dtm thuocda

8/14/2019 DTM thuocda

1/52

Bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng x nghiep thuoc da quymo nho

CHNG I:HOAT ONG SAN XUAT CUA C S THUOC DA

QUYMO NHO

1. TONG QUAN:

1.1.Khai niem:Nganh cong nghiep thuoc da la nganh san xuat,

che bien da ti ( hoac da muoi ) thanh cac loai dathanh pham co ch phuc vu cho nhu cau a dang cuangi tieu dung nh giay dep, y phuc, tui xach,niem ghe...

1.2.ac iem cong nghe:Cong nghiep thuoc da la cong nghiep lau i

va co khap ni tren the gii.Nguyen lieu chnh la da ong vat va cac hoa

chat can thiet cho cac cong oan san xuat. Sanpham cua nganh cong nghiep nay la da thuoc.

Trong thuoc da, ngi ta dung phng phap hoahoc e kh lp ngoai va lp trong. Lp gia Coriumchnh la lp da that.

Da song ong vat thng gom 3 lp:- Lp ngoai: lp bieu b Epidermis ( co cha

long ).- Lp gia Corium ( Keration ) - lp mo mach

lien ket. Lp nay co cha collagen, protein

va Elastin.- Lp trong Cubcutis ( lp di da ) la lp tht

va lp m.Nhu cau nc 80-100 m3/ tan da ti.

2. MO TA HOAT ONG:2.1.Mo ta c s:a ch : ng Au C , P9 , Q Tan Bnh TPHCM.Lch s c s : c s bat au hoat ong san

xuat theo kieu thu cong t trc nam 1980. Sau nam1980, c s hoat ong vi qui mo ln hn, trang b

may moc ay u hn . Hien nay tai c s viec quanly ieu hanh do mot ngi lam chu, nhng ky thuat cac khau chnh do 2 th ky thuat am trach.

Cac loai san pham chnh : san pham chu yeucua c s la da lam giay , cap va cac vat dungkhac.

2


2/52


Nang suat cua c s : moi thang c s sanxuat khoang 30 tan da. Tuy nhien vao mua tet vakhai trng th nhu cau da cua th trng tang len, cokhi c s san xuat en 2 3 tan /ngay.

Dien tch mat bang san xuat : 600m2. Ngoai ra, c

s co 1 tang gac co dien tch bang tret.So cong nhan trong c s hien nay la 12 ngi,

tat ca eu la lao ong pho thong. Trong o co 2 thky thuat chnh chuyen lo cac khau hoi ti, quay voi,thuoc phen, nhuom mau.

Thi gian lam viec cua c s ( t th 2 en th7 ):

Ca 1 : t 7:30 sang ti 12:00 tra Ca 2 : t 13:30 chieu ti 17:30

Rieng chu nhat th lam t 7:30 sang en 12:00tra.

2.2.Tnh hnh hoat ong cua c s:Hien nay, c s hoat ong vi cong suat kha on

nh, trung bnh la 1 tan da muoi/ ngay. Chnh v vay,moi hoat ong cua c s rat eu an.

Tat ca cac khau ky thuat chnh tai c s do 2th ky thuat phu trach. Tat ca cac thong so trongsan xuat c ghi chep rat can than.

C s ang lap at 1 thung quay Thai Lan e thaythe cho cac thung kieu cu. c biet thung quay mi

nay se s dung vao muc ch quay voi.Mat bang san xuat cua c s tng oi rong

rai nen may moc, thiet b c sap xep khoa hoc,rat gon gang thuan tien trong san xuat.

2.3.Hien trang moi trng cua c s:Hien tai c s cha co 1 he thong x ly nc

thai, chat thai ran nao. Tuy nhien, c s a xaydng 1 he thong x ly kh thai . ay la he thongdang thap loc nc c lap at tai khu vc sn. Hiennay, toan bo nc thai cua c s c xa vao he

thong thoat nc chung cua Thanh Pho.Hien tai, c s cha co chnh sach moi trng

nao cho viec cai thien moi trng lam viec cung nhcha tuan thu cac tieu chuan ve chat lng khongkh, tieu chuan ve nc thai cong nghiep ma vancon hoat ong theo loi truyen thong.3. CAC NGUYEN NHIEN LIEU AU VAO:

3


3/52


Nguon nguyen lieu san xuat cua c s la da bomuoi. Khoang 20% da muoi thu mua noi a tai cac logiet mo, con lai 80% thu mua cac tnh thong quanhng nha buon da.

Ngoai ra, con co cac nguyen vat lieu khac:

STT Loai nguyen lieu Tieu thu ( tan/nam )

1 a thui nhe ( NaHS) 3.22 Chat tay m 0.3653 Chat chong thui B7 0.094 Soda nong ( Na2CO3 ) 0.3655 Men hoi ti 0.556 Chat chong nhan 0.9157 Voi 4.58 Muoi hot 18.89 Muoi diem( KNO3 ) 3.6510 Men lam mem P7 0.36511 Acid formic ( HCOOH ) 2.212 Acid sunfuric ( H2SO4 ) 1.4613 Phen Crom 12.814 Soda lanh (NaHCO3 ) 0.2515 Chat lam mem da WF 0.916 Syntan GP lam deo da 2.7517 Mimosa lam ay mat da 5.5

18 Chat dan xuyen SN 1.82519 Mau nhuom 3.120 Dau tong hp G60 5.47521 Dau xuyen ITS 5.47522 Dau FO 7300 lit

Moi hoat ong san xuat eu ch dung ncgieng khoan cung cap.Lng nang lng tieu thu:

ien : 3000Kwh/thang. Dau FO loc : 40-50 lit/ngay.

Lng nc s dung cho san xuat: 20-25 m3/ ngay.4. CAC THIET B CONG NGHE S DUNG TRONGSAN XUAT:

Cac may moc thiet b s dung tai c s:

Ten maymoc, thiet

Nam sanxuat

Nc sanxuat

So lng

4


4/52


bThung quay 1995 Viet Nam 6May inbong

1998 c 6

May cannc ep

2002 Viet Nam 6

Ban cang 1994 Trung Quoc 6May nao thit 1996,1998 Trung Quoc 7May sn 1992 Y 7May vomem

1992 Trung Quoc 1

May lay li 2002 Taiwan 1May say da 2002 Viet Nam 1May o 2001 Trung Quoc 1

Thiet b xl kh khu sn

2000 Taiwan 1

5. QUY TRNH SAN XUAT:5.1.Mo ta cac cong oan san xuat:

Da muoi

Nc 300%Soda nong 0.3-0.5%Chat hoi ti 0.3%a thui (NaHS) 0.05%Chat tay m DB 0.1%Chat chong thui B7 0.05%

Nc 200%Voi 2.5%Chat chong nhan 0.5%a thui 1.7%Chat phan tan voi 0.1%Muoi hot 0.3%

nc ra

Nc 80%Muoi diem 2%Phen Crom 5%Acid formic 0.4%Acid sufuric 0.8%Soda lanh 1%

5

Nc thai

Nao tht

Ra Ngam(hoi ti), 1n a

Quay voi,tay long, 1

Thuocphen,1 ngay

Bao, can

Nhuom mau,an dau, 6-7

Tht

Nc

Nc


5/52


Men lam mem P7 0.2%Muoi hot 10% nc raNc thai

Nc 100%Acid formic 0.1%Chat tay m DB 0.1%Phen Crom 3%Chat lam mem da WF 0.5%Soda lanh 0.1- 0.15%Keo lam ay mat da 2%Sytan lam deo da 1.5%Mimosa 3%Chat dan xuyen 1%Mau nhuom 1,7%Dau cam giac SB 2.5% nc ranc thaiDau tao o bong 0.5%

Keo tong hpHi nc

SnHi dung moi

Bui sn

Thanh pham

Hnh : Quy trnh cong nghe thuoc da tai cs qui mo nho

6

Lam mem

Cha lang

Say

Kep cang

Sn, in


6/52


5.2.Cac bc thc hien:1. p muoi2. Ra nc ( trc khi thuoc ) hoac say e bao

quan da3. Hoi ti ( ngam )Da thu ve t cac lo mo thng c p muoi

hoac say kho e bao quan. Sau o c a vao behoac thung quay co mai cheo ngam vi nc t 16en 24 gi e tach phan mau, chat ban va muoi.Nc thai cong oan nay thai ra theo tng me trongcong oan nay co bo sung them chat diet khuan.

4. Ngam voi va kh longSau khi hoi ti, da c a sang be cha dung dch

voi toi va ngam 24-48 gi e kh long. e tang quatrnh kh long ngi ta co bo sung them 1 lng nhoNatri sulfur Na2S. nc thai cha chat hu c, voi va Na2S.

5. Cao long va xen thtSau khi ngam voi, da c a vao may truc lan co

dao cao e tach phan long, con lai la riem, tht bacnhac. Trong qua trnh nay nc c s dung e ra.

6. Kh voi va ngam lam mem daMuc ch e tach voi trong da va thuy phan mot

so protein khong can thiet trong da bang s dung

(NH4)2SO4, hoac NH4Cl. Cong oan nay rat can thiet chocong oan thuoc crom. Lam mem da trong be hoacthung quay chng 5-8 gi.

7. Thuoc da4 cong oan tren c xem nh nhng cong oan

lam sach da va chuan b cho cong oan thuoc da. Sauay la giai oan thuoc crom:

Trong ky thuat crom oi hoi qua trnh ngam voi lau hnva qua trnh lam mem da ngan hn la thuoc tanin. Sauo da c lam xop vi axt sulfuric hoac muoi NaCl trong

thung quay trong khoang vai gi. Sau o bo sung cromsulfat cho en khi qua trnh thuoc ket thuc.Cuoi qua trnh thuoc crom ngi ta thng bo sung

them Natri Cacbonat Na2CO3 e tang kha nang co nhcrom vao cac protein cua da.Sau khi thuoc crom, da thuoc c lay ra khoi thung vaep chng 24 gi e hap thu va co nh them crom.

7


7/52


8. An dau va nhuomBc tiep theo la da c x ly vi dau ( thau

dau ) va nhuom vi cac mau khac nhau. ay la congoan hoan thien lam bong va nhuom da thanh sanpham theo yeu cau. Nc thai cua cong oan nay la

nho va gian oan.9. anh bong va hoan chnh.

6. CHAT THAI:6.1.Cac dang chat thai:

Cac chat thai trong cong nghe thuoc da bao gom 3dang: ran, long, kh trong o dang long la a phan.

Dang ran bao gom: reo da, bac nhac, ghet, munbao.Gom hai dang chu yeu:Da muoi vun ( sinh ra cong oan nao tht ):

khoang 350kg/tan da muoi c ong bao va congi ti thu ve lam thc an cho ca.Da phen bao ra, da bun ( khoang 130kg/tan da

muoi ), c ong bao va thai bo cac bai racsinh hoat.Dang kh: chu yeu cong oan trao chuot phun xva cac phan ng hoa hoc trong cong nghe giaiphong ra cac kh nh NH3, H2S, SO2, formol, aldehit.Ngoai ra con co bui sn, mui hoi.Dang long: gom cac chat hoa tan di dang

huyen phu.6.2.Phan tch dong thai t cac cong oansan xuat:

STT CHTIEU

NV

KET QUAMau 1 Mau 2 Mau 3 Mau 4

1 pH - 12 3.8 4.5 10.52 TDS mg/L 8350 1450 52900 50303 SS mg/L 12080 306 604 24634 COD MgO2/L 15748 3331 3664 5300

5 SO42-

mg/L 1885 1378 33706 17646 Nittong

mg/L 1179 42 949 308

7 Crtong

mg/L - - 11.50 0.05

8 Ca2+ mg/L 1517 - - 830Nguon: CENTEMA,2003

8


8/52


Mau 1: nc ra quay voiMau 2: nc ra nhuomMau 3: nc ra thuocMau 4: cong chung

Cong oan So thung Lng nc sdung(m3/tan damuoi )

Lng ncthai( m3/tan damuoi )

Hoi ti 1 1.5 1.25Quay voi 1 1 1Thuoc phen 1 0.4 0.4Nhuom mau 1 0.5 0.5

Bang: Phan tch dong thai

CHNG 2:TAC ONG CUA HOAT ONG C S THUOC DA EN

MOI TRNG

1. TAC ONG EN MOI TRNG CUA NGANHTHUOC DA:

Do ac thu cua mot nganh ky thuat, nganh congnghiep thuoc da la nghe phai s dung nguon nguyenlieu song: da cua cac loai gia suc ( da trau, da bo, daln, da de ). nc ta, viec chan nuoi trau, bo, lncon mang tnh chat gia nh nho, le, phan tan Nguonda nguyen lieu phai thu gom t nhieu ni, tap quan gietmo tuy tien, s kiem dch long leo, da ti bao quan ssai nen cang tang kha nang gay dch.

Vi kh hau nong am, nen cong nghiep thuoc davi trang thiet b cu lac hau, oi ngu cong nhan cha

co tac phong cong nghiep tien tien, hieu suat s dungnc, hoa chat, nguyen vat lieu con thap nen mco o nhiem moi trng ngay cang tang len. Bi congnghe san xuat trai qua nhieu cong oan, s dung motlng ln vi nhieu loai hoa chat, ac biet mot lngnc ln gap hang tram lan so vi nguyen lieu, chonen chnh nganh nay hang nam thai ra moi trng

9


9/52


song mot lng ln nc thai, hang ngan tan phelieu va mot lng ln cac kh oc.

Ngoai ra, tai cac x nghiep, nha may, c s thuocda, he thong thoat nc lac hau, nc thai hau hetkhong c x ly hoac cha c x ly ung tieu

chuan c thai ra moi trng mot cach t nhien. ieunay gay tac hai rat nghiem trong en moi trngsong cua chung ta.

2. TAC ONG EN MOI TRNG CUA C STHUOC DA:

2.1.ac trng cua chat thai va cac nguyennhan gay tac ong en moi trng:

2.1.1.ac trng chat thai:2.1.1.1.ac trng cua nc thai:

Cong oan ac trng cua nc thai:

Hoi ti - Nc thai co mau vang luc vacha protein tan nh Albumin va gaymui kho chu.- Nhng chat dang huyen phu nhchat ban, mau, phan do dnh vao dac thai gian oan vi dch ngam.- o man cua nc thai rat cao ( doCl- ) co gia tr 15.000- 20.000 mg/l.

- o pH khoang 7,5- 8,0 ( do co chalng ln cac chat hu c tan va llng ) thch hp cho s phat trien cuavi khuan.

Ngam voi vakh long

- Nc thai cha voi dang tan,dang l lng va Na2 S, o kiem cao,BOD5 6.000-9.000 mg/l va chat ran llng 4.500-6.500 mg/l.- Nc thai co the cha N-NH3 cao do

s phan huy protein.

Lam mem da Do protein trong da tan vao trong ncva do s dung muoi amon trong bengam lam mem da, nc thai chalng ln cac chat hu c va N-NH3.

Thuoc Crom Nc thai co mau xanh, ham lng

10


10/52


Crom chng 100-200 mg/l va co tnhacid cao.

Nhuom va andau

Lng nc thai cha thuoc nhuomva lng dau d.

Nc thai to hp: co mui kho chu. Nc thaicua nhng cong oan mang tnh kiem c tron vinc thai cua nhng cong oan mang tnh acid e duy trpH cua nc thai to hp co tnh kiem, BOD trong pham vi2.000-3.000 mg/l.

2.1.1.2.Nguon gay o nhiem kh trong congnghe thuoc da:Van e gay o nhiem khong kh trong cong nghe

thuoc da ngoai van e gay mui kho chu do cong oanhoi ti, kh thai cua khu vc noi hi, bui sn, hi dungmoi

2.1.1.3.Nguon gay o nhiem cho chat thairan:Can muoi dao qua trnh bao quan da p muoi.Lng bun voi ang ke do qua trnh ngam voi.Long va tht bac nhac gay ra o nhiem chat thai

hu c ran.Bun cua cong oan thuoc crom la oc to v co

cha crom d khong s dung het trong qua trnhthuoc hoac ra.

2.1.2.Nguyen nhan gay tac ong:2.1.2.2.Phan tch nguyen nhan tac ong

en moi trng:Qua qua trnh khao sat thc te tai c s thuocda, da tren cac ket

qua phan tch thu c phan tren va c che vanhanh cua nha may, ay co mot so ket luan veviec phat sinh qua d tha lng nc thai, chat thai.

ac biet, c s co 2 khu vc sn theo 2 cachkhac nhau: sn c kh va sn thu cong. Trong o, vane quan tam o la cach sn thu cong co khanang phat sinh nhieu hi dung moi va bui sn vaomoi trng lam viec cua cong nhan do thc hientrong ieu kien h lai khong co bo phan hut buicuc bo hay trang b khau trang cho cong nhan nenay la tac nhan gay o nhiem chnh cho c the.

Bang: Phan tch nguyen nhan phat thai:

11


11/52


CONGOAN

NGUYEN NHAN

Hoi ti - S dung lng nc nhieu- Hoa chat s dung cha phu hp- Cha tai s dung nc, hoa chat hoi ti

- Muoi ton trong da muoi- Da h, d do bao quan khong tot

Quay voi - Dung dch voi qua bao hoa- Cha tai s dung nc va hoa chat tayvoi, tay long- Ba voi con tha nhieu- Ri vai hoa chat khi thao tac- Ty le dung dch voi / da cha hp ly

Ra voi - Lng nc ra qua d, khong xac nhlng nc thch hp

- Kiem tra bang cam quan va kinh nghiemcua cong nhan- Voi va hoa chat d- Cha s dung lai lng nc ra kha ln

ThuocCrom

- Ty le hoa chat cha toi u, theo kinhnghiem- Cha tai s dung lng dung dch thuoc da- Ty le dung dch thuoc da / da cha toi u- Ri vai hoa chat khi thao tac

Ra sau khi

thuocphen

- Lng nc ra qua d, khong xac nh

lng nc thch hp- Kiem tra bang cam quan va kinh nghiemcua cong nhan- Cha s dung lai lng nc ra kha ln

Can kho Nc chay ra san nhaBao Thu gom phan thai cua da bao, da vun cha

triet e. Phan thai nay phat tan theo giocang kho thu gom

Nhuommau, an

dau

- Ty le hoa chat cha toi u, theo kinhnghiem

- Cha tai s dung lng dung dch nhuom da- Ty le dung dch nhuom da / da cha toi u- Ri vai hoa chat khi thao tac- Thung quay b ro r do qua cu- Ty le dau mem / da cha toi u

Ra sau khinhuom

- Lng nc ra qua d, khong xac nhlng nc thch hp

12


12/52


mau - Kiem tra bang cam quan va kinh nghiemcua cong nhan- Cha s dung lai lng nc ra kha ln

Sn bangthu cong

Khong am bao toan bo nc sn bamvao da phat tan bui sn, hi dung moi

vao moi trng lam viec2.1.2.3.Nguyen nhan lam o nhiem nc

thai:Nhn chung, ta co the thay cac nguyen nhan chnh

lam o nhiem nc thai trong cong nghiep thuoc dagom:

Do vi khuan va cac qua trnh vi sinh:Trong qua trnh hoi ti, cac vi khuan co mat trenda song cang co ieu

kien thuan li e hoat ong phat trien bi o am vanhiet o thch hp cho chung. Chung c thoat ra theonc hoi ti, nc ra da gay truyen nhiem cho ngiva gia suc khi tiep xuc vi nc o.

Do hoa chat s dung trong qua trnh san xuat:

Sau cong oan san xuat, hoa chat a bien tnh saucac phan ng hoa hoc eu b thai ra khi chat dung dchva nc ra. Chung gom cac hp chat acid, kiem, voc, hu c di dang kh ( NH3, H2S, SO2, dung moi bayhi ), dang long ( huyen phu, dung dch cac chat hoatan ). ay la nguyen nhan nguy hiem nhat oi vi s onhiem moi trng va oi vi con ngi cung nh ongvat.

Do tac ong c hoc va vat ly:Cac qua trnh nao xe, vo mem, anh chai a

tao ra lng reo da, mun bao, bot da, bui cac chatnay cung thai ra gay o nhiem moi trng sinh thai.

2.2.Cac tac ong en moi trng :Phan ln cac cong oan cua qua trnh thuoc da euco s dung nc. Nc

sau s dung c thai ra ngoai chnh la tac nhan gayanh hng nhieu nhat en moi trng.

Sau ay la bang tom tat cac tac ong en moitrng cua c s thuoc da, va anh gia mc o gayo nhiem cua nc thai t cac cong oan san xuat:

13


13/52


Bang: Tom tat cac tac ong

CONGOAN

TNH CHAT ONHIEM

TAC ONG EN MOITRNG

Ra, ngam,

hoi ti

Nc thai nhiem

BOD5, COD, SS, Cl-

Gay ra s thieu hut

oxy trong nc, phanhuy yem kh gay ramui, gay oc hai chocac thuy sinh vat

Ngam voi

Tay, ralong

Nao, nhac

bacRa voi

Ra sach

Nc thai nhiemBOD5, sunfit, SS vao kiem cao

- Sunfit : nong o hn600 mg/ l se la chattay- SS : gay lang cantrong ng ong vaboi lap nguon tiep

nhan. Neu can lachat hu c, gay rathieu hut Oxy phanhuy yem kh sinh ramui, gay oc hai chocac thuy sinh vat- Clo : nc co vman, ham lng TDStang, anh hngthuy sinh vat

Ngam acid Nc thai nhiemacid, DS

Gay o nhiem nguonnc, khi tiep xucvi con ngi vaong vat se gaybenh ngoai da, nanghn co the gayphong, gay chetthuy sinh vat, anmon cong trnh vakim loai

14


14/52


Thuoc dava ra

Nc thai nhiemacid, Crom

Nhuom andau

Nc thai nhiemdau, Crom, mau,

BOD5

, COD, DS

- Acid Crom gay lloet da, viem phequan, viem da, dng da, la tac nhangay ung th, quai thai

- Nc thai nhiemdau lam can trqua trnh khuech tan,hap thu Oxy vao nclam chet thuy sinh

Ham vara

Nc thai nhiemmau, COD

Gay ra s thieu hutOxy trong nc, phanhuy yem kh, sinh ramui, kh H2S, NH3 gay

oc hai en thuysinh

2.2.1. Ma tran tac ong:

15

CHATTHAI

TACONG

TACONG

Nc thai( nhiemchat huc, BOD

5,

COD, SS, Cl- ,sunfit, DS,axit, kiem,

Chat thairan ( damuoi vun,da phenbao, da

Kh thai (hidung moi,

Thay oichat lng

Lang can,

boi lap

Anh hng

xau en

Anh hngxau en

Anh hngxau en

Bao mon,giam chat

Can trdon thai

Anh hngmy quan

Giam chatlng at

Anh hngxau en

Giam chatlng nc

Anh hngxau ensc khoeconngi


15/52


2.2.2.Anh hng en moi trng :1.2.2.1Anh hng en chat lng nc

nguon tiep nhan nc thai:Nhn chung nhng thanh phan co trong nc thai

thuoc da la khac nhau va mc o o nhiem cung khacnhau. No se gay nguy hiem cho nguon tiep nhan neu

no khong c x ly trc khi thai vao nguon tiepnhan.Nhng nguyen nhan co the phan huy sinh hoc la

nguyen nhan co the gay ra BOD rat cao. Ngoai BOD caocon co mot ty le ang quan tam cua nhng chatkhong co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc se lam toimau cac dong nc tiep nhan nc thai. Muoihydrogen sunfit co trong nc thai se co tac ong xauen chat lng dong nc va gay ra mui kho chu.Nc thai cha lng ln voi, long, tht lam cho dongnc b van uc va sa lang, anh hng en cac loaiong vat nh ca, cac loai phu du khac . Nc thai cocha crom co hai cho ca va cac thuy sinh khac.

2.2.2.2.Anh hng en at:Do trong nc thai co lng muoi d nen khi thai vaoat se lam cho at tr nen can coi, man.

2.3.2.3Anh hng en nc ngam:Thai nc thai vao at, do s tham cua nc thai vaoat lam anh hng en chat lng nc ngam v trongnc thai co cha clorit, crom va cac dung moi huc.

2.2.2.4Anh hng en cong thai:Do qua trnh phan huy cac chat hu c trong nc thai,tao kh CO2, kh nay se tac dung vi voi tao ra CaCO3lang ong trong ranh cong thai va lam tat cong thaiva lam hong cong thoat. Thng ngi ta lam congbang xi mang e khac phuc nhc iem nay va no cothe chu c vi ca nc thai co nong o H2S cao.

16


16/52


Bang: anh gia mc o o nhiem nc thai

Lng nc thaiCong oan % trong TS nc

thaio o nhiem

Ra, hoi ti,ra lan 3 cuacac cong oan

75 t

Ra lang 2 sauhoi ti, sau taylong, sau tayvoi, trung hoa,nhuom dau an

15 Trung bnh

Ra da muoi,ra tay long

lan 1, ra sauthuoc

10 Manh

17


17/52


CHNG 3:E XUAT MOT SO GIAI PHAP GIAM THIEU TAC

ONG MOI TRNG

Chung ta co nhieu phng phap san xuat da t

cac nguon nguyen lieu va hoa chat khac nhau. Tat canhng nguyen lieu va hoa chat o t nhieu ieu gayra s o nhiem moi trng. Viec thai nhng nc thaikhong c x ly se gay nen s suy thoai cac he sinhthai, anh hng en moi sinh, sc khoe con ngi vagay kho khan nghiem trong trong cac c s x ly ncthai thanh pho. S ket hp tot gia qua trnh san xuatsach hn va giam lng nc dung en mc toi thieula mot giai phap hieu qua nhat.

1. E XUAT BIEN PHAP X LY NC THAI:

1.1.X ly s bo:Qua trnh x ly s bo gom:X ly bang ly hoc: s dung sang chan.Loai bo sulfur trong nc thai sau chuan b thuoc

bang oxy hoa vi khong kh.Loai bo crom trong nc thai sau thuoc bang he

thong thiet b thu hou crom.Hoa tron nc thai sau chuan b thuoc va sau

thuoc.Qua trnh ket tua va ket bong e loai bo BOD

va chat ran l lng.S lang can va thao bun.X ly s bo chu yeu c thc hien trong noi bo

nha may thuoc da.Trong x ly ly hoc, nc thai chay qua san chan

nham loai bo cac chat tho ( co ng knh tren 1mm )

18


18/52


e tranh lam tat bm va ng ong. M va chat beonoi tren mat nc c vt bo.

Thong thng, nc thai sau cong oan chuan bthuoc c cha trong be e loai bo sulfur. Viec loai bosulfur co the c thc hien nh qua trnh oxy hoa bang

khong kh vi s co mat cua muoi Mn2+ hoac dungmuoi sulfat sat, clorur sat e ket tua sulfur. Viec dungsulfat co bat li la cac chat ong tu b sam mau vacac chat nay neu khong c lang tot se lam chonc thai sau nay co mau toi, the tch bun ln. Dovay, ngi ta s dung chu yeu la phng phap oxi hoabang khong kh co muoi Mn2+ lam chat xuc tac. Phngphap nay n gian, gia thanh thap, viec thong kh cothe thc hien trong cac thap cao vi thiet b suc khtren be mat hoac co mot bo phan khuyech tan

khong kh di ay.Lng khong kh can thiet:


19/52


chat ket bong vao. Chat ket bong dung nhieu nhat lachat ien giai Polualectrolyte dang anion, mach dai. Lngdung co the t 1-10 mg/lt. Pha chat lam ong tu ( dungdch 20% ) va chat ket bong ( dung dch 0.05-0.1% ) trongcac thung cha, sau o bm cac hoa chat nay vao

nc thai a hoa tron. Qua trnh x ly hoa ly naycho phep loai bo ti 95% cac chat ran l lng vakhoang 70% BOD.

Tiep theo qua trnh x ly ly hoa la qua trnh langcan va thao bun. Qua trnh nay thc hien trong belang hnh tru co ay nghieng 60o e bun t lang xuong,oi vi lu lng nc thai nho hn 30m3/h hoac trongnhng be co bo phan gat bun vi lu lng nc lamac lai. e giam chi ph van chuyen, ngi ta loai btnc trong bun bang cach phi trong san co chieu sau

30-50cm hay dung mot thiet b c hoc e ep nc. Bunsau khi giai phong sulfur va crom dung lam phan bon.

1.2.X ly bang sinh hoc:Viec x ly sinh hoc xay ra trang thai a kh hay k

kh la tuy thuoc vao s co mat cua khong kh haykhong. trong thc te dang a kh thng c dung hn vcac vi sinh vat k kh rat nhay cam vi s thay oi nhieto, gia tr pH va nong o cac chat oc hai.

Sau x ly s bo, nc thai thuoc da van con chamot lng ang ke cac chat c che qua trnh sinh hoc

do o can phai pha loang chung. Thc te nc thainay thng c x ly cung vi nc thai sinh hoatchung trong cung he thong x ly nc thai thanh pho.

Bang: Gii han cho phep xa thai

THONG SO

GIIHANCHOPHEP

( Theo TCVN5945-1995 )

A B C

Phu thuy 6-9 5,5-9 5-9COD ( mg/l ) 50 100 400BOD5 ( mg/Lucius ) 20 50 100Chat ran l lng( SS, mg/l )

50 100 200

Dau m khoang( mg/Lucius )

KPH 1 5

20


20/52


Crom ( VI ),mg/Lucius

0,05 0,1 0,5

Crom ( III ),mg/Lucius

0,2 1 2

2. E XUAT CAC GIAI PHAP SAN XUAT SACHHN E LOAI BO, GIAM THIEU CHAT THAI:e giam chi ph ( ve hoa chat, thiet b ) va nang

cao hieu qua x ly nc thai, ngoai phng phap lamsach ngi ta con lam giam va loai bo cac chat thai ben trong qua trnh san xuat hoac dung cac bienphap ngan nga.

2.1.S dung cong nghe sach e chong onhiem nc thai:V khong the thay oi thanh phan cua da nen e

giam chat thai trong qua trnh san xuat, chung ta cothe thay oi thanh phan cua dung dch bang cac lachon can than cac thiet b, cac quy trnh cong nghe( cac quy trnh he so long thap) vi viec s dung nct hn cung nh cac hoa chat c s dung: cac chathoat ong be mat, tac nhan thuoc, thuoc lai, tac nhankh long, an dau, cac chat phu tr vi mot ty le toiu hn.

Cung vi phng phap phong nga e giam chatthai, nc thai, ngi ta con nghien cu cac ng dung

cong nghe sach va s dung cac phe lieu ran trongcong nghe thuoc da. Viec dung men e thay the choNa2S e giam lng Na2S can dung hoac khi trung hoakh voi ta dung ta dung CO2 e thay the cho cac muoiChat lng, sulfat va ac biet la xu the s dung congnghe thuoc vi he so long thap e tiet kiem hoachat, giam lng nc thai can x ly.

oi vi cac phe lieu ran nh bac nhac qua nao tht,reo da qua nao tht, nao ghet, xen diem, mun bao da taco the s dung e san xuat keo gelatine, thc an gia

xuc, carton da, da tai sinh va tao san pham cho xa hoiva lam sach moi trng.

2.2.Giam va loai bo cac chat thai bangcac bien phap ngan nga:

2.2.1.Giam lng nc s dung:Giam lng nc s dung mang lai nhng li ch nh

giam tieu thu hoa chat, chi ph van hanh, nang lng

21


21/52


cung nh giam qui mo tram x ly nc thai. Tuy nhiengiam lng nc s dung khong nhat thiet se giamtai lng o nhiem neu khong giam chat thai v khi ocac chat o nhiem se co nong o am ac hn trongmot the tch nc nho hn.

Lng nc s dung dao ong t 25 en 80 lt/kg danguyen lieu, thng th co the mc 50 lt/kg danguyen lieu. Cac c hoi e tiet giam lng nc sdung thng c thc hien thong qua cac giai phapsau:

Tang sng kiem soat lng nc s dung trongsan xuat: thng ch co 50% lng nc tieu ton lathat s can thiet cho cac cong oan san xuat, phancon lai chay tran, chay khong s dung va lam vesinh nha xng khong hp ly. e thc hien can

huan luyen, nang cao nhan thc cua cong nhan, lapat ong ho nc, van t ngat va qui trnh thao taccua cong nhan.S dung qua trnh ra theo tng me: thng san

pham c ra lien tuc vi nc cho chay tran lamcho mot lng ln nc b lang ph. Thng co thetiet kiem c 50% lng nc cho khau nay bangviec ra gian oan ( theo tng me ), th du:

+ Ra lan 1 trong 20 phut, xa bo;+ Ra lan 2 trong 20 phut, xa bo.

Neu c kiem soat ky, ra gian oan co thelam tang tnh ong nhat cua san pham.

S dung mc nc thap trong thiet b cong nghehien co: s dung nc mc thap 40-80% thay v100-250%. ieu nay khong nhng lam giam clng nc ma con giam lng hoa chat s dung donong o hieu dung cao hn va tac ong c hoc tothn.

S dung mc nc thap trong thiet b congnghe mi: viec lap at cac may thuoc da hien aico the tiet kiem c 50% lng nc va hoa chats dung. Du may mi co the gia cao nhng li chkinh te mang lai do tiet kiem c nc va hoa chats dung cung nh hieu qua cao trong hoat ong giupcho viec hoan von nhanh chi ph mua may.Tai s dung nc thai trong nhng cong oan

khong quan trong: nhieu cong oan co lng nc

22


22/52


ra co the c hoan lu va tai s dung vao cungmot cong oan ma khong anh xau en qua trnhcong nghe. Viec tuan hoan nay co the tiet kiemc ang ke lng nc s dung. Tuy nhien vemat ky thuat co the kho thc hien vi nhng

xng ang hoat ong tren mot bang chat hep. Tuynhien rat de dang oi vi cac nha ang c thietke mi. Qua trnh thc hien can co s giam satchat che.Tai s dung cac dung dch hoa chat trong nhng

cong oan phu hp: qua trnh nay c thc hienvi s bo sung hoa chat can thiet va khao satthc hien cho tng cong oan cu the.

2.2.2.Cong oan tay long va ngam voi:Cong oan ngam voi va tay long truyen thong

tao nen hn 50% BOD va COD trong nc thai. Ngay naytren the gii van co nhieu nghien cu nham lamgiam tai lng o nhiem cua cong oan nay. Cacnghien cu tap trung vao nhng c hoi sau:

Thay the cac hoa chat sulfur: co nhieu hoa chatc e ngh thay the cac muoi sulfur nh sulfat di-methilamin, Clorit sodium ( NaClO2 ), mercaptan, va cac loaienzym khac nhau tuy nhien chi ph con cao va hieu quas dung thap cung nh co the tao nen mot tac ongmoi trng khac.Hoan lu tai s dung n gian dung dch voi/sulfur:

a co nhieu th nghiem hoan lu dung dch cung vilng hoa chat bo sung phu hp sau khi a loc dungdch qua ray 1mm e loai cac chat thai ran lan trongdung dch. Ket qua cho thay co the tiet kiem t 20-50% lng sulfur va 40-60% lng voi s dung cung nhgiam c tai lng o nhiem can x ly. Dung dchsau mot thi gian s dung co the c xa bo nhky.

2.2.3.Cong oan thuoc crom:

Hau het cac cong nghe thuoc crom thng kemhieu qua do hieu suat crom nh hnh tren da thuocqua thap. Cac c hoi san xuat saxh hn nham giamlng crom trong dong thai co the tap trung vao caciem sau:

Tang hieu suat s dung crom: trong qua trnhthuoc crom, hieu qua cua qua trnh tang khi:

23


23/52


+Nhiet o tang+Tang thi gian thuoc;+Tang o kiem;+Giam cac muoi trung tnh.Ket hp cac ky thuat nay, s dung cac hp chat crom

co tnh chat kiem, va axt dicarboxylic co the lam tanghieu xuat bieu kien s dung crom len an 90%. Cacnghien cu gan ay quan tam en viec ket hp cacaxt dicarboxilic va muoi cua no trong qua trnh thuoc.

Tuy thuoc vao ieu kien van hanh giai phap nay selam tang hieu qua s dung crom, giam ang ke lngcrom trong dong thai va chi ph san xuat.

Hoan lu dung dch thuoc crom: ngoai viec tietkiem c hoa chat co the len en 20% lng croms dung ) con giam c tai lng o nhiem.

Hoan lu co the at en 50% vi cac nha may hienhu hoac 80% vi cac nha may mi xay dng cungcac bien phap thu gom hieu qua. Nhc iem cua giaiphap nay la co the tao mui nhat la trong thi tietnong. e khac phuc ieu nay, dung dch crom a sdung co the c bm qua loc ve bon nguoi va bo sunghoa chat chuan b cho chu ky mi.

Tao ket tua va thu hoi crom trong dong thai:mot giai phap e giam bt crom thai vao moitrng la thu hoi crom di dang hydroxyt ket tua sau

khi cho dung dch kiem vao e ieu chnh pH. Tren cs nay co hai phng phap e thu hoi crom:

+ Bun hydroxyt co the c loc e lam am acsau o c hoa tan vi axt sulfuric va dung lai. Phngphap nay chi phi tng oi cao.

+ Dung dch c e lang qua em, phan nc thaikhong cha crom c thai bo. Phan bun hydtoxyt langxuong c hoa tan vi axt va s dung lai.Noi chung, cac he thong thu hoi crom co chi ph thaphn la cac he thong thuoc crom co hieu suat cao. Tuy

nhien oi hoi phai co he thong x ly tap trung thmi co hieu qua.

Cac giai phap san xuat sach hn:

Cac giai phapSXSH

Phanloai

Thchie

Canphan tch

Bloa

i

Bnh luan/lydo

24


24/52


nngay

them

bo

1.Xay dng cackho da nguyenlieu la cac

phong lanh

Trang bthiet b

Xacsuat

Can vonau t

2.S dung cacchat sat trungva chong thoichon loc

Thayoihoachat

Xacsuat

Can phaith nghiem

3.Loai bo voi Thayoicongnghe

X Can phaith nghiem

4.Tai s dung

nc ngam voi

Tuan

hoan

X Khong kha

thi5.Giam lngvoi s dung

Caithien,kiemsoatquatrnh

Xacsuat

Tiet kiemhoa chat,giam tailng chatthai

6.Nao bac nhac( ca da )

Thayoicong

nghe

Xacsuat

Tiet kiemhoa chat,giam lng

thai7.S dung laidung dch thuocda

Tuanhoan

X Can phaith nghiem

8.Toi a hoa shap thu cromcua da thuoc

Caithienquatrnh

X Can phaith nghiem

9.San xuat dakhong cha

crom

Thayoi

hoachat

X Gia cua hoachat thay the

crom cao

10.Giam hamlng cromen mc thchhp

Caithienquatrnh

Xacsuat

Giam tailng thai,giam chi phix ly

11.Thay the Cai Xac Tiet kiem

25


25/52


ong cap ncnong bangong kim loai coboc giay bac

thienquatrnh

suat

nhiet, antoan sanxuat

12.Lam thong

thoang khu vcsn

Quan

ly totnoi vi

Xac

suat

Moi trng

san xuattootat cahn , tangnang suat

13.Giam lngnc ra

Caitienquatrnh

Xacsuat

Giam lngien tieu thucho viec bmnc, giamlu lngdong thai

14.Tai s dungnc

Thayoicongnghe

X Can phaith nghiem

15.Thu gom triete da vun trongdong thai

Quanly totnoi vi

Xacsuat

Giam tailng chodong thai

16.Lang laitoan bo nenkhu vc san

xuat

Caithienqua

trnh

Xacsuat

Ve sinh nhaxng tot

17.Nao vet hoga sau moingay san xuat

Quanly noivi tot

X Giam tailng chodong thai,tranh tacnghen congthoat

18.Lam thongthoang nhaxng

Quanly totnoi vi

X Moi trngsan xuat tothn, tang

nang suatlam viec

19.Han chetuyet oi viecri vai hoachat khi thaotac

Quanly totnoi vi

X Tiet kiemhoa chat,giam tailng thai

26


26/52


20.Quy hoach laikhu vc sanxuat

Caithien,kiemsoatqua

trnh

X Can phaixem xet kyhn

21.Tang hieusuat s dungcua noi ncnong

Caithienkiemsoatquatrnh

X Can phaith nghiem

22.Xay dngche o ghichep hang

ngay

Quanly totnoi vi

X Thuan li choviec giamsat san

xuat23.Theo doichat che hncac thong socong nghetrong san xuat

Quanly totnoi vi

X Quan lyc viecsan xuat

Phan tch tnh kha thi ve moi trng:

S

o

Giai phap

san xuatsach hn

TAC ONG LEN

Tai lngo nhiem

Lngnctieu thu

Lngnhienlieutieu thu

Vi kh hau,ve sinhkhu sanxuat

1 Xay dngcac kho danguyenlieu la cacphong lanh

Giam,cha nhlng

Khong Khong Tot hn

2 S dungcac chatsat trungva chongthoi chonloc

Giam chanh lng

Khong Khong Giamnhieto moitrngsanxuat

3 Loai bo Sinh ra Khong Khong am

27


27/52


voi mot sochat thaimiLoai boCa2+

baosckhoecongnhan

va moitrngsanxuattot hn

4 Tai sdung ncngam voi

Giam,cha nhlng

Giam30%

Khong Tot hn

5 Giam lngvoi s

dung

Giam1517mg/lit

Giamtuy

thuocvaohieuqua xly

Khong Tot hn

6 Nao bacnhac ( cada )

Giamchat thainguy hai,giam SS

Khong Khong Tot hn

7 S dung lai

dung dchthuoc da

Giam,

cha nhlng

Khong Khong Tot hn

8 Toi a hoas hap thucrom cuada thuoc

Giamhamlngcrom

Khong Khong Tot hn

9 San xuatda khongcha crom

Loai botoan bocrom

Tao ra

mot sochat thaimi

Khong Khong Tot hn

10

Giam hamlng cromen mcthch hp

Giamhamlngcrom

Khong Khong Tot hn

28


28/52


trongdong thaila11.5mg/lt

1

1

Thay the

ong capnc nongbang ongkim loai bocgiay kem

Khong Khong Khong Tot hn

12

Lam thongthoang khuvc sn


13

Giam lngnc ra


14

Tai sdung nc


15

Thu gomtriet e davun

Giamlng SStrongdong thai

Khong Khong Tot hn

16

Lang laitoan bonen khuvc san

xuat


17

Nao vetho ga saungay sanxuat

GiamlngCOD,SStrongdong thai

Khong Khong Tot hn

18

Lam thongthoangnha xng


1

9

Han che

tuyet oiviec ri vaihoa chatkhi thao tac

Giam,

cha nhlng

Khong Khong Tot hn

20

Quy hoachlai khu vcsan xuat


29


29/52


21

Tang hieusuat sdung cuanoi ncnong

Giamlng khthai

Khong Khong Tot hn

22

Xay dngche o ghichep hangngay


23

Theo doichat chehn cacthong socong nghetrong san

xuat


2.2.4.Kien ngh nhng giai phap x lync thai:

Tren c s nh hng chien lc nganh da giayen nam 2005-2010, cung vi thc trang cua qua trnhhnh thanh, phat trien cua no, sau day la mot kienngh ve nhng giai phap trong x ly nc thai nhamay thuoc da:

Nha nc can co quy nh chat che trong viecap dung bo luat ve moi trng trong cac s thuocda, ke ca khu vc t nhan,e co the hnh thanh hethong x ly nc thai tieu chuan cac n v sanxuat thuoc da.oi vi cac doanh nghiep hoac t nhan muon

au t xay lap xng thuoc da, bat buoc phai cophng an x ly nc thai: can coi day nh la mothang muc chnh, quan trong. Cong trnh ch c pheduyet, quyet toan, a vao san xuat khi co he

thong x ly nc thai. Cung vi qua trnh van hanhsan xuat, he thong x ly nc thai phai hoat ong.oi vi cac x nghiep nha nc cung nh t nhan

ang hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh da thuoc ma chaco he thong x ly nc thai, can thiet phai hannh thi gian cu the cho viec xay dng khu x lync thai, ong thi nha nc can co chnh sach

30


30/52


khuyen khch, ho tr bang cach cho vay vi lai xuatthap, trch mot phan khau hao c ban e lai, giamthue doanh thu e c s co the xay lap he thongx ly nc thai.Can lam cho ngi dan nhan thc ung tac hai

cua viec thai cac chat thai oc hai cha c x lybao he thong thai cong cong. ong thi cho phepcac a phng co cac c s san xuat da thuoc ongtren a ban, c quyen kien ngh, tham ch a vaotoa an kinh te x phat cac n v vi pham luat moitrng.X ly nc thai trong cong nghe thuoc da la

mot cong nghe mi. Hn na viec a cac he thongx ly nc thai vao hoat ong ch lam cho giathanh san pham tang len, cho nen phai nghien cue ha thap chi ph x ly bang viec a vao san xuatda thuoc nhng cong nghe s dung he so longthap, quya vong nc, tranh dung cac hoa chat ochai e giam lng nc x ly.

TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM TCVN 5942 - 1995

CHAT LNG NC

TIEU CHUAN CHAT LNG NC MAT

Water quality - Surface water quality standard

1. Pham vi ap dung

1.1 Tieu chuan nay quy nh gii han cac thong sova nong o cho phep cua cac chat o nhiem trongnc mat.

1.2 Tieu chuan nay ap dung e anh gia mc oo nhiem cua mot nguon nc mat.

2. Gia tr gii han

31


31/52


2.1 Danh muc cac thong so, chat o nhiem va mcgii han cho phep trong nc mat neu trong bang 1.

2.2. Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnh toan xacnh tng thong so va nong o cu the c quy nh

trong cac TCVN tng ng.Bang 1 _ Gia tr gii han cho phep cua cac thongso va nong o

cac chat o nhiem trong nc mat

TT Thong so nv

Gia tr gii han

A B

1 pH - 6 en8,5

5,5 en 9

2 BOD5 (20oC) mg/l < 4 < 25

3 COD mg/l >10 >35

4 Oxy hoa tan mg/l > 6 > 2

5 Chat ran llng

mg/l 20 80

6 Crom (VI) mg/l 0,05 0,05

7 Crom (III) mg/l 0,1 1

8 Amoniac (tnh theoN)

mg/l 0,05 1

32


32/52


9 Florua mg/l 1 1,5

10 Nitrat (tnh theo N) mg/l 10 15

11 Nitrit (tnh theo N) mg/l 0,01 0,05

12 Xianua mg/l 0,01 0,05

13 Phenola (tong so) mg/l 0,001 0,02

14 Dau, m mg/l khon

g

0,3

15 Chat tay ra mg/l 0,5 0,5

16 Coliform MPN/100ml

5000 10000

Chu thch :

- Cot A ap dung oi vi nc mat co the dung

lam nguon cap nc sinh hoat nhng phai qua qua trnhx ly theo quy nh).

- Cot B ap dung oi vi nc mat dung cho cacmuc ch khac . Nc dung cho nong nghiep va nuoitrong thuy san co quy nh rieng.

TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM TCVN 5944 _ 1995CHAT LNG NC

TIEU CHUAN CHAT LNG NC NGAM

Water quality - Ground water quality standard

1. Pham vi ng dung

33


33/52


1.1. Tieu chuan nay qui ngh gii han cac thongso va nong o cho phep cua cac chat o nhiem trongnc ngam

1.2. Tieu chuan nay e anh gia chat lng cua

mot vung nc ngam, e giam sat tnh trang o nhiemnc ngam trong mot khu vc nhat nh.

2. Gia tr gii han

2.1. Danh muc cac thong so, chat o nhiem vamc gii han cho phep cua chung trong nc ngamc neu ra trong bang 1.

2.2. Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnh toan xacnh tng thong so va nong o cu the c quy nhtrong cac TCVN tng ng.

Bang 1: Gia tr gii han cho phep cua cac thong so vanong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc ngam.

TT Thong so n v Gia tr giihan

1 pH 6,5 en8,5

2 Mau Pt - Co 5 en 50

3 o cng (tnh theoCaCO3 )

mg/l 300 en500

4 Chat ran tong hp mg/l 750 en

1500

5 Arsen mg/l 0,05

6 Cadimi mg/l 0,01

34


34/52


7 Clorua mg/l 200 en600

8 Ch mg/l 0,05

9 Crom (VI) mg/l 0,05

10 Xianua mg/l 0,01

11 ong mg/l 1,0

12 Florua mg/l 1,0

13 Kem mg/l 5,0

14 Mangan mg/l 0,1 en0,5

15 Nitrat mg/l 45

16 Phenol mg/l 0,001

17 Sat mg/l 1 en 5

18 Sulfat mg/l 200 en400

19 Thuy ngan mg/l 0,001

20 Selen mg/l 0,01

21 Fecal coli MPN/100 ml khong

35


35/52


22 Coliform MPN/100 ml 3

TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM TCVN 5937 1995

CHAT LNG KHONG KH

TIEU CHUAN CHAT LNG KHONG KH XUNG QUANH

Air quality _ Ambient air quality standards

1. Pham vi ap dung

1.1. Tieu chuan nay quy nh gia tr gii han cacthong so c ban (bao gom bui l lng, CO , NO 2, SO2, O3va ch) trong khong kh xung quanh.

1.2. Tieu chuan nay ap dung e anh gia mcchat lng khong kh xung quanh va giam sat tnh trango nhiem khong kh.

2. Gia tr gii han

Gia tr gii han cac thong so c ban trong khong

kh xung quanh cho trong bang 1.Bang 1 _ Gia tr gii han cac thong so c ban trong

khong kh xung quanh (mg/m3)

TT Thong so Trung bnh

1 gi

Trung bnh

8 gi

Trung bnh

24 gi

1 CO 40 10 5

2 NO2 0,4 _ 0,1

3 SO2 0,5 _ 0,3

36


36/52


4 Pb _ _ 0,005

5 O3 0,2 _ 0,06

6 Bui llng

0,3 _ 0,2

Chu thch :

Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnh toan xac nhcac thong so cu the c quy nh trong cac TCVN tngng.


CHAT LNG KHONG KH

NONG O TOI A CHO PHEP CUA MOT SO CHAT OCHAI

TRONG KHONG KH XUNG QUANH

Air quality _ Maximum allowable concentration of hazardoussubstances

in ambient air1. Pham vi ap dung

1.1. Tieu chuan nay quy nh nong o toi a chophep cua mot so chat oc hai trong khong kh xungquanh bao gom cac chat vo c, hu c... sinh ra do cachoat ong kinh te cua con ngi.

1.2. Tieu chuan nay ap dung e anh gia mcchat lng khong kh va giam sat tnh trang o nhiemkhong kh xung quanh.

1.3. Tieu chuan nay khong ap dung oi vi khongkh trong pham vi cac c s san xuat cong nghiep.

2. Gia tr gii han

Nong o toi a cho phep cua mot so chat ochai trong khong kh xung quanh cho trong bang 1.

37


37/52


Bang 1: Nong o toi a cho phep cua mot so chatoc hai

trong khong kh xung quanh (mg/m3)

TT Ten chat Cong thc

hoa hoc

Trung bnh

ngayem

1 latoi a

1 Acrylonitril CH2=CHCN 0,2 _

2 Amoniac NH3 0,2 0,2

3 Anilin C6H5NH2 0,03 0,05

4 Anhydrit vanadic V2O5 0,002 0,05

5 Asen

(hp chat vo c tnhtheo As)

As 0,003 _

6 Asen hydrua (Asin) AsH3 0,002 _

7 Axit axetic CH3COOH 0,06 0,2

8 Axit clohydric HCI 0,06 _

9 Axit nitric HNO3 0,15 0,4

10 Axit sunfuric H2SO4 0,1 0,3

11 Benzen C6H6 0,1 1,5

38


38/52


12 Bui cha SiO2

- dianas 85 - 90% SiO2 0,05 0,15

- gach chu la 50% SiO2 0,1 0,3

- xi mang 10% SiO2 0,1 0,3

- dolomit 8% SiO2 0,15 0,5

13 Bui cha amiang khong khong

14 Cadimi (khoi gom oxitva kim loai) theo Conng

Cd 0,001 0,003

15 Cacbon disunfua CS2 0,005 0,03

16 Cacbon tetraclorua CCI4 2 4

17 Cloroform CHCI3 0,02 _

18 Ch tetraetyl Pb(C2H5)2 khong 0,005

19 Clo Cl2 0,03 0,1

20 Benzidin NH2 ( C6H4 )2NH2 khong khong

21 Crom kim loai va hpchat

Cr 0,0015 0,0015

39


39/52


22 1,2 - Dicloetan C2H4CI2 1 3

23 DDT C8H11CI4 0,5 _

24 Hydroflorua HF 0,005 0,02

25 Fomaldehyt HCHO 0,012 0,012

26 Hydrosunfua H2S 0,008 0,008

27 Hydrocyanua HCN 0,01 0,01

28 Mangan va hp chat

(tnh theo MnO2)

Mn/MnO2 0,01 _

29 Niken (kim loai va hpchat)

Ni 0,001 _

30 Naphta 4 _

31 Phenol C6H5OH 0,01 0,01

32 Styren C6H5 CH=CH2 0,003 0,003

33 Toluen C6H5CH3 0,6 0,6

34 Tricloetylen CICH=CCI2 1 4

35 Thuy ngan (kim loai vahp chat)

Hg 0,0003 _

40


40/52


36 Vinylclorua CICH=CH2 _ 13

37 Xang 1,5 5,0

38 Tetracloetylen C2CI4 0,1 _

Chu thch: Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnhtoan xac nh tng thong so cu the c quy nh trongcac TCVN tng ng.

TIEU CHUAN KH THAI CONG NGHIEP OI VI

BUI VA CAC CHAT VO CAir quality _ Industrial emission standards - Inorganic substancesand dusts

1. Pham vi ap dung

1.1. Tieu chuan nay quy nh gia tr nong o toia cua cac chat vo c va bui trong kh thai cong nghiep(tnh bang mg/m3 kh thai) khi thai vao khong kh xungquanh.

Kh thai cong nghiep noi trong tieu chuan nay lakh va kh co cha bui do cac qua trnh san xuat, kinhdoanh, dch vu va cac hoat ong khac tao ra.

1.2. Tieu chuan nay ap dung e kiem soat nongo cac chat vo c va bui trong thanh phan kh thaicong nghiep trc khi thai vao khong kh xung quanh.

2. Gia tr gii han

2.1. Danh muc va gia tr gii han nong o cuacac chat vo c va bui trong kh thai cong nghiep khi xavao kh quyen phai phu hp vi quy nh trong bang 1.

2.2. Gia tr gii han cot A ap dung cho cac cs ang hoat ong.

Gia tr gii han cot B ap dung cho tat ca cac cs ke t ngay c quan quan ly moi trng quy nh.

41


41/52


2.3. oi vi kh thai cua mot so hoat ong sanxuat, kinh doanh, dch vu ac thu, khi thai vao kh quyenphai theo quy nh cac tieu chuan rieng.

Bang1: Gii han toi a cho phep cua bui va cac

chat vo ctrong kh thai cong nghiep (mg/m3)

Gia tr gii han

THC

TAP

Thong so A B

1 Bui khoi:

- nau kim loai 400 200

- be tong nha 500 200

- xi mang 400 100

- cac nguon khac 600 400

2 Bui:

- cha silic 100 50

- cha amiang khong khong

3 Antimon 40 25

4 Asen 30 10

42


42/52


5 Cadimi 20 1

6 Ch 30 10

7 ong 150 20

8 Kem 150 30

9 Clo 250 20

10 HCI 500 200

11 Flo, axit HF (cacnguon)

100 10

12 H2S 6 2

13 CO 1500 500

14 SO2 1500 500

15 NOx (cac nguon) 2500 1000

16 NOx (c s sanxuat axit)

4000 1000

17 H2SO4 (cac nguon) 300 35

18 HNO3 2000 70

19 Amoniac 300 100

43


43/52


Chu thch: Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnh toane xac nh gia tr nong o cac thanh phan vo c vabui cu the trong kh thai cong nghiep c quy nh trongcac TCVN tng ng.


CHAT LNG KHONG KH

TIEU CHUAN KH THAI CONG NGHIEP OI VI

CAC CHAT HU C

Airquality - Industrial emission standards - Organic substances

1. Pham vi ap dung

1.1 Tieu chuan nay quy nh gia tr toi a nong ocua cac chat hu c trong kh thai cong nghiep (tnhbang mg/m3 kh thai) khi thai vao khong kh xung quanh.

Kh thai cong nghiep noi trong tieu chuan nay lakh do cac qua trnh san xuat, kinh doanh, dch vu va cachoat ong khac tao ra.

1.2. Tieu chuan nay dung e kiem soat nong ocac chat hu c trong thanh phan kh thai cong nghieptrc kh thai vao khong kh xung quanh.

2. Gia tr gii han

2.1. Ten, cong thc hoa hoc va gia tr gii hannong o cua cac chat hu c trong kh thai congnghiep khi xa vao kh quyen phai phu hp vi quy nhtrong bang 1.

Bang 1: Gii han thai toi a cho phep cac chat hu cvao khong kh(mg/m3)

TT Ten Cong thc hoahoc

Giihantoi a

1 Axeton CH3COCH3 2400

44


44/52


2 Axetylen tetrabromua CHBr2CHBr2 14

3 Axetaldehyd CH3CHO 270

4 Acrolein CH2 = CHCHO 1,2

5 Amylaxetat CH3COOC5H11 525

6 Anilin C6H5NH2 19

7 Anhydrit axetic (CH3CO)2O 360

8 Benzidin NH2C6H4C6H4NH2 Khong

9 Benzen C6H6 80

10 Benzyl clorua C6H5CH2CI 5

11 Butadien C4H6 2200

12 Butan C4H10 2350

13 Butyl axetat CH3COOC4H9 950

14 n - Butanol C4H9OH 300

15 Butylamin CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2 15

16 Creson (o-, m-, p-) CH3C6H4OH 22

17 Clorbenzen C6H5CI 350

45


45/52


18 Clorofom CHCI3 240

19 clopren CH2 = CCICH = CH2 90

20 Clopicrin CCI3NO2 0,7

21 Cyclohexan C6H12 1300

22 Cyclohexanol C6H11OH 410

23 Cyclohexanon C6H10O 400

24 Cyclohexen C6H10 1350

25 Dietylamin (C2H5 )2NH 75

26 Diflodibrommetan CF2Br2 860

27 0-diclobenzen C6H4Cl2 300

28 1,2-dicloetan CHCl2-CH3 400

29 1,2-dicloetylen CHCl=CHCl 790

30 1,2-diclodiflometan CCl2F2 4950

31 dioxan C4H8O2 360

32 Dimetylanilin C6H5N(CH3)2 25

33 Dicloetylete (ClCH2CH2)2O 90

46


46/52


34 Dimetylflomamit (CH3)2NOCH 60

35 Dimetylsulfat (CH3)2SO4 0,5

36 Dimetylhidrazin (CH3)2NNH2 1

37 Dinitrobenzen

(o-, m-,p-)

C6H4(NO2)2 1

38 Etylaxetat CH3COOC2H5 1400

39 Etylamin CH3CH2NH2 45

40 Etylbenzen CH3CH2C6H5 870

41 Etylbromua C2H5Br 890

42 Etylendiamin NH2CH2CH2NH2 30

43 Etylendibromua CHBr=CHBr 190

44 Etanol C2H5OH 1900

45 Etylacrilat CH2=CHCOOC2H5 10

46 Etylenclohydrin CH2ClCH2OH 16

47 Etylenoxyt CH2OCH2 20

48 etylete C2H5OC2H5 1200

47


47/52


49 Etylclorua CH3CH2Cl 2600

50 Etylsilicat (C2H5)4SiO4 850

51 Etanolamin NH2CH2CH2OH 45

52 Fufural C4H30CHO 20

53 Fomandehyt HCHO 6

54 Fufural C4H30CHO 20

55 Flotriclometan CCI3F 5600

56 n - Heptan C7H16 2000

57 n - Hexan C6H14 450

58 Isopropylamin (CH3)2CHNH2 12

59 Isobutanol (CH3)2CHCH2OH 360

60 Metylaxetat CH3COOCH3 610

61 Metylacrylat CH2 = CHCOOCH3 35

62 Metanol CH3OH 260

63 Metylaxetylen CH3C = CH 1650

64 Metylbromua CH3Br 80

48


48/52


65 Metylcyclohecxan CH3C6H11 2000

66 Metylcyclohecxanol CH3C6H10OH 470

67 Metylcyclohecxanon CH3C6H90 460

68 Metylclorua CH3CI 210

69 Metylen clorua CH2CI2 1750

70 Metyl clorofom CH3CCI3 2700

71 Monometylanilin C6H5NHCH3 9

72 Metanolamin HOCH2NH2 31

73 Naphtalen C10H8 150

74 Nitrobenzen C6H5NO2 5

75 Nitroetan CH3CH2NO2 310

76 Nitroglycerin C3H5(NO2)3 5

77 Nitrometan CH3NO2 250

78 2 - Nitropropan CH3CH(NO2)CH3 1800

79 Nitrotoluen NO2C6H4CH3 30

80 Octan C8H18 2850

49


49/52


81 Pentan C5H12 2950

82 Pentanon CH3CO(CH2)2CH3 700

83 Phenol C6H5OH 19

84 Phenylhydrazin C6H5NHNH2 22

85 Tetracloetylen CCI2 = CCI2 670

86 Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH 980

87 Propylaxetat CH3-COO-C3H7 840

88 Propylendiclorua CH3-CHCI-CH2CI 350

89 Propylenoxyt C3H6O 240

90 Propylen ete C3H5OC3H5 2100

91 Pyrindin C5H5N 30

92 Pyren C16H10 15

93 Quinon C6H4O2 0,4

94 Styren C6H5CH=CH2 420

95 Tetrahydrofural C4H8O 590

96 1,1,2,2 - Tetracloetan CI2HCCHCI2 35

50


50/52


97 Tetraclometan CCI4 65

98 Toluen C6H5CH3 750

99 Tetranitrometan C(NO2)4 8

100 Toluidin CH3C6H4NH2 22

101 Toluen - 2,4 -diisocyanat

CH3C6H3(NCO)2 0,7

102 Trietylamin (C2H5)3N 100

103 1,1,2 - Tricloetan CHCI2CH2CI 1080

104 Tricloetylen CICH=CCI2 110

105 Triflo brommetan CBrF3 6100

106 Xylen (o-, mnh-, p-) C6H4(CH3)2 870

107 Xylidin (CH3)2C6H3NH2 50

108 Vinylclorua CH2=CHCI 150

109 Vinyltoluen CH2=CHC6H4CH3 480

2.2. oi vi kh thai cua mot so hoat ong sanxuat, kinh doanh, dch vu ac thu, khi thai vao kh quyenphai theo quy nh cac tieu chuan rieng.

51


51/52


Chu thch: Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnhtoan e xac nh gia tr nong o cac chat hu c cuthe trong kh thai cong nghiep c quy nh trong cac

TCVN tng ng.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

52


52/52


1. Bao cao Hien trang san xuat va e xuat mot sogiai phap san xuat sach hn cho mot c s thuoc daien hnh qui mo nho va va

Nhom cong tac:ThS. Nguyen Kim Thanh

KS. Nguyen Th Ngoc MaiKS. Nguyen Ngoc BnhKS. Le Th Thu Trang2. e tai KT 02 06

Nghien cu x ly va tan thu chat thai cong nghiepva xay dng cac cong nghe khong va t chat thai -Nghien cu nc thai cong nghiep thuoc da

Chu nhiem e tai: PGS.PTS.inh Van Sam - Trung tamkhoa hoc va cong nghe Moi trng (CEST)

C quan chu tr: Trng ai hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi

3. Hoi thao san xuat sach hn trong cong nghiep thuocda -

Hoi giay da Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh Thanh pho HoCh Minh - 13.8.20034. ThS. Vu Ba Minh

e ngh mot so c hoi san xuat sach hn cho nganhthuoc da Trng HBK TP.HCM5. Tong luan phan tch ve van e x ly nc thaitrong nganh thuoc da

Bo cong nghiep nhe Trung tam thong tin kinh te va

khoa hoc ky thuat cong nghiep nhe Ha Noi - 1995

dtm thuocda

Documents