba : hp cc tng hoc thng gCafe rang nghin thnh bt thng bo qun trong hp st ty trng c np hp

kn. Bn trong lt 1 ln giy thit. Cng c thcho vo lp giy tng tm bo cchm tt. Thng thng trng ng ca cc gi l : 100g, 200g, 300g, 500g, 1kg. Khng

ng hp hoc gi ln cho ngi tiu thddng v trnh phi bo qun lu saukhi mgi.

Cafe ha tan rt dht m to thnh dch st, qunh nn ng gi phi tht kn,Thng ng vo thy tinh vi khi ng 50g, 100g, 200g hoc cng c thng

gi tronh hp st ty trng trong c lt giy thic np y tht n, c m nhiu lpgiy thic cch m

Cng c thng gi rt nhchpha cho mt chn.Nhn hiu ghi trn bao b c thdn trc tip hoc in ln giy dn vo hp, l

Kho tng bo qun cafe cn sch, kh (vi m tng i ca khong khkhng qu 75%), cn thng gi tt v khng c cc sinh vt lm gy hng. Nhngthng ng sn phm n trn cc gi cao cch tng cch mt sn kho mt khong0,5-0,7m. Sn phm hng gn cc ng nc, mng dn nc hoc cc dng csi nng.

Cn c quy nh thi hn bo qun cafe ktngy bao gi ghi trn bao b.Xe chuyn ch cn v sinh sch s, khng c mi v l, (mi thm hoc thi

nh: phn bn, tinh du hng iu). e cn c bt che bc dcn tin hnh ni

c mi che vthi tit tt.

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CHNG IV: BIN PHP CHBIN C PH SAUTHU HOCH [3]

4.1 Kthut sn xut c ph nhnsn xut c ph nhn, ngi ta sdng hai phng php sau:- S chtheo phng php kh: C ph c thu hi theo kiu tut cnh, gm

quchn, qucha chn v cququ chn. C ph sau khi thu hi xong sc emi phi hay sy kh, xt vthc v nh bng. Qu trnh s chc ph theo phng

php h phng php n gin nht, thch hp vi c ph Vi (Robusta). Tuynhin, do cht ng ca khi qu thu hi hng ng u, dn n sn phm ch

bin theo phng php ny thng c cht ng khng cao v khng n nh.- S ch theo phng php t: C ph phi c thu hi theo kiu nht qu,

m bo chn ng u, hng c ln cc ht xanh hoc ququ chn. Sau khithu hi xong, nguyn liu c a vo bphn loi cng sm cng tt hn chti

a shao ht vkhi ng. Bphn loi hot ng theo phng php thy ng. Tiptheo c ph c qua thit btch nht. C ththc hin qu trnh n men gip victch lp vnht bn ngoi c ddng hn. Sau bn thnh phm c a sanghthng ra v tin hnh sy h c c c ph thc. Cui cng, c ph thc s

c xt v, nh bng, phn oi v bao gi thnh ht c ph thng phm. Qu trnhs ch theo phng php t sgip sn phm c ph c cht ng cao hn so vi

phng php h. c bit l n h trcho qu trnh to hng trong qu trnh rangcng nh gim bt vng ca c ph. Nhc im ca phng php t i hi c

nhiu thit bv phi c ngun nc sch. Ngoi ra, cn phi quan tm n vn x mi trng v phng php ny spht sinh nhiu nc thi. Phng php ny thch

hp sn xut c ph cht ng cao nh c ph ch (Arabica).

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Phng php t Phng php h

S quy trnh phng php chbin t v kh

4.2 Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php chbin t

4.2.1 Phn loi:

Mc ch:tch cc cht tp cht ln trong nguyn liu, m cho ch thcnguyn liu ng u, to iu kin cho vic bc vc trit , m bo cht ngca sn phm. Vic phn loi thng c thc hin theo hai bc sau:

a. Phn loi theo kch thc: thc hin trn sng phn loi, thng sdng sngphng c 2 3 i sng, ch thc lsng tng dn tdi ln. Yu cu ca vicphn loi theo ch thc l phi m bo loi ht tp cht ln, trong tp cht khngc ln nguyn liu.

b. Phn loi theo ttrng: ngi ta sdng nc tin hnh phn loi theo ttrng, i vi c ph chn ng mc c ttrng 1, c ph cn xanh, non

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c > 1, c ph qu chn v tp cht nhc < 1. Chnh v thm ngi ta akhi quc ph vo nc phn loi, c ph chn ng mc s ng, c ph xanh

v tp cht nng schm, ngc li c ph chn v tp cht nhsni. Bxi phng ccu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.1Nguyn tc lm vic ca bxiphngThng t l nc/nguyn liu khong 3/1, trong qu trnh lm vic cn phi

m bo nguyn liu chn ng mc qua ng xiphng vo my xt ti tht u n vlin tc nhng ng nc tiu tn l t nht. Chu klm vsinh bxiphng khng qu

12 gi. Ngoi ra bxiphng cn c tc dng lm cho nguyn liu ngm nc, to iukin thun li cho vic bc vqu, tuy nhin, nu ko di thi gian ngm th sphn

loi strnn km hiu qu.4.2.2 Bc vqu, vtht (xt ti):

a. Mc ch: thnh phn chyu ca lp vqu nc, gluxit v protein, cc

cht ny khng tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh cht ng sn phm m cn gy khhn nh thi ra, lm ko di thi gian phi sy. Do v qu cn phi loi b.

Ngoi ra, lp vtht, thnh phn chyu pectin, cng hng c i cho cc qu trnhchbin tip theo nn cng cn phi loi b.

b. Phng php bc vqu, vtht:

- bc vqu, ngi ta thng dng phng php c hc, cc my xt kiuGosdon, Hamburg, Raoeng thng hay c s dng. i vi my xt a iuHamburg, cc a c btr gtrn mt tng hiu qubc v. Gia a v m iu

chnh c khe h, ch thc ca cc khe hphthuc vo tng loi c ph, thng th0,5 0,8 mm. Khe hcng nhth hiu sut bc cao nhng tldp nt cng cao. Sau

y s ca my bc vkiu a:

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Hnh 4.2My xt ti iu a- Bc vnht: Sau khi bc vqu, lp vnht vn cn bm chung quanh ht c

ph, do cn phi bc lp v nht. Vic bc v nht phi m bo sao cho chtng ht khng bbin i, mu sc ca ht sau khi bc vnht phi tnhin v tl

ht bdp vhoc tch cv tru hng qu 6 %. tch vnht, ngi ta thngdng cc phng php sau:

* Phng php n men: tn dng enzym sn c trong v tht, ch yu lpectinaza. cht ng c ph tt hn, ngi ta tin hnh ln men ym kh (ln men

trong nc), trong qu trnh ln men, cc phn tlin kt trong vtht di tc dngca enzym sbphn ct thnh cc phn ttdo, ddng tri theo nc ra. qutrnh ln men tin hnh c thun li, cn ln men c ph quva chn, bln menthng c thtch 3 6 m3, nhit ln men 35 420 C, thi gian t10 18 gity

thuc vo tng loi c ph. Nc dng trong qu trnh ln men phi nc sinh hot,hm ng st < 5 mg/t, pH 6,9 7,2. Ngoi ra, qu trnh n men c u n,nn o nguyn liu 2 3 ln trong mt chu kln men.

* Phng php ha hc: thy phn pectin trong v tht qu c ph trong mi

trng kim, ngi ta thng sdng Na2CO3, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, nng 2 %, thigian 2 3 gi. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian so vi phng php trn

nhng tn ha cht v mi vca sn phm khng tt.Ngoi hai phng php trn, cn c phng php vi sinh vt, phng php c

hc..., c bit i vi phng php c hc, ngi ta sdng my xt ti in honRaoeng, n thc hin ng thi ba nhim v: bc vqu, bc vnht v ra c ph

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thc, do sdng my xt ti in hon Raoeng scho php rt ngn c thi giansn xut. S ca my xt ti Raoeng nh sau:

Hnh 4.3My xt ti RaoengMy gm mt trc rng hnh tr, trn bmt c nhng ng gn ni chia lm

ba on r rt, on u tin lm nhim va quc ph vo vtr bc v, on gia

lm nhim vx rch lp vngoi ng thi ch xt lp vtht, on cui lm nhimvtip tc ch xt lp vtht v gt c ph thc ra ngoi.

4.2.3 Ngm, (ln men):

Qu trnh ny c thc hin vi vic bc vqu, vtht. Tuy nhin, nu s

dng my xt ti Raoeng, c thloi bc qu trnh ny.4.2.4 Ra:

a. Mc ch: Loi bnhng phm vt to thnh trong qu trnh ln men, loi bcc vt ca lp vnht, y cng on quan trng v nu cn cc phm vt ktrn

bm vo ht c ph , khng nhng chng lm cho mu sc ca ht, mi vca ht b

nh hng m cn ko di thi gian phi sy na.tin hnh ra, c thdng phng php c h hoc thcng. Nu ra th

cng, tin hnh trong bnc, thay nc 2 3 ln cho mi mra, 15 pht khuy omt ln. Ra c h tin hnh trong thit bra thng quay, c phun nc.

b. Nhng yu tnh hng n qu trnh ra:

- Qu trnh ln men nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ra, nu qu trnh ln mentt, tc l lp vnht c phn hy hon ton th s thun li cho qu trnh ra vngc li.

- Tc khuy cng nh hng n qu trnh ra, nu tc khuy nh, ma stgia cnh khuy v nguyn liu t, hiu qura hng cao; ngc li, nu tc khuy

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qu ln s gy dp nt nguyn liu v lp v tru s bong ra, t , hi phi sy,clorofin sboxy ha v ht c ph thc sc mu xu, thng th tc cnh khuy

khong 50 100 vng/pht.- Tlnc/nguyn liu trong qu trnh ra khong 0,9 1,2. Nu tlny ln

qu sko di thi gian ra v qu trnh ra skhng hon ton.4.2.5 Lm ro, phi sy:

Lm ro:

a. Mc ch: lm mt phn nc tdo ht c ph sau khi ra, nu khng lmro m em sy ngay ssinh ra hin tng "luc" nguyn liu to ra mt mng cng

bn ngoi ht c ph lm ko di thi gian sy v sy hng u lm nh hng n

cht ng thnh phm.Lm ro c thrt ngn thi gian phi sy, m ca nguyn liu c thgim

t7 10 % sau cng on ny.b. Cc phng php lm ro:

- Lm ro nc trn sn phi: yu cu sn c nghing 10 120 nc thotddng, trn sn lm ro c thv ph thnh tng ng nh, bdy lp ht khong10 20 cm, thi gian lm ro khong 2 4 gi.

- Lm ro trn i: ch thc li phi ph hp vi tng loi c ph ht

khng lt qua i c. Li c t trn gi cch mt t 0,5 0,8 m dthotnc v cch m t, chiu dy lp ht trn i t12 15 cm.

- Lm ro bng phng php i tm: dng my i tm c tc 1000 1500

vng/pht. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian lm ro v cn lm cho qu trnhra c hon chnh hn do c li tm ko cc cht cn st li trn ht trong qu trnhra.

Phi:a. Mc ch: phi nhm hm xung cn 10 12 % thc hin nhng qu

trnh chbin tip theo.b. Cc yu tnh hng n qu trnh phi:

- Nhit ca khng kh: phthuc hon ton vo thi tit, khnng bc m

tng n hi thi tit tt.- m ca khng kh thp stng nhanh qu trnh bc m trong nguyn liu,do srt ngn thi gian phi.

c. Cc phng php phi v yu cu kthut:

- Phi trn ip: lip lm bng tn c l, hoc an bng tre, ch thc 1*2 (m),khong cch cc lip 20 40 cm, lip di cng cch mt t 0,8 1 m.

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- Phi trn sn: sn phi c th sn xi mng, sn gch. Vma h, nhit sn phi c tht 40 500 C. Mt c ph ri trn sn 10 15 g/m2, sn phi c

dc 1 2 % dthot nc. Trong qu trnhphi cn o trn, c1 1,5 giotrn mt ln, nn dng cc dng co trn bng ghoc nha trnh tn thng

ht. Cng vtra, c thtng chiu dy lp ht ln 3 4 cm v sang ngy thhai, thi im nng nhiu c thtng chiu dy lp ht n 4 6 cm. nhng ngy phi

cui cng, do hm ng nc tdo bay i phn ln, chcn li nc lin kt. Do, trong nhng ngy ny cn phi sn tht kh mi tin hnh phi, chiu dy lp

ht khong 3 4 cm v c1 gio trn mt ln.Phng php ny phthuc hon ton vo thi tit v cht ng ca ht khng

ng u. Do , chph hp vi cc c ssn xut nh, ngun nng ng nhn tohng c iu kin thc hin.

4.2.6 Sy

Do nhc im ca qu trnh phi nn ngi ta tin hnh sy, v ht c ph c

cu to c bit, tc chuyn m ttrong ra ngoi rt chm nn ngi ta thng syht c ph bng phng php bn in tc.

a.nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng ht c ph:- nhit cao, protein ca ht c ph bbin tnh v keo tli.

- Cht bo trong ht bphn gii nhit cao, do m hm ng axit botrong ht tng n.

- Tinh bt trong ht to thnh dextrin di nh hng ca nhit .

- nhit cao, cc loi men trong ht bnh chhot ng, vitamin b tntht nhiu.

b. Thit bsy c ph v yu cu kthut:

- Sy thcng: l sy thcng c cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.4L sy c ph

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Lp i thnht cch nn 1 1,5 m, cc ng truyn nhit c btr dc theonn. Loi l sy ny tn kh nhiu nhn cng, nng sut b.

- Sy bng my sy: phbin nht l my sy thng quay v thp sy, sau y s ca my sy thng quay:

Hnh 4.5My sy thng quay nm ngangBphn chnh l mt thng hnh trnm ngang, trn thng c btr cc ca

cho nguyn liu ra vo. Chnh gia thng l mt trc rng lm nhim vdn tc nhnsy, trn trc rng c gn cc ng truyn nhit. Thng c chia m 4 ngn theo chiudc, trong mi ngn c cc cnh o trn c ph khi thng quay. Thi gian sy trn

my sy thng quay phthuc vo m ban u ca c ph, nu m ban u cac ph c gi trt20 40 % th thi gian sy t16 36 gi. L sy thng quay cnhiu u im nh: t tn nhn cng, nng su t ln, cht ng c ph tt.

4.2.7 Bc vthc (xt kh):

Ht c ph c bao bc bi mt lp vtru tng i dy v chc chn, thnhphn chyu l xenlulo, khng c ch cho qu trnh tiu ha ca c thv cng hng

c ch cho shnh thnh cht ng sn phm, do cn phi loi chng ra.Yu cu ht c ph sau khi xt kh phi gic nguyn ht, ng ht nt, v

cng t cng tt, do cn phi iu chnh hiu sut xt < 100 %.Cc thit bxt h c thit kda trn cc tc ng c hc ln nguyn liu

nh p, x v ma st, hai loi my xt kh thng dng nht l my xt kh Engelber

v Hanxa, sau y s cu to ca thit bxt kh Engelber:

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Hnh 4.6My xt kh kiu Engelber

4.2.8 Bc vla (nh bng):

Cng nh p vthc, lp vla khng c gi trcho ngi tiu dng nn cnphi bc v la cho ht c ph c bng, tng gi trcm quan v trnh VSV xm

nhp.Yu cu sau hi nh bng ht c ph, nhit ca khi c ph khng qu 550

C, tlht nt vkhng qu 1 %. Tlvla trong c ph nhn phi t 90 % (i viarabica), 80 % (i vi canephora) v 70 % (i vi excesa), qui nh rng ht c 1/2din tch bc vla trn c xem l ht sch.

Thit bnh bng thng c hai loi, kiu 1 trc Smout v 2 trc kiu Okrassa,

sau y s ca my nh bng kiu Smout:

Hnh 4.7My nh bng mt trc Smout

4.2.9 Phn loi:

C ph sau hi nh bng mt hn hp gm: c ph tt, c ph xu, vtru,vla, c ph vn...do cn phi phn loi m bo c yu cu ca khch hngv tiu chun ca nh my. Trong sn xut c ph nhn, ngi ta thng phi phn loi

theo ba phng php:

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a. Phn loi theo kch thc: Sdng sng phn loi gm sng trn hoc snglc vi cc i sng c clkhc nhau, hnh dng cc lcng hc nhau, nu phn

loi theo chiu rng ht ngi ta dng i sng ltrn hoc vung, nu phn loi theochiu dy ht ngi ta dng i sng ldi...

b. Phn loi theo ttrng:Da vo s chuyn ng khc nhau ca cc ht c t trng khc nhau trong

lung khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu vi khi ht, mc ch ca vic phn loitheo ttrng nhm loi bcc ht xu, ht lp km cht ng.

phn loi theo t trng, ngi ta thng dng hai loi thit b, loi nmngang v loi thng ng, sau y s cu to ca thit bphn loi kiu thngng (catador)

Hnh 4.8Sng Catador kpCn ch iu chnh tc khng kh ngn I un un n hn tc khng

kh ngn II. Vi loi thit bny, c ththu c 3 loi sn phm khc nhau.

c. Phn loi theo mu sc: Phn loi theo ch thc v ttrng chloi bctp cht, tng ng u ca khi ht nhng cha thto c cho khi ht ng

nht vmu sc c, do , tng cng cht ng ca khi ht hn na, ngi tatin hnh phn loi theo mu sc. Phn loi theo mu sc c th tin hnh bng th

cng hoc bng nhng thit bin t.Phn loi bng thcng c ththc hin trn cc bng chuyn chy vi tc

chm v dng li theo chu kcng nhn ngi hai bn bng chuyn tin hnh phn

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loi. Phng php ny tn kh nhiu nhn cng v thi gian nhng c thgii quytc nhiu vn m my mc khng thgii quyt c.

4.2.10u trn, ng bao, bo qun:

C ph nhn c u trn theo mt tlnht nh m bo hiu qukinh t

cho c ssn xut hoc m bo theo yu cu ca khch hng.i vi c ph arabica v canephora ng thnh 2 p: mt lp polietilen

trong v mt lp bng ay gai ngoi, i vi c ph excelsa chcn ng mt lp,trng ng mi bao 50 kg hoc 70 kg.

Trong qu trnh bo qun c ph nhn cn ch nhng im sau:- m c ph nhn a vo bo qun < 13 %,

- Hm ng tp cht < 0,5 %,- Kho bo qun phi c cch m v cch nhit tt,

- Thi gian bo qun khng qu 5 thng.4.3Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn theo phng php kh

- Khi thu hoch c ph ch c mt phn quxanh v nhng qu ni sau giaion ra,phn loi quv tp cht,khng thchbin t ta p dng chbin kh .

- Quc ph phi h ngay sau hi thu hoch,lp vqubn ngoi gm phntht,cha nhiu cht keo nht,lp vtru. Khi kh,lp vngoi srt cng v c mu

nu en- Yu cu quan trng phi h nhit . Trong thc t, phi c ph cn

thi gian di, bi v hm ng nc trong vquti chim trung bnh t60-70%, do cn phi phi t7-10 ngy trong iu kin nng tt. C mt im cn ch l lc

phi cn kim tra sln men lp vto ra lp mc trng m tng vchua ca ht

4.3.1

Phi , sy

Phi kh tnhinQuc phi ngay sau thu hoch trn nhiu loi dng chc nhau nh

phn,tn di ng,nn t, nn ximang, giy nha en. Quc ph c tri thnh lpdy 5-6cm v o 4 ln mi ngy trnh ng nc do ma hay sng. Thnghng phi trn nn t v nh hng mi ht c ph

Din tch phi c tnh 40kg quti /m2. din tch phi c thtnh n m mc, ht ny mm v hnh thnh ht en. din tch phi c thtnh bng scy /20. Vd:100000 cy c ph/20=5000m2

Trong c phi quh, thng lp bn ngoi cng v hm ng nc cn12%th qulc nghe ku

nhng vng ma nhiu, c thsy nhn to hi phi s b.

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Cc yu tcn ch hi phi hn chgim sn ng :-

t lp mng khi qucn rt m, tng dn bdy lp qukhi kh dn v

hng vt qu 5cm chiu cao- Khng ngp ma c phi, hn chsht sng m qu nhiu .

-

o nhiu ln trong ngy ty theo nng ban ngy, trnh lm vqu.- Khng trvo kho hay tch vquhi m trn 12%

Sy nhn to:Sy nhn to c p dng nhiu cc n in ln, sy nhn to i hi k

thut tt, nu khng slm gim cht ng ht, mi vht do ng nc trong ququ nhiu .

Phi h t hp sy c thloi trthit hi do m c phi, sy thng sdng l sy ng dng nhit t

4.3.2 Tch vcng

Phng php thcng l dng cch gi nt vqu, tuy nhin cch nythng lm nt ht hay ht b.

Phng php phbin l dng my tc vqu, my xay vcng gm

mt trc quay ngang c nhng i dao ct do mt my ko vi tc 400-500 vng/pht. ng trc quay gia c bao bng lp vngoi. Quc ph h c cho vomt ci phu xung ng ,chy qua trc xay v cc i dao cnh ct mnh nhiuln lm lp vbra.

Lp vcng c chuyn qua ng nhmy qut gi thi ra ngoi, trong khi ht

c thu qua mt ng chy vo di my.Trong lc xay lp vcng c sni hi tquh ,do cn thit kmt lpchn ht khng brt ra ngoi v loi qukh bthng, lp hay do mt c qugy

hi so vi qukh tt .Sau khi xay vsng v qutru ,ht c ph c chn lc, nht sn, la ht

phn c, ng bao nh phng php chbin t.

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Phng php h Phng php t

Quy trnh

Khng xt ti (bc vqu, vtht),khng tch nht ( ngm , ra) sau khi

thu hoch v phn loi

c xt ti vtch nhtsau khi thu hoch v phnloi

u im

Tin hnh n ginTn dng c nguyn liuChi ph sn xut khng lnCht ng rt tt nu thc hin ng

cch

Tit kim din tch snphi, sy.

Thi gian chbin tngi ngnTo ra sn phm c chtng cao

Nhc im

Phthuc vo iu kin thi tit

Thi gian phi sy diNhim nhiu tp cht, vi sinh vtCht ng thp hn so vi chbintTn din tch sn phi

u t cao, sdung nhiunc

Vn hnh dy chuyn cngnghphc tpDo sdng nhiu nc nngy nhim mi trng

x nc thi v khmirt phc tp

Bng 4.1 So snh phng php chbin kh v t

* c nhiu nghin cu nhm tr i cu hi ti sao v m th no axit vnguyn cht hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin t tt hn so vi c ph c ch

bin h. Nghin cu gn y cho rng qu trnh n men t n hng hnh thnh axit hng v m do thi gian c ph thc t c ngm trong b n men hoc bcha trc hi em i sy.

Thi gian ln men trong iu kin m v m kch thch qu trnh ti cu trcsinh ho hc ca ht, dn n spht trin axit v mang li hngv.

4.4Sn xut c ph rang c ph bt mn4.4.1 Phn loi theo kch thc:

C ph nhn trong qu trnh bo qun s b gy nt, do cn phi phn oitheo ch thc qu trnh rang c d dng v u n hn. Thng thng ngi ta

dng h thng sng c gm 2 3 i sng phn oi.

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4.4.2 l nguyn liu:

Trong qu trnh bo qun, c ph nhn hp th nhiu mi v , c bit mi

mc, do , cn phi x nguyn iu. Cc phng php x nguyn iu nh sau:- l bng nc:ch p dng i vi nhng oi c ph nguyn iu c cht

ng cao (trong thi gian bo qun hng c mc). Ngi ta tin hnh ngm nguyniu trong nc 5 pht, nc s ngm vo cc mao qun ca ht v ha tan cc mi v

, sau vt ra ro.- l bng dung mi hu c: s dng cho nhng oi nguyn iu m cht

ng hn. Dung mi thng dng ru etiic 20 % V, thi gian x 5 10 pht, sau

vt ra ro.

4.4.3Rang:

y giai on quan trng nht v hng thm to thnh trong qu trnh ny.

cc c s sn xut nh, ngi ta tin hnh rang trong nhng thit b rang hnh cu hochnh tr, ng c ph cho vo < 2/5 th tch thit b, trn thn thit b c b tr ca np v tho nguyn iu v cc thot m. cc c s sn xut n hn, ngi tathng s dng oi thit b rang iu ng c s cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.9Nguyn tc rang c ph

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Nhit rang thng hng ch trong hong 200 24000C. Qu trnh ny

gm ba giai on:

- nhit < 5000C ta thy bc ra nhiu hi trng, ch yu hi nc v hidung mi, th tch ht hng bin i. Cui giai on ny ta thy ngng sinh h, y

du hiu chuyn sang giai on sau.-Khi nhit tng n 15000C th trong ht xy ra qu trnh tch h nn th tch

ca ht tng n t ngt, c ny ta nghe thy nhng ting n, ht chuyn sang muen nhng cha bng. Trong giai on ny ta thy h mu xanh thot ra, ch yu

acrolein.

-Khi nhit n 22000C, gi nhit ny trong vng 10 15 pht, c ny

th tch ht hng bin i na, s sinh h rt yu t hoc ngng hn, ht chuyn sang

mu en bng.Trong qu trnh rang, tng cht ng sn phm, ngi ta cho cht bo (du

thc vt, b..) vo giai on cui ca qu trnh rang, cht bo s gi i cc cht thmtrn b mt ca ht.

Ht c ph rang t yu cu c mt ngoi en bng, bn trong c mu cnh gin,mi thm nh (tt hn mi thm mnh v hi pha s t c mi), v ng cht.

4.4.4 Lm ngui:

Qu trnh m ngui c th thc hin trong thit b rang iu ng, dng hng

h m ngui , mt s c s sn xut ngi ta c th phun m hoc phun ru m ngui nhm mc ch to ra m bo qun (< 13 %) v hi rang m ch cn

0,5 1 %. Ngoi ra vic phun ru cn c tc dng to ra phn ng ester ha c mithm.

C mt s ni dng dung dch ng, t 2 % phun vo c ph rangnhm mc ch m ngui v bc ht c ph mt p mng mng hi mt hngthm.

to ra c ph rang nguyn ht thng phm, c th phi trn cc oi c phi vi nhau p ng c hu v ca hch hng.

to ra sn phm c ph rang xay, c ph rang nguyn ht c em i xay

nh, bt c ph xay phi t sng 1,6 mm (90 %) nhng phi c gi i trn sng0,95 mm. Bt c ph xay c ch thc > 1,6 mm c em i xay i m bo yucu trn.

C ph rang (c bit c ph rang xay) rt d b mt hng thm, hp ph mi v d b oxy ha nn cn phi bao gi tht cn thn. C th dng cc oi bao b nh

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thy tinh, poime, giy thic ... tin hnh bao gi. Ngoi ra, c th ng gi chnhng hoc ng gi vi cc cht h nh N2, CO2...

4.5C ph ha tan

C ph nhn sau hi rang c a i xay m c ph bt pha phin hoc ch

bin thnhc ph ho tan.Quy trnh sn xutc ph ho tan t bt c ph rang nh sau:

S quy trnh sn xut c ph ho tan

4.6 Gii thch quy trnh sn xut c ph ha tan

4.6.1 Tuyn chn nguyn liu c ph nhn:

C ph nhn (c ph ht sng) phi nguyn iu tt th sn phm cui cng, c

ph ha tan, mi c cht ng cao

4.6.2 Rang, xay c ph:

C ph nhn cht ng cao c tuyn chnv rang theo cng ngh tin tin c hng v tt nht, nht trnh tht thot hng trong qu trnh rang. Sau , htc ph rang c xay thnh c ph bt.Bt c ph dng sn xut c ph ho tan cnxay ch c ht n.

4.6.3 Trch ly:

Mc ch cng ngh: khai thc

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Qu trnh trch ly nhm mc ch hi thc cc cht ha tan v cc cht tohng trong c ph rang. Trong quy trnh cng nghsn xut c ph ha tan, trch ly l

mt trong nhng cng on quan trng nht, nh hng quyt nh n hiu sut caton bquy trnh cng nghsn xut.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu Vt l v ha l:

Qu trnh trch ly c bn cht l mt qu trnh ha , trong xy ra hin tngkhuch tn ca vt cht. Cthl c 2 dng chuyn ng chnh: khuch tn ca nc

tngoi vo ht v skhuch tn ca cc cht ha tan tnguyn liu vo dung mi.Tc ca qu trnh khuch tn phthuc vo cc iu kin kthut ca qu trnh

trch ly. Skhuch tn ni trn dn n nhng bin i vmt vt l ca hai pha rn vlng trong hn hp:

- Pha rncc ht bt c ph: thnh phn to cu trc ca ht c ph nghin ch

yu l cellulose v hemicellulose. Sau khi rang xay, ht bt c ph c cu trc cng,gin, hng nn c (m ca ht c ph sau rang xay nhhn 5%). Khi cho vonc trch ly, ht bt c ph sht m, trnn dai, mm v nn c. hin tng

ny sm tng trlc, lm gim nng sut ca qu trnh lc.- Pha lngdch trch ly c ph: ttrng v nht ca dch trch ly c ph s

tng n do nng cht kh trong dch trch tng n theo thi gian. Nng cht khcng cao th ttrng v nht ca dch trch c ph cng tng. Cn ch hin tng

ny v trong qu trnh trch ly nhiu bc, cc bc trch ly cui cng c nht ca dch

trch y cao hn so vi cc bc trch y u tin, do , tc lc sgim.Bin i ha l khc cn c ch l hin tng bay hi nc lm cun theocc hp cht dbay hi (c bit l cc hp cht to hng). Do , trong qu trnh

trch ly, cn m bo kn ca thit bhn chhin tng bay hi ni trn, dnn slm gim hm ng hng trong bt c ph ha tan.

Ha hc

- Trong qu trnh trch ly, nng cht kh trong dch trch sdn tn