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Page 1: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals
Page 2: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals
Page 3: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals

此页原书为空白页

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Contents

目录

Preface

前言

Part I. Public Seminar on

"The Tan Kah Kee Spirit of Today'

陈嘉庚基金廿周年纪念庆典公开研讨会

"今日陈嘉庚精神"

1. Introduction

Welcome Address

Professor Hew Choy Sin

V

vii

Opening Address ― Building An Innovative Society

M r Tharman Sh anmugaratn am

2. Lecture Series "The Tan Kah Kee Spirit of Today"

Introductory Remarks

Professor Shih Choon Fong

Entrepreneurship ― Passport to Wealth

M r Teo Ming Kian

Who Should Pay for Universities?

Professor Wang Gungwu

3

9

27

45

Phoebe1
Stamp
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3 . 系 列 讲 座 " 今 日 陈 嘉 庚 精 神 "

主席引言 75

莫理光先生

科技对文明的影响 79

曹兴诚先生

企业精神与全球化一近期研究成果的启示 99

黄有光教授

附录:什么发展方向对人们有利?近期研究成果的启示 115

中国的管理与现代教育

赵纯均教授

典型在夙昔:陈嘉庚精神与当代华人

梁元生教授

119

137

Part I I . 李 远 哲 教 授 华 语 公 开 演 讲

主席引言 157

郭振羽教授

再谈科技与教育 161

李远哲教授

Appendix: Seminar Programme

附 录 : 研 讨 会 流 程 表

205

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PREFACE

The Tan Kah Kee Foundation was established in 1982 in memory of the renowned philanthropist and educationist. The mission of the

Foundation is to continue the charity works that he had done in his life, his dedication to education and to foster the Tan Kah Kee spirit in entrepreneurship. Through the years, the Foundation has been actively engaged in the promotion of education and culture by organizing major events that include the Tan Kah Kee Postgraduate Scholarship Award, Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors Award and the Tan Kah Kee Forum.

In commemoration of its 20th anniversary, the Foundation held a series of activities in September 2002. The one-day public seminar

on "Entrepreneurship and Education - The Tan Kah Kee Spirit of

Today7' and the public lecture by Prof Lee Yuan Tseh on "Science and Education", co-organized with the Tan Kah Kee International

Society, were among the academic highlights. A notable panel of speakers, comprising a Senior Minister of State, a prominent civil servant, eminent scholars and an outstanding entrepreneur, delivered enlightening speeches pertaining to entrepreneurship and education at the seminar.

During the public lecture, Prof Lee Yuan Tseh, Nobel Laureate and President of Academia Sinica, presented a stimulating and inspiring paper on how the development of science and technology

has affected the quality of life and he emphasized on the importance

of education as the fundamental element for the development of

society.

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As both the seminar and the public lecture featured such

distinguished and excellent speakers, the organizing committee

decided to collect and collate the papers and publish them as a

proceedings, so that more readers will be able to share the essence

of their speeches and understand the true meaning of the Tan

Kah Kee Spirit of Today.

On behalf of the organizing committee and the editorial board,

we would like to express our sincere appreciation to Professor

Wang Gungwu for his unstinting efforts in bringing about this

publication. Not only was he a guest speaker at the seminar, but

he has also contributed tremendously with his editorial advice

towards the compilation of this proceedings. We would also like

to thank the editorial staff of WSPC, particularly Miss Chung

Poh Leng and Miss Juliet Lee. Last but not least, we would like

to thank all the speakers for their participation and kind assistance

in providing us with their manuscripts and for sub-editing the

text. Without their help, the publication of this book would not

have been possible.

Phua Kok Khoo

Hew Choy Sin

Ong Choon Nam

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陈嘉庚基金成立于 1 9 8 2 年,是为了纪念已故先驱陈嘉庚先生而设立的公

共慈善机构。多年来,基金本着发扬陈桌庚先生服务社会的精神,主办

了多项常年活动,其中包括颁发陈嘉庚高级学位奖学金、举办陈嘉庚青

少年发明奖以及组织陈嘉庚学术讲座等,为推动教育事业,以及提高文

化素质作出了积极的贡献。

2 0 0 2 年迎来了陈嘉庚基金成立 2 0 周年的日?,基金举办了 一系列活动以

示 庆 祝 。 庆 祝 活 动 的 主 题 为 " 今 日 陈 嘉 庚 精 神 " , 旨 在 进 一 步 弘 扬 陈 嘉

庚先生的兴学与创业精神。其中,基金与陈嘉庚国际学会联办的国际学

术研讨会特别让人关注。研讨会邀请政府要^ 1 、商界精英以及知名学者

担任主讲嘉宾。他们分别从不同角度、不同层面畅谈与科技、教育和企

业精神有关的课题,意味深长,颇富启迪性。尤有诺贝尔奖得主李远哲

教授题为"再谈科技与教育"的个人公开演讲,论点新颖,视野广阔,为

此活动更增光彩.

有鉴于这次的研讨会内容丰富,知识性、教育性强,筹委会决定将所有

的演讲文稿加以整理,编印成册并公开发行,以便让更多读者分享到陈

嘉庚精神的真谛,使陈嘉庚兴学创业、无私奉献的精神在新世纪发扬光

大.

作为本次学术话动的筹委及本书的编委,我们要特别感谢王赓武教授的

鼎力支持与帮助,王教授不仅在百忙之中应邀出席研讨会并发表精彩演

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讲,同时也是本书的顾问编辑,对促成本书的出版与发行起到了积极

的推动作用。另外,我们也在此向负责本文集的编辑工作的世界科技

出版公司的李丽真小姐以及八方文化企业公司的钟宝玲小姐致谢。最

后,我们也要感谢所有出席研讨会的国内外嘉宾,他们的指导与配

合,使本书能够尽快定稿并得以顺利面世。

潘 国 驹 丘 才 新 王 俊 南

¦~ VIII

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PART I

陈 嘉 庚 基 金 廿 周 年 纪 念 庆 典 公 开 研 讨 会

6th September 2002 (Friday)

Mandarin Singapore

2002年9月6日(星期五)

新加坡文华酒店

联合主办者

Organised by

陈 嘉 庚 国 际 学 会 Tan Kah Kee International Society

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此页原书为空白页

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By Professor Hew Choy Sin

A b o u t T h e S p e a k e r Professor Hew Choy Sin i s a Professorial Fellow at

the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of

Science at the National Universiiy of Singapore. He

is a renowned world expert in orchid research. He

received his B.Sc in 1960 from Nanyang University,

Singapore. Later, he furthured his studies at Queen's

University in Canada, and received his M.Sc and

PhD in 1965 and 1967 respectively. He became a

Fellow OF Linnean Society, London in 1977.

For his valuable contribution in placing Singapore

on the forefront of global orchid research and

improving the technology and know-how for the

Singapore Orchid industry, Professor Hew was

awarded the 1977 National Science Award by the

National Science and Technology Board of

Singapore.

He is also the Chairman of the Organising Committee

for the Tan Koh Kee Foundation 20th Anniversary

Public Seminar.

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此页原书为空白页

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This Public Seminar is one of the many activities held in conjunction with the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Tan Kah Kee Foundation. The Tan Kah Kee Foundation was first established in

1982 and it has evolved to become a Foundation known for its

contributions in promoting educational excellence. The Foundation

supports three major programs - Tan Kah Kee Postgraduate

Scholarship, Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors Award and the Tan Kah

Kee Forum.

The Tan Kah Kee Postgraduate Scholarship has supported more than 190 Singaporeans and permanent residents of different ethnic groups, to pursue higher degrees in various disciplines both locally and overseas. Many Tan Kah Kee scholars are now actively contributing to the development of our nation after completing their graduate degrees.

The Tan Kah Kee Young Inventors Award, launched in 1986, was

first proposed by Prof C. N. Yang, a Nobel Laureate for Physics, and

advisor to the Tan Kah Kee Foundation. It is to encourage our young Singaporeans to think creatively, and more importantly, to challenge

them to turn their ideas into working prototypes. This award is now a national award with A*Star and DSTA as joint organizers. The Tan Kah Kee Forum was initiated to increase public awareness of technological and social changes developing around the world.

Today's seminar is entitled "Education and Entrepreneurship -The Tan Kah Kee Spirit of Today". Some young Singaporeans may wonder, "Who is Tan Kah Kee?" How relevant is his spirit in

today's environment, where we are constantly challenged to create

innovative strategies required to re-make Singapore?"

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Allow me to give you a little historical background on Mr.

Tan Kah Kee. He was born in 1874 in Chi Mei village in the Fujian Province (China) and came to Singapore at a young age of 17. He lived in Singapore for 60 years before returning to Chi Mei. He started as an apprentice working in his father's business in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals in Southeast Asia. In his 60 years in Singapore, Mr. Tan Kah Kee became a very well-known philanthropist and a successful entrepreneur who made very significant contributions to the social and economic development in China and Singapore. He was recognized as a man of integrity, a man with vision and a man who believes strongly in social

commitment. Even though he is often regarded as an overseas Chinese from China, he left a legacy that forms a key part of Singapore's history.

In conjunction with today's seminar theme, let me explain briefly on the two areas in which he made significant contributions to Singapore; namely in promoting education and instilling a sense of entrepreneurial spirit.

He strongly believed that education is key to a nation's success. Not only did he start schools and universities in China, he also co-founded at least six Chinese schools in Singapore. Among

them are Tao Nan Primary School, Ai Tong Primary School, Nan Chiao Girls School and Singapore Chinese High School. He also donated generously to English speaking schools such as Anglo- Chinese School and Raffles Institution, showing that he is a man

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with a vision far ahead of his time and among his contemporaries.

He is considered by many to be a pioneer in many aspects of

education. For instance, he was the first to promote the teaching of

Mandarin and not dialects in Chinese schools; he was the first to

encourage girls to attend schools as well as to promote English to

be taught in Chinese Schools.

Besides his contributions in promoting education, Tan Kah Kee

truly exemplified the spirit of entrepreneurship, reflected by his

phenomenal success as a shrewd businessman. His success is

attributed to his acute business sense, farsightedness, and most

importantly, his entrepreneurial spirit.

Following the failure of his father's business, Tan Kah Kee was

forced to venture out on his own. He started growing pineapples and

soon became known as the "Pineapple King". His pineapple

industries were seen as the forerunners of an indigenous industrial

revolution in South East Asia, and it demonstrated that

industrialisation in the region was possible, given the appropriate

commercial impetus to do so. When rubber trees were introduced

into Singapore and Malaya, he quickly ventured into growing rubber

plants. He had the vision of going into rubber manufacturing and

wanted to have his own supply of raw rubber. It was a risky business

to venture into, as growing rubber trees was a very new concept and

the demand for rubber products then was uncertain. However, his

calculated risk resulted in great dividends. There was a huge demand

for rubber with the outbreak of the 1 st World War and Tan Kah Kee

became very rich, thus earning him the tribute as the Henry Ford of

Malaya in the 1920s.

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Mr. Tan Kah Kee, therefore, exemplifies an entrepreneurial spirit and dedication in promoting education for a better society, a commitment that js all very relevant in today's society.

For today's seminar, we are pleased to have very eminent speakers from Australia, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, to share with us their views from different perspectives, on how the spirit of Tan Kah Kee is relevant in today's world. On behalf of the organising committee, I would like to express our sincere thanks to our distinguished speakers and hope that all of you will enjoy the presentation. Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation and thanks to Mr. Tharman, the Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry & Education for taking time off to grace this occasion. Thank you for your attention.

Allow me to say very briefly in Mandarin.

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1 By Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam

A b o u t T h e S p e a k e r Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam i s the Guest-of-

Honour for the Tan Kah Kee Foundation 20th

Anniversary Public Seminar. He i s also the Senior

Minister of State for Trade and Industry & Education,

Singapore.

He obtained his undergraduate and masters degrees

in Economics from the London School of Economics

ond Cambridge University respectively. He obtained

a further degree in Master of Public Administration

at Harvard University in USA, where he received the

Littauer Fellow.

Upon returning to Singapore, he began his career

in the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS] in

1982, where he became Director of its Economics

Department. In 1995, he ioined the Singapore

Administrative Service, ond first served in the Ministry

of Education (MOE). He returned to MAS in 1997

and became Deputy Managing Director and later

Managing Director before entering politics.

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此页原书为空白页

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Introduction

It is my pleasure to be here this morning at the Tan Kah Kee Foundation's 20th Anniversary Public Seminar. I congratulate the Foundation for its efforts over these past 20 years to promote education and culture. You carry on the philanthropic work that Mr. Tan Kah Kee (1 874- 1961) began more than a century ago. Through your efforts, you have kept his legacy very much alive.

The subject of today's Public Seminar, "Entrepreneurship and

Education", brings together two major preoccupations in Tan Kah Kee's extraordinary life. The history of how he grew his business and created wealth is a story of seizing opportunities, acquiring detailed knowledge of each area he ventured into and, above all, of having great confidence and faith in himself - from the time he came to Singapore at age 17 as an apprentice in his father's rice business, set up a business on his own after that business failed, expanded into pineapple canning and planting, and then in 1906, became one of the early Singapore pioneers in the rubber plantations and in manufacturing, going on to build a diversified industrial empire employing 32,000 people at its peak in 1925, giving him his reputation as the "Henry Ford of Malaya".

Tan Kah Kee's tireless commitment to education, in order to lift up the community, is equally inspiring. In Singapore, he founded

- through the Hokkien Huay Kuan that he led - five primary and secondary schools' and donated generously to many others. He

.- - -

' Two secondary schools: Chinese High School and Nan Chiau High School; three primary schools: Tao Nan School, Ai Tong School and Chongfu Primary School.

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established several schools in his home village of Jimei (Chip Bee) in Fujian (China) - the first of these in 1894, at the age of 21. In 1921, he founded Xiamen (Amoy) University, the first university in China to be set up by an overseas Chinese. Besides making a great personal donation, Mr. Tan Kah Kee travelled across Southeast Asia, from Myanmar (then Burma) to the

Indonesian Archipelago, from port to port, persuading wealthy

overseas Chinese to contribute to setting up the university. He

records with disappointment in his memoirs how several of these

wealthy gentlemen - even those who did not have sons to carry

on the family business - were unwilling to help, offering all manner of excuses. His eventual success in setting up the university was itself a feat of social entrepreneurship.

We cannot recreate the unsettled circumstances that motivated the pioneers like Mr. Tan Kah Kee to set out and create wealth in virgin economies and new industries, and to uplift their communities. But the spirit of Mr. Tan Kah Kee, a willingness to venture into areas that are new and untested, and a desire to

contribute to something much larger than oneself, remains relevant

to all of us today, and to future generations of Singaporeans.

Sustaining Innovation

We have entered the knowledge-based economy. Economic growth among the higher income Asian countries, like Singapore, will increasingly be driven by the ability to innovate rather than the ability to absorb and adapt advances made elsewhere and to

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make products more efficiently. In other words, economic growth

will be innovation-driven rather than efficiency-driven. The countries

that will succeed will be those that build and sustain vibrant

innovation systems - the institutions, networks and cultures that

support continuous innovation.

There will always be an element of serendipity in successful

innovation, reflecting the flux and unpredictability of the markets.

However, nations that build strong innovation systems will increase

the chances of developing ideas that achieve commercial success.

They will also make it onto the fast lanes of the international flow

of research and talent.

We have to do what it takes to develop a vibrant system of

innovation, and stay in the global, knowledge-based competition.

There are at least three dimensions to this.

First, we need skills, knowledge and creativity of a high order.

Innovative economies depend on well-educated manpower and

advanced research capabilities. Without these, we will not be able

to create new and differentiated products, develop new business

models or manage complex international supply chains.

Second, markets have to be allowed to work. Intellectual property

protection, competitive domestic markets and openness to new entrants enhance innovation. New ideas with commercial potential

must also have access to risk capital. There must be an adequate

supply of venture capital, and banks have to develop the skills and

risk management systems needed to lend young companies with

little collateral.

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Third, an innovative economy needs a culture that respects

and encourages entrepreneurship. High levels of knowledge and

management skills alone will not produce the technological and

organisational innovations that lead to economic gains without

entrepreneurs, and a spirit of entrepreneurship that extends across

society. Without entrepreneurship, value will not be created from

knowledge.

Why We Have Lacked an Enterpreneurial Culture

Of these three dimensions needed for an innovative economy

- skills and research capabilities, competitive markets governed

by rule of law, and an entrepreneurial culture, our biggest shortfall

in Singapore is in entrepreneurship. In the well known Global

Entrepreneurship Monitor 2001 Executive Report, Singapore was

ranked 27th out of the 29 countries studied, in terms of the overall level of entrepreneurial activity.

By common observation, Singaporeans are averse to taking risks. This is especially so among the more academically

successful ones. This is, however, not surprising. The success of

our past economic strategies, beginning with the jumpstarting of

the economy in the 1960s, with policies to attract MNCs and set

up GLCs, to the upgrading of capabilities in the 1990s and

development of new clusters of international firms in

manufacturing and services, has given successive generations of

graduates a wealth of opportunities to pursue well-paid, stable

careers in government, the MNCs and other large corporations,

and the supporting professions.

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Some of our most successful local companies came about because

of spin-offs from the MNCs, as local engineers launched their own

shops after gaining experience with the MNCs. But a strilung feature

of the business landscape is the large number of entrepreneurs who

got to where they are without a high level of formal education. A

disproportionate number never made it to university, and some of

our most successful entrepreneurs did not go beyond a formal school

education. Many say they went into business because they did not have the attractive career options that a university education would

have given, and because they had little to lose if they failed.

However, the success of past economic strategies in generating

good, well-paying jobs is not the only reason why well educated

Singaporeans have not taken naturally to business.

Another reason is the traditions and institutions we inherited.

The attitudes of successive generations of parents, and what

they wish for their children, have been shaped by the combination

of two legacies - the education system we inherited from the British,

and a long-standing East Asian tradition that placed scholarly pursuits above all other endeavours. It was a potent combination, that placed

high regard on academic success as a goal in its own right, and gave

little respect to alternative routes to success in life.

The British system of education was geared to producing an

intellectual elite that would form their governing class - Westminster,

Whitehall and professional jobs in the city. All that mattered to the

British was your "0"s and "A7's, and most important of all which

school and university you went to. It was an academic bias, shaped

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by the needs of the Empire, and by an encrusted social order.

They looked down on the commercial, technical and entre- preneurial routes to success. Their educational structure and ethos reflected this academic bias, even as pressure built up from the 1960s to open up more places for a tertiary education. They converted their polytechnics into universities, shifted from the technical to the academic, and introduced new academic degrees in subjects like sports studies to allow more people to make it to university. What mattered was getting people into university.

Even business schools, a longstanding feature of top North American universities, were introduced to the Oxbridge universities only in the 1990s. The British have been trying to develop a more positive social attitude towards entrepreneurship, but old attitudes have been difficult to shake off. Well after the Thatcherite revolution, a Blair government poll found a majority of the British public having a weak regard for entrepreneurs. People who go into business were variously described as "sharpies", "exploiters" and "freebooters".

We have made many changes to the education system since we inherited it from the British. In particular, we have given special emphasis and focus to technical and engineering education, through our schools, ITEs, the polytechnics and universities. The education system recognises different abilities and talents, and encourages different routes to success. However, some old social

attitudes about the paths to education and success have been slow to change.

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These attitudes are deeply rooted in the East Asian tradition of

reverence for scholarship. Across East Asian cultures, parents aspire

for their children to go as far as possible up the educational hierarchy,

with a university degree being the pinnacle of achievement. Even in

China today, despite the monetary rewards from private enterprise

vastly exceeding the pay of government officials, I am told that

every parent's first wish is for their child to succeed scholastically

and get a government job. Competition to get into a good provincial

university is intense. Getting into Beida or Qinghua, or if

unsuccessful, then Shanghai Jiaotong or Fudan, is the ultimate dream.

Not all of this traditional East Asian culture of reverence for

scholarship runs counter to entrepreneurship. Scholars have observed

that the traditional values like perseverance and diligence also serve

well in entrepreneurship. However, the East Asian tradition has not

placed emphasis on other values that are critical to entrepreneurship,

such as individual initiative, creativity and innovation. East Asian

scholarship has traditionally placed emphasis on the accumulation

of knowledge and rigorous analysis of problems, rather than

experimentation and exploration beyond the curriculum, and beyond

what is already known.

There is some simplification in these generalisations, and they

hold true much less now than even a decade ago. But they do

explain why East Asian universities have collectively lagged behind

those in the West, and especially their counterparts in the US.

Educationists across East Asia are studying how to reform their

systems, for this reason.

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2.

8

ill- & 8%

The Coming Cross-Cultural Tide

A new generation of Asian entrepreneurs is however emerging in the knowledge-based industries, with characteristics quite different

from the old. They are highly educated, often having done

undergraduate or graduate work in the US before returning home. Numerous companies are being set up by Chinese returnees in

the high technology districts in China, such as Beijing's Zhong Guan Cun Science Park and Shanghai's Zhanmiang Hi-Tech Park. The same has been happening in Bangalore, Hyderabad and other emerging knowledge hubs in India. The returning generation brings along with it a familiarity with US entrepreneurial practices, and technological expertise. Many have experienced working in US labs or start-ups. They carry with them some of the American

spirit of seeing failure as a pathway to success, and even American social habits. But they are quite evidently Asian at the

core - the cultural DNA has not changed. They want their

children to grow up in Asia, and they want to contribute to their

own societies.

It will take a few generations for this new breed of entrepreneurs to shape a new East Asian business culture. But they are providing the seeds of a new cross-cultural model of entrepreneurship in Asia.

The changes are taking place within East Asian societies, even among the majority who never went abroad. Within China, recent studies have noted a reshaping of values across recent

generations. The generation aged below 40, who grew up mostly in the period of social reform that began in 1977, is distinctly

more individualistic than previous generations. While they are

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not forsaking Confucian values, they are less collectivistic and more likely to take risks in the pursuit of profits.

Entrepreneurship in Singapore

Singapore too is changing. More of our university graduates are now venturing into business, either on their own or with groups of friends. Their numbers are not large, but they are growing. They are providing new role models for the young, and the trend feeds on itself. In time, we will see more of our young venture out on their own. It will take shape in a new economic culture.

Some recent examples:

Richard Lai, ex-scholar (postgraduate studies at MIT in the US); former co-head of Bain & Company's Financial Services Practice in Asia. He set up dollarDEX, a financial products and services portal that has won several awards and nominations.

Anil K Ratty, an NUS graduate with a PhD in Biochemistry, a former research affiliate at the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and former Regional Director of the Biotech Business Unit of the Defense Medical Research Institute. He founded Chakra Biotech, which uses transgenic animal models for drug discovery.2

--

In 1998, he patented a genetically-modified mouse that shows symptoms of mental disorder such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and hyperactivity. The "chakragati mouse" which can mimic human disease symptoms, will reduce costs and shorten testing times for developing new drugs. Dr Ratty plans to grab a bite of the world-wide pharmaceutical market by offering screening services to companies that need tests for drug discoveries conducted at the molecular level.

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Rosemary Tan, who has a PhD in molecular immunology from NUS, former Chief Scientific OfficerDirector at Amdon Consulting Pte Ltd.; founder and CEO of Genecet Biotechnologies, a life sciences educational kit provider, selling bioscience-related

products to academic institutions to complement academic curricula and as stand-alone project work.3

Dr Choon How Lau, formerly with National Semiconductor,

who with Dr Zheng Zheng, formerly a researcher at A*STAR's

Institute of Microelectronics (IME), founded Intelligent Micro Devices, a fabless design and application company that provides value-added intelligent module sensors and total solutions to customers in the integrated circuit industry. Although around for less than a year, they have obtained major customers like Matsushita Electrical Works Ltd and SUNX Ltd in Japan.

Entrepreneurship: What We Can Do in Education

Most people would agree that the basic ingredients of

entrepreneurship lie in personality traits, such as a desire to

achieve and make a difference, and the tenacity to persevere in the face of failure. These are habits of mind, either intrinsic or ingrained by experience and circumstance. Very little of this can be taught in any formal fashion. But what we do know is that entrepreneurship can be brought to the surface and nurtured by

The company was set up in Oct 2001. It estimates that it has sold over 3000 kits as of August 2002. It has already gone regional, having sold kits to schools in Hong Kong and India.

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the environment, just as it can be thwarted. A favourable environment

makes it much less likely for entrepreneurial talent to stay latent.

Our approach to grooming an entrepreneurial spirit in our young is reflected in two dimensions of the school experience.

First, through the school and JC curriculum, we are seeking to develop students who can think, explore and experiment,

independently and creatively. We have infused critical thinking skills

across the curriculum and in revised assessment methods. To give

students an additional platform to develop thinking skills, project

work has been introduced in the schools. We are shifting the focus

away from content learning towards the imparting of skills that will

support lifelong self-learning. Such skills are key to the innovation

economy.

Second, the non-academic curriculum plays a critical role in

nurturing the skills and habits required for success in the business world: being a good team player, being willing to take a risk, and showing determination and resolve in the face of setbacks.

Some of the specific skills required for entrepreneurship can be

taught, even if we cannot make entrepreneurs through education.

These skills include market opportunity analysis, hedging risks,

raising funds, networking, and negotiating with investors. Educational

institutions, particularly tertiary institutions, can play a significant

role in nurturing these skills and giving students the exposure and

opportunity to practice them. Our universities have already initiated Education and Training programmes for Entrepreneurship, imparting

basic skills and familiarity with the entrepreneurial processes. A number of our schools have also set up Enterprise Clubs, giving

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students the experience of running minimarkets and other business activities.

Not many students will actually go on to become entrepreneurs. Even in the US, less than 15% of adults are involved in owning businesses. Neither can we identify and groom future entre-

preneurs in schools. But we can try and ensure that innovative talents are not stifled, and give room for everyone to develop a

spirit of experimentation and a willingness to take initiative and

try new approaches in whatever they do. Everyone should be groomed to be part of an innovative society, and have a bit of the

entrepreneurial spirit in them.

Creating an entrepreneurial spirit is not about creating individualists, and not just about economic growth. For Tan Kah Kee, and many other pioneers like him, entrepreneurship was a profoundly social undertaking. It was not just about creating wealth, but about improving society and leaving behind a worthwhile contribution for future generations. It is this true spirit of entrepreneurship - a desire to contribute to something

much larger than ourselves - that we have to recreate in our

next phase of development as a society.

In closing, let me congratulate the Tan Kah Kee Foundation once more for the good work that it has done in the past 20 years in promoting education and culture in Singapore, and for keeping alive the rich legacy of Mr. Tan Kah Kee. Thank you.

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-The Tan Kah Kee @- of Today

I By Professor Shih Choon Fong

A b o u t T h e C h a i r m a n Professor Shih Choon Fong is President and Vice-Chancellor

of the National University of Singapore (NUS).

Professor Shih received his M.S. and PhD from the Division of

Applied Sciences, Harvard University. After a year as a

Research Fellow at Harvard, he spent seven years with the

Corporate Research Lab at the General Electric Company

where he led the Fracture Research Group. In 1981, he ioined

Brown University and was promoted to Professor in 1986. Ten

years later, Professor Shih returned to Singapore as the

founding Director of the Institute of Materials Research and

Engineering (IMRE) and founding President, Materials Research

Society of Singapore.

In 1998 to 1999, Professor Shih chaired the Committee on

University Admission System, a national-level committee tasked

to develop broader admissions criteria for Singapore's public

universities. In June 2002, he was elected Chairman OF the

Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU), a consortium

of 35 leading research universities along the Pacific Rim.

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Let me begin by welcoming all of you to the seminar this morning. It is my pleasure to chair this morning session. We have heard about

the rich legacy of Mr. Tan Kah Kee. He was an entrepreneur in every sense of the word. I think, from Mr. Tan Kah Kee's life, we

have a better insight into the making of an entrepreneur. And from this morning's description of his life, I think we can understand that

an entrepreneur's spirit is about creating value, that relentless resourceful spirit towards creating value. And value not just in the economic sense, but at the societal level as well. So, we are indeed very privileged this morning to have several speakers who will dwell upon the subject of entrepreneurship in several aspects.

Our first speaker, Mr. Teo Ming Kian (I will give you a little bit of his background later) will speak on the "Passport to Wealth - I hope I got it right ... Yes, the "Passport to Wealth - on how

to be a millionaire. I am sure you will get some insights from this.

That is one aspect of Tan Kah Kee's life: creating wealth.

The other aspect of Tan Kah Kee's life was being a social

entrepreneur. He gave a lot of his wealth to universities. And

therefore, it is appropriate that we have a most distinguished academic to speak on the subject, "Who Should Pay for Universities?". Being

a university president, I understand this issue very well, especially in times of economic difficulties. We will hear from Prof Wang Gungwu.

Before I introduced the two speakers, I have an announcement to make. Prof Y.T. Lee, originally scheduled here to speak on the subject,

"Science and Education in a Globalized World", will not be able to

make his address this morning. First of all, there is a change of his

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flight schedule to Singapore due to a typhoon, and there's a more

critical reason: he is the chairman of the Rescue Operation Committee, formed because of the typhoon in Taiwan. It shows that academics can contribute beyond the academic arena to the social arena, as well as a disaster arena. So, he will not be here this morning, but he will be joining us on Sunday, and he will be giving a lecture at Suntec City, I believe, on a similar topic.

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- P a s s p o r t t o W e a l t h

I By Mr Teo Ming Kian

A b o u t T h e S p e a k e r Mr Teo Ming Kian is the Chairman of Economic

Development Board, Singapore. He was a Columbia

Plan scholar, receiving his degree in engineering

from Monash Universiiy, and a Masters degree from

MIT.

He had a very diverse career in the government. He

started work in the Ministry of Defence in 1975, and

worked at the Ministry of Communication and the

National Science and Technology Board, also called

NSTB in short. He became the Executive Chairman

of the Economic Development Board in February

2001. He i s also the chairman of Singapore

Technology Board. In addition, he holds many

positions as directors of many companies, such as

PSA Corporation, TIF, T21 holdings and so forth.

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Those who think that I am about to give some quick tips to get rich

would be sorely disappointed. I am a poor civil servant, neither an entrepreneur nor wealthy. But as a civil servant involved in policy formulation trying to evolve a more entrepreneurial economy that will enrich our people and our nation, I thought this platform to commemorate a great entrepreneur Mr. Tan Kah Kee would be an appropriate opportunity to share with you some thoughts in this area - the issue of creating wealth for our nation through entre- preneurship.

First, why does this term entrepreneurship keep cropping up lately

when we had not referred to it in the past 40 years or so? Prime

Minister spoke about it at length in his last two National Day Rallies. Senior Minister used it as a theme at the Ho Rih Hwa Leadership Lecture this year. Many other Ministers had raised it on many occasions. The Economic Review Committee has a sub-committee devoted to looking into this subject.

Our economy had not done too badly without too much emphasis on entrepreneurship and had grown from about US$500 GDP per capita to about US$21,000, a 42-fold increase in 40 years. In effect,

Singapore has been transformed from a slum to a modern city state

within this short period of time. So why this attention to shift people's

mindset towards greater entrepreneurialism?

The answer lies in the huge changes we are witnessing in the

world today. They are driven very much by the irresistible force of rapid technological advances and the shrinking of the world, or what people call globalisation. These changes manifest themselves

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in the accelerating introduction of new products, new businesses, new ways of doing things, and intensifying competition.

Representing this drastic change is the Internet. It is not just a tool where we can email or ICQ each other to keep in touch across oceans, as if we are next door. It is a cultural phenomenon. Until

the Internet bust, "Embrace the Net" was the rallying cry, Internet time was how people lived by and no company could get by

without having "dotcom" added to its name. Notwithstanding the

bust, it is a discontinuity in more ways than we care to recognize.

It has brought about a new sense of space and time, a radical lifestyle, new ways of doing business, affecting industries and impacting almost everyone.

Radical changes in society are not new. Throughout history, we have seen how lives have been changed dramatically with the discovery of other forms of disruptive technologies. Take the invention of electricity, the steam engine, automotives, and the telephone. And it seems, leveraging on the new fads is not new either. In the early days of the automotive industry, there were

many automotive companies. Having the word "Motors" in a

company's name was just as compelling as having "dotcom" in

the recent past. And like dotcoms, they disappeared just as fast.

Although buzz-words and company names may come and go, the disruptive technologies have changed our lives forever. It affected our daily living, it relegated companies not able to adapt and respond to these changes to oblivion. Many great companies, the likes of Digital Equipment Corporation, International

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Harvester, Pan Am, McDonnell Douglas, People Express, household

names not too long ago, disappeared. They affected not just

companies, but nations. The wealth of people and the standard of

living would inevitably be affected as a result.

What is new is the pace of change. The technology advances will

accelerate. Knowledge is exploding. More people have access to

information. There were approximately 40 million Internet users in

late 1995. This grew to around 320 million in late 2000 and is

expected to exceed 700 million by 2005. The cost of information

transfer declined drastically. A data transfer costing US$150,000 in

1970 cost US$O. 12 in 1999. This will lead to more knowledge and

information being generated and transmitted.

Knowledge and innovation await those who are able to take full

advantage of them. None of the disruptive technologies that had

changed the world would have seen the light of day if not for some

enterprising and entrepreneurial people. But it does not mean that

those who are able to leverage on knowledge and innovation can find

it safe doing nothing, for someone else will be there to seize the

opportunity that could put them out of business.

What this means is that more and more, the competitive edge of

companies and nations will be developed and sharpened by people

with innovation and knowledge, people able to identify opportunities

for those innovation and knowledge, people who are prepared to

take the risk of seizing and turning those opportunities into businesses,

manage the risk and help them grow and thrive. In short, we required

entrepreneurial and enterprising people.

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Can Singapore shift to this entrepreneurial mindset? Will there

be enough entrepreneurs in Singapore to generate the wealth and

thence contribute to the success of Singapore going forward?

But who really is an entrepreneur? Mr. Jean-Baptiste Say, the

French economist who coined the word around 1800, described

an entrepreneur as one who "shifts economic resources out of an

area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and yield".

More precise definitions have been attempted over time to better

understand this wealth creation process. The Centre for Entre-

preneurship at Babson College in Massachusetts defined it as "a

way of thinking and acting that is opportunity-obsessed, holistic

in approach and leadership-balanced. It is identifying an

opportunity and executing on that opportunity for the purpose of

wealth creation in the private, public and global sectors". Can

we develop enough entrepreneurs, people who aspire to be

employers when, for a long time, our system has been training

our people mainly to be good employees?

Can we in fact train entrepreneurs? Are entrepreneurs born or made? Whatever the answer - and it is controversial - culture

and environment has a big part to play in whether a society is

more entrepreneurial or not.

But what is clear is the direct linkage of a high level of

entrepreneurial activity to economic progress and wealth. Silicon

Valley is a clear example of this. Whether they are Chinese,

Indian, European or Japanese, many of those who are landed

there were able to manifest their entrepreneurial spirit, seeking

out opportunities, taking risk and managing the risks to increase

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the chance of success. This they could not or did not do in their own homeland. The lure of the opportunity to be wealthy was simply too

great to resist. No wonder San Francisco is called "Old Gold

Mountain" in Chinese.

Schumpeter, the Austrian economist who propounded the idea of "creative destruction" associated with industry cycles, saw the entrepreneurs' role as ferment in this process of creative destruction, allowing the economy to renew itself and make advances. In fact, Schumpeter stated that after land, labour and capital, entrepreneurship is the fourth factor of production. A famous study done at Royal DutchIShell showed that the average life expectancy of a multinational corporation - Fortune 500 or its equivalent - is between 40 and 50 years. A full one-third of the companies listed in the 1970 Fortune 500, for instance, had vanished by

1983 - acquired, merged, or broken to pieces. Since 1980, Fortune

500 companies have lost more than five million jobs but more than

34 million new jobs have been created by new enterprises, generating wealth not only for themselves but for their society.

In Singapore, over the last few years, we have been building up an environment conducive to develop entrepreneurship. I think there are four essential ingredients for such an environment.

One, an open and meritocratic climate that provides equal opportunity for anyone and rewards them according to their

performance, irrespective of their race, educational achievements or

social status, and regardless of activities they find opportunities in.

Whether a medical profession or garbage collection, the society

must not have prejudged biases on which vocation warrants more

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merit. The open society readily welcomes and attracts those who

are able and keen to exploit whatever opportunities for maximum

advantage. In Singapore, we are a cosmopolitan society,

welcoming all talents, local or foreign to seek opportunities here,

though there are some who complained that we might be too

efficient and comfortable that this could blunt the competitive

edge of individuals.

Two, availability of risk capital. In the earlier days, risk capital

came almost entirely from families and friends. Venture capital

now enables businesses to start even if one does not have rich

relatives. The US National Venture Capital Association in a recent

study reported that venture capital invested over the last three

decades created 7.6 million jobs and more than $1.3 trillion in

revenue as at the end of 2000. It has been responsible for the

emergence of well-known companies like Apple, Intel and

Microsoft. Singapore is now building up the venture capital

industry and has $1 3.7 billion of venture capital managed out of

Singapore by some 115 venture capital firms last year.

Three, a pro-enterprise mindset. While a place could be rich

in intellectual capital, these ideas and intellectual property would

not be cornrnercialised if the society does not have a pro-enterprise

mindset. To be pro-enterprise is to reward risk handsomely and

not punish failure harshly. That would lead to what many have

attributed to Silicon Valley - the sense of self-confidence that

says that anything is possible and that one should just go for it.

Envy is rare if one becomes rich as anyone can play in the game

and become rich. Stanford spawned companies like HP, Cisco

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Systems and Yahoo!. According to a 1994 Bank of Boston report, MIT professors and graduates generated over 4000 enterprises that employed over one million people worldwide with an output equivalent to US$116 billion of GDP. No one begrudges the professors and researchers getting rich from publicly funded research that would otherwise have sat fallow on the shelves. Also, not all start-ups would be successful. A pro-enterprise mindset would accept failure, and those who failed would be given chances to start afresh - by venture capitalists, banks and society at large.

Four, an appetite to try out new ideas, products and services. People are usually more comfortable with products or services or

companies with a proven track record. But market environments not sophisticated enough to try out new products and services from totally new companies would ultimately be relegated to one producing only followers. No new products and services or new companies with global ambition would emerge without a home testing-ground to build up their track record. The US is a sophisticated marketplace with users willing to experiment with the new and the untested.

Singapore has begun to build up this environment conducive for entrepreneurship to develop. But will there be enough candidates to take up the challenge?

Entrepreneurs are driven by the pursuit of wealth, not just being rich materially, but accruing other kinds of wealth that entrepreneurship

can bring. Doing business is not about making money. It is also about changing the world, making a difference, about helping others, and improving society. I think there are six broad reasons that inspire people to be entrepreneurial.

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Entrepreneurs Change the Course of History

First, the best entrepreneurs do more than make a mark in their own field. They can really change the whole course of history.

One of the foremost examples we have in Singapore is Mr. Tan Kah Kee himself. Born in 1874 in Fujian, China, he moved to

Singapore to join his father in his rice business here in 1890 at

the age of 17, the same age as many of you in the audience

today. Unlike you, though, he did not have the chance to sit down and think about his future in an air-conditioned auditorium like this. Like many other entrepreneurs, Mr. Tan Kah Kee was forced to become independent early in life and to learn to become street-smart quickly to have a chance to survive. When his father's business failed, he had to strike out on his own. He took the risk of going into the business of pineapple-canning and later, rice- milling. When these ventures did not quite take off either, he did

not give up. He persevered and moved on to rubber plantations and manufacturing, which turned out to be the business that

would boom and make him one of the most successful Chinese overseas businessmen in Southeast Asia at that time. He even

came to be called the "Henry Ford of Malaya". It was the enterprise of men like Mr. Tan Kah Kee that build the economic foundations of this part of the world. It is true to say that without them, the Singapore we know today would have developed differently.

Of course, the conditions in the early 20th century were quite different from today. There were few local companies then, and

so, you might say that it was easier to be a big fish in a small

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pond. It was also possible to make the most of untapped market potential in new areas of business which no one else had yet gone into in any big way. In today's Singapore, the market is more developed, and it could be argued that there are fewer opportunities to be the first to do something - what we refer to today as "first mover advantage". But that is the essence of entrepreneurship, to be the first to identify opportunities and with imagination and

creativity, build up something new. Local businesses such as

BreadTalk and Osim have caused a stir in the domestic market here

with their innovative products and focused marketing. They are expanding into the region and even beyond. Now, attractive pastries and comfortable massage chairs may not fundamentally change the world. But we never know. These entrepreneurs may use their initial success to grow their business in such a way that they change the course of our economic development. This is what we are aiming for at the Economic Development Board - to nurture an environment conducive for Singapore-based companies to grow and become what we call "global champions" or world leaders in their

industries. If we can keep the spirit of curiosity, discovery and

invention alive, we have a chance of achieving this sometime in the

not too distant future.

The Joy of Creativity and Discovery

Second, the best entrepreneurs can draw from a secret source of

energy that the rest of us can only stand by and wonder at - they bask in the joy of creativity and discovery. Unlike those of us whose jobs are more defined and structured, people who run businesses are

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always looking for new opportunities, trying out new things to

see if they can develop commercially and be marketed. Their

minds and imaginations are always active. They are always

sniffing out the next deal, thinlung of how to expand their existing

business or start a new one. Our own entrepreneurs like Mr. Sim

Wong Hoo of Creative Technology succeeded because they

developed a personal passion with the drive to find new ways to

make a living from it. As a child, he found piano lessons too

structured, so he taught himself to play and later picked up playing

the harmonica as well. When he was in the polytechnic, he even

directed a harmonica troupe that played on the streets. This passion

for music is what he built on later, to develop innovative products

like the Soundblaster and Nomad Jukebox that we all have heard

so much about. Many other new Creative products that Sim

himself personally enjoys are being developed.

Entrepreneurs can express themselves freely and profit from

what they believe in. Some observers have said that, to nurture

a more entrepreneurial culture, Singapore should encourage people

to become more eccentric, like the British, with their peculiar

interests ranging from the most abstract philosophy to shocking

punk, from the spoof movie spy Austin Powers to fashion

trendsetting footballer David Beckham. What they meant is that

we should not judge people who have a different way of seeing

the world or of living their lives. What they are really getting at

is not weirdness for its own sake, but to support the development

of natural curiosity, to ask why things should be the way they

are, and whether there is another way to organise them? So if

you have an interesting hobby, like performing simple experiments

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at home in engineering or biology, or if you have a talent for drawing, or writing or doing fancy things on the computer, keep at it. It might

one day help you develop a business that will enable you to make a business out of something you invent or discover. And then, we will have another Creative Technology and another potential global champion.

The Satisfaction of Achievement

Third, entrepreneurs are driven by the satisfaction of achievement. As many of the entrepreneurs in Singapore have confessed, in recent interviews with the media, they believe that what sets them apart from others is passion. And passion - a strong, innate desire to achieve - is sustained best by finding regular satisfaction. The more successful entrepreneurs keep on doing well if they can draw upon this kind of positive feeling, which is unlike any other in its power of self-motivation. In the most successful companies that top entrepreneurs set up, their personal job satisfaction is so infectious that the feeling is shared by their employees. One example is Bill Gates, the famous founder of Microsoft and a billionaire many times over. At Microsoft, one of the prime motivations for staff is that they know the software they develop will be used by the whole world. To quote one of Bill Gates' employees: "You felt you were at the center of the universe. That was the motivation ... it was an invigorating feeling to be working for Microsoft."

Studies in human resource management have shown that money

and status are not everything in keeping workers happy in their jobs. What counts even more is job satisfaction. Surveys also regularly

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show that the most successful companies are often also the ones where the staff feel that the company cares for them, respects

them as individuals, and gives them space to create new things and do the things they enjoy. And this point of job satisfaction

is really one of the secrets of successful entrepreneurs. It gives

you a feeling of inner riches that no money can buy.

Helping Others do Well

Fourth, the best entrepreneurs are not selfish. They always derive joy from helping others do well in life. Mr. Tan Kah Kee helped nurture other well-known entrepreneurs and community leaders in Singapore, such as Mr. Lee Kong Chian and Mr. Tan Lark Sye. Like Mr. Tan Kah Kee, they did well in business but are best-remembered for what they did to help others. Mr. Lee Kong

Chian, who later became the first Vice-Chancellor of the

University of Singapore, set up the Lee Foundation in 1952, which till today continues to fund many worthy causes to help people improve themselves so that they can serve society better. Mr. Tan Kah Kee also served the society in many other ways, including as a spokesman for the Chinese community and by contributing to sustaining the war relief funds during World War 11.

This idea of entrepreneurs is quite different from the outmoded and unfair view that businessmen are driven only by profit and bottomline. This is the "greed is g o o d philosophy featured in movies such as Wall Street, about a ruthless businessman who

has to come to terms with his moral choices. Instead, entrepreneurs

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like Mr. Tan Kah Kee show us that the money they make brings great benefit to their countries. This is one of the mindset changes that we are trying to bring about in Singapore at this time. We need more people with the drive and business acumen to create and sustain new enterprises, get rich and give back generously to society.

Creating Jobs for Fellow Citizens

Fifth, entrepreneurs do a service to society in another way, by creating jobs for their fellow citizens. They are leaders in the way they can

spot opportunity and marshal and direct resources. But for their businesses to succeed, they need good workers who can play their respective role in the value chain. As Mr. Tan Kah Kee developed his rubber business into the 1920s, he had done so well that he came to preside over a huge business empire, which extended into most East and Southeast Asian cities, employing over 10,000 people. It spanned areas as diverse as rubber plantation and manufacturing, shipping, import and export brokerage, real estate and rice trading. Bill Gates' Microsoft employs over 50,000 people in 78 countries.

Today, at this stage of Singapore's economic development, we want to focus on developing enterprise and innovation because we

see them as boosters to the twin growth engines of manufacturing and internationally traded services. We need regular injections of entrepreneurial spirit to find new business products and services which can generate new value in the market, and so, create good jobs for all Singaporeans. From the perspective of the entrepreneur, creating jobs, in turn, contributes to further generation of wealth in the growth cycle of businesses.

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Giving Generously to Society

Sixth, philanthropy. In the US, entrepreneur Mr. John D. Rockefeller is well-known for spending the last phase of his life - from the mid-1890s until his death in 1937 - focused on helping to improved society. Among other acts of generosity he gave US$75 million over two decades to found the University of

Chicago, which today has a campus of its Graduate School of Business here in Singapore. Our own Mr. Tan Kah Kee believed in giving to society by building up the foundation for education. He funded an endowment which led to the setting up of Xiamen University in China in 1921. In Singapore, he inspired the setting up of five primary and secondary schools, including the Chinese High School. He also donated to other schools, including Anglo- Chinese School.

Singapore is at the cross-roads in more ways than we can acknowledge. It is not simply a question of which path we choose in developing our industry policies - more manufacturing or more services, more global or more regional - but a much

larger issue of whether and how we could change a mindset we are familiar with, being comfortable by just following the trends, even being highly efficient in doing so, to become more entrepreneurial and more daring to take the risk as the trend-setter, whether as a business owner or serving in larger corporations.

I see ourselves having no lack of such a spirit of entre- preneurialism. After all, most of us are but only second- or third- generation immigrants and the entrepreneurial blood should still

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be flowing inside us. The development of Singapore is itself an example of entrepreneurial undertaking. One of my friends, a well- known venture capitalist likened Senior Minister to an entrepreneur, seeing the opportunity in Singapore, taking the risk in investing in it with his all and developing it into what it is today. I have no doubt that as we move forward, that entrepreneurship will be the passport

to our wealth.

Thank you.

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此页原书为空白页

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r \

k

HO SHOULD PAY f o r U n i v e r s i t i e s ?

( By Professor Wang Gungwu

A b o u t T h e S p e a k e r Professor Wang Gungwu is currently the Director of East

Asian Institute in the National University of Singapore.

Professor Wong received his BA (Hons) and MA in History

at University of Malaya, and his PhD in History from the

University of London. He then taught at the University of

Malaya and at the Australian National University. He

became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong

from 1986 to 1995. Prof Wang returned to Singapore and

became the chairman of lnstitute of the East Asian Political

Economy, which was subsequently reconstituted as the East

Asian Institute.

Professor Wang is also a Faculty Professor in the Faculty of

Arts and Social Sciences in NUS and a member of mony

boards, such as the NUS council, lnstitute of Southeast Asian

Studies and Institute of Policy Studies. He is also the president

of Tan Kah Kee International Socieb and holds fellowships

of many academic societies and communities.

His research interest encompasses Chinese History, the

Chinese Overseas, Nationalism and Migration.

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此页原书为空白页

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Prof Shih

This morning, you have heard from our first speaker about creating wealth, and also about sharing wealth, but whom do you share wealth with? I think this is a vexing issue, thinking about whom you are going to share wealth with. Well, I think Mr. Tan Kah Kee had shown the way, as he created the Tan Kah Kee Foundation and he gave generously to education. And this morning, we have a very distinguished scholar who has enjoyed a rich career. Rich, not necessary in an economic sense, but rich in an intellectual, professional and social sense.

It is indeed my great pleasure to invite Prof Wang Gungwu to share with us his views on the subject "Who Should Pay for Universities?'

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Prof Wang Gungwu

I am very honoured to be here today. My only regret is that Mr.

Teo escaped without a question and answer session (I would have asked him some questions), and that Professor Lee Yuan

Zhe is unable to be with us because his subject on "Science and

Education" is probably the most central issue still in education in the world today. And I do regret his not being here because when I first thought about my subject, I knew that Mr. Teo and Professor Lee would have spoken ahead of me and I was going to build on what they had to say. I didn't actually know what Mr. Teo was going to say, but I thought I would have guessed what Professor Lee might have said, so I would have had a chance to do that.

This morning, we have heard a lot about entrepreneurship and what entrepreneurs can or cannot do for society and in particular

for education. I wanted, of course, to speak about education and

I chose my subject very much with Mr. Tan Kah Kee in mind. "Who Should Pay for Universities?'is of course very much a

question in many people' s minds today, not only here but in almost every country in the world. This is a subject of major concern.

So let me begin by saying that my first knowledge of Mr. Tan Kah Kee - I never had the honour of meeting him - was through a number of my father's friends who were graduates of Xiamen University. And through my father, I met them, and I heard stories about how Xiamen University had started, the kinds of problems it faced, and how the students coped with a university

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that was essentially struggling for funds, especially through the first 15 years of its life.

Despite Mr. Tan Kah Kee's generosity, universities, even in those days, were really too expensive for any one person or any one group of private philanthropists to support. Indeed, this was the point that came across to me when I heard these graduates of Xiamen University talk about the tremendous potential of the university which never quite made it because it was constantly short of funds. So I remember that very vividly.

Later on, of course, I went to different universities. I actually started my university education in China, at the National Central University in Nanjing, before the Communists came. I started in 1947 and was there for about a year and a half before the People's Liberation Army arrived at the Northern shore of the Yangtze River. At this point, I returned to join my parents in Malaya.

At the National Central University, I was privileged to be one of its students. There were actually very few of us. It was not a large university, but at that time it was the largest university in China, although it had only 4,000 students. And when you consider the size

of the population in China, where the largest university had only

4,000 students, you can imagine what an elitist kind of university it was. And in fact, all the universities in China were like that - smaller than Central University. You can see that universities never could cope with the demand for higher education in the country. And indeed you can understand why, because when I was there, that university was totally funded by the central government, totally dependent on the government.

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The university was established in Nanjing. When the Japanese invaded in 1937, the university was moved to Chongqing. I joined the university after it returned from Chongqing to Nanjing in 1947. I was the first of the freshmen admitted into the re- established campus of Central University in Nanjing. But what I remember was that the university was fully funded by the central government. This contrasted with what I remembered, listening

to the graduates of Xiamen University, of a university that was

privately funded until 1936 when it finally could not support

itself any longer. That was when Mr. Tan Kah Kee invited the government to take it over, effectively giving the university to the government. Thereafter, the Xiamen University was supported by the government. That was a big shift in the situation of Xiada.

Of course I didn't know all the details about university funding then. I have studied a bit more about that subject since. But what I thought was extremely interesting is that when I went to a university which was fully funded, everything was paid for. I had a scholarship. Fees were paid for. We stayed in hostels. In fact

it was fully residential. All 4,000 students were residing inside the campus and I don't think any one of us paid anything for our

studies. We were given some spending money. I forget the amount

of money now, but if you remember 1947, the inflation in China was so bad that there was no point in counting the money. It used to be in bundles. So I can't remember what it was but it was enough for us to live on. We were given one set of clothes for summer and one for the winter. The hostels were pretty bare but adequate, although it was freezing cold in the winter in Nanjing.

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policy in China now, of the government paying for everything for

the universities, but that policy was a very long tradition there.

And here we have Mr. Tan Kah Kee taking the initiative to fund a university. Why did he need to do that? Reading the history of that period, it is quite clear that there were too few universities in China. From about 1900, the imperial govemment of the Qing dynasty first began to take up the idea of a modem university. That was in Beijing, Jingshi Daxuetang, and then there were a couple of others in Nanjing, Tianjin and then some of the provinces. And that was in response to the fact that there

were private colleges being set up by the missionaries. Most of

them were American missionaries but a few French and German

missionaries also set up private colleges. These started as

secondary schools, leading to college education, which essentially prepared the students to go on to university education in the United States, France or Germany. And the imperial government gave permission for these colleges to exist, particularly in the treaty ports, like in Shanghai and in Guangzhou and then eventually in Beijing as well. But this was how it began with missionary colleges. And the Chinese government was aware

that they were private institutions essentially paid for by the missions in the United States or by Catholic missions in France and some Lutheran missions from Germany. These were the

earliest ones. And the imperial government, following the Kang

Youwei's Hundred Days Reform, finally realized that there was a need for a modem higher education that the Chinese govemment had never supported in the past.

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Indeed, I went further back into history. The Chinese imperial government had never supported higher education. I was actually quite surprised to discover this, that throughout the history of China, education was always more or less a private affair. This puzzled me because we always say that the Chinese people are fond of education. We believe that education is important. We believe that education should be respected and we are always taught to be respectful towards scholars, and yet there has never been educational institutions supported by the imperial government. That is one of the reasons why only those who could afford it employed private tutors to teach their children and to set up private classes, eventually to prepare them for examinations, first the local examination, then the provincial examination and ultimately the imperial examination. All these were done basically with private funds. Maybe a community might provide support, but never the central government.

Only after the Imperial examination, at the highest level, of what might be called in-service bureaucratic training, will there be institutions like the Hanlin Imperial Academy and so on. The best of the Jinshi (a successful candidate in the highest Imperial Examination) were then recruited into the Hanlin Imperial Academy to provide tuition for the emperor's children and provide various other highly specialised training for the people who were ultimately going to be the highest officials of the land. The highest mandarins received special training. But that was not really higher education. That was preparation for higher government service rather than higher education as we understand it.

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I was quite amazed that this was so. I had some idea but I

didn't realize that there was never any money spent by the imperial

government on education despite the fact that the Chinese believe

that education is so important. I couldn't find anything really

specific to explain this. From reading various memorials and memoirs by the mandarins themselves, we eventually build up a picture that education was so important because it was considered as a way of getting into higher office, and when a person got into a higher office, he was so well rewarded as a Mandarin that the government regarded this as a kind of investment that an individual, his family and his community should be making themselves. There was no question of the imperial government paying for anything.

Indeed, the essence of a modern society, as compared with a

traditional society in which the state did very little, is that the

modem state has taken on many responsibilities for society. This is a completely new thing. In fact if you look back, all the traditional states were rather like that. I looked at some of the European examples. Who paid for universities in Europe? Well, you find a few private donors, some lungs, princes and aristocrats, but very often the church paid for higher education. Sometimes, the professionals did: the medical professions supported medical education; the legal professions encouraged the study of law. Professional education provided funding for a kind of

apprenticeship for people to become doctors and lawyers, and of course seminaries funded by the church prepared people to be

priests. None of the money came from the government, and there

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was never in fact such a thing as a state responsibility for education. For example, some of the famous colleges such as Oxford and Cambridge were supported by some kings or aristocrats and private donations, out of their own money for their own special reasons and not out of state coffers. But of course eventually the colleges did become public institutions in the 19th century. But it was as late as the 19th century before public funds went to these universities.

In continental Europe, the idea that the state should pay for universities came a little bit earlier than in England, out of a particular social and cultural revolution. This has also occurred in England but not to the same extent. Consider also the consequences of the Reformation against the church, the breakup of the Catholic church, and the competition among the churches. Eventually, following the French Revolution, the state took over the control on higher education. The separation of Church and State was a major factor and it ended by having the state take over issues like higher education, because the state didn't want the church to have anything to do with it. The state wanted to create out of the Enlightenment Project of the late 18th century institutions which the state could sponsor, support and perhaps also to control and shape.

The motives are of course very varied but essentially that resulted in most aspects of higher education being taken over from the Church. And because the state took over, there was an increasing support for science, for technology, and for a research-based university. All these meant that the state took an increasing interest in what a university could produce. In a sense, it stemmed from an awareness of the need for human capital and that the state should do something

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to ensure that the human capital coming out of universities would be useful to both the state and society.

That was really a fairly recent thing. So the idea for the state to be responsible for higher education, even in Europe, was very recent. And it took nearly a hundred years before it spread all over

Asia. I was struck by where it began. In Asia, India had colonial

universities like those of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. They

were not entirely supported by the state, because the British empire

in India did not believe that the state should pay for education entirely, but only by subsidies. The first Asian universities completely supported by the state, as far as I know, were those in Japan. Tokyo University and later Kyoto University and others, and from then onwards the state paid for these universities. The reason for that was that the Japanese learnt the German universities which were state based in each of the various states in Germany before it was a united Germany were actually financed by the states. It became a very competitive thing among states to recognize that the universities would produce the kind of people to make the

state more prosperous or better known and better established, and have better quality of officials to serve the states. All these were taken into account in Germany. And the Japanese were so impressed that they took them as their model. At the same time, they continued with their own tradition and allowed private institutions to provide higher education as well.

In England, state-funding for universities was just beginning. The kind of municipal responsibility for universities, such as London University, began in the early 19th century but it was

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still not fully funded by the state. There was always help from important segments of the population, like medical schools funded with the support of the medical professions, and the funding of the Courts with the legal professions basically supporting the training of future lawyers. All that was, in other words, a mixture of state concern, public concern and private concern, a cooperative enterprise in higher education.

Because of the French Revolution, this competitive approach to enable each state to produce better universities, better graduates, and eventually better human capital to serve their states became more recognized. In Asia, it was Japan that started it, and it is no accident that Japan's rapid development occurred in the late 19th and early 20th century. This was because they were quick to appreciate that the state had to play a role in producing the kind of people needed by the state or society in order to modernize quickly, to industrialize quickly, and to catch up with the western world. That was not an accident.

Incidentally, I might add that Japanese universities were not the first universities in Asia. The first European type university was actually

built in the Philippines by the Spanish. But that was church-based. If you look at one of the earliest universities, the University of Santa Thomas in Manila, it was the Dominican order which built that and there were other orders which also had small colleges. These Catholic church-based institutions were not modem universities, but more like the medieval universities of Europe. The first really modem university in Asia was in Tokyo and that was completely funded by the state. The two universities of Tokyo and Kyoto, of course, remain two of

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the best universities in the whole of Asia. And they still are, as far as I know, funded by the state with external help at different stages for specific courses and degrees.

That's the background to university funding, to the time when Mr. Tan Kah Kee started to build the Xiamen University. He had been to China several times, and found that there were very few universities in China. There was none in Fujian at the time.

There was a missionary college in Fuzhou, and there were a

couple of other private missionary colleges about to be established.

Some of them were meant for teacher training, which was very

useful, but there were no fully fledged universities in the whole

province of Fujian. And as for other provinces, there were one or two provincially funded colleges, and some new missionary based colleges here and there in the major cities.

And Mr. Tan Kah Kee wrote about this, to say that he was very shocked and ashamed of the fact that in Fujian province, a big province like that with 20-30 million people at that time, did not have a university. It was in that context that he saw that the only

way to have a university in Fujian was to establish one himself. Of course he didn't start with a university. He started with schools

and was innovative in a wide range of ways. He was building the

schools gradually and the climax of all his projects was the

university, and he devoted the rest of his life to supporting that university as much as he could. It was until 1936 when he had lost most of his fortune and was clear that all his friends and relatives who tried to help really could not continue any further that he gave up. As you all know, the great world depression came after

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1929. It affected almost all the people in Southeast Asia, and all their fortunes were much diminished.

Throughout that period, Prof Shih I am sure is interested in this,

the man who was the vice chancellor was from Singapore. He was Dr. Lim Boon Keng. He made great sacrifices. He had given up his medical career, his business interests in Singapore, to do what his friend Mr. Tan Kah Kee asked him to do, which is to be the head of Xiamen University. And he struggled with that for 16 years, in fact, right to the end, trying to raise funds, trying to do a number of things he thought a university ought to do, but finding it extremely difficult without adequate funding.

I remember reading up on some of the Xiamen University accounts of what happened, and about Dr. Lim Boon Keng's efforts. He travelled with Mr. Tan Kah Kee and went round trying to raise funds throughout Southeast Asia, especially among the Hokkien population. But they were not as successful as they had hoped and

Mr. Tan Kah Kee was a little disappointed. But Dr. Lim Boon Keng worked very hard and it was tough going, because that was entirely a private university and there was no public funding at all. I remember Mr. Tan Kah Kee saying somewhere that he wanted to make sure that the fees would be very low so that the ordinary people could afford to go to university, and he made many efforts to raise scholarships to enable the poorer students who couldn' t afford the fees to also go to university.

The reality was, right down to the Second World War, the bulk

of the universities, except those in Europe, were not fully funded by any state.

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As I mentioned earlier, the United States was different. We do

want to know more about America's story because Singapore and many other universities today, including those in the United

Kingdom, in Australia and elsewhere, are looking at the American model. The history of what it was like in the United States involves a very long story. I will keep it short.

From the very early days, they had two strands. The earliest colleges were private colleges, mostly funded by churches, with a few exceptions, most of which with very little public funding. The public institution came after the Revolution, after the

independence of the United States. In other words, during the

colonial period, there was very little public funding for higher

education.

After the revolution, during the 19th century, the idea that the

state should take on more responsibility and help people get into higher education came to be accepted because it was considered a good thing for the country and the state. Once it started, every state that could afford it or do it would parcel out lands for land- grant colleges to be built. All kinds of subsidies were made to these colleges and eventually, state universities sprang up in every state in the country.

But again that tradition was different. Private colleges and

state colleges co-existed all the way. What was unique about the

American example was that through that co-existence, the two

were never treated differently by the government. They were both respected. One was more supported by public funds, the other less so, although eventually, even the private universities

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called on public funds more and more as the cost of higher education

rose.

Nevertheless, the two are parallel and, as we all know, some of the best universities in the United States are private universities. And the state universities include some good ones, although the majority of them perform a service for the community but don't aspire to reach that kind of excellence that some of the private universities have done.

This is the broad picture and, in that context, I think we need to ask this question again and again. At each point of time, "who should pay for universities" was answered differently. I think we need to bear that in mind when we ask ourselves this question today. Some of the things that the minister himself has said today are relevant here. The minister explained what a modem university should do today when facing the globalized knowledge economy, the new issues that arise for governments, and of course for the universities that produce the talents to support their countries.

We have here many other factors to take into account. The one that struck me most was that maybe a city state like Singapore is different from other countries. It has few natural resources, except human resources. I became familiar with a similar problem during my ten years in Hong Kong, because Hong Kong was just like Singapore, an island with no natural resources except human resources, so when I went to the University of Hong Kong, this was

my first concern. It has always been a concern there insofar as the university is producing human wealth for Hong Kong, that is the capacity to develop, to serve, and create wealth for Hong Kong, and

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also the capacity to provide the kind of social cohesion that

Hong Kong needed. Graduates from the universities have been the uppermost in the minds of the Hong Kong authorities.

Singapore is in a similar situation. Without natural resources,

depending entirely on the human skills, talents and creativity that we can generate, higher education then becomes a matter of tremendous concern. If that is the case (I believe it is, but if we all acknowledge that that is the case), then it is a matter of major investment for the government of Singapore. This is something that a city state like Singapore depends on, the human resources that you can stimulate, make creative and productive. Therefore it is obvious that the state must be fully concerned with how its universities develop.

How should we compare this with the example of the United

States? I have said earlier that the U.S. experience was unique.

The U.S. had developed its own dual basis for higher education. No other country had quite that unique balance between public

and private higher education and that has proven to be a very successful model. And we should look at it carefully.

But the more I tried to compare a country - Singapore - that has no other resources except its brain power, with a country like the United States which has such rich natural resources that almost every gradute they could produce could immediately make use of the great natural resources in the country, the more I was taken aback by the difference between them. So it struck me quite hard that maybe the U.S. is not the best model

for Singapore. The conditions are so different. Of course, there

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can be many lessons that we can learn about how the institutions have developed in the U.S. but the basic conditions are clearly different from those in Singapore.

I have also spent about 18 years in Australia. I was at the Australian National University from 1968-1986, before I went to the University of Hong Kong. During that time, I saw a major decision made by the government in power when the Labour Party came into government under Mr. Gough Whitlam. One of the first decisions he made was to make all the universities free. All students could go to universities without having to pay tuition fees. That is

one of the reasons why large numbers of students from Southeast Asia, not least from Singapore and Malaysia, turned to Australia to study. It was an extraordinary decision. The only examples that Mr. Whitlam could have looked at during that time were the socialist countries. The Soviet Union, China and the Communist countries in Eastern Europe and elsewhere had university systems that were free. The state paid for that, because that complemented the whole political system. But when Mr. Whitlam did that, it was a remarkable step.

The consequences, of course, were unpredicted. Mr. Whitlam thought that if he made all education free and the state paid for higher education, right across the board, then even the poorest student

in the country would have a chance to have a university education. And he thought that, in this way, everybody will be inspired to go to university.

After about 15 years or so, there was a review done about this policy and the results of the review showed that the world is not like that at all. Mr Whitlam was just plain wrong. What happened was

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that the rich and the middle class got a free education for their

children while the poor, for a variety of reasons, still didn't get to university. At least, very few of them did. My family was a beneficiary because my three children went to university free of tuition fees. Actually I could afford it but I was not asked to pay.

Was that right? It would have been all right, of course, if the

country can afford it and go on doing it indefinitely. But it was

totally wrong because the government could not afford it. As

time went on, the burden of providing a free education for

universities became too heavy even for a relatively prosperous

government such as the Australian government.

Before long, the universities were asked to take in full fees from overseas students, so the next thing we knew was that all Singaporean and Malaysian students and students from elsewhere have to pay full fees to get to Australian universities. They are,

I understand, still cheaper than those in the United Kingdom.

Anyway they now have to pay full fees. For the local students,

the government couldn't reintroduce fees. That was politically

difficult. Even to this day the struggle is still going on between

the government and staff and students of the universities about

this whole question of fees. Of course, they are collecting some

fees now and they are using all kinds of devices to get over this problem created by Mr. Whitlam about 30 years ago. But the universities were then forced to take in more and more overseas students who can pay full fees; otherwise, the universities couldn't function because the government was giving them less and less money.

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The other tendency is to push the universities to privatise more

of their activities. To get such outside help across the board, the universities are running into great difficulties. I have just come back this morning from Australia. I was giving a lecture last night at the University of Melbourne, so I had a chance to talk to my Melbourne

colleagues and they were telling me how hard it was. I was struck

by the very fact that the University of Melbourne actually was brave

enough to set up its own private university, parallel to the University of Melbourne. Now I don't know how it is going to work, but I think the Vice Chancellor is going to face difficulties. I think you can imagine what thay are. The university felt it had to do this, partly because it was not able to take fees from Australian students and could only take full fees from overseas students, so it thought that one solution was to set up a private university where both overseas and Australian students can pay full fees.

The other result, which is equally painful but totally under-

standable, is that the government is now prepared to accept the idea

that there are different classes of universities. Now this is a very

difficult thing for people to agree on. In America, there are many

different classes of universities but they evolved gradually over time

and they evolved through trial and error, public opinion, adaptation, acceptance of the quality of the education provided and the quality of the staff and research and other criteria, but it has taken a long period of time before people could distinguish between the very

good universities, the ordinary ones, and the weak ones. They sorted themselves out over a long period of time. But if all the universities are state funded, as they are in Australia, with only two or three

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small private universities, and the state cannot afford to maintain

them at the same high standard, what do you do? The state starts to discriminate, and find ways to give more money to some universities because they are good and to give less money to those universities because they can't prove that they are good. This is beginning to happen, a kind of the rich-get-richer-the- poor-get-poorer principle. At least that is what my colleagues are complaining about.

Well, this may be the only solution because the state cannot afford to pay for all the 39 universities in Australia in the same

way. Similar things are happening in the UK as well. About 15 years ago in Britain, they changed all the polytechnics to universities. Overnight, 50 universities double to become a hundred and now they have more than a hundred. They now have the same problems. The government cannot afford to support them equally, so again the pressures are on, various kinds of pressures, to go out for fees, get private students, get donations, get contracts, and get the businessmen to come in. At the same time, discrimination has become necessary, rewarding the rich and impoverishing the poor, as it were. I am not saying they had embarked on this process deliberately. They cannot help it. Once

you reach the point when the state cannot afford to pay for

everything, that is bound to happen.

From what I have said, you can see that there is a great

problem ahead of us, a kind of contradiction. On one hand, when a country is small, a city state like Singapore, or a small place like Hong Kong, when there are no other natural resources, I

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think it is very rational and totally justified for the state to pay for all higher education because that is your major resource. But for

larger countries, well developed in other ways, to take on the burden

of all higher education and then finding that they can't afford it, it

would seem to me that that would have a destructive impact on the quality of education in those countries. It is already beginning to

show in Australia. You can already feel it in the United Kingdom. There isn't quite the same quality control that these universities used to be famous for, because the government cannot afford it anymore. So that's the contradiction. It is quite right for the government to take on the responsibility but quite wrong to take it on without being able to afford it and thus creating social, economic and political problems for the government as well.

So given that background, and I really have oversimplified the issues in many ways, I want to draw two short conclusions from it.

I still believe that there are situations when the government must

pay for higher education. It is of course in the hands of the government anyway, and this is not only true for Singapore but for all countries as well. A government has the responsibility of knowing what its best interests are. And if it is in the country's best interests to support and bring out the best in the people, in the human resources it has, then it is its duty to make sure that these resources are fully supported and are given the kind of nourishment to enable the human resources to flourish. That seems to be very rational and obvious.

But if there are other resources, if there are other conditions, then it seems to me that for the state to take on, without discri-

mination, all forms of higher education, this may well lead to

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impoverishment of all higher education. And the moment the state does that, it seems to me you are really in for big trouble, not only political trouble but in the end, you are really destroying the quality control capacity that academics, students, and parents in the society can work out for themselves. You are actually talung that away from them because the state promises but cannot deliver. And I think that is the worst of two worlds.

Is there any other way? I do believe that the American way has shown us something we can learn from. But I don't think every country can imitate what the U.S. does. I certainly don't think that it applies to Singapore. This is my personal view, Vice Chancellor, because it is a totally different kind of state. However, as a general model as to who should pay for university, then I think the kind of balance achieved in the U.S. has a great deal of merit. It accepts the fact that there are differences in the natural ability of people in any society and with 280 million people in the U.S., it is very clear that only a certain percentage of those people have the capacity to be inventive, productive, creative and all the things that we need for a knowledge-based economy. And for them, you have got to invest in them and provide the very best opportunity to enable them to bring out their talents fully. That is quite clear; otherwise, you are not being rational. You have to find a way of determining who these people are, and once you know who they are, you must give them absolute support all the way to enable them to do their best. And for the rest, you provide a general education and then if they want more, like professional skills and other extra skills, then they should be expected to contribute to that.

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Another logical argument is that if you gain those skills, those

qualifications, they actually enable you to earn more in society.

Then paying for that becomes your own investment in your own

future careers. In a vast, very flexible, fluid and open system like the

U.S., the selection process is very complex. But even someone not

exceptionally creative in fields the country considers important would

have opportunities to prove themselves.

The U.S. has a good balance of the state system and the private

university system. Both provide active processes for bringing out

the best people, sorting out who would be the most creative and

productive for the country. And the process is elaborate, very painful

for some people, but in the end, the chances to get the right people

into the right slots to do the right things are very much better. But

only a society that has an open system, and is reasonably affluent

to afford it, can do that.

It is an expensive system and not every country can afford it. I notice that both the Australians in the Commonwealth system, of

which we are a part, and the UK are taking into account what is

happening in the U.S. But as the minister suggested earlier this

morning, it' s very difficult to change from the European Continental

system where the state paid for everything, to this kind of more

fluid, flexible system that the U.S. - not consciously, but uncon-

sciously and organically - has evolved. Now that change is not

easy and it will take some time.

But the fact that they are considering it is a good sign. It is a

recognition that certainly one principle - that the state should pay

for all higher education for all the people who want it - cannot be

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followed any longer. No state that I know of can afford it if it

wants to give quality university education to its students. No

country, not even the U.S., I would say, can afford it if they want

to give it to everybody who wants higher education. If you accept

that as a given, then I think we are at least facing a very realistic

proposition.

Let us look at the question again: who should pay? I have

suggested that in a small city state, the state should be able to pay.

They can afford to pay. It doesn't mean that it has to pay. If the

state wants the society to share in that investment, to contribute to

that investment, so be it. If that is what everybody accepts, then

fine, provided that everybody agrees that what they want is the

lund of quality education that will produce the best human resources

to serve that state. And in a small city state like Singapore, that

kind of agreement and consensus is, I think, possible.

In the larger countries, and you can't think of one larger than

that of China, I don't know how it is going to work out. I am fascinated to see that the Chinese has accepted the idea that

universities must go out and find funds of their own. They have

accepted the idea of a few private universities being established,

but from what I know up to now anyway, it is experimental, and

many of them are getting the formula wrong. I don't know if it

will work, but at least the Chinese now recognize the principle

that no state can afford to provide really good education for

everyone who wants higher education. It is simply not possible,

and the Chinese painfully acknowledge that and are now trying

to do something about it. I don't know how they will change

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around and readjust themselves to the kind of mixed university system that will provide really good quality education.

If it is turning just to private enterprise, I personally don't think it will work. While I was describing the mixed systems, you notice that I did not say that the private universities should depend on private enterprise. No. The private universities in the U.S. actually depend for a broad support from their own alumni. For the really high quality research that is done in these universities, they are actually getting funds from the state. With high quality brainpower

in their universities, they can win the kind of contracts that the government is willing to pay for good research. So private doesn't mean 100% private. Public doesn't mean 100% public. That's the way the U.S. has evolved over the last 200 years. And it is an extraordinary story and it is far too complicated for any other country to try to imitate. That is one of the things I am concerned about, that we should not assume easily that America has been very successful and all we need to do is to do exactly what the Americans do. I don't think it works like that.

You have to look at your own society, the conditions in your own

country, and what it really needs, what it can do, what it can afford

to do, and what its priorities are. And, in a small state, the priorities are very different from the priorities of a large state. With the vast resources that the U.S. has, they can do almost anything. They can ask their scholars to reach out in almost any direction they like because they can afford it. Obviously, a state like Singapore, or a territory with an even bigger population like that of Hong Kong, cannot afford to do that. Different kinds of priorities would have to

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be exercised and for those priorities, they cannot be determined by private enterprise or society alone. The state must provide a leading role in at least seeking that kind of consensus from its experts and, together, work out what that state and society really need in order to, not just survive, but to thrive and prosper.

And I think Singapore is getting it about right. It is to some

extent consulting the people about what kinds of business and skills are needed. There are certain very direct problems facing

Singapore today, and in terms of trying to reshape the new

Singapore, obviously the state has to provide some leadership in that sphere. But, of course, it expects some inputs from private sectors, private enterprise, and society in general. That is quite natural. But, to me, the question of depending a lot on private enterprise to support higher education is simply not realistic because these priorities need not have any business inputs or results at the end of it all. We just don't know. You have to take a gamble, you need to put in a lot of investment, and you have to take your chances. And to that extent, the state has no choice

but to take the lead and the risks and, if they get it wrong, take the responsibility. That's the way it has to be.

Therefore, when we look at any of the institutions around us including our own, "who should pay for university?'should not be determined by any specific model but by taking on the experiences of other models and then looking at yourself: what does Singapore really want? What does it need? What can it do? What can't it do? This kind of realistic assessment of what is possible within Singapore has to be done, between the state and

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all those in the society deeply concerned with this issue. And this kind of collaboration and sharing of ideas will, I think, lead to the kind of solution that Singapore will eventually find.

In short, there is no simple answer to my question: who should

pay for the university? I am sorry I can't give you a formula. In fact,

you know very well that there is no such fomula. It is something

that can be worked out, between the universities, the government departments concerned with higher education and the private enterprise and the rest of society concerned for higher education and the products of higher education. There should be much more consultation and discussion about the ultimate goals of what higher education could best do for Singapore.

Thank you very much.

Prof Shih

So true to his reputation, as a distinguished scholar and historian,

Prof Wang Gungwu has provided us with an insight and passion

account of the development of higher education in several continents, in Europe, in China, in Japan, in the U.S., Australia, some of mistakes, some of their successes. I think that Prof Wang has, in the course of his lecture, also shared with us the opportunities and the problems facing higher education. So I am sure that this has given us a lot of food for thought and that you are stimulated.

Now, on behalf of the organiser, I also want to thank the other speakers, Senior Minister of State Mr. Tharman Shanmugaratnam

and Mr. Teo Ming Kian, and others who have spoken this morning.

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此页原书为空白页

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《 备 、 ^ 、 精 神

席 简 介

主 席 引 言

I 莫 理 光 先 生

莫理光,新闻报业界前辈。他在1980年担任《南

洋商报》总编辑。1983年,《星洲日报》与《南

洋商报》正式合并,莫理光与黎德源一同担任

《联合早报》总编辑。他也是人们目前所知,跟

陈嘉庚先生有过亲身接触和交流的前辈之一。

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此页原书为空白页

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今 天 我 们 难 得 请 到 从 远 方 远 道 而 来 的 四 位 专 家 和 学 者 出 席 我 们 的 研 讨

会。我想利用这个简短的时间,谈谈陈嘉庚先生一生永垂不朽的功业,

陈嘉庚是东南亚一位最卓-越的事业家。他也是位改革家、教育家、慈善

家、政治领袖,更应是他那个吋代中一位最令人敬仰的长者。他不仅是

一个华侨的传奇人物,也是亚洲的一个传奇人物。他所积累的资产全部

用作慈善义举、兴学办校,或者在政治用途上。他喜欢通过这些实践,

让自己实现一项为华人所护拥的崇高理想:"国家兴亡,匹夫有责",更体

现了范仲淹所提出的"先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐"的高尚情操。

1 9 4 8 年,他曾经替!缅甸)仰光一间华文报纸献词。他当吋说:"天下兴

亡,匹夫有责,身家可牺牲,是非不可不明"。明朝有一副充满悲天悯人

情怀的对联:"风声雨声声声入耳,国事家事事事关心"。但这副对联对

陈老而言, "家事 "应该改为 "世事 "更为恰当,因为他没有留半分钱给

他的子孙。他说过:"金钱如肥枓,散播『才有用。',可见他不只是关心

而已,他还救亡兴学,

最后,我要举出陈先生三件感人肺腑的伟业。在他的父亲生意失败后数

年,他从中国来的吋候,便自己创办生意。创办的吋候就许下诺言。他

说:"如果我发达的话,我一定会还清所有的欠债。^后来,他实现了他

的诺言。虽然在法律上他没有理由,也不需要负责,但是在重枧情意的

华人社会中,这也是罕见的美谈,

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我们大概没有听过有这样的事情。独自创办厦门大学,他还为了大学而

奋斗了 1 6年。其中最后 9年,他的生意虽然已经结束了,伹是他还是一

直支持厦门大学的经营。从历史上到现在为止,还找不到第二个人。中

国人说:"独木难知大厦",可知这是教育史上一项伟大的功业。

在新加坡沦陷前,临危关头,他挺身出来领导华侨抗日,保卫新加

坡。沦陷前夕,他到印尼去避难,他当吋写了一首诗,其中有四句

话:"爪哇避匿已两年,潜踪难守长秘密,何吋不幸被俘虏,抵死无

颜谄事敌。',他当吋身上还带着一包氙化钾,准备以身殉国,这也是

他身家可牺牲的壮志。

颐和轩俱乐部历史资料中心特别配合此次盛典,摄制《伟大的教育家

陈嘉庚》录影片,重现他当日可歌可泣的生平,希望大家不要失之交

臂'

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I 曹 兴 诚 先 生

曹兴诚,台湾联华电子股份有限公司董事长。曹

先生在半导体行业领域中服务了 25年。曹兴诚

毕业自台湾大学电机系,然后在交通大学理科

学研究所念硕士,跟着进入工研院电子所工作。

1980年,他加入台湾首家积体电路公司,联华

电子,担任副总经理。1983年,他因业绩突出

而升任总经理。1985年,联华电子成为当地第

一家电子类上市公司,同时也是第一个把积体

电路产业转成民营的公司。

除了忙于经营公司外,曹兴诚也十分关心教育

与科研的发展。他还协助兴建在美国伯克莱大

学内的陈惠庚纪念堂。

科 抆 对 文 明

alchen
Stamp
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此页原书为空白页

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今天我很高兴,也很荣幸能够到这个研讨会来,报告一些心得。我从事

科技方面的行业,我们是做这个集成电路,算是属于科技工作,经常有

机会被请去做一些科技与人文的对谈。我从这些对谈中得到很多启发,

也了解到今天科技对于我们的生活可以说是息息相关,甚至对于人类的

未来,扮演非常重要的角色。

可是大部分人,当然不包括我们今天在座的,对科技不仅不了解,同吋

还有很多误解。当然,我们对科技的很多高深的内容不了解是情有可原

的。因为今天有些科技相当高深,有些终身在钻研的,说不定还没有办

法完全了解,所以我们不能苛求说大家对科技都要有深入的了解。可是

如果我们讲科技对生活的影响、对历史文化各方面深远的意义,我想我

们会比较正确地看待科技,也会更关心,甚至影响科技的走向与发展。

科与技 我们谈科技,首先要讲的是 "科 "与 "技 "是不一样的东西。我们现在大

家都把 "科技科技 ",好像看成是一样的东西。

科学是我们的一种知识,是我们对宇宙的了解。我们透过科学的方法,

包括观察、测量、推理,然后验证,所得到的对宇宙各种运行、组织、交

互作用的这些知识。这是科学。

至于技术,我的定义是解决问题或者制造器物的方法。技术是远远早于

科学的。原始人钻木取火,是技术。最近,美国好莱坞影星Tom Hanks主

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演一部电影,就是他坐飞机失事坠下,漂到荒岛上去,一个人过了五

年,对他而言,最大的挑战就是怎样取火。大家都看到电影里,刚开

始那种取火的辛苦。钻木取火是技术,后来我们制作瓷器,然后制作

铜器、铁器,这些都是技术。一万多年前,我们开始发展农业,更是

一个非常伟大的技术突破。农业、畜牧都是技术,

科学却是很晚才发展的东西。科学是从十匕世纪才算是真正开始发

展。1609年,Kepler提出一个学说,指这个行星系绕地球是以楠圆形

轨道,绕日运行,我认为这是一个科学的开始。我们知道十七世纪其

实是一个很伟大的世纪。中间有很多电、磁、光波、基本的原子说,

还有像微积分、牛顿的力学三定律、Bernoulli等等,这些都是在十七

世纪提出的,所以十七世纪可以说是科学的开始。当我们讲科学,不

过是四百年的历史。所以我接 7来讲 "科技 "日 t十匕世纪前是指技

术,十七世纪后才是指科技。

有科技做基础,发展技术3然就快得多了。因为科学的研究需要很多

仪器、设备来配合。比方说望远镜越做越清楚,对天文学研究就有很

大的帮助,所以,科学跟技术从十匕世纪以后便互相带动,科学带动

技术,技术带动科学,所以就突飞猛进到今天的规模。

透 过 现 代 科 技 打 破 生 态 限 制

今日!s

,

&

^

谈到人文科学,大家讨论这个问题的吋候,对科学主要有些误解。一

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般人认为,目前环境的破坏都是科技造成的,因为我们的科技促使很多

工业生产产生很多的毒害,对地球造成很大的污染。有些人就主张说我

们 也 许 应 该 过 更 单 纯 一 点 的 生 活 , 少 用 一 点 能 源 , 少 吃 一 点 好 吃 的 东

西,这样就能够做所谓的永续经营。可是这样的论点对不对呢?如果以

我的看法,这样的论点其实没有搔到问题的痒处。

文明之所以能发展到今天,其实主要是以科技为基础建立的。我们可以

想象:假如没有科技,人们的生活是什么样子的?我记得以前看过一本

书,内容是讲195 0年代MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology,麻省理工

学院)跟哈佛的一些教授做了一个研究。当时有个澳洲的土著,生活非常

原始,没有农耕没有畜牧,纯粹就是靠捕鱼、打猎、吃野果生存。结果这

么一研究就发现一个很惊人的事实:这样原始的生活,平均每个人需要

五平方公里,非常肥沃的土地才能让他生存。那么人多了怎么办?多了

的话,我想大概就是要杀戮。

现在很多人讲 "生态生态 ",各种大自然,其实如果你仔细观察大自然

里动物的生存,其实是相当残忍的。生态的法则是弱肉强食,物竞天择,

所谓"大鱼吃小鱼,小鱼吃虾米"。这样子一直循环,不行的就被淘汰。

其实在这个自然生态里,生存其实就是绝对的自私,绝对的残忍,没有

任何慈悲可言。

有一次,我跟台湾的一位佛学大师聊天,我说:"师父,慈悲为怀是违反生

态的。"他听了一愣。事实上在自然界里,残忍是生态的一个很重要的基

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础。没有残忍,没有物竞天择的话,好的物种无法生存下来,坏的物种

不会遭洶汰,而且还浪费能源,因此生态是没有慈悲的。

可是我们今天讲的文明都是讲慈悲,要照顾弱小,都是要互助、要和

平。而在真正的生态里面,这些都不存在,甚至是违反生态的。那么我

们可以说文明的维持跟开展,从生态的角度来看,是非常昂贵奢侈的,

比方说在生态里面,有些生下来是残障的,能力比不上别人。很简

单,赶快消灭,不要浪费资源。所以,我们在动物界里很少看到残障

动物.因为残障动物不行,马上就被淘汰了。可是人类不能这样,任

何有残障问题的我们要帮助他。很老的话,老人痴呆了,我们也要养

他。这是相当昂贵的。听说美国的健保,有将近四分之一的钱是用在

最后五分钟的急救。你说让他死了算了,省钱,别人就会骂你太野蛮

了,所以我们要维持这个文明生态是非常昂贵的。那么谁能够维持这

个文明生态呢?就是科技了。

我们最近常讲"知识经济",事实上从有经济活动刚开始,都是靠知识

的.比方说,懂得钻木取火的原始人,他生活就要比不懂的要好得多。

他有火可以晚上照明,白天取暖,还可以驱赶野兽,他打猎的收获更

多。他也懂得把野兽毛皮拿来缝成大衣⋯⋯所以说生活上可以改进,其

实就是靠科技。钻木取火是科技,怎么样剥兽皮缝制衣服都是科技.

农业可以说是非常伟大的技术突破。农业的出现,基本上使每平方公

里所能容纳的人数大量增加。没有农业和畜牧的吋候,五平方公里只

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能养活一个人,那么整个地球只能养活两千万人 .现在地球人口有六十

四亿,如果没有农业的话,是不可能养活那么多人,所以大家要杀戮、

要争地盘、要战争。可是有农业吋,我们可以种植食物,每平方公里能

眵容纳的人数因此大量增加。在农业发展以后,地球能容纳的人数就从

两千万人增加到现在的几十亿人,

十八世纪工业革命以后,我们透过现代科技,使农业生产力增加,也做

了很多改良,例如农产品的加工,减少了浪费。另外,我们大量快速的

运输,冷藏,使得我们的食物浪费大为减少。所以现代科技造成的结果

是,我们现在的地球养活几百亿人是不成问题的。当然有人说会发生粮

食危机,伹我认为这个离我们很遥远。为什么?今天全世界加入 W T O

(World Trade O r g a n i s a t i o n ,世界贸易组织),大家争议的都是希望限制别人

的农产品进口,希望自己的农牧产品出口。这表示这个世界的农畜牧产

品过盛了。

所以基本上,我们靠技术来打破生态的限制,比如说我们借着技术来跳

脱 出 所 谓 " 生 态 弱 肉 强 食 " 、 " 物 竞 天 择 " 的 法 则 。 如 果 照 " 物 竞 天 择 "

的法则,天气一旦冷的话,如果你的基因没有办法改良,长出厚厚的脂

昉或者毛皮,你就要被淘汰了。可是我们有火,可以取暖啊,有兽皮可

以穿啊,我就不受生态法则的限制。

因此,科技使得我们的文明开展。而且科技创造财富,使得我们可以承

受文明的奢侈。所以,没有科技的话其实就根本不可能有文明。没有科

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技的话,我们还是跟野兽一样,每天就是极端自私残忍,这个我想说

要给科技一个重大的cr e d i t (表扬),一个了解。

科技造成污染因为现在科技太落伍

科技发展到今天有没有制造污染呢?当然有制造大量污染。这个问题

我认为不是因为科技本身造成的,是因为文明带来了繁荣,文明带来

了和平,使得人口大量增加。今天的医术非常好,使得人人身体健

康,寿命延长很多,我们的公共卫生也消灭了很多可怕的病毒。可是

事实上,在某种意义来讲,也是破坏地球的免疫系统。本来很多的细菌

及传染病可以说是地球的免疫系统,哪一种物种过度繁殖,它一传染开

来就消灭很多人。可是我们的公共卫生做得很好,使我们的人口增加这

么多,生态遭到破坏是因为这么多人要吃、要喝、要动,要消耗能源。

如果说要避免科技的毒害,我们要生活简单,要回头过简单的生活,

事实上巳经太晚了。六十多亿的人口,除非大量快速地消灭他们,否

则说要生活得简单、减少科技的运用,这是不切实际的。怎么办呢?

我们就应该继续加重科技的发展,

有很多人会觉得:我们现在的科技好像太先进了,可是事实上,我的

看法正好相反。因为我们的科技太原始、太落伍,才造成我们今天的

问题。举个例子,我们今天需要能源,不管你烧煤、烧石油、烧天然

气,事实上都是相当浪费的行为,因为实用煤有很大的分子,可以做

非常宝贵的原枓。我们一把火把它烧了,只为了取能源,这么做其实

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非常浪费。那么不用这些能源怎么办呢?我们或许可以用风力、水力等

等,但事实上不太切实际,

真 正 要 用 的 是 核 能 。 伹 是 核 能 在 世 界 上 备 受 争 议 , 是 因 为 核 废 枓 的 关

系。可是用核能真的就必须承受核废料的污染吗?答案是不见得。因为

我们现在的核能技术太落伍。

我记得最近美国能源部要求人们提供新的核能厂设计。有一种设计,是

以核铀球来取代棒子,来做气动式的发电。用这样新型的设计,第一,

核铀料可以重复使用十几次,所以核废枓就大为减低。第二,盖核电厂

可以从八年的时间縮短至两年。那么每一百万瓦特发电的成本可以从现

在的两百五十万美金,降到一百万美金。这表示,现在核分裂的技术太

落 伍 , 所 以 我 们 有 很 多 的 核 废 料 要 储 存 的 问 题 , 大 家 对 这 个 争 议 非 常

大。可是如果再进步一点,像刚刚所描述的这种方式已经是进步多了,

当然最进步的还是要进入到用核融合来发电。大家都了解这个能量跟质

量的转变有两种,一种是大的原子分裂,分裂出来两个原子能量减少,

输出大量能源,这是核分裂;另外一种方式,就是把两个原子融合起来,

融合以后,合成原子质量小于原来分开的质量,那么就有大量能源释放

出来,这是核融合。我想如果我们未来走到核融合的话,那么这是更进步

的技术,所以我们就可以既不制造核污染,又可以有大量充裕的能源。

谈到核融合,我们可以用氘跟氚来做核融合。这个基本上来说可以用海

水来做原枓,海水里所蕴藏的氘,氚是少,可是不可以用锂来得到氚。

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一 : ' ,

这等于说可以用海水来做能源。事实上如果我们把海水当能源,使用

一千四百亿年,都还可以用.我们地球寿命顶多还有四十亿年就没有

了,可是用海水做原枓,可说是无穷无尽。因为它干净,没有污染,

不产生核废枓,效率也高,一公克海水产生的能量相当于燃烧三百公

克的汽油。可是核融合的技术非常困难。人类研究核融合技术五十年

了,恐怕还要再十年、二十年才有可能把它商业化,

所以,从能源方面来看,以我们对科技的了解,我们是可以找出更进

步的方法来生产我们未来需要的能源,同时解除很多浪费和污染。所

以今天科技问题的产生不是因为它太先进,是因为它太落伍,所以我

们不是要去防止科技过度运用,而是要加强科技的研发 .

不过这中间当然有区分,科学跟技术是不一样的。我们通常认为科学

是对自然的了解,了解得越多越好;技术则是等于我们把知识拿来使

用,解决一些问题。技术使用不当的话就会有副作用。

比方说我们以前五十年代喷DD T (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane, 一

种杀虫剂),年轻的大概没有见过。我们那个年纪,我还记得那个吋

候,夏天蚊子很多,一人一桶D D T ,有时还对喷着玩。那吋候还不知

道这个东西这么可怕。现在大家才知道这个D D T不能用了。可是D D T

刚出现的时候,很多人认为我们找到福音了。蚊子其实非常可怕,它

们通过散播疟疾,杀掉地球上一半的人口。所以当D D T出现时,蚊蝇

被消灭,使传染病大幅度减低,很多人的寿命大幅度增加。同吋,很

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多地方用D D T来杀虫,使农业生产量大增,所以当时大家认为D D T好得

不得了,直到后来才发现它的毒害非常大。

这表示我们对很多的技术还没有完全了解就贸贸然去使用,这会造成很

多副作用。那要怎么解决呢?那就是要加强科学的学问。科学的研发应

该是无止境的,拼命地去追求。科学越深入了解,技术就越完美。我们

对使用的后遗症也比较能够控制。就像核能发电,我们今天的技术太落伍。

为什么我们知道自己落伍、知道自己未来能够做得更好?因为有科学。所

以对科学的重视,应该是我们所有人类都极为关心的。对于技术使用可以

讨论,科学追求应该是所有国家、所有人都应该努力去投注心力的。

农业其实是在破坏生态

下来我想提一个重要的概念。一般人大致上不了解农业对我们的生态破

坏是非常大的。我们很多地方,好像对工业的污染很注意,但对于农业

对生态的破坏,大家比较忽略。为什么说农业会破坏生态呢?因为农业

首先需要开发、砍伐森林。森林是生态之母。目前为止,大部分森林都

被砍伐殆尽,可是剩下的少数原始林带,到现在还保护了地球大概百分

之八十七的物种。所以如果说这些森林继续被砍伐而消失的话,我们物

种的灭绝、食物量的破坏会更加严重。

农业表面上是绿绿的,实际上却是不环保的。它跟高尔夫球场一样,都

是人为了自己的目的,破坏生态以后所得到的东西。因此我们要怎么样

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正确地对待农业?像新加坡根本就没有农业,我觉得这方面跑得很前

面,可是很多地方,包括日本和台湾,你要求减低农业活动,或者减

低重要性,就会有非常大的政治问题.我们最近看到,台湾百分之 7 5

的水是用在农业上面,可是农业对经济的贡献其实非常少,很多水浪

费掉了。可是如果把水关起来留给工人用,那农民就要求很高昂的补

偿费,否则他们不答应。

大部分人不了解农业对生态的破坏,所以如果我们知道农业对生态的

破坏,把农业当成一个粮食产业的一环的话,我们用要求产业的标准

来要求农业增加效率,减少对生态破坏,这样要求的话我相信很多农

业可以结束,因为世界各地农产实际上过盛。通常跟学政治的人谈起

农业问题吋,他们会有点震撼,因为他们没有想过,大家都不敢得罪

农民。所以这是一个蛮尴尬的问题。

科技带领人类快速迈向"神化"

另外,我想趁这个机会提出来请大家指教。今天科技到底把我们带往

哪里?很多人对这个问题感到很担忧。比方说未来生物科技将可以再

造出人来,大家对这个都非常害怕,所以很多国家都禁止复制人。我

觉得这个问题是现代科技把我们带离了原始,带我们过人的生活,不

是过野兽的生话。野兽的生活就是弱肉强食、自私残忍,这是属于生

态自然.我常常说我们看到社会上犯罪的人,如果把价值判断拿掉之

后,其实他比我们这些文明的人是更接近自然的。他想吃就去找,没

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有看到吃的就去抢,管你是谁的,They are just being more natural than us. We

are more c i v i l i z e d . (他们只不过是比我们这些文明的人更自然。)

那么在这个civilization (文明发展)过程当中,很不幸的,我们一方面沾沾

自喜地说我们不像野兽一样过得那么原始,另一方面我们也等于变成生

态里面的异类、alien.你看Discovery (探索频道)、National Geographic (国家

地理频道),看所有的动物,可是一出现人就觉得很碍眼.为什么呢?所

有动物都不穿衣服,只有人是穿衣服的,所以我们变成生态的异类。

我们这些异类在地球上来讲,会慢慢变成一个很可怕的半调子,什么样

的半调子呢?我们没有办法回到自然过原始的生活,但一方面我们生活

在现在,又大量破坏生态。我们人类文明等于是半调子的文明,半调子

文明应该往哪里去?我想我们应该把人提升到像神一样,那么到了神的

境界,我们就可以解开人类半调子的危机,

一讲到神,大家就会觉得这是怪力乱神的,很玄啊什么的,可是事实上

如果我们让两百年前的人复活,回到今天的社会,你跟他说:我跟你一

样是人,他不会相信。为什么他不相信?因为他以前不会飞,人怎么可

能会飞?可是我们今天飞来飞去。当然,今天李远哲教授不能来,因为

台风比他更厉害 .将来要是我们科技更发达,台风也挡不住他。可是两

百年前的人会说:你怎么会飞呢?

还有,比方说我们现在有一个人,随便一个,想跟人通话,只要拿起无

线电话,这个人在美国、在哪里都无所谓,打一个电话就通了。这对两

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百年前的人来说,怎么可能呢?这是什么神物啊?我们现在的生活,

像今天外面很热,我们这里有冷气,不怕热。冬天不怕冷,夏天不怕

热,这种种事实上都已经超越了人或者生物的一个生活标准。

比如说我们的唐教授,他是心脏专科。今天很多人到医院去,两百年

前的人不会想到去医院。医生通过各种什么超音波、 M R I (Magnetic

Resonance I m a g i n g ,磁共振成像)啦、 X光啦,把你里面看得一清二楚。

以前的人会想:这怎么可能呢?这是只有神才能做得到的啊,我们刚

才吃午饭吋讨论说,将来很多手术不需要开膛破肚,只需钻几个洞,

就可以进去解决问题了 .那也是非常神奇的事 .

所 以 今 日 科 技 其 实 带 着 我 们 快 速 地 迈 向 " 神 化 " , 这 不 是 笑 话 的

"话 ",是理化的 "化 "。事实上,我们人类正快速地往神或仙或佛

的方面提升。不然的话,你说如果我们没有这样的能力,怎么能到月

球呢?怎么到外太空去呢?作为一个生物,我们可能没有这个能力.

可是作为一个神,这种能力变成一种很基本、很肤浅的能力,所以我

认为科技今天带着我们文明的走向,不是走向西方西化或走回中国

化,事实上是往上走,变神仙化。

那么当我们变神仙的时候,我们就有可能脱离半调子的情况。我们或许

可以要什么有什么,可是我们不需要去抢人家、去破坏能源、不需要抢夺

生态本来有的东西。比方说我们可以大量减少农地,恢复森林。如果这个

基因学再发展下去的话,只要我们知道DN A ,我们甚至有可能把所有曾

经活在地上的动物复制出来。我们已经走在这个路上,大家只是没感觉、

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不承认而已。事实上我们的科技,如果有意义的话,带领我们提升成为神,

否则这个科技对我们来讲,让我们脱离了生态,变成半调子,等着灭亡,就

没有意义了.所以,我认为科技真正的意义,是让我们成仙成佛。

虽然这个听起来很玄,可是事实上,用两百年前人类的观点来看,真的

会觉得我们是神。举一个例子,不说我们高科技的东西,只要让两百年

前的人到超级市场,他在超级市场会问这是什么地方,怎么我想要的东

西全部都在这里,然后看到有人拿着一张塑胶卡片一刷,便可以通通带

走。这个太难以想像了。我们要确认我们现在活在神仙的境界当中,而

且这个神化速度必须更快。如果太慢的话,我们可能还没有跟这个生态

保持平衡之前,就已经把地球毁掉,把自己毁掉了。所以这个神化的速

度还要加快,这是我的一个粗浅的看法。

当然也有人说,你这样神化,万一神化不成,地球毁灭了,科技带来的

不是一场灾害吗?可是,不破坏生态,没有文明没有科技,并不保证你

不 会 灭 种 。 恐 龙 本 来 横 霸 这 个 世 界 , 结 果 却 在 六 千 五 百 万 年 前 全 部 灭

种.所以,我们如果不去发展文明、发展科技,并不保证我们不会灭种。

相反的,因为地球作为一个星球是有寿命的,到最后总要消灭死亡的,

那么在整个星球消灭死亡之前,我想科技就带领我们变神,超脱限制,

永远存在于宇宙里面。这是我一个小小的结论。谢谢。

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了 1

公众提问时间((^&入)

莫理光

谢谢曹先生给我们发表一段很精彩的谈话。我希望曹先生这个预言会

早一点实现。大家有一个理想的世界可以生活,那吋候也不怕生病、

不怕什么东西,可能连唐医生也不必再做医生了。

现在我们时间很宝贵,大家有什么问题可以提出来.不过提出来吋,

其他人请不要自己谈论,因为这些问题由曹先生答比较好。谢谢你

们。

观众 1

刚才你说,在电视机看到我们人类是穿衣服的。你可以这样说:动物

看我们穿衣服是很奇怪啦,其实我们人一生的过程,开始人类是不穿

衣服的,后来,我们要"打帮 "(福建话,"多亏 "的意思)那个洋人

(我们才有衣服穿1。

曹兴诚

穿衣服也是慢慢发展出来的。那么一开始当然没有衣服穿。衣服是不

是神叫我们穿的,我想很多书都会对这个提出相反的看法。

今曰

樣,-小么精

「二

一:"

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观众 2

我们今天的题目是 "科技对文明的影响 ",那都是偏重在物质面。那么

想请教一下,科技对人的所谓 "七情六欲 "这一方面,不知道曹先生有

什么样的看法。

曹兴诚

其实这个发展很好。一般人认为,科技加强了我们的物质文明,可是对

我们的精神文明没太大帮助,这一点我要说几句话。其实以前有人问:

你看贝多芬能在很艰苦的环境中作出这么伟大的音乐,反观现代人生活

太舒服了,做不出来。我怀疑,现在的作曲家都作不出贝多芬这样的水

准。不过起码能够欣赏到贝多芬音乐的,我看大概占人口里面十万分之

一都没有 .那是非常极少数的人才可以享受到贝多芬的音乐。伹是只要

任何人有兴趣,买个(:!)唱盘,古今中外所有大音乐家任你听个够,而且

价钱非常便宜。这样一来,我们到底是精神文明比以前高还是低?我觉

得今天大家的精神文明比以前高太多了。

从另外一个角度来看,以前这个文明比较原始的吋候,就像动物一样,

大 家 要 争 地 盘 , 因 为 这 个 地 盘 大 小 代 表 你 存 活 率 的 高 低 , 大 家 抢 啊 杀

啊。像中国满清吋代,所有洋人的名字,不管人名国名,一定给他加一

个 "狗 "字边,来表示他是野蛮的,我们是有文化的。现在如果看到今天

这个世界各国各个人种,不仅可以不用互相杀戮,还可以互相合作,做

9 5

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I

生意、做研究,这是不可思议。事实上这是很伟大的精神文明进步。

不再是井底之蛙,排外排斥,对谁都有敌意。这个就是精神文明一个

很大的进步,而且是一个无法想象的进步。所以,科技带来物质文明

而没有带来精神文明的说法是靠不住的。

观 众 3

曹先生,您刚才讲科技的发展还是比较落后,速度比较慢。不过,假

设从经济的角度来看,譬如IT (Information Technology,资讯科技)方面

的发展,有一个理论说这个科技发展太快了,科技爆炸使到I T ,譬如

产品方面,每三个月、五个月、一年就有非常大的改变,造成一个局

面。从经济角度,从消费者和使用者的角度,感觉到变化太快而使到

生意难做,obsolesces (过吋)非常严重。假设说科技发展再加快的话,

那一般的人民是不是能够接受得来,而在更快的速度下,应付这压

力?谢谢.

曹 兴 诚

现代科技的进步当然带来很多苦,例如常常面临新的竞争,不推出新

产品就会被淘汰等等。可是我相信这种进步,除了在环保上面有一些

很大顾虑之外,对大部分人来讲都是增加生活幸福的。当然我们给了

很多压力,伹是很多都是增加人们的幸福的。

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我举个例子,我们做I C (Integrated C i r c u i t ,集成电路)的,如果没有IC的

话,这个东西不可能成为一个实用的产品。如果你用真空管做的话,有

人算过,这么一个通话需要华盛顿纪念碑那么大的体积。而且一通话,

"喂 "一声就烧坏,因为太热了。那么这个小小的东西如何增进我们的

福祗?再举一个例子,孟姜女哭倒万里长城,因为她先生一去没有音讯,

找也找不到。现在就没有问题,现在他在哪里,打一个电话就知道。以

前什么相思苦,现在都没有了。所以我们活在一个大部分都很快乐的世

界里,所以这方面来讲,我相信科技进步虽然给大家带来很大压力,不

过同吋它也在很多方面给我们带来幸福,

不过有一点,是我们比较吊诡的地方,就是这个我们今天生了后一代,

我们生理的特质可以遗传,可惜我们脑袋里面的智慧、能力、教养、学

问,没有办法遗传,结果我们每出生一个新的婴儿,从意义上来讲,他

就跌回原始框框,一切从零开始。所以说一个文明程度越高的地方,就

有一个吊诡的性质。

比如说文明像爬天梯,我们天梯爬得越高,新生代掉回来的就越严重,

你就越需要辛苦地把他带带带,带到不只现在的水准,还希望他有能力

继续往上爬。文明程度越高,你要投注在下一代的教育,或者说我们一

生学习要更加强,否则越高越容易倒退。所以很多地方像阿拉伯世界,

在十四世纪的吋候已经很高度文明,结果现在有些文明不比老祖宗。所

以 文 明 的 程 度 越 高 , 就 越 需 要 教 育 的 培 养 , 才 能 维 持 水 准 , 同 吋 向 前

进。这地方一差,文明就倒退了。

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我现在很担忧的就是台湾文明在倒退当中。因为整个学校教育、社会

教育这几年一直滑落,所以感觉上各方面的水准都往后落。越高度文

明越容易倒退,这是值得我们警惕的。所以文明程度越高,要维持甚

至往上发展,加诸于我们身上的教育压力也就越大,不过这也是没有

办法的事。除非有一天,我们的基因工程更厉害,可以把知识教养都

遗传下去.或者说,基因工程使得我们年纪大了以后,能够有继续快

速学习的能力。

这个学习能力跟我们分泌的荷尔蒙很有关系的.基因分泌一种物质,

会帮助人把临吋记忆变成永久记忆。我看一本书,刚看完之后我还记

得,但是过两天我就忘记了。可是有这种基因的话,你看完之后,它

就很快变成永久记忆,不会忘记。可惜这种能力、这种荷尔蒙的分

泌,到了动物的性成熟以后就急速下降。最近有人开始研究,用老鼠

做实验,把这种基因加强,让它虽然过了性成熟期,还能继续维持很

高的学习能力。不过,你说这么好给我打一针,我不敢,因为打了之

后不晓得变成什么样子,有什么其他后遗症还不晓得。科学还在进步

中,技术使用要小心,就是这个意思.

莫理光

因为吋间的关系,曹先生还有别的节目要离开这里。所以曹先生的部

分就到这里结束,谢谢曹先生给我们精彩的演讲。

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企 业 精 神 与 全 球 化 — 近 期 研 究 成 果 的 启 示

I 黄 有 光 教 授

主 讲 者 简 介

黄有光教授,著名华裔经济学家。现任澳洲莫

纳斯大学经济系教授,也是澳洲社会科学院院

士。演讲吋为新加坡国立大学经济系吴庆瑞客

座教授。1966年,他在新加坡南洋大学获得经

济学士学位。接着,他到澳洲悉尼大学继续修读

经济学,并在1971年考获博士学位。

黄有光教授的主要研究领域包括:中国经济问

题、福利经济学与公共政策,提创综合微观、宏

观与全面均衡的综观分析等等。

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此页原书为空白页

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很高兴有机会在今天跟你们谈这个问题。我是从澳洲莫纳斯大学来的,

现在在国大访问到今年底。陈嘉庚老先生的纪念会跟这个题目有关系,

因为陈嘉庚先生是非常杰出的企业家,教育家等等。不过真正跟这个题

目有关的是,他是一个很好的企业家。

以前我在中学甚至大学念书的时候,受到左派思想的影响。当时我们多

数人认为企业家、商人雇佣工人赚钱,就是剥削工人。当时,这种思想

非常广泛,因为这种思想有相当高的迷惑性,因为普通的工人,工钱赚

得 很 少 , 而 大 企 业 家 赚 很 多 钱 , 所 以 企 业 家 剥 削 工 人 的 观 点 是 很 普 遍

的。可能现在还是有人有这样的想法。当吋受这种思想误导的,包括我

自己。我自己被误导后,还误导其他人,所以现在为了赎罪,来向在这

方面有错误看法的人解释。

我并不是说这个世界上,商业社会完全不存在剥削的现象。剥削的现象

是存在的,例如你用欺骗的方法、用垄断来排除他人竞争、用贪污逃税

等方法,这可以说是对消费者、对社会等的剥削。但是如果企业家雇佣

工人进行生产,如果没有牵涉到欺骗等方法的话,那么我认为就没有剥

削。企业家当然需要工人来帮助他进行生产,他才能够赚钱,不过同样

的,工人也需要人家雇佣才能有饭吃。所以这和国际贸易同样是一种互

惠互利的关系,不可以说是剥削。

企业家雇佣工人赚钱,工人工作赚钱,彼此得利 .这个在经济学上可以

很严密地证明,在有竞争的条件之下,商人、资本家赚取资本的边际生

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产力,与工人赚取劳工的边际生产力,所以都是同样的水平。所以,

在马克思的剩余价值论中,指雇佣工人一定是剥削工人的观点是错误

的。我希望现在的年轻人不要受这种思想的影响,

科技、企业家与全球化

不过,并不是所有的商人都是企业家。企业彖的定义是有创造性,创

新的工商业者。这个创新包括说你有一个新的产品,人家还没有制造

出来,你就先制造出来。或者是已经有的产品,你用更好的生产方

法,减低成本,因此也能减低价格,最后让消费者得利,或是开拓一

个新的市场等等,有创新的就是企业家.

那么企业精神和全球化有什么关系?什么是全球化?最近几年到处都

听到关于全球化的声音。全球化就是世界各国的经济并不局限于本

国,跟其他国家做生意,这是国际贸易,伹是全球化又超越国际贸

易。例如一个企业家,为了要赚更多的钱,要用成本更低的方式来生

产。他在甲国设计,然后到乙国生产,卖到丙国,这就是全球化一个

很好的例子。企业家一方面靠自己的经验和聪明才智,知道做什么生

意,开拓什么产品能够赚钱。尤其在开拓新产品和用比较低成本的生

产方法上,往往就需要科技,就像刚才曹先生说到科技的重要性,我

大体上同意他的看法。

企业家也就是把科技应用在经济生产上的人士。 一个经济体或者国

家,没有科技就很难进歩,尤其从长期来讲,从全人类来讲,如果没

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有科技的话,是不能进步的。但是单单有科技还不够,因为科学家在大

学还是在研究院实验室研究出新的成果发表在期刊上。但是这个知识还

没有应用在实际经济生产上,所以广大的人民消费者还不能得利,所以

企业家就把这个新科技带进经济生产。这跟全球化有什么关系呢?那就

是 刚 才 讲 的 , 企 业 家 为 了 能 够 制 造 更 新 的 产 品 , 或 者 用 更 好 的 生 产 方

法,就要用更好的科技,在全世界各个国家进行经济活动,造成全球化。

就是这样的关系。

全球化是大势所趋,为什么一个企业家,在人国设计、在 8 囯生产、在〔

国销售,这牵涉到很多问题,也比较头痛.在本国生产、本国消费,问题

比较少,不是好吗?为什么要这样做?就是因为能够减低生产成本。这

样做的话,能够使他的产品做得更好,卖得更便宜,所以他才这样做,

这对消费者是有利的。所以这是大势所趋,全球化是不能够停止的,

全球化造成的一些问题

不过,最近有一些反对全球化的声音,而且相当强。我认为,一方面全

球化虽然是一种进步的大方向,不过全球化也带来了一些问题。第一,

在全球化的条件之下,一个国家如果要进行一些福利政策,有钱人赚很

多钱,穷人太穷了,政府要帮助穷人,所以向有钱人抽税,给穷人一些

福利资助,来帮助他们。不过,在一个全球化的情况下,对有钱人或商

家抽太多税,他就跑到别的国家去生产,不在你这个国家生产。所以,

全球化就限制了各国在福利政策上能够实行的程度。第二点,环保 .我

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认为环保是个非常重要的问题。我赞成曹先生说的,我们不但要科

技,而且还要加速科技的发展,这一点我是支持的。不过,我认为单

单发展科技还不够,你还是要在科技发展、经济生产增加的同吋,照

顾环保。因为我觉得我们现在全世界面对一个重要的问题。你说恐怖

事 件 " 九 一 一 " 过 几 天 就 要 来 了 , 但 是 我 觉 得 " 九 一 一 " 的 问 题 比 起

环 保 的 问 题 还 算 是 次 要 。 " 九 一 一 " 你 最 多 炸 死 几 万 人 , 甚 至 几 十

万、几百万,伹是我们人类不会全部死光。如果环保没有做好,那么

人类可能会自我毁灭。因此,我觉得环保的问题非常重要。

同样的,全球化使到一个国家的环保政策受到局限,就是说我要求你

的工厂在我国家生产吋,必须要相当清洁。不过,清洁的生产会提高

成本,你可能就会跑到另外一个国家.所以,全球化也局限了各国环

保政策能够做到的程度.由于环保在相当程度上是全球的问题,所以

各国必须合作才能够解决这个问题。所以我认为现任美国总统布什,

最近做了一些很大的错事。我支持美国反恐,支持美国要其他国家反

恐。但是环保也是需要世界各国合作来进行,为什么美国作为全球最

重要的领袖国家,却不签这个Ky o t o Agreement (京都公约)?我觉得这

是错误的。尤其是在九一一事件发生后,美国非常需要其他国家的帮

助来反恐,但是你要别人跟你合作,你却不肯跟人合作,这是什么道

理?不只这个Kyoto A g r e e m e n t美国不签,最近成立的一个全世界的法

律组织,美国也拒绝签署,说签了后一些美国公民会被审判。全世界

需要有一个法庭,但美国在这方面也是不跟人合作。

!,,&么精神/A^^A^MV

4

o

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最近在南非开的重要会议,美国虽然不是完全不去,伹照理说应该由总

统去的,可是美国却只派外交部长去。所以我觉得,美国做了几件严重

的错事。从美国的长期利益来讲,也是错的。我觉得美国这样做,可能

是受了当地一些捐钱给他的大财团的影响。那些大财团可能认为,要是

签了这个Kyoto A g r e e m e n t ,他们的生产成本会增加。这个看法是非常短浅

的。虽然生产成本增加了,但是大家的生产成本同吋增加,全世界来签

的 话 , 全 世 界 的 环 保 工 作 可 以 做 得 更 好 。 全 世 界 的 生 产 成 本 虽 然 增 加

了,伹是不要紧,大家的生产成本都增加,你还是可以竞争下去的。即

使你的工商、经济生产少一点,环保做好比较重要。所以我觉得,布什

可能是受这些财团的影响太深了。

我希望每个有Em a i l (电邮)的人,应该寄Em a i l到美国抗议。你们不要以为

这种抗议是没有用的。澳洲How a r d (霍华德)政府以前也是为美国马首是

瞻,也不签这个Kyoto A g r e e m e n t ,结果引起澳洲当地很多人抗议,包括我

自己在内的几百个经济学者,签名寄给H o w a r d总理。结果咋天还是前

天,我听电台说加拿大和澳洲,在很多人抗议之下已经改变主意,决定

要签了。所以寄E m a i l给美国是有用的。

全球化的另外一个问题是,从全球的观点来看,这是一个进步。不过,

对某个国家的某一部分人士来讲,可能在这个国际贸易上,在全球化的

精神中,反而吃亏。例如美国和中国的国际贸易,因为中国劳工比较便

宜,所以中国就出口劳工密集的产品到美国,例如衣服、鞋子等。美国

就 出 口 高 科 技 、 资 本 密 集 的 产 品 到 中 囯 。 从 整 个 国 家 来 讲 , 是 互 惠 互

• . • - -

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利.但是对美国本国的非技术劳工来讲,他们反而吃亏。因为以前,

他在美国可以生产衣服鞋子,可以赚得工资,伹是现在这些东西大部

分从中国进口,导致这些工厂关门。短期来说,他们可能失业;长期

来讲,他们的工资可能下降,因为他们是靠非技术的工作来赚钱的,

当非技术的产品主要是从中国来,美国对这种非技术劳工的需求就降

低,非技术工人的工资也因此降低。所以对美国的非技术工人来说,

全球化反而对他们不利。我认为,反对全球化的力量为什么这样强,

有一部分是因为这个原因。

如果你单纯地从美国本国来看,美国的非技术工人是比较穷的,所以

我们同情他们。他们吃亏,所以我们支持他们,反对全球化,反对国

际贸易,反对从中国进口这些衣服之类的东西。这听起来好像有一些

道理,伹是实际上,至少从全世界来讲,我觉得这观点是站不住脚

的。因为这种国际贸易也使中国的非技术工人的工资增加,他可以多

生产,使衣服的国际价格提高。中国的资本家不伹得利,其实中国的

非技术工人得利更多,有些商人得利,但是有些资本家反而是吃亏

的,因为他从美国进口资本密集的产品,所以中国的资本家、靠银行利

息吃饭的人可能反而会吃亏。而中国非技术工人的工资比美国的非技术

工人低得多,所以从全世界观点来讲,从所得分配来讲,国际贸易是增

加了平等,而不是不平等.所以,这种反对全球化的看法是错的,

那么从本国新加坡来看,在几乎全世界所有囯家里面,从全球化、从

国际贸易中得利最多的,就是新加坡了。因为新加坡很小,如果没有

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国际贸易,全部要自己生产,能够养活3 0 0万人吗?可能有些困难。以前

我在新加坡的时候, 1 9 6 0 多年,那吋候生活水平还很低,我们都是只能

够吃饱饭。虽然知道吃水果好,但是水果只能一个星期买一、两块,不

敢每天吃。提升到现在,根本是不可同日而语。如果没有国际贸易,没

有通过外国到新加坡来投资,没有通过学习外国先进企业比较好的生产

技术等等这些全球化的因素,那么新加坡不可能变成现在的高度发展。

所以新加坡是从全球化中得利最多的国家,

亚 当 罾 斯 密 与 杨 小 凯 重 视 专 业 化 的 经 济

我们刚才讲美国和中国的例子,那就是一种比较利益。就是说,中国由

于劳工比较多,所以他出产劳工密集的产品有比较多利益,而美国在高

科技资本密集产品上比较有利益 .这种基于比较利益的国际贸易,在经

济学上,是比较传统的观点。如果你进大学念一年级,或者你们中学有

读经济学的,就会读到这个比较利益了。不过除了这个比较利益以外,

全球化和国际贸易还可以从其他的因素,使国与国之间能够进行互惠互

利的贸易,

这一个最主要的其实是在 1 7 7 6 年,亚当-斯密的《国富论》吋就已经强

调了。这是所谓的古典经济学。不过,后来新古典经济学,用边际分析

过后,这种比较古典的经济学所强调的分工专业化而造成比较高的生产

力,这一点反而被忽略了,他们反而强调比较利益之类的。

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比较利益是原定原给、原来不同,就是说澳洲原来就地广人稀,所以

澳洲出产农产品和矿产有比较利益。而中国原来就是人口比较多,所

以出口劳工密集的产品比较有利。这是给定的。而亚当 ‧斯密所强调

的分工与专业化,即使原来给定的没有这个不同,即使每个国家有同

样的土地和人口,完全没有这种先天上的不同,或者人与人之间如果

先天上没有不同的话,也可以通过分工和专业化来提高生产力。

用最简单的例子来说,假定你只有打鱼和种田两种生产方式,那么我

和你都同样有能力,我会打鱼,你也会打鱼,打得同样好;我可以种

田,你也可以种田,种得同样好,但是如果我一半打鱼、一半种田,

才有肉又有米吃,你也一半打鱼、一半种田,生产力水平可能很低,

尤其如果不只两种生产方式,你还要做衣服等很多种的话,你把一天

的工作吋间分去做很多件事情,那么你在做每一件事情的生产力就很

低,而且你还要有一个学习过程。所以如果能专业化,你专门打鱼,

我专门种田,我们的生产力就能够提升,我们生产出来的产品用来进

行交换,这就是专业化,

这个从古典经济学分析过后,后来的经济学者基本上没有什么谈专业

化 的 问 题 。 最 近 , 我 的 同 事 杨 小 凯 , 他 是 从 大 陆 出 来 的 , 到 美 国

Princeton (普林斯顿大学)念博士,然后我请他到我们澳洲莫纳斯大

学 , 现 在 已 经 升 到 正 教 授 了 。 我 们 在 1 9 9 3 年 合 作 的 一 本 书 , 叫 做

Specialization and Economic Organization (中译《专业化与经济组织》,

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1 9 9 9 ) ,就把古典经济学的基本思想,专业化的思想,用现代数理化的分

析来分析问题,得出很多以前古典经济学没有得出的结论。对于我们这

个新的分析,就是用新方法分析旧问题,美国的一个经济学诺贝尔奖得

主James Buchanan (布坎南),他非常欣赏,所以两个月前(2002年6月)他在

美国主办了一个由美国Na t i o n a l Science F o u n d a t i o n资助的works h o p工作

坊,请杨小凯和我们的同事到美国去,向美国的经济学者和博士生介绍

我们新的分析方法。

而B u c h a n a n在他最近2 0 0 2年的文章里面说:"如果我们不只看到经济学

教科书一年级就教的比较利益,而比较注重这个亚当 .斯密和我们的分

析方法所强调的,从专业化对国际贸易,各国也能够得利的道理,如果

能够向公众认识说明这点的话,那么反对全球化的声音可能会减少。为

什么?因为比较利益可能造成不同集团,美国非技术人员的损失,所以

他们要反对。但是如果全球化使到各国都能够从专业化上得利,专业化

上得利是大家一起得利,所以就没有利益的冲突。当然在实际经济中,

也有比较利益,也有专业化的经济,不过至少说在某种程度上可能会抵

销掉这种损失 .所以反对全球化的声音可能就会减少。 "这个是他的一

个看法。

我想我就讲到这里,我留一些吋间回答你们的问题《

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公众提问时间( Q & A )

莫理光

大家有什么问题吗?因为吋间很宝贵,可以先提出来,

观众 1

我想美国是世界最大的econom y (经济体),由于她的crowd (群体)比较

大,力量比较强。所以她不肯加入这个K y o t o Agreement, International

C o u r t A g r e e m e n t ( 国际法庭协议 ),有她的理由。但是全世界是被她

dominant economy (支配经济),全世界都得向她看齐。美国要是咳一

声,我们就知道现在我们大难临头了。所以你想有什么力量可以召集

European Union (欧盟),Southeast Asian Union (亚细安联盟)来抗击美国的

势力?

黄有光

你讲的有一定的道理,不过我觉得如果美国是这样的话,第一她太自

私了;第二她的目光太短浅了。美国现在加入,可能对她的短期利益

有损失,伹是从长远利益来讲,我觉得她的加入,对美国是有利益

的。所以我认为布什是受了大财团的影响,而我们市民能够做的就是

寄Em a i l给美国。

」、/

o

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那么你说 E C (European C o m m i s s i o n ,欧盟执行委员会 ),法国反对得很

厉害。法国最近不是在南非强烈谴责美国吗?其实整个 E C 不会比美国

小,而且现在中国经济慢慢成长崛起,将来能够给美国一定的制衡。所

以 我 觉 得 中 国 的 崛 起 , 对 全 世 界 来 讲 是 好 的 。 我 觉 得 美 国 的 力 量 太 大

了,大有她的好处,伹是像布什的决策,不签这个Kyoto Agreement,很明显

是对全球环保的长远利益非常重要,是一定要签的。伹是美国都不签,所

以美国太过分了。我觉得这一点我们不抗议的话,以后就更糟糕。所以每

个人回去之后,请在一个星期之内一定要寄Em a i l到美国抗议。谢谢.

观众 2

谢谢主席。我认为美国有美国的苦衷。当一个国家生活在全球化的环境

中,她有她的苦衷。我认为黄教授讲得很对,整个世界要成为专业化的

经 济 。 不 过 由 哪 一 个 国 家 来 专 业 , 就 是 联 合 国 , 所 以 这 就 是 所 谓 的

coordinated free economy (协调自由经济体),coordinate每一个国家要专什么

东西,所以我非常赞成你的说法。不过我不赞成⋯⋯怎么说呢?当你生话

在这个1 9 0个国家各自为政的环境中,将会身不由己。除非联合国向前进

一步,团结世界。谢谢.

黄有光

我觉得你提这个联合国是非常好的。我认为我们应该进一步地协调。如

果你处在非常原始的社会,你可能连政府都不需要,大家自给自足,我

种我的田,我吃我的饭,而且人口密度不是很大,相隔很远,也没有什

1 1 1

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- . . . . ‧

么污染的问题。伹是后来慢慢发展,我们进行生意来往、发生纠纷、

出现强盗等,就需要一个政府。以前各国有自己的政府就够了,但是

现在全球化,而且全球的污染,例如印尼大火的烟雾跑到我们这边

来,这是国际的问题、全球的问题,所以就必须要有一个全球的组

织,至少全球合作来解决这个东西。K y o t o Agreement是一个方法,

Inte m a t i o n d C o u r t是另外一个组织,由联合国带头做一些事情。所以我

觉 得 美 国 作 为 一 个 全 球 最 重 要 的 国 家 , 对 这 个 K y o t o Agreement,

International Court和南非的这个summit (峰会)就一定要支持。美国总统

却不支持,你想想看,这是错的.我觉得布什做错了三件大事,所以

还是寄E m a i l ,我认为应该e m a i l给联合国,要求联合国负起更多责任

解决国际问题也没有错,只是说作为世界第一大国,美国也有责任,

莫理光

好,最后一个问题。

观众 3

我要谈一个有关新加坡的经济问题.新加坡最近的经济好像使大家过

得很不舒服,政府的政策是向外发展,那么向外到什么地方去发展

呢?政府就说,飞机飞行七个小吋的地方,我们到那边去。所以现在

看起来,最重要的地方大概就是中国.但是在中国开放之后,很多商

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人就到中国去了,可是好像也是做得非常不好。依你看,新加坡以后的

经济发展应该怎么样做?为什么我们到中国去老是做得不是很顺利?谢

谢,

黄有光

我同意这个新加坡经济是有些问题。 9 7 、 9 8 年下跌过后恢复,最近又跌

回来,伹是现在已经开始恢复了一些.最新的数据显示已经在恢复了,

而且就是说今年下半年和明年初,至少今年下半年会恢复得更好。所以

我觉得不是很大的问题。而且我觉得新加坡的经济和新加坡的企业家,

就像陈嘉庚先生这样有企业精神的人士,虽然没有到陈先生的水平,不

过具有一定企业精神的人士是相当多,所以新加坡的经济应变能力相当

高,所以我对新加坡经济并不悲观。我认为有问题但不是很大,因为经

济 是 很 难 进 行 预 测 的 , 因 为 它 受 很 多 因 素 彭 响 , 而 且 这 些 因 素 一 直 在

变。所以我不能够说明年、后年一定会更好,但是明年会比较好的可能

性是相当高的。所以我们对新加坡的经济不需要太悲观,

至于去中国做生意,新加坡政府最近非常鼓励,因为中国是发展很快的

国家,这个商机是存在的。不过,虽然我们这些会讲华语的在语言上没

有问题,但是他们的制度和我们不同,所以我们在做生意吋还是可能会

遇到一些困难。因此开始去做的人,亏本的比赚钱的多,这个是有可能

的。不过,我认为从长期来讲,赚钱的机会是比较大。不过,去中国做生

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意,多数应该是中、大型企业比较多,小型企业有部分会去,不过小

生意多数还是会留在本地做。不过,留在本地也不一定就是死路一

条。所以我觉得长期来讲,新加坡的经济并不是有很大的问题。

另外一点,日本经济停顿了整十年,实际上你可以说日本根本已经完

了。但是日本已经发展到这样高的水平,人均收入还是比全世界多数

国家高很多.只要她维持在这个水平,我觉得也没有什么大问题。新

加坡也巳经达到很高的水平,我认为,新加坡还是会以相当的速度发

展。不过即使发展速度减一点,有什么了不起,谁会饿死啊?我觉得

没有,所以不是太大的问题。反而是一些非经济的问题,其他影响我

们人生的方面。我最近进行快乐的研究,可能你们不相信,我是搞经

济学的,但是我对快乐的问题有兴趣。我最近看到的一个研究报告

说,收入的高低只能够解释人们快乐差异的百分之二而已。所以不要

为了经济暂吋不好而太烦心,反而要看开一点,人生还是能够快乐

的。谢谢。 4

Phoebe1
Stamp
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附录:什么发展方向对人们有利?近期研究成果的启示

笔者近几年经常到东亚各所大学访问,在北京、香港、新加坡、台北等

地都有住上一年半载的时间,相比之下,必须承认在整体生活环境上,

新加坡是首屈一指的。新加坡的物价比香港和台北低,因此新加坡人的收

入水平比用汇率换算的还要高。新加坡人可以感到幸运,但却不排除探求

进一步提高的可能。一些近期研究的成果,或可以提供某些启示。

私人消费的无效性

心理、社会与少数经济学者的研究显示,财富只能解析快乐差异的百分

之二。在温饭小康之后,所得的增加并不能增加整个社会人民的福祉,

对客观的生活品质指标影响也有限。反观全世界水平的科技与知识的提

升,才能有明显的贡献,而这主要依赖于用在教育与研究上的公共支出。

如果财富增加不能增加快乐,为何人人还在拼命赚钱?有些人更为了赚钱,

而牺牲重要的吋间、健康、家庭、友情、甚至生命?原因有几个。第一,

是相对所得及炫耀性消费的作用。你要比我的汽车豪华,我要比你的房

子宽敞,人们彼此竞赛,其实,一席数千元的菜,吃起来也比一席数百

元的好不了多少,何况胆固醇太高,或许也会出现 "曾经沧海难为水 "

的心理作用。但从整个社会的角度来看,这些大多是一种浪费的行为.

其次,动物有储藏食物的本能,人也有累积财富的本能 .在人类长期物

资匮乏的进化历史中,这种本能有利于生存。在小康之后,这种本能,

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―::?; 1̂;':;;.̂ :;』":^化山",.!̂ ;;̂ ,̂ !;;;、、:,卜V I 匕 . ' ' : " -、 :..;'一'乂"4̂;

乃一 "惑 "也!这本能又与现代物质社会的意识形态以及无所不在的

商业广告宣传相结合,使人们太重视私人消费 .能够 "不惑 "的人,

就会把钱财放在较次要的位置,而重视家庭、朋友与对社会的贡献。

限制私人汽车的重要

第三,私人消费不考虑对环境的负作用。大家竞相消费而使环境变

坏。在环境品质上,新加坡有很好的水平。这一方面是由于新加坡没

有太多汽车在公路上,相互堵塞,污染空气.新加坡在实行限制私人

汽车与收取拥挤费用的措施,是很成功的。有经济学家做过分析,认

为限制与收费水平比最优水平还要高。伹这分析只考虑到一般的经济

因素,例如拥挤所造成的时间损失,而没有考虑到本文所强调的私人

消费的相互抵消作用、人们太重视私人消费等因素。考虑这些因素

后,新加坡限制汽车的措施,是不算太过分的,

人们可能会想,如果拥车证的费用不是那么高,我也可以拥有汽车,

那该多好?许多人可能没有想到,如果多数人有汽车,新加坡会变成

像曼谷一样,大家都会受害。笔者前后曾在新加坡居住过四年多,从

来不用汽车,伹也不会感到不便。多走路、多骑脚踏车,对健康也比

较好。只要不迷惑于私人毫华消费竞赛的圈套,在捷运(地下铁)、公车

^巴士)与计程车〖德士)方便的城市,拥有汽车需要缴费、停车、防盗、

维修等等麻烦,其实是一种累赘。

^

6

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经济学者高估公共支出的成本

现 在 全 球 向 右 转 , 苏 东 转 变 与 中 国 大 陆 的 市 场 化 当 然 是 有 其 正 面 的 因

素。西方各国抑制政府支出的增加与把国企私有化等措施,也有提高效

率的作用。伹近乎一刀切地縮减包括教育研究等公共支出,则可以说已

经是得不偿失了。

经济学者强调政府支出的低效率,以及税收的反激励作用,却大多忽枧

公共支出的激励作用与私人消费更大的无效性。税收若被丢进大海,则

有反激励作用,因为工作一小吋赚一百元的激励比只赚被课税后的八十

元 要 大 。 伹 若 税 收 用 来 提 供 公 共 物 品 , 情 形 则 可 能 相 反 , 例 如 提 供 治

安,使赚有保障的八十元比赚没有保障的一百元更有激励作用,

由于上述原因,经济的增长,与其用来支持私人毫华消费竞赛的不断提

高,不如用在教育、卫生、环境保护、研究等真正能提高人们福祉的地

方,而这些主要必须靠公共开支。因此,美国Ho l m e s法官说,"我喜欢缴

税,我用它来买文明。 "大家应该向他学习,使政府有钱做对人民有利

的事。当然,这个道理只适用于一个不是太贪污、有效率的政府。新加

坡人在这方面,显然是可以庆幸的。

自由宽松的重要

瑞士Zurich (苏黎世)大学的B.S. Fr e y与A. S t u t m分析瑞士内不同区域,得

出直接选举制度与快乐水平正相关,这一方面是因为能得出较符合人民

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偏好的结果,一方面是选民从参于过程中得到的满足感。荷兰Era s m u s

大学的R. V e e n h o v e n得出自由水平与快乐正相关,伹这主要是对富有

国家而言才成立,对穷国并不成立,伹经济自由是例外。自由贸易与

快乐在穷国正相关,在富国没有正相关。笔者认为,这与财富和快乐

只在人均年收入五千美元以下才有正相关的结论是一致的。自由贸易

增加实际消费,因而提高穷国人民的快乐。

新加坡是一个有自由企业体系的市场经济,但并非完全没有限制。尤

其在大众媒体上的影响,有不少的反对者(包括年轻吋代的笔者),看

到新加坡现在的成绩,或须承认,这些反对未必完全正确。不过,新

加坡现在已经大体上达到国强民富的水平。要进一步提高人民的福

祉,更高的私人消费作用不大。一个较自由宽松与活泼生动的气氛,

更加重要。在20 0 1年的国庆致词中,吴总理在这方面已经有所提及,

这是令人庆幸的。

V

2 0 0 2年 1 1月 2 8日于新加坡国立大学

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中国 f f l

与现代教育 • 赵 纯 均 教 授

主 讲 者 筒 介

赵纯均教授,中国清华大学经济管理系教授。

他在1965年毕业于清华大学电机系工企专业

后,留校工作至今。这期间,他曾在1984年赴

维也纳国际应用分析研究所,担任研究学者。自

1986年起,他便在清华大学经管学院历任院长

助理、系主任、第一副院长等职务。目前,他担

任经济管理学院院长、清华大学现代管理理论

研究中心主任、清华大学校务委员会委员等多

项要职。

赵教授的主要专长,包括系统工程、信息技术及

营理教育等等。

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此页原书为空白页

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今天非常荣幸有机会在这里给大家介绍一下中国管理教育的情况。我想

讲四个问题,着重的可能是中间两个。第一个是从管理教育的角度,谈

我们向陈嘉庚先生学习些什么。第二个,想介绍一下我们中国的管理教育

和经济发展的关系。第三个,讲一下我们国际化的进程。第四个,讲一下

管理教育和企业发展的互动关系。我主要想通过这个讲演,向诸位来宾提

供一些中国教育发展的情况。

有关陈嘉庚先生的精神,上午和下午的几位讲演者给了我们很好的说明

和阐述。这里我就不详细地讲对这个问题的认识。我想从管理的角度,

来看陈嘉庚先生的创业精神。陈嘉庚先生在他父亲的产业不景气和非常

困难的情况下,以他自己的创业精神,从事米业、菠萝、橡胶生意,最后

发展起来,取得了巨大的成就。他这种对商业机会的敏锐观察力,他的

冒险精神以及他坚韧的毅力,都是我们有志于从事企业管理或商业活动

的年轻人,及从事管理教育的学者们学习的榜样和很好的案例。

陈嘉庚先生具有爱国主义精神,是一个伟大的爱国者。他认为教育乃兴

国之道,是国家振兴之本。捐资助学或者倾资兴学,大量地用自己积累

的财富来帮助自己的家乡发展教育,这本身就是爱国主义精神的表现。

在抗日战争时期,大家都知道,他团结华侨积极参与各种各样的抗战活

动,奔走呼号,提出了很多非常重要而且精彩的提案,来鼓励和支持祖

国抗战,这些方面都充分地体现了他作为一个爱国者的爱国主义精神。

在教育方面,我们在中国的人都非常清楚他办集美学村、办厦门大学,

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对中国教育的贡献。这些都是陈嘉庚先生非常值得我们今天来学习和

发扬光大的精神财富。

中国的管理教育

下面我想用多一点的吋间,来介绍中国的管理教育情况和中国的经济

发展。

中国的管理教育是改革开放的产物。在19 4 9年新中国成立以后,中国

的教育进行了一个很大的改革,主要是学习当时苏联的模式。那么现

代意义上的管理教育,几乎就完全停止了。只是在文化大革命以后,

中国决定要改革开放,在这样的背景下,开始了我们的管理教育。而

管理教育的发展是以经济的发展为背景,因为经济的发展给我们的管

理教肓提供了非常广阔的市场,也提供了非常巨大的需求.

我们看一看中国的经济发展,它有哪些方面可以看得出我们这些年,

经济发展得非常得快呢?我这边有一些数字,为了避免枯燥,我把它

做成了图表。(见图1)

大家可以看到,从197 9或80年,改革开放开始一直到200 1年,我们的

国内生产总值(GDP )始终是以高于7%的速度在发展,到200 1年为止,

我们的G D P已经达到了九万五千九百三十亿元,大概相当于一万多亿

美元,人均的G D P数额比较小,只有七千多元,还不到一千美元,比

新加坡还差得很远,

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图1 1980年以来中国经济发展数据

2 0 0 1年,我们的进出口总额达到了 5 0 9 8亿美元。从20 0 0年的排名世界第

七,上升到世界第六,仅次于美国、德国,日本、英国、法国等国家。我

们对外贸易的总额,如果看一下历史的话,1 9 9 8年我们是世界的第十一

位,到了 1 9 9 9年变成了第十位,20 0 0年变成了第七位,20 0 1年变成了第

六位。外汇储备达到了 2 5 0 0亿美元,在世界上排名第三。

人民的生活也有了非常迅速的提高。反映生活水平的恩格尔系数,就是

收入中用于购买食品的这一部分的比例,已经大大下降。居民可支配的

收入去年增加了 8 . 5 % ,农村的现金收入增加了5 . 7 %。整个平均生活水平

都有改善。去过中国的人都可以感觉到,这几年不管是住房、私人汽车

还是日常的吃穿用,都有相当大的改善 .经济的快速发展给我们的教育

事业提供了巨大的需求,同吋也提供了一个巨大的教肓市场。在这样的

背景下,中国的教育事业发展得非常迅速。

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最近几年,中国的高等教育得到很大的发展。过去的五年间,政府增

加了对高等教育的投入。这五年增加的投入总和将近 5 0 0亿人民帀。

如果我们看一下大陆现在的学校的话,我们可以发现很多大学的校园

在最近几年发生了非常大的变化,高等教育的规模实现了跨越式的发

展。这是从1999年开始的。从1999年开始扩大本科和专科学生的招生

规模以后,我们大学的本科和专科生从1999年的640多万增加到1214

万,增加了将近一倍,准确地说,增加了 98%。我们硕士生的人数也

从15万增加到29万,我们的博士生人数则从4.5万增加到7.7万.在短

短的三年间,教育的规模增加了百分之七十、八十甚至九十,同吋,

高等教育的质量和水平都有比较大的提高。这里我就不详细地去列举

了。我们知道很多学校的科研水平比起十年前有了质的变化。校园的

环境和基础设施也都有明显的改善,

那么在经济、高等教育快速发展这么一个背景下,对管理教育提出了

什么要求呢?可以说在数量和质量上,大家对我们管理教育都提出了

非常高的要求.就数量而言,我可以给大家一个数字来设想一下:当

初,新加坡资政李光耀先生曾经给我们国家的领导人建议,中国应该

有十万个CPA (Certified Public Accountant),也就是注册会计师。那么我

们再来看一下中国企业的情况:

我们国内的企业,是指国有企业和年收入在 5 0 0万人民币以上的私有

企业,大概有三十八万五千多家,外商的直接投资和合资企业是四十

万个。乡镇企业和其他小的私人企业是2000多万个。这对我们的管理

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教育会形成相当大的需求,仅仅就国内比较大的企业和外商投资企业来

看,他们的总数加在一起是七十几万到八十几万个企业,所以对中国管

理人才的需求不是几万、几十万,而是上百万计。如果我们把这个层次

说得低一点,只是说到大专水平或者大学本科的水平,那么举一个简单

的例子,整个中国从事会计的人是 1 2 0 0 万,包括出纳,就是我们说的

c a s h i e r .如果这些人都要提高他们的专业教育、职业教育的水平的话,这

个需求将会是非常巨大的。

中 国 的 M B A 教 育

下面我就着重讲一下,作为管理教育或者商学教育的最基本产品,M B A

(Master of Business Administration,工商管理学硕士学位)。我想在新加坡,

不管是新加坡国立大学也好,南洋理工大学也好,他们开展M B A教育的

历史,都有很长吋间。在这里,我想介绍一下我们M B A教育的情况。

中国的M B A教育是在改革开放以后,特别是我们和加拿大的管理学院以

及美国的一批管理学院在长期交流的过程中感觉到,要搞市场经济我们

必须培养自己的M B A .在 1 9 9 0年,政府批准九所学校办M B A教育。在这

个背景下,我们就在1 9 9 1年开始了 M B A教育的第一次招生工作。

在 当 吋 , 社 会 上 很 多 人 对 什 么 是 M B A 都 搞 不 清 楚 . 他 们 常 常 把 N B A

(National Basketball A ssociation,美国职业篮球总会)和MBA混为一谈,以为

是 要 训 练 打 篮 球 的 人 。 报 名 的 人 很 少 , 我 们 当 吋 总 共 有 九 所 学 校 , 清

I

S

E

125

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华、南开、上海、复旦、上海交大等在全国招生,经过很大的努力,

最后只有一百多人报名,九所学校总共录取了八十六位" 8人学生。可

见当时整个社会对管理教育的认识,企业对 ^ 8人的需求,都没有发展

到那样一个程度.

到了 2 0 0 2 年,全国巳经发展到有六十二所商学院提供 ^ 8 人教育的服

务。我们的学生从 1 9 9 1 年的八十多名在校学生,增加到了 2 0 0 1年的一

万二千多人,而我知道今年的入学人数会达到一万四千多人,接近一

万五千人。

我们的 ^ 8人教育有些什么特点呢?在讲特点之前,我想还是先看一下

数据。(见图2】

图2报考及录取 ] ^ 1 8入人数的增长

50000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

國报考人敉 年份

0 录取人数

资枓来源:全国]^18八教育教育指导委员会

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这是最近几年对于M B A教育需求的增长情况。我们在1 9 9 7年有一万二千

多人报名申请 M B A , 录取五千多人。到了 2 0 0 1年已经达到四万多人申请

M B A , 全国录取了一万二千多人。清华大学和北京大学,作为北京的两

所比较重要的学校,学生报名情况非常的好。像去年清华有四千五百人

申请 M B A ,经过全国的统一考试后,只录取四百人。北京大学有三千多

人申请 M B A ,他们所录取的人数是三百多人。全国的情况则是这个样子

的:大概四万多人申请,录取一万多人。同时,从第一批的M B A开始试

办以后,现在毎年已经有三、四千名学生毕业,

我再讲一下我们M B A教育和培养的情况。M B A的课程设置基本上是和北

美的 M B A 相类似,但是又有中国的特点。比如说中国的法律、会计制

度 .在会计制度上的差别已经很少了,但是有关税法的部分和北美及其

他国家还是有一些不同的。又比如关于中国企业的经营环境的课程,中

国经济改革的整个历程和环境与其它国家有所不同,这些课程必须有中

国特点。但是绝大部分functi o n a l (职能部门管理)的课程、基础课程,和

北美主要学校的课程设置是一样的。

中 国 的 教 师 队 伍 也 有 了 相 当 大 的 改 善 。 现 在 全 国 有 大 约 三 千 多 人 从 事

M B A的教育工作。教学设施也进行了明显的改进。如果到这些商学院、

大学去,你们可能会发现商学院的教学大楼是修得最好的,设施也是最

完善的,教材和案例建设也做了大量的改进。

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1

128

我们曾经发动全国的 ^ 8 & 教师来写案例,因为我们传统上有一部分

的中国案例,但是大量用的是哈佛的案例来教授各种课程,这些案例

不能完全符合我们现在的需要。中国的案例教育,由于受到我们传统

文化的影响,老师比较习惯做讲演,学生比较习惯听课记笔记,并不

是非常适应课堂上的案例教学这种互动式的教学方式。伹是,我们逐

渐引入一些比较先进的教学方式以后,就明显地发现,我们的教材

中,中国企业的案例不够,于是很多教师开始开发中国的案例,也有

和外国的教授共同开发中国案例的情况,像清华大学就和哈佛、西安

大略大学的教授合作,共同开发中国自己的案例。哈佛大学的商学院

非常有名,但是它的教授单独写出来的中国的案例,我们用起来也觉

得很费劲,有隔靴搔痒的感觉,无法把问题说到点子上去。那么联合

的开发就能把这个案例写得比较精彩。

结果,我们整个教育的水平不断的提高,有相当一部分 1 8 八的毕业

生,已经在中国的国有企业及外商投资企业中,起着比较重要的作

用。早期的毕业生中,有相当一部分已经成为了中国上市公司的董事

长、总经理、副总经理这样一些人物。

中国管理教育的两个问题

、\

^

下面这张图(见图 3 〗讲的是我们^ 8 人试点院校的分布情况。除了西

藏、青海还有海南之外,绝大部分的省都有了试点院校。问题是:经

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过这么多年的发展,我感觉到中国的管理教育,主要的问题仍然在于供

给不足。第二个就是中国加入WT O (World Trade Organisation,世界贸易组

织)以后,客观形势要求我们的管理教育加快国际化的步伐。

图3中国M B A试点院校在全国的分布

资枓来源:全国 M B A教育教育指导委员会

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供给不足是明显的。我刚才讲我们有巨大的需求、巨大的市场,伹是

举办这种项目的学校非常少。我们有很多学生现在是在北美念M B A。

今年三月份,我刚刚去了美国,我看到哈佛大学有一班6 0个学生是中

国人。他们是从大陆直接去的,不是已经在国外的留学生转学去念

的,University of Chicago (芝加哥大学)也是同样的情况,就是说国内有

一部分人出国去接受商业教育。这反映出一个问题:国内供给不足。

另一个方面,就是需要加快我们国际化的进程.我认为,所谓管理教

育的国际化主要是有四个方面.一就是你的管理学院是不是把国际化

作为你的使命,你的m i s s i o n .第二,就是你的课程设置和教学内容是

不是国际化了。第三,就是你招收国际学生和聘请国际师资的情况。

第四,在国际化方面是不是和本土化(loca l i s a t i o n )同时进行,

针对这样的要求,现在的一些管理学院采取了一些相应措施。如办学

的目标国际化,因为要适应跨国公司聘请人才的需要以及中国企业到

海外去进行商业活动的需要,所以很多学校巳经把国际化作为办学的

目标之一。

在教学内容方面,现在的教材有相当一部分是直接用英文原版的。在

教学语言方面,有一部分学校已经开始完全用英文教学或者双语教

学。在师资方面,开始比较大幅度地引进国际师资,并在全球招聘一

部分质量比较高的师资到中国任教.伹是这方面有一些问题,因为现

在教师的待遇虽然有一些提高,伹是和国际人才市场比较,差距还是

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非常大,所以,在吸引留学生以及国际师资到中国任教的问题上,还是

有相当的困难.

对此,中国采取了各种各样的措施,比如说最近清华大学用10 0万人民币

的年薪,相当于1 0多万美元,聘请一批北美的教授。他们主要是从大陆

出去的留学生,毕业后回来任教,伹是要他们f u l l time (全职)回到中国任

教,可能还有些顾虑,双方也需要一个适应的过程,这方面我们采取了

一些变通的措施,就是他们能够几个人共同来承担一个教授的全职工作

任务,方式上灵活一些。

最近我们所聘请的二十几名教授都是九十年代初,在国外比较著名的学校

拿到了博士学位,现在在北美比较著名的学校有终身教职的正教授、副教

授。他们接受了邀请,开始回国任教。当然每一个人的时间会少一些,三

个月、四个月、半年,但这对改善我们师资队伍的结构有比较大的帮助。

中囯的管理教育在招收国际学生和学生交换方面也开始有起步。虽然长

期以来,中国的大学都是欢迎国际学生到中国学习的,但是绝大部分的

学生是来学习中文、学习工程、学习医学。学中医的比较多,但是学西

医的就比较少。学工程和科学的有一些,大部分都是来自第三世界的国

家。来学管理的以前几乎没有。最近,到中国学习管理的外国留学生人

数明显增加。像我们清华以前学M B A的外国留学生,恐怕就只有一、二

个。但是今年会有三十几个,将近四十个人申请,我们只录取二十位。

今年也有十六位学生到这里来学本科。

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132

据我个人的看法,外国学生到中国来学习,比较好的方式可能是来学

研究生课程而不是大学本科生课程,因为像清华、北大这样的学校,

大学本科的基础要求是相当严格,或者说相当高的。有一部分来读本

科的学生到我们学校学习,往往在上基础课的吋候,很难跟得上,很

难通过。那么国际学生到这里来学习各种研究生或者M B A课程,会学

到很多在外国,或在其他地方学习不到的东西,尤其是如果学生学习

的 目 的 是 将 来 要 在 中 国 从 事 管 理 工 作 或 商 务 活 动 , 那 么 来 中 国 学

M B A、学其他的科目,包括法律,都会有相当大的好处.

另外一个举措就是学生交换。以前在交换学生方面,中国政府在政策

上有一些困难,不是非常开放。最近,为了配合加入W T O的需要,一

些政策发生了变化,因而加快了交换学生的步伐.我们不久前就和新

加坡国立大学签了一项协议,我们准备接受他们十位学生到清华来学

习一个学期,然后我们也送十位学生到这边来学习一个学期。

另外,国际化非常重要的一个措施是合作办学。合作办学在中国已经

有比较久的历史。由于中国有非常巨大的管理教育市场,对管理人才

的需求又这么迫切,而中国本地的学校在供给方面能力有限,能力有

限的主要因素是制约在我们的师资上,因此合作办学就是一个非常重

要的补充。在中国加入W T O以后,根据W T O的条款,对服务业跨境

的delivery (交付)有一些很明确的规定。教育是属于服务业的,因此中

国按照相应的规定,欢迎外国的学校到中国来办学。从前几年一直到

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现在,很多学校,特别是英国、澳洲,以及少数来自加拿大的学校,比较

好的学校都纷纷到中国大陆来进行合作办学。

当然也有一些负面的东西,就是说有的学校资质不够,只有一个po s t b o x

(邮箱)的这么一个学校,也到中国去办学。他们完全为了商业的目的,或

者为了赚钱,又没有得到官方的批准。他们给合作办学的管理教育市场

造成一定的混乱。这些问题我想都可以通过一个阶段的规范,使情况得

以改善。

管理教育和企业的关系

最 后 , 我 想 简 单 地 讲 一 下 , 管 理 教 育 实 际 上 和 其 他 教 育 还 有 不 同 的 特

点,就是它和企业的关系十分密切.

我们知道世界上第一所管理学院,是美国宾西法尼亚州,宾西法尼亚大

学的Wharton (沃顿)商学院,它是在1882年建立的。当吋就是在企业界的

推动下,成立了第一所商学院,直到现在还很有名, S ^ « m B ^ i t (《商业

周刊》)经常把它排在世界第一。

十年后,芝加哥大学也开始开办管理教育。虽然大学里有很多教授反对

办管理教育,因为他们认为它的学术水平值得怀疑,伹是在企业界的推

动下,芝加哥大学开始开办管理课程。所以管理教育的萌生,其实是源

于企业的倡导和支持,而且管理教育的发展也是得力于企业的支持。管

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理教育的职业教育与专业教育的特点更强,它和企业有比较密切的关

系。这是管理教育和其他系科教育不一样的地方。

那么作为管理学院,如何和企业建立一个良性互动的关系,谋求共同

的发展,就成为一个非常重要的课题。像我们一些管理学院,比如清

华,在我们前院长朱镕基总理的推动下,我们成立了一个很好的、层

次很高的顾问委员会。这个顾问委员会都是一些大规模的跨国公司和

中国重要企业的Chairman (主席)或者CEO (Chief Executive Officer,首席

执行官)。他们每年来开一次会议,针对我们学校应该怎么发展,提出

很好的建议。同吋,他们也利用开会的机会,到学校来给学生讲演,

对学生也很有帮助。至于经济方面,不只是我们的顾问委员会,其他

的一些企业实际上对于管理教育,也愿意在经济上给予支持。

今 天 上 午 讨 论 的 一 个 课 题 就 是 " 谁 来 为 教 育 的 发 展 提 供 资 金 " 。 其

实,以我的看法,资金的来源应该是多元化的。政府有不可推卸的责

任,企业也应该起着很重要的作用。同吋受教育者,特别是非义务教

育的接受者,像我们的 M B A 或者其他一些攻读 p o s t g r a d u a t e 学位的学

生,也应该承担教育成本的一部分。

今天就讲到这里,谢谢大家.

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间( Q & A )

莫理光

谢谢赵教授。因为吋间关系,如果大家有问题的话,越简短越好。

观 众 1

赵 '教授你好,我本人是在新加坡留学的中国学生。我想包括我在内的不

少的中国学生,以及据我所了解的很多新加坡同学,他们想知道E M B A教

育在中国的任务是什么?

赵 纯 均

如果我们说现在 M B A已经发展到 1万多人的规模,我相信今后几年还会

大幅度地增加。因为大家刚才看到了,我们本科教育从9 9年到现在已经

增加了百分之八十、九十。要求念研究生的人会越来越多,所以M B A会

进一步发展。

而 M B A本身设计之初的目的,是为那些职业生涯刚刚开始的初级或者中

级的管理人员,也就是所谓的beginning career (刚开始工作)的这个人群,

那么EM B A (Executive Master of Business Administration,高级管理人员工商

管理硕士班),按照全世界的理解,不管是亚洲,比如这里办的,或者是

香港科技大学商学院与Northwestern University (美国西北大学)联合办的、

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或者香港中文大学自己办的,还是美国办的,它的目标市场是针对一

批mid-career (中层职业)的管理人员。这批人将要从事更高层次的管理

工作,从事更大范围的管理工作的吋候,需要进行训练。

中国的情况略有不同,因为我们是转型过来的。在转型的过程中,我

做过一个调査,我们的管理人员,在比较大的企业的管理人员中,只

有百分之四十多的人受过大学和专科以上的教育。而这些人当中,也

只有一半接受过管理专业教育,是从管理专业毕业的。这个数字急待

提高,中国设立E M B A的基本目的就是针对这样一批人,来提高他们

的管理水平。

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陈嘉庚精神 与当代华八

‧ 梁 元 生 教 授

主 讲 者 简 介

梁元生教授,香港中文大学历史系教授,目前

也是香港中文大学文学院副院长。梁教授于

1972年毕业自香港中文大学,获荣誉学士学

位。1974年,他考获硕士学位,1980年则在美

国加州大学(圣巴巴拉分校)取得博士学位。

他的研究范围包括当代中国儒学与基督教、海

外华人社会,以及香港、上海及新加坡等城市文

化。

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此页原书为空白页

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各位嘉宾、各位朋友,大家听过来自北京的赵教授的京片子后,现在听

听香港人讲华语就知道什么叫做"天壤之别"了 .对新加坡的华人来说,

陈嘉庚是一个大家都熟悉的名字,他的一生是众人都知道的故事。我今天

的演讲就是想从一个新的角度谈一谈一个旧故事:陈嘉庚精神与当代华人,

当我接到大会的邀请,要我谈谈陈嘉庚的吋候,一方面是很高兴,一方

面非常担心。高兴是因为自己多年来在海外华人史所下的功夫人家还是

看重的,可是另外一方面我却非常担心,因为对于新加坡人所熟悉的陈

嘉庚先生,我有什么新的意见、新的话可以说呢?所以为了重新认识、

重新解读陈嘉庚,我接到这个邀请之后这几个月来,做了几件事情。首

先,我再次翻开有关的书本,又一次地阅读杨进发、林孝胜,重新翻开

王赓武、陈碧笙.杨进发在1 9 9 0年在牛津大学出版社出版了一本书,名

为T a n Kah Kee: The Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend,《陈嘉庚:一个

海外华人传奇的形成》〉。这本书对陈嘉庚一生的经历有非常详细的分析

讨论。在这个以前,杨先生又编过战前陈嘉庚的言论与分析。这对探讨

陈嘉庚战前的政治思想和社会思想很有帮助。林孝胜在《华社与华商》

一书里面,对陈嘉庚的企业王国和社会的关系也有非常细致的分析。林

先生对陈嘉庚主理的怡和轩倶乐部也有深入的研究。王赓武教授更是海

外华人史的权威,多次的演讲,多篇的论文,都有论及陈嘉庚 .他在今

天早上的演讲中也提到了陈嘉庚。而陈碧笙可以说是研究陈嘉庚的中国

大陆学者的代表。他跟杨国桢在1 9 8 3年写过《陈嘉庚传》,又跟陈毅明

合编过陈嘉庚的年谱,对陈嘉庚的一生研究非常深入。

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‧ ‧

140

除了书本以外,为了重新接触陈嘉庚,我匆匆地到陈氏的家乡集美和

厦门,在陈氏的陵墓鳌园里面流连片刻,对像凭吊,以灵神与作古的

人契通,以求问的态度跟活着的人交流。另外,我又在一个短短的周

末重访新加坡,就是上个月,前个礼拜也来过,到牛车水,逛吉林

街,访翠兰亭,探怡和轩.在陈嘉庚8 0多年的人生里,他到过的地方

很多很多。在中国大陆,他走遍东南西北,在东南亚也有很多地方留

下他的足迹。然而在厦门、星岛这两个城市,却是陈嘉庚先生生活之

所在,事业之基本,心灵之所系。他的生命力渗透在这两个地方,即

深且广。我两次的旅行考察,访风问俗,为的就是要感受陈嘉庚先生

的影响,体会陈嘉庚的精神。我把这种认识叫做 "两叠法 "。一方面

是翻阅书本、文献资料,尽可能做客观的、实证的、知性的、empiri c a l

(以经验为依据)的分析.另外一方面,则是切身处地的去观察、去感

受、去体会,是一个经验性的,experiential的了解,换言之,希望这两

条史学与人类学重叠的路,一方面以学治史,一方面以情治史的"两

叠 法 " , 能 够 重 新 为 解 读 陈 嘉 庚 先 生 带 来 一 些 新 鲜 的 了 解 和 看 法 ,

重新解读陈嘉庚

无可置疑,陈嘉庚先生是海外华人的典范。但我们不能用空洞的口号

叫光昭日月,精神不死,典范长存。越是空洞化、拟神化、神格化、

英雄化的结果,就会使历史人物离我们话生生的现实越来越远.若是

要让他的精神存在于我们生话中,我们就要尽量地避免标签的效应和

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空洞的概括,而应该从陈嘉庚先生实在的生活言行,特别是生活上的细

节去认识、了解他。有了这种认识和了解,他的精神和价值观念,才有

机会转化到现实生活上,才有机会为当代人应用。

重 新 解 读 陈 嘉 庚 先 生 , 首 先 碰 到 的 问 题 是 他 有 多 元 的 面 相 , 纷 纭 的 脸

孔。要把政治影响下的党派使节算进去,其他不同的传记跟书本也将陈

嘉庚先生描写成一个拥有不同面貌的人,或者是把焦点集中在陈嘉庚先

生所做的事情上面,比方说教育家陈嘉庚、企业家陈嘉庚、慈善家陈嘉

庚、抗日领袖陈嘉庚、爱国华侨陈嘉庚、毁家兴学陈嘉庚、橡胶大王陈

嘉庚等等。由于他具有这些不同的面相,传记书本有吋候会有所偏重。

因此,陈嘉庚的整体人格反而不容易突显。而且多重角色之间的联系,

不同吋期的心理过渡,以及多元面相之间的配合与统一,就更加少人理

会,这里可能有一些可以供学者研究的余地。至于实际生活上的 .陈嘉

庚,如何处理小节,如何面对自己,如何做两难之间的选择,凡此种种,

就更加少人去理会了。

我今天在这里所做的就是以一些小事情以及生活的细节为例,重新看看

陈嘉庚待人处事的态度,和他公尔忘私的精神。我应该在上次来新加坡

的吋候,先访问莫先生,因为他跟陈先生熟稔,有一些生活的小事你也

可以说啊。(莫:我见过一次面而已、

但是我首先要强调一点,就是上面所说的不同面貌的陈嘉庚,教育家、

企业家、爱国华侨、抗日领袖等等,都可以说是陈氏真实面貌的一面。

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这个并非川剧里面所说的 "变脸 ",也不是一张张的假面具,只不过

很多吋候,当我们描绘这个人物吋,是从他成功之处着眼,聚焦于他

的辉煌事业,或是注目于他政治的建树,又或者是看重他社会的功绩跟

地位。成者为王,败者为宼,一直就是坊间看人和量度人的标准。如果

用陈嘉庚先生的眼光看问题、看人生,可能标准会完全不一样。

让我举一个例子吧。大家都知道陈先生在抗战以后写过一本自传《南

侨回忆录》,里面记载了不少陈先生亲身参与的政治事务、教育工

作、商业发展,书里种种的事情经历,常常为学者所参考引用。大家

都熟悉这本书,但是大家记得不记得,在《南侨回忆录》的开首部

分,一开始陈嘉庚写了什么东西?记了什么东西?是国家大事吗?是

经济大事吗?是教育吗?是政治吗?都不是'

当大家打开《南侨回忆录》吋,陈氏所记载的开卷的五件事情,都跟

他辉煌的事业无关,跟政治无关,跟教育也没有关系。他在开头所记

的五件事情,可以算是他生命里面毫不起眼的小事情。这个事情是

《验方新编》,就是他登报寻找一些治病的药方,把它们编印成书,

免 费 分 送 , 嘉 惠 乡 里 . 但 是 在 这 个 投 资 不 大 , 看 来 也 不 难 的 小 事 情

上 , 陈 先 生 却 屡 受 挫 折 . 首 先 , 这 本 书 原 本 交 由 日 本 的 中 华 会 馆 印

制,伹是对方不负责任,没有印出来。后来,这个医疗验方终于由上

海的世界书局印出两万册。分送以后,陈嘉庚发现在《验方》之中,

部 分 药 材 的 分 量 有 错 误 , 把 " 两 钱 " 印 成 " 两 两 " 。 他 说 这 个 会 死 人

的。这是他自己的话:"事关人命,抱恨无矣,虽欲收回,然分散各

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处,无法办到。',在战后,陈先生还是要印这本医书,伹是这个愿望始终

未能遂愿。

这就是《南侨回忆录》开头所记的一段轶事。意思是说,当陈嘉庚坐下

来 回 忆 大 半 生 的 功 业 时 , 这 几 件 小 事 情 竟 然 是 他 最 关 心 的 , 萦 回 他 脑

际,使他不能忘记的东西。原因是什么呢? 一般人看陈嘉庚乃是从成功

之处着眼,而这个成功的人物在回顾的吋候,却是从失败和失望之处去

开始回顾。当前的香港人谈 "双失 ",并不是失败和失望,而是 "失学 "

和 "失业 "。陈嘉庚没有多谈他跟领袖名人的交往,没有多说他在商场

上的辉煌业绩,也不强调自己在教育方面的成就和贡献,而是在回忆录

的开头就检验自己的错误,表示自己的遗憾。这个错误和遗憾实际上也

不是他本身造成的,他要为乡里、为公众做一件好事,要做公益,但是

好事多磨,始终都没有办法办得到、办得好。对他而言,这个就是极大

的失望和失败。

这个时候的陈嘉庚已经是经历过多少人生的风浪,取得过多少的成功和

赞誉,但一直以来没有把这个小事情做好,使他耿耿于怀。这个是一个

"大成若缺 "的人生。这种态度正与拟神化、英雄化的趋向背道而驰。

为什么陈嘉庚把这件小事情看得这么重要呢?原来还有一段故事。大家

读《南侨回忆录》读到最后,就知道原因了 .原来后面记载他在四十多

岁 盛 年 的 吋 候 患 胃 病 , 延 及 盲 肠 , 诊 治 无 效 。 后 来 读 了 这 个 《 验 方 新

编》,照方采服,立见功效。受人恩典千年记,陈嘉庚日后总是不忘不弃地

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要把《验方新编》印成书分发,是因为自己受过医书的恩惠。这种由受

到施的回馈精神的放大,就是整个陈嘉庚人生的写照.

从当今海外华人角度看陈嘉庚

今天我在这里不重复太多大家知道的故事。作为一个历史巨人,陈嘉

庚奋斗的经验,企业的经营,以及他的社会工作、教育建设,大家都

已知悉。我想在这里尝试做的,就是从当今海外华人的角度看一看陈

嘉庚。今日的海外华人面对着文化、经济、社会,甚至是国家民族各

样的课题,之间怎么样做取舍选择,有一些是在陈嘉庚时代面对过

的,也有一些是当年不太明显,到了今天才变为主要的问题。

陈氏当年碰到的困扰,好像国共之争、殖民政府、抗日运动,虽然传

记书本用了大量的篇幅去分析,但是对于今天海外华人来说,却非最

重要的事情。我们面对的是另外一些挑战,我们也有一些不同的关

切。我想以这些当代的议题跟当代的关怀,问一问陈嘉庚先生,然后

以他的经验回应我们今天的问题。当然陈先生不在我们当中,我们可

以从他的传记、他的事情、他的回忆录里面寻找一些部分的答案,或

者得到一点点的启示。

当代华人面对怎么样的议题呢?有哪一些是他们关心的事情呢?王赓

武教授在他的著作《中国与海外华人》里面,其中的第二部分就以当

代的论题为重点进行探讨。他提到当代华人关心的问题,包括华商的

,、、

I

4

4

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文化、身份的认同、与中国的关系、教育跟文化,还有"外华"(e x t e r n a l

C h i n a )等种种问题。王教授对于当代的议题做了相当深入的分析。但他的

讨论并不是以陈嘉庚为中心出发的。以下我就把这些论题跟一些当代华

人关心的问题概括成为三个方面,并借此来叩问历史上的陈嘉庚,希望

从他的经验里面得到启发.

第 一 是 原 乡 与 他 乡 。 很 多 人 说 华 人 跟 犹 太 人 一 样 是 乡 土 情 重 , 祖 国 情

深。虽然中国人移民四海,"原乡' '的观念却非常强烈,不因为出国时日

长,不因为家乡苦难多,总是牵扯记挂,常萌归念,可以说是名副其实

的"原乡人",在移居地生活多年,入籍旧化了以后,还是忘不了故国祖

家,脱不了羁旅流寓的心态,常常有落叶归根的情怀 .原乡的呼唤总是

在海外华人中来的特别的绵远流长,隔代不绝。寻根认祖的例子很多,

听到那首"黑头发,黄皮肤,龙的传人"的歌曲的时候,众人心里就不其

然有一种鼓动的感觉。

说到头发和原乡,使我想起倪匡写卫斯理跟白素的一个故事。这个故事

就叫《头发》,在台湾出版的吋候叫做《无名发》。故事说地球人的远祖

来自太空的一个星球。那个星球是地球人的家乡。书中说到几个人,其

中包括了卫斯理,他们从三个梦里面得到真相,看到家乡之美,因此兴

起回乡的冲动。回乡的途径就是通过头发。我在这里不详细去谈怎样靠

头发回乡的象征意义。总之,故事里面有一个叫柏尼的人,他为了回去

而杀人,他的朋友辛尼为了回去而自杀,另外有一个国王原本要回去,

但是因为自己的责任、自己的人民,最后留了下来,没有回去。卫斯理最

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^回去了,伹是回去以后又再回来,因为他舍不得他的妻子白素。我读

的吋候很感动,你跟太太说情话的时候也可以引用这个故事,

我相信今天很多海外的华人,特别是知识分子,例如新加坡的先辈林

文庆博士,他们也常常有梦,梦里面也常常听到原乡的呼唤,也会见

到宗庙之美,家乡之富,因此心中起了回去的冲动。有一些回去了,

也有一些去过了,但也像卫斯理一样,又再回来,因为在他寄身之地

有一些他舍不得的原因。

很明显的,陈嘉庚是一个原乡人,他对祖国、对家乡的关怀和眷恋是

不用置疑的。同时,他身体力行,尽力捐输为家乡兴学,虽然在新加

坡生活了五、六十年,伹是最后还是在 1 9 5 0年选择了回去,今日很多

海外的华人虽然崇拜陈嘉庚,但实际上更像卫斯理。家乡虽美伹身已

有所寄,心巳有所依,已经把他乡当作故乡了。

陈嘉庚先生虽然在故乡、他乡之间作出了去留的选择,伹是我们仔细

读他的回忆录的时候,就会发现他没有那种非此即彼的紧细张力。当

他说到移居南洋新加坡五十余年的吋候,语带情感;在他的记忆之

中,南洋的富美,星洲的浓情,处处可见。只不过,他活着的吋代是

一 个 国 难 当 前 的 时 代 , 也 是 一 个 殖 民 政 府 统 治 的 时 代 , 陈 嘉 庚 以

"侨 "定位,关心中国乃最自然不过的事情。陈嘉庚在中国的晚年生

活中,也从来没有把他在新华社会的生活看成浮萍无寄,或者浪迹天

涯的岁月。虽然他回去了,但是他的家人亲戚很多还是留下来的。在

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一定的程度上,他乡已经变成故乡,故乡变成他乡,在他心中建立了一

个转换的变化,一个reverse change,

陈 嘉 庚 精 神 超 越 帮 派 和 地 域

下面我们谈谈帮派、党派 .在二十世纪上半叶的新华社会,不但是一个

原乡情浓的社会,在社会习惯、价值观念、思想意识和人际网络,都随

着乡土族群的文化而来。很多学者常常叫这个做帮权的社会。其中以闽

帮的势力最大,潮帮第二,另外还有广帮、客帮、琼帮等。族群的界限分

明,宗族的帮派意识很重。陈嘉庚生于一个宗族主义、地方主义为主导

的传统文化里面,当然也受到影响。

乡土情重,闽侨身份,永远是他生命的一个重要部分。然而陈嘉庚精神

最为重要的一点,就是他能够结根于乡土与宗族,却能够超越帮派和地

域,扩大为全国全民尽力谋幸福的远见和贡献,在他担任新加坡怡和轩

俱乐部总理的吋候,他就率先把这个组织带出闽帮垄断的局面,逐渐成

为一个超帮派的团体。

有学者说,自从1 9 2 3年陈嘉庚接任怡和轩总理以后,便开始树立一种新

的精神。会务大力地扩展,广开门户,接受各帮各派的人物,不分籍贯,

一视同仁,使怡和轩成为一个超帮的组织,积极地推动社会公益。杨进

发在分析二十世纪初新华社会的领导层的吋候,也特别指出怡和轩在陈

嘉庚的领导下,加强了超帮的活动和趋向。

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今 曰

精 神

\ 〗

148

不单是恰和轩,陈嘉庚办学的吋候,比方说道南学校,就率先地开放

门槛,接受其他帮派的子弟入读,同吋鼓吹用华语作为教学媒介,促

进了南洋地区华人主义的传播。之后他兴办南侨,建设华中,成立厦

大,都是本着这样的路线和宗旨。

在教育社团以外,陈嘉庚推动超帮派、不分畛域的努力又可以见于办

报、筹赈以及政治事务当中。正是"幼吾族吾乡之幼,以及别族别乡

别省乃至全中国之幼;老吾族吾乡之老,以及别族别乡别省乃至全中

国之老"。这种由地方到全国,从小群体到大民族的推己及人的爱心

扩大,在陈嘉庚的身上有非常明显的体现。难怪在国难当前,党派纷

争 最 为 剧 烈 的 吋 候 , 他 出 来 大 声 疾 呼 地 说 : " 南 侨 爱 国 无 党 派 " , 证

诸今日各地的华社,帮派主义犹传,党派之争益烈,陈嘉庚的胸怀卓

见,真的令人佩服。

陈嘉庚在教育方面的贡献

让我们再看看陈嘉庚在教育方面给我们的启示。陈氏在教育方面的成

就,好像集美学村的开办、厦门大学的建立、道南学校的改革、南侨

华中的设立等等,大家已经都知道了,我这里就不多说。我想在这边

提出两点,第一,就是他对教育整体的规划和全方位的发展。以集美

学村来说,从幼儿教育、小学、中学到师范,然后一直连接到厦门大

学,是步歩相连的"一条龙"的规划和设计。今吋今日,除了香港教育

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改革,或者其他地方在进行教育改革的吋候,我相信也应该参考陈嘉庚的

经验。

另 外 一 方 面 , 除 了 整 体 的 规 划 以 外 , 陈 嘉 庚 也 兼 顾 各 种 专 业 人 才 的 培

养,好像设立商科、水产、航海、农民等职业学校。在这以外,他又注意

到社会的教育跟文化的保存,好像设立图书馆、博物馆、科学馆、农民

实验厂、教育推广部等等机构,可以说是配套周全,而不是一个头痛医

头、脚痛医脚,随机应变的时下之道。

其次,我还要指出,陈嘉庚虽然为中国、为华族献出很多心力及财力,

伹是他对新加坡本地的教育,对英校、非华族的教育也非常热心。二十

年代,美国教会要在新加坡筹建大学,陈嘉庚率先表示支持,并带头捐

出坡币十万元。可惜后来因为遭到英国殖民地政府的压迫,不能开办,

陈氏的捐款就用在社会公益慈善之用。但是从这点,我们可以看到陈嘉

庚的精神,并不是偏狭的爱国主义,和极端的民族主义。

陈嘉庚与林文庆:中西文化互动

最后我们看看文化的问题。有些学者用林文庆代表西学和西化,以陈嘉

庚代表中国传统文化,这样的区分过于简单了。事实上,两个人皆有创

新 与 保 守 的 一 面 。 林 文 庆 从 西 学 到 中 学 , 以 及 在 维 新 和 保 守 之 间 的 关

系,王赓武教授、李元瑾博士巳经很详细地谈过,我这里也不多说。陈

嘉庚的生活心态和许多的价值观念当然是非常传统的,但是我要强调一

、 圍 .

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点,陈氏是个跟随传统而又尊重传统、继承传统的人,他也是一个不

囿于传统,又能够打破传统的人。上面所说的办新教育,超帮派的活

动,已经可以看到陈氏开创纳新精神的一面。

最后我想引述一下新加坡的老前辈陈维龙先生的一段话。他讲述他年

轻的时候到怡和轩,看到陈嘉庚的情形。他说:"那个吋候怡和轩有

房屋三层。一班受中文教育,从中国南来的如林推迁、陈嘉庚、陈楚

楠,蔡嘉种、陈延谦、李俊承等,多在二楼聚会。而受英文教育的或

生长在南洋的,如薛中华、李俊源、林秉祥、张永福、林文庆、林义

顺等则常在三楼玩。但那并不是固定的。有吋兴之所至,三楼的忽然

跑下二楼,二楼的忽跑上三楼。',这是陈先生写的东西。

陈 嘉 庚 与 林 文 庆 中 西 文 化 的 互 动 经 验 , 在 我 看 来 , 是 一 个 " 上 去 下

来 "的经验。中西文化不存在一个固定的位置上,需要常常 "上去下

来 ",沟通多了就没有隔阂,也就能成为合作的伙伴。好像陈嘉庚跟

林文庆最后共同建立厦大,王赓武先生早上也谈过了,又或者成为亲

密的战友,革命的同志,像张永福、陈楚楠和林义顺。上去下来,中

西文化并不相拒,也不相抵,而且还可以互相配合,共融共建.

陈嘉庚一巨人精神的召唤

最后谈谈巨人精神的召唤。陈嘉庚先生在】 9 6 1 年过世,死于中国北

京,葬在家乡集美鳌园,这想来可以满足他关怀祖国,爱护家乡情怀

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的夙愿。陈先生身高多少?我想问那些熟悉陈嘉庚先生,看过他照片的

人。我问过很多人,没有一个人给我一个准确的答案,我看大概跟莫先

生差不多吧。你见过他⋯⋯(莫:这个,我完全不能与陈先生比。)

我问这个问题当然是指phy s i c a l (肉体方面)的,是身躯有多高。陈嘉庚身

躯不满六尺,并不算是昂堂魁岸之躯。伹其精神巍巍可比高山,绝对是

近代中国史,东南亚历史上的巨人。很多人从他的功业处去描绘这个巨

人的图像。我在这里是希望透过生活的细节,去描绘他的人格。用形象

的话来说,他每做一件小事,每说一句嘉言,每做一样功业,他的身躯

就会长高一分。这样下来,你想想看,陈嘉庚就成为一个高于同侪,高于

同代的巨人。我应该在这边歌颂陈先生,献给他一首诗歌:巍巍高山,音

范永存,悠悠江水,恩泽长流。既然是一首赞歌,就应该唱出来才对。(唱)

巨人走了之后,不伹留下足迹,也留下一些声音。关于人格,他对我们

说:要看失败和遗憾,不要被成功冲昏了头脑,回顾的吋候应从失败和

失 望 的 地 方 开 始 检 讨 。 要 爱 原 乡 也 爱 他 乡 , 只 要 是 " 乡 " 就 要 有 " 乡

心",就要亲近,就会思念和关怀,从而就会努力地服务,尽力地贡献。

他又说:要超帮派、无党派,从宗族到民族,从闽帮到超帮,既谋兼顾,

又求超越,但超越并不表示抛弃。最后,他又说:土生侨生一路共勉,

上去又下来,横贯中西,统合新旧,全方位地建设教育,一条龙的培养

人才。陈先生逝世四十年了,我希望大家能听到他的声音。谢谢大家的

忍耐。最后,我还应该说一声:谢谢陈嘉庚先生的启示,

神.

151

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公众提问时间^ &八】

莫理光

谢谢梁教授精彩的谈话。我相信他是真的花了四个月来写出这篇东西

的,而且还来到新加坡的牛车水及怡和轩,得到真正的情感。我相信

梁教授这篇东西应该回去把他写成一本陈嘉庚评传,那么我自己跟他

订一百本送给亲友。

现在我们的吋间很宝贵。大家有什么问题,快一点,简短一点。

观众 1 (朱炎辉)

当年陈嘉庚在新马发动华侨反对陈仪主持福建的省镇,最后闹下去,

陈仪被调走了,可以说是苛政猛于虎。新中国成立时,一直都很尊重

陈先生,并肯定陈先生一生的事业。伹是另一方面,近年中国方面对

于陈仪治理福建这一段,也给予了很高的评价。对于这两种对立的看

法,我想请教梁教授还有赵教授,我想听听你们的意见,因为我已经

离开了高等学府十年以上,我的知识非常饥饿,谢谢,

梁元生

让我首先回应一下,朱鲁大先生是二十世纪近代史的权威,所有的掌

故逃不出他的档案里面。这个所谓矛盾,学术上在中国方面有很多,

同时越来越多涌现出来。主要不是因为陈仪的关系,也不是因为陈嘉

今日!一?小次

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庚看得清楚准确的关系,主要是中国变得很快,特别是民国史节奏的变

化,在定论方面每天都在变,变得连国民党的史家一看都大吃一惊 .我

只能这样子回答你,

观 众 2

请教一下梁教授,陈嘉庚先生因为从中国大陆过来,他会寻根念祖,那

以 新 的 这 一 代 , 在 新 加 坡 长 大 的 年 轻 人 , 以 你 从 个 人 跟 历 史 的 观 点 来

看,还会有这样的想法吗?还有寻根念祖的想法吗?

梁元生

我刚才也提过,我看海外华人社会中的传统文化的因素也蛮重要的。即

使隔代相传,甚至到第三代、第四代,这种寻根的行为还是有的。实际

上,在美国、在非洲也有很多这种案例。这种人已经不懂中文了,伹是

还会跑到自己的家乡,例如台山,去认识自己的根。这种人很多,写成

小说的也有,写成新闻报告文学的也有。我相信新加坡也脱离不了海外

华人的范畴,同吋我也感受到她受中国文化的影响是非常深远的,所以

这类的个案也应该特别的多,会有多少呢?对不起,我没有一个统计。

莫理光

因为吋间的关系,我们这个会议就到此结束。那么,我想在最后讲几句

话。现在世界一直强调科技的合作。我想曹先生是一个很明显的例子,

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他从科学跑到企业,这方面新加坡的科学经营应该多多向他学习.我

们这次庆典的主席潘教授也是一个例子。他已经从研究室分身出来搞

科技出版。那么这个科技出版现在变成很成功的科技企业,全世界包

括美国大学都在用他的教科书。这个成功以外,他还利用吋间搞文教

事业。今天没有他主持的话,我们这个庆典也不会搞得有声有色。

还有一点,几十年前,新加坡只有一间大学,那吋候我在报馆就有听

到一种言论,说新加坡只要一间大学就够了,因为太多的话,很多毕

业生一毕业就会失业。但是现在,我们有三间大学鼎立,不但有三间

大学,我们还有几十间国际大学,包括北京管理学院要来这边设立分

院分校。从这一点看出,陈嘉庚先生伟大的地方,在于他早在几十年

前就知道教育兴办、科技兴办。好,感谢大家。

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P A R T II

李 远 哲 教 授 华 语 公 开 演 讲

2002年9月8日(星期天)

新 达 城 新 加 坡 国 际 会 议 与 展 览 中 心

联合主办者

Organised by

陈嘉庚基金 Tan Kah Kee Foundation

陈 嘉 庚 国 际 学 会 Tan Kah Kee International Society

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郭振羽教授,南洋理工大学传播信息学院院长。1962

年毕业于台湾国立政治大学,获文学士学位,主修新闻

学。1966年考获美国夏威夷大学硕士学位,主修社会

学。1972年考获美国明尼苏达大学社会学博士学位。

郭教授曾担任台湾国立中兴大学社会系、美国明尼苏达

州州立学院讲师,也在威斯康辛大学担任助理教授。他

在1973年移居新加坡,任新加坡国立大学社会系讲师,

1986年出任社会系主任。1990年,新加坡国立大学成

立大众传播系,郭教授被借调至该系为首位系主任。

1992年,大众传播系并入南洋理工大学并扩充为传播

学院,郭教授是教授兼首任院长。

郭教授专门从事双语教育与政策、社会语言政策、海外

华人和传播政策与设计的研究。

主 席 简 介

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今天新加坡很难得下了一整天的雨,所谓 "风雨故人来 ",李远哲教授

今 天 一 大 清 早 离 开 台 北 , 十 一 点 多 抵 达 新 加 坡 。 他 第 一 次 到 新 加 坡 是

1 9 8 8 年,算算有十四年的时间。风雨故人来,这中间他也来过几次,也

给过公开演讲 .这次演讲吋间改了 一下,主要是因为台湾的台风,

过去几天,我们都很关注台湾各方面的问题,包括气象。这几天特别关

心,因为原本李远哲教授他应该是星期四到,在星期五上午有一个英语

演讲,然后原定咋天晚上在这同一个地方是华语的演讲。结果延到今天

下午,风雨中还有这么多朋友来,我想大家都很关心,想从李远哲教授

这边,听听他对今天的讲题 "科技与教育 "方面的见解。

今天的题目是 "再谈科技与教育 ",特别是这几年在台湾,他等于是主

持台湾的教育改革,提出了很多建议,很多甚至具有争议性。但是,他

所提出的这些计划逐渐地在实践之中,他对教育方面的关怀,教育改革

方面的一些了解,我想是很值得我们借鉴的地方。我想我们的介绍也够

了,更多的吋间,我们请李教授就今天的题目发表他的想法。

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李远哲教授,台湾中央研究院院长,也是1986

年诺贝尔化学奖得主。他在1959年毕业于台湾

大学化学系,跟着进入清华大学原子科学研究

所化学组,并在1961年获得硕士学位。之后,

他前往美国加州大学伯克莱分校深造,并在

1965年获化学博士,并先后在美国多所著名大

学担任教研工作。他在1994年回返台湾,现任

中央研究院院长。

李远哲教授主要从事化学动态学研究,在化学

动力学、动态学、分子束和光化学领域取得卓越

成就。近年来,他对教育以及社会方面的关心,

远超于科技方面的研究。他经常到各地进行演

讲和访问,也提出了多项建议促进台湾的教育

改革。

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今天我非常荣幸能有机会参加陈嘉庚基金会二十周年的庆典 .刚才郭院

长谈到我在 1 9 8 8 年第一次访问新加坡,其实那个时候,我也是受到陈嘉

庚基金会的邀请,参加青少年发明奖颁奖典礼而来的。我还记得下飞机

之后,看到很多来接机的朋友们。其中有一位我好像在哪里看过,后来

想了想就知道,有一次从纽约坐飞机到旧金山的吋候,我旁边坐了一位

新加坡的长老,他就是林明华先生。看到他的吋候,我就觉得很面熟,

原来是一起坐过飞机,还跟他交谈过,那天在飞机上他的话虽然不多,

但他倒是给我深刻的印象。不过今天他已经不在了,所以非常想念他,

1 9 8 8 年到新加坡访问后,陈嘉庚陈先生确实开始对我有深远的影响。我

们常说陈嘉庚陈先生前半生兴学、后半生纾难,他对科学、对教育的贡

献跟纾难的工作都给我们非常深刻的印象,后来,为了参加陈嘉庚国际

学会的活动,也为了使陈嘉庚先生伟大的胸怀在美国跟大陆发扬开来,

我也参与加州大学伯克莱分校陈嘉庚大楼的重建工作。现在,各位如果

到美国加州大学,就能看到一个大楼,叫做了"!! ^ ,就是陈嘉庚在美国

的纪念大楼.

我能够参与这些工作是非常欣慰的一件事。我到新加坡,每次看到新加

坡的进步,就好像每次来就看到不同的气象一样,都在进步,我也觉得

非常非常的高兴.

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164

全球化与竞争力

这几年我到世界各地走的机会很多,也参加了不少有关科技、教育的

会议,我到过欧洲、澳洲、纽西兰,以及亚洲各地,不过,有趣的

是,不管我到哪里,很多国家都在讨论怎么样提升国家的竞争力。比

如说去年在纽西兰,纽西兰的总理有一次出席conf e r e n c e (会议),他就

在谈怎么样使纽西兰的产业提升。他们谈到纽西兰的年均收入跟台湾

的差不多,伹是落后在所谓新进国家的后面,他们就觉得,如果外销

出去的东西是属于第三世界的产物,他们又怎么会成为第一世界的国

家?但是,我看到纽西兰老百姓的生活非常理想,有很好的教育和生

活环境,他们如果自己开车到处走,都能找到停车的地方。所以,我

看纽西兰是非常理想的地方,但是他们还是不满意。

不久前,我在意大利。欧盟在意大利有一个研讨会,讨论的是怎么样

能够让地方政府在科技研化上做出贡献。他们谈的也是一样,也谈到

欧盟怎么样才能跟美国竞争,跟日本竞争,这些想法,你到澳洲、到

韩国都是一样的。你怎么提升国家的竞争力,怎么能在地球上和别的

国家竞争。伹是,如果你好好看他们竞争的焦点主要放在哪里的时

候,我们会看到发展的重点也是很相似。很多地方都在谈这一个世纪

生物技术最重要,他们应该花很多的心血,做精密的研究。也有很多

地方谈到要从事纳米科技的研究,也谈到无线通讯的发展。这些所谓

重点项目,世界各地都好像很相似。很多地方都谈创新,也在谈知识

经济的发展。

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令我印象很深的是,我上次大概在三、四年前来到新加坡的时候,大家

都在谈怎么培养企业家,企业精神如何在新加坡好好的发展下来。我刚

才讲世界各国都好像在提升国家的竞争力,重点项目也很相似,其实我

们看教育方面也有所共识。

去年美国总统大选的吋候,我太太刚好在美国探望我们的小孩。她扭开

电视,看到民主党总统竞选的演讲,谈到有关教育的课题。有一个人站

在讲台上说:"We will not fail a n y body."(我们不会让任何人不及格。)然

后,就谈到小班制师资培养的事情。我太太马上打电话到台湾给我说:

"远哲,你是不是把你们 1 9 9 6年教育改革使命委员会的计划报告书,寄

给 民 主 党 ? " 我 说 : " 为 什 么 ? " 她 说 : " 他 讲 的 跟 你 讲 的 完 全 一 样 。 "

我解释不是我寄给他,而是在全世界民主多元化的政场中,会使用很多

共识。

不过,我在东南亚的时候,也看到整个东南亚的发展很相似。你如果到

泰国,或者马来西亚、印尼、菲律宾,你到大都会都可以看到,整个亚洲

好像慢慢地走向所谓美国式的高消耗生活方式。这些地方的发展,确实

也令人担心。比如说在东南亚,这些地区在过去的十年内,由于工业化

的污染,阳光的日照数,就是阳光渗透大气层照到地球的吋间,减少了

百分之五至百分之十。我们同时也看到世界大多数地区也是一样,老百

姓对政府的信赖度,好像随着全球化的趋向而减低,就像在欧洲,欧盟

的成立,使大家对自己政府的信心减少了。另外,人们对科学和科学家的

信赖也在减少,这是令人担心的,这也就是为什么在上个月,英国的首

-圍

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相在英国皇家学院演讲吋,谈到英国面对的一些问题,并强调科学和

数学真的很重要,会影响到整个社会。

科学影响人类社会

在全球化的过程中,不管是好的或不好的,我们都有共同的地方。但

大家总是有个问题:科学到底对人类生活的发展和改善有多深远的影

响,或者到底带来多少的好处?有一点不用置疑的是,大家都知道在

人类的发展过程中,科学确实改变了人类社会,也改变了人类的生活

方式,这确实是很深远的。伹是,在谈到科学是不是真的对人类带来

很大的好处的吋候,争议就很多.

十年前,在诺贝尔基金会庆祝诺贝尔颁奖九十周年的吋候,我记得在

最后一天,来参加盛会的一百多位诺贝尔得主,分成两队,举行辩论

大会 .辩论的题目是: "科学到底给人们带来好处,还是不好的地方

更多?"辩论几个小吋下来,双方平分秋色。有的人说因为科技的进

步使疾病消失了,也使食物和水源的供应增加,或者是因为效率的提

高,生产力的提升,带给人类很多的好处。但是,也有人谈到全面性

毁灭武器的发展,污染和环境的破坏。正面负面,都有人提。

说牛6么精神

4

^

^

^

^

^

6

6

去年十二月,诺贝尔基金会庆祝一百周年,这次来参加的人更多,大

会邀请了全世界所有还在世的诺贝尔奖得主,大约 1 8 0 多位左右。盛

会最后一天,也是在谈科学对人类社会的影响。你如果问很多在亚洲

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的人,科技对人类到底有多好的彭响,你会觉得其实科技的发展,虽然

对人类带来了很多的好处,伹所带来的好处并不是普遍的,也就是说,

可能只有三分之一、四分之一的人受到科学进步所带来的好处,其他的

人大概没有。通常富有的国家、富有的人,似乎受益更大。也许我们应

该 反 过 来 说 , 科 技 进 歩 的 国 家 , 或 者 是 能 够 善 用 科 技 的 人 才 会 变 成 富

有。

但是像我刚才讲的,科技带给人类的影响不是普遍的,而且还有时间的

落差。比如说两百多年前,工业革命发生之后,欧洲国家变得很强壮。

他们努力向外扩充,在短短的几十年内,就把亚洲、非洲、南美洲大部

分地区变成他们的殖民地。所以,工业革命可以说为欧洲带来了多大的

好处。尤其当你坐在英国的庄园里,可以看到这个庄园是以前缅甸总督

住的地方,好大好大,是因为工业革命之后,国营生产之后的缘故,而

变得那么好。但是如果你住在亚洲的话,一定会问,因为我们亚洲国家

没 有 跟 上 工 业 革 命 , 以 致 我 们 国 家 在 这 一 波 工 业 革 命 的 结 果 变 成 殖 民

地,而且还受到压迫和统治那么长的一段吋间,就只因为我们没有跟上

工业革命。

但是到了二十一世纪的今天,如果我们说科学进步到底给人类带来了多

少 好 处 的 吋 候 , 很 多 人 也 会 说 , 现 在 以 武 力 解 决 国 际 纷 争 的 可 能 性 是

少,伹是并不是没有。这几天大家看到了,美国也许会派兵对防伊拉克

萨旦胡申的政权。战争还是在威胁人类。即使不是经过战争,国家与国

167

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家之间以高科技为后盾的经济竞争每天都在进行,这场战争,不是武

力的战争,而是经济竞争。它每天都在进行,如果落败了,会变得惨

兮兮,贫穷落后。打赢了这个以科技为后盾的经济竞争的吋候,国家

就会变得很富有。这也就是为什么刚才我说,到世界各地,每一个地

方的人都说要提升国家的竞争力。我们是在竞争。虽然刚才已经讲

过,全球化的步伐走得很快,伹是国家和国家一直在竞争.

但是,我们也常常看到,在国家和国家的竞争过程发展的人类历史,

是相当盲目的。有吋候人家提到科学的功过时,就好像原子能可以用

来发电,也可以做成原子弹,有正反两面;生命科学的研究可以用来

进行狙菌战、生物战,可以毁灭所有人类,也可以救人,这有正反两

面。但是很少人看到,即使是用在好的一面,国家与国家的竞争过程

中,还是有些人会落败.当然在竞争中,我们要提升国家的竞争力,

我们要赢。如果我们战胜的话,一定会有一些落败的人,不然的话,

我 们 也 不 会 是 胜 利 者 . 所 以 这 个 人 类 的 发 展 , 尤 其 是 到 了 二 十 一 世

纪,以国家和囯家竞争中发展的人类历史,不但是盲目的,在这过程

里面,尤其在过去的一百年里,由于生态环境的破坏,很多人因此担

心,人类是不是能在这个地球上永远生存下去。

人类这样子走下去是不行的

上个礼拜,以前日本东北大学的校长峒旭朝郎,和另外一名作者写了

一 本 书 , 表 示 如 果 人 类 这 样 子 走 下 去 的 话 , 八 十 年 之 内 就 会 面 临 灭

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亡。他很痛心地承认,这样走是不行的。什么叫这样子走下去?我们可

以回想印度刚独立不久时,有人问甘地:"印度受英国的统治那么久,

现 在 独 立 了 , 你 们 是 不 是 在 不 久 的 将 来 , 能 够 过 像 英 国 人 这 样 的 好 日

子? "甘地回答: "英国是因为全世界百分之五十的资源已经在他们的

国库里面,才能过这种生活。如果印度要过这种生活的话,要有几个地

球的资源来供应,才能过英国人这样的生活。,'当然,甘地是看得很远的,

这种高消耗的生活方式,如果全世界的人都这样走,确实是行不通的.

我刚才说,我在东南亚的吋候,就看到每个国家也是走向高消耗的生话

方式,跟随美国的生活方式。伹是我们也知道,美国占世界人口的百分

之五,他们却消耗百分之三十的能源,全世界是做不到的。最近,我们

也看到参加会议的日本科学家1 ^ 0 1 3,他就说日本走的这条路,是很糟糕

的一条路,是不行的,走不通的,不值得羡慕。当然,我在台湾也会这么

说,台湾走的这条路是不值得大家学习的。如果大陆学台湾,有一天年

均石油的消耗量达到台湾的水准的话,全世界的石油也不够用了,因为

这条路是走不通的。但是,全世界好像还是在盲目地跟随着美国的模式

发展。这是非常令人担心的。也就是说,美国在二次世界大战以后的影

响力非常深远,而这个大潮流事实上带动着所有地方的发展。

我还记得 1 9 6 2 年刚到美国的吋候,第一天到加州大学的化学系,在洗手

间看到美国人拿了 一张纸擦干了就丢。那天下午参加一个欢迎茶会,很

多纸盘都是吃了就丢,不洗的。那吋我说,这种生活方式到底能持续多

久。以前台湾非常贫穷的时候,父母亲教我们要勤俭,看到我们浪费就

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会说不能这样,会 "夭寿折寿 "。伹是我到美国那一天,如果我父母

亲看到美国人的生活的话,一定是非常痛心。但是几十年之后,你看

东南亚各个地方,到台湾、到韩国,到哪里都一样,洗洗手拿张纸巾

用了就丢,纸盘也是这样在用 .这是不行的。

我们走到二十一世纪,是有很大的贡献.我们每次谈到这个地球上工

业革命发生之后,人口增加得很快.上一个世纪,地球上的人口就增

加了四倍。天然的资源消耗得很厉害,像地球上有好几百万年的矿物

燃枓,在几百年内被烧掉了。再过十年,石油也就越难找到了.

在这个过程中,我们也看到生态环境的破坏非常的厉害。去年,也就

是走入二十一世纪的第一年,我们看到很多一些没有想过的现象。比

如说九月十一日,美国的两个商业大楼,被两架飞机撞进去之后就毁

掉了。九一一之后,美国总统说,我们要向恐怖分子、恐怖主义宣

战。很多人就问,战争是国家向国家宣战,但是他是要向哪一个国家

宣战呢?当吋大家还不晓得。后来恐怖分子好像是和阿拉伯国家有

关,就慢慢的找到了一个目标或是反恐的对象.

过了一个礼拜,台湾由于台风过境,下了很大很大的雨。九月十七

日,一天之内就下了一公尺高的水。淹水淹得很厉害,地铁淹水,连

我们中央研究院的大楼都淹水。他们说这是台湾两百年来发生的最严

重灾害。去年台风过境的吋候,他们说这是一百年才会有一次的。一

百年一次的台风过了之后,只隔了一年就出现两百年才会看到的台

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风 .本来我咋天要来的,伹我不敢离开中央研究院。这是中型的台风,

大 家 都 吓 坏 了 。 要 是 我 不 留 在 中 央 研 究 院 坐 镇 , 如 果 淹 水 的 话 就 不 好

了,所以我还是得在那里指挥。

不过有趣的是,在九一一恐怖分子事件和台湾大水发生之后,很多年轻

人就问:"教授,我们的地球好像跟以前不一样了。世界变得很乱,很不

适 于 人 居 住 . 。 他 就 问 : ^ ' 九 一 一 , 跟 ' 九 一 七 ' 有 什 么 关 系 吗 ? " 旁

边的人就说: "不要胡扯,九一一是恐怖分子撞美国商业大楼,九一七

是天灾,怎么能把人祸和天灾扯在一起? "

但是如果我们好好地想,这两样事情其实是有关系的 .大家相信九一七

台风是跟全球气候变迁有关,也就是和温室效应有关,南太平洋的温度

一 直 在 上 升 。 大 家 都 知 道 , 如 果 南 太 平 洋 的 温 度 上 升 到 二 十 八 度 的 时

候,水的蒸发会比较快,所累积的能量就会变得很大,所以台风经过,

如果南太平洋的温度升高的话,水会越来越大,这是气象的现象,它不

是现形的,有吋候才一度会看到很多不同的改变.

比如说在冬天,西伯利亚的风一吹就会变冷,台湾也会变得很冷。很多

人问,其实地球的倾斜度只不过一点点,为什么西伯利亚会这么冷?原

因很简单。在下雪之前,整个北半球,阳光照到地球百分之七十的能量

是被吸收,其余百分之三十是被反射的。但是一下雪后,百分之七十的

阳光会被反射掉,只有百分之三十被吸收。所以冬天一到,大地被雪覆

盖之后,地球吸收阳光的能力就减少很多,就会开始变得很寒冷。西伯

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利亚的风一吹,他们的老百姓到了夏天,五度、十度就已经忍受不了

了。这些气象的现象是非现形的。所以如果台湾的老百姓相信九一七

的大水跟温室效应,跟全球气候的变迁有关的话,那我们就要好好地

检讨我们人类社会能源的使用 .

自从工业革命发生之后,当人们发现很多机械取代体力劳动、动物劳

动的吋候,我们对能源的需求变得很强,但是大部分的能源都是经过

矿物燃烧得来的。矿物的燃烧会产生很多二氧化碳。阳光照进来的时

候不被吸收,波长日短,光线没有办法吸收,但是从地球辐射平外

光,外层也不被吸收,热发不出去,气温就会上升。

所以刚才讲,如果九一七是跟温室效应有关,跟全球气候变迁有关的

话,那么我们也可以说九一七和人类能源的使用是有密切关系的。人

类依赖矿物燃料太重,这是有密切关系的。

172 那么九一一呢?很多人说这是阿拉伯人跟西方国家的磨擦,是伊斯兰

教和基督教之间的文化磨擦。这也许是其中的一部分原因。但是,如

果我们好好分析的话,另一部分原因是石油。

我在1988、 89、 9 1年这阵子,曾经当过美国能源部部长的顾问,有一

次,部长说布什总统,就是现任总统的爸爸,他要我们写一个美国能

源政策的报告书。我们从美国五十州派代表到美国华盛顿开会讨论,

写了一本厚厚的JVfl&nfl'£n"gy &flf W,《国家能源策略》。《国家能

源策略》是通过两个主轴来考虑的:第一就是美国这个国家怎样才能

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满足能源自足的条件。为了要达到能源自足,大家要节约使用,效率要

提升 .要达到这两个目的一能源的自足、效率的提升,就需要从教育、

产业的发达,从各方面去看,

我们写了厚厚的一本书交到白宫,白宫当吋的总统秘书长看到厚厚的美

国能源报告书之后,他说:"奇怪,布什总统为什么要你们做这件事呢?

因为美国向来是有能源政策的。 "我们大家都愣住了,就想美国的能源

政策是什么?总统就说,美国的能源政策是如何让中东的石油,廉价的

石油源源不断地到美国来。

那吋候,我身为一个科学家,我觉得很痛心,因为一个国家的能源政策

会反映国家政策。所以那吋候我知道,如果美国要使能源源源不断地流

到美国的话,美国常常讲的人权、平等、自由,这些都会牺牲掉,才可以

支持一个腐败的政府,像沙地阿拉伯的一些政府。如果伊朗在那个时候

宣布石油国有化,美国的CI A (Central Intelligence Agency,中央情报局)就

会进去推翻这个政权。那吋候我想,如果美国不好好地照顾和满足能源

的自足,那么中东的国家会很惨,

所以,九一一恐怖事件或许是因为美国的能源政策、为了保障廉价的油

源源不断地流进来,而支持腐败的阿拉伯政府,结果引起一些阿拉伯人

民不满而导致的。我刚才讲九一一和九一七有关系,都是和我们社会上

能源的使用有关。这确实是我们要好好思考的地方。这将会是一个非常

严重的问题。虽然我们也知道,目前能源表面上好像还够,但是随着各

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:'':、':';^^ , ^ . , :巾,力:^】 1 1; 1 1!:;;''?:: ' - !: '!.^ ^ -:,.; :.口'" 二 : , 、 : 響 :: 1 " ^ !

174

个地方的发展,对能源的需求会越来越重。再过十五、二十年,我想

石油将会是全世界争夺的重要能源项目.那个吋候,我就会很害怕,

因为超级大国之间可能会有更多动乱,为的就是抢能源,

全球化的问题:我们该往哪个方向走?

在整个全球化的过程中,我们也看到国家与国家之间的经济竞争。这

好像很矛盾,国家和国家之间的竞争过程相当盲目。很多国家说先进

国家用了很多矿物燃料。发展到了这个阶段,却要我们不使用矿物燃

枓,这话说不过去。我们也要跟你们一样,使用矿物燃料。那么大家

就会共同走入灭亡的道路,这确实是令人担心的。

刚才我说整个世界全球化,不单是经济的依赖、经济超越国界在进

行,还有很多与环境生态有关的东西,像温室效应、臭氧层的破坏,

都是全球化的问题。但是如果国家与国家的竞争还是继续这样的话,

问题就无法解决。但是如果我们退一步,把整个世界都看作是在一个

国家范畴里面,就是联合国有一天变得很有效率,而且很强大,使整

个世界都是一个国家的话,我们会不会看到事情的处理有不一样的地

方吗?

比如说二十年前,美国在洛杉矶、纽约,还有黑人的暴动。黑人暴动

主要是因为他们不满意生活的条件,没有机会改善生活,恶性循环在

进行。在旧金山的贫穷地区生长的黑人小孩,你如果问他:"将来你

,4次精 神

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长大后要做什么?"他一定会说:"我不晓得。"伹是我晓得,因为根据

统计,这些人有百分之五十,在到了上大学的年龄吋,是在监狱里的。

所以在这个恶性循环的过程中,很多黑人无法好好地生活,他们就会暴

动。伹是在美国,如果黑人暴动,他们就会检讨,说要改善黑人的生活,

改 善 他 们 的 教 育 情 况 , 不 断 地 改 、 改 。 黑 人 也 走 上 街 头 进 行 c i v i l i z e d

m o v e m e n t , 就是民权运动,希望他们在社会上有众议员,这几年下来就

会有进步,

如果全世界是一个国家的话,在九一一事情发生之后,人们当然有办法

阻止恐怖分子。但是进一步想,为什么会有恐怖分子?如果恐怖分子也

是我们国家自己的老百姓的话,那么我们不是要摧毁恐怖分子,而是要

改善条件,防止恐怖分子的产生。也就是说,现在地球上,尤其是在全

球化的地球上,只要有一些地方的人觉得他受压迫,生存权利被剥夺,

他有权利争取他的生存的话,我们的地球是不会和平的。所以我刚才讲

这是矛盾的。一方面整个全球化的步伐走得很快,大家要参加 W T 0 ,整

个世界是一体的。但是另一方面,国家与国家一直在竞争,要提升国家

的竞争力⋯⋯那人类该往哪一个方向走呢?那是令人担心的。

在九一一之后,也有一些成就比较高的国家领袖,他们也提到其实他们

的国家每年应该提供五百亿美金给全世界,让所有的人接受基础教育。

如 果 全 世 界 的 所 有 人 接 受 基 础 教 育 , 大 家 对 健 康 , 对 于 他 们 生 活 的 改

善,或者是对别的宗教和不同文化的了解,将会有很大的改善。可惜这

个提议还是没有引起很大的共鸣。

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要走自己的路

刚才我谈到人类碰到的困境里面,一是环境的问题。环境的问题其实

走到二十一世纪的吋候,我们是有根本上的不同。如果你二十年前到

洛杉矶,你会看到那里污染的程度很厉害。有一个笑话,说洛杉矶的

一个生意人坐飞机到旧金山,在下飞机后,他东张西望地看了看,马

上就坐飞机回到洛杉矶。有人问他怎么回事,他说:"我到旧金山,看

不见空气,我不太相信这个地方!"他就回到自己空气看得见的地方。

这是在嘲笑洛杉矶的空气污染问题。但这十多年来,洛杉矶的空气污染

已改善了很多,

最近,在很多空气污染、环境污染的会议上,美国和欧洲的国家常常

说,亚洲、非洲应该努力改善污染一空气的污染、水的污染。不过

今天,温室效应是一个严重的问题,温度在上升,这会影响到人类在

地球上的生存。如果大家都接受,那么大家就会同意二氧化碳是一个

污染秽物。如果今天全世界的人都说二氧化碳是污染秽物的话,那么

我们对污染的看法会有很大的改变。而我们对整个世界的发展也会有

根本的改变,

美国的学者到东南亚说,你们的空气很污染,主要是因为燃烧产生的

一些微小粒子或者是二氧化碳,是有色的,可以看得见,呼吸之后会

影响健康。但是,如果今天我们把二氧化碳包括在污染物中的话,那

么世界上最糟的国家可能就是美国。因为在美国,每个人都开车。每

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个人一个礼拜就要用掉一个油箱的汽油。一个油箱通常有超过五十公升

的汽油,大约是四十公斤的油 .四十公斤的油燃烧之后,会产生一百公

斤的二氧化碳。我们排气管一个礼拜所排出来的二氧化碳,相当于两个

人的重量。我在美国常常对朋友说:你知道吗?你的排气管一个礼拜排

出来的二氧化碳,就和你跟你太太一样重。这是多么的脏。如果一个人

住 在 马 来 西 亚 的 森 林 里 面 , 他 就 不 会 产 生 二 氧 化 碳 , 但 是 美 国 就 很 糟

糕。我们从这么一个观点看:一个国家、一个社会所产生的二氧化碳不

能被它的森林和海边珊瑚礁所吸收的话,那就是过度开发的国家。事实

上 , 没 有 所 谓 " 开 发 的 国 家 " 、 " 开 发 中 的 国 家 " 、 " 未 开 发 的 国 家 " ,

应该是 "过度开发的国家 "和 "未过度开发的国家 "。当然,台湾已经是

在 " 过 度 开 发 国 家 " 里 面 了 。

虽然台湾有百分之七十是森林,即使是这样,我们产生的二氧化碳,还

是没有办法让大自然回收。台湾也是一个过度开发的国家。台湾和很多

国家一样,也在谈提升国家的竞争力,在谈年均收入远远落在美国和新

加坡后面,我们要追赶等课题。但是我认为,他们已经过度开发。为了

我们子子孙孙的发展,他们现在应该要回头走 .伹是他们回头走,我们

为什么要跟着,然后也回头走呢?所以我说,我们应该要走自己的路。

真的,亚洲及中国大陆应该寻找亚洲、东南亚特有的生态环境,从衣食

住行各方面看,看我们怎样能过简单的生活。这是我们的责任,我们应

该这样走。当然,我相信人类在这一个世纪总会醒过来,如果还不醒过

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- ~ 圍 、 圍 — . 、 ― ^

178

来的话,我们就是死路一条.我们在醒过来之后,要怎么样在各个不

同地区的生态环境里,改善我们的生活。这是很重要的。

比如说我小时候,很少看到台湾温度上升到三十度以上。那天台北巿

的温度高达三十八度。年轻的学生说:"老师,你说小时候你们没有

冷气机,你怎么念书呢?三十八度这么热! "我说: "我小吋候到处

都是绿油油的,很多树。阳光一照,都被树吸收了,到晚上很凉快,

海风会吹进来,,'所以,当时很多歌都是描绘晚上细雨绵绵,都是因

为白天阳光被树吸收,晚上海风吹进来,就有些雨意。但是,现在这

些情景都没有了。

在大陆文革的吋候,美国、欧洲很多学者都盼望大陆或许会为人类走

出一条新的路,转变人类这样的一条路。可惜那条路是不通的。不

过,我还是觉得我们面对的这些问题,如果大家都跟随美国或欧洲发

展的模式走下去的话是不行的。亚洲、东南亚还是要立足在自己不同

的生态环境,要找出怎样才能衣食住行,真的找出一个跟传统不一样

的路。

问题是可以通过科学研究解决的

刚才我谈到很多问题,其中大部分是国家和国家的关系。全球化之

后,这些关系怎么改变,都不是科学的问题。但是,很多问题确实是

科学跟技术的发展是能够解决的。尤其是我刚才讲过,生态环境、人

说1次精

一,;.一

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9^

类将来,很多都是和能源的使用有关,这确实是科技的问题。虽然我们

目前的科学和技术不能解决我们面对的很多困境,伹是我相信,将来年

轻一代的新科学知识和新技术,是能够解决很多人类面对的困境,尤其

是与能源使用有关的问题。

我 再 举 一 个 例 子 。 我 们 人 类 现 在 使 用 很 多 能 源 , 矿 物 燃 枓 每 天 一 直 在

烧。我也知道新加坡炼油场是世界数一数二的。我们使用的能量很多,

但是如果把阳光传输到地球表面的能量作为比较的话,我们都会惊讶,

人类一整年使用的能量,和阳光在五十分钟内照射在地球给的能量,差

不多是一样的。年轻的学生就说,一年有 3 6 5 天,一个小时里太阳给予地

球的能量是和人类使用的能量一样多?他们说:那我们不是很笨,有那

么多能量没有好好地使用,反而是让它把房子晒得温热的吋候,再用更

多的能量把热排到外面 .很多年轻人说,这看起来很不合理。当然,也

有年轻人跟我说碳水化合物,碳和水的比例是一比一。很多小孩子就把

木 炭 放 在 水 里 一 直 搅 , 看 是 不 是 也 会 变 成 炭 水 化 合 物 。 其 实 不 是 这 样

的。伹是我想,怎么样能够好好地利用太阳能直接发电、如何分解水银

或者是再循环使用、或者是植物成长之后怎样变成酒精再用、工利发电

等各种各样的科学的研究 .我相信在将来,这些问题是可以通过科学的

研究解决的。

这就是为什么我们希望每一个社会都能够好好培养科学家,好好地从事

科学研究,因为我们现在的科学、技术和知识,不能解决我们现在面对

科-

179

1

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的问题。但是新的科学家,下一代、年轻一代的科学家,他们有新的

科学知识和技术,就有望解决这些问题。所以我倒是希望年轻人能好

好学习,从事科学研究,也希望政府多辅助科学研究。这样的努力不

是没有成果的。

科学的研究应该是全人类共享

但是我刚才也讲到,其实我们是有些矛盾的。国家跟国家在竞争,即

使科技用在好的方面,却因为智慧财产权的保护做得越来越完善,结

果很多科学和技术的发展,并没有直接给所有人带来好处。在竞争的

过程中,科学和技术就变成用来跟别人竞争,或者征服别人、战胜别

人的工具。这是很矛盾的。看看世界上所有的疾病,再看看世界各个

医学研究中心的研究工作,他们真的是针对人类的疾病做研究吗?不

一定.他们要看哪一些疾病是跟第一世界、富有的国家有关的疾病,

这些人有钱买药来治疗,所以医药研究人员便做了很多这方面的工

作。贫穷地区的人病了,却很少人管。

因此,智慧财产权的拥有,和科学知识、人类分享的空间,是有矛盾

的。这个矛盾在生命科学非常重要,尤其是这几年来。我是学物理科

学的人,我相信,人类的知识应该是全人类共享的。手上有一部新的

仪器,有很多人要,我就把蓝图寄给他们。如果他们不知道如何操纵

的话,我到各个地方旅行的吋候,就到他们的实验室教他们怎么做,

一.,,,

产,&々精神

4

^

^

^

^

^

0

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! , , 1 ^^5? 一

有一个做生化研究的人,他就不一样。每次他到某个地方开会的吋候,

对开会的人都讲得很少,好像别人越听越多越有利。就是说我懂的是我

的智慧财产,你们懂的也希望变成是我的。那个吋候你的就不算什么,

也就不会变成你的东西.这是矛盾的。有些教授对研究生说,你不能把你

做的事情告诉别人,因为这个和智慧财产是有关系的。这也是我们在二十

一世纪要克服的问题:怎样使科学和技术发展更普及,让全人类受惠。

当然,最基本的做法,应该是共用科学的研究。政府应拨出更多经费做

科学研究。这样子的话,就不是由某个财团或制药公司,为了达到某种

目的,而资助科学的研究。这样就更容易促进国际间的合作。当然,在

我们目前资本主义的社会下,市场概论的经济过程中,怎么样使公共部

门、私人部门,在学术方面合作、参与,使新知识的累积和分享得到合

理的解决。这是一个很重大的问题。

我在台湾也常常看到很大的矛盾。比如说到飞机场接朋友,先下来的是

一个学者。他到台湾和大家分享知识,他会毫不自私地来和我们做交流,

但是再看头等舱,下来的是一个律师。他是来控告智慧财产权的侵占。

这 是 二 十 一 世 纪 我 们 要 解 决 的 问 题 。 正 如 我 们 要 解 决 怎 样 在 不 同 的 文

化、不同的宗教、不同的传统里,能够互相沟通一样,是非常重要的.但

是我还是希望政府能够提供更多经费,而在跨国的合作当中,不但能够

分享基础科学的知识,而且还能够变成对将来有用的东西。技术发展也

能够和大家一起来分享。这就显示了非常清楚的一点:不管怎么样,人

技―.

181

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类在地球上就要生存下去。虽然我们有些人已经年纪大了,但是至少很

关心自己的子子孙孙。如果我们关怀下一代,我们就知道我们的地球应

该是要永续发展下去。如果要持续地使人类在地球上发展下去的话,我

们现在走的高消耗,环境污染,生态破坏的路是走不通的。所以我希望

人类社会醒过来,醒过来之后,我们就会看到,以后不管是产业的发展

或文化的发展,都会在整个人类如何在地球上永远生存下去的架构下发

展。也就是说人类在地球上永续发展,将会是一个很大的资源。

如果欧洲的经济很强,也许有一天当美国无法减少二氧化碳的排放量

吋,他们会开始抵制美国的产品。但是美国现在实在是太强大了,它

会说它不相信二氧化碳是促使温室效应的原因,它也不相信温室效应

是那么的严重,但是我想这一天终究会到。要是美国的学者、美国的

科学家,以及大部分的美国老百姓也相信温室效应是真正给人类带来

危害的话,二氧化碳一定会开始减量。人类永续的发展,将会是社会

发展的最大资源。如果这是对的话,一定会有人说,产业如果不在这

个人类发展的制约下发展的话,有没有将来?反而是省能省电,或者

是再次产生能源,使人类能够在永续发展的架构下进行,产业才可能

发展得最快。所以我刚才不是讲过吗?如果我们跟随过度开发的国

家,将来还是要走回来的。我们如果不跟随过度开发的国家,而在还

没有过度开发的国家里面,寻找一条新的路,也许以后我们所走的路

是比较简单的路,也许是比较快乐的、更接近大自然的路。资源用的

比较少,比较能过更自然的生活。这个方式当然是比较好的,

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全球化的步伐走得很快,伹是国家与国家的竞争将来会慢慢的有一些改 :

变。为了要使人类永续地发展下去,我们已经不能再盲目地竞争下去. :

谁能为人类永续的发展做出最大的贡献,才是赢家。也就是说,把竞争

和人类的进步这两个挂钩的话,才会有双赢的局面.

教 育 下 一 代 拥 有 全 球 观 点

所以在这个全球化的世界里面,我们要教育我们的下一代,特别要使我

们的年轻人拥有全球的观点,要让他们了解到不管在什么地方生活,他

是生活在世界舞台上,跟世界所有的人是息息相关的。我们要教育我们

的 下 一 代 不 但 要 有 能 力 , 还 要 有 科 学 的 能 力 , 在 民 主 工 业 化 的 社 会 里

面,要有很好的民主素养。同吋他也应该对各个地方不同的文化、不同

的宗教和传统,不但能够了解欣赏,也能够了解和尊重,而在尊重和了

解不同文化的过程中,世界才能和谐地发展下去,我们也有足够的传播

工具,可以把不同的观点提出来讨论。我也不相信预言家说第三次世界

大战是无法避免的,文化的冲突会引起世界大战。因为我知道人是可以 「

教育的,人是可以改造的。

我在芝加哥大学当教授的吋候,我太太有一次到一个 s h o p p i n g m a l U 购物 183

广场 ) .当吋有一个黑人在抢劫,她不哓得就走了进去 .一个黑人就拿着

枪指着她的胸口说:"不要动,举起手",她就在那里呆了一阵子。以后

她看到黑人就怕,就远远地逃开。伹是,我们决定把我们的小孩送到公

立学校,那里有百分之六十的学生是黑人小孩。我的小孩跟黑人相处得

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很好,也很了解黑人,知道怎么跟黑人相处。这些其实都可以改变,

问题就在于怕不怕,还是了解不了解。所以,我们要教育下一代不但

要有全球的观点,还应该要有相当的科学能力,以及民主素养。但是

很重要的,就是人类社会永续发展要怎么找到一个认识,并更愿意接

受挑战,接受我们的社会。

我刚才讲过,我们有的是科学的问题,但是只要新一代的科学家累积

了新知识、新技术,科学的问题就可以解决。但是很多地方对科学家

的培养有误解,以为拼命地培养、拼命地训练,就会培养出一位很好

的科学家.

我讲一个故事给各位听。去年我在韩国的吋候,听到我一位朋友,釜

山大学的金校长因意外去世了,他是个很好的校长。我在釜山里做研

究。他的朋友就在讨论:"金教授的人那么好,死后一定上天堂,不

会下地狱。上天堂后一定会遇见上帝。,'一个朋友就好奇地说:"金

校长看见了上帝会问什么? "他的一个好朋友就说: "我知道他会问

什么。他在世的吋候一直说,韩国为什么没有一位诺贝尔奖得主?"

所以他认为,金校长碰见上帝的吋候,一定会向上帝埋怨:"你看,

上帝,你为什么那么不公平,你把很多优秀的科学家送到美国、送到

欧洲,比如说爱因斯坦、爱迪生都在美国,伹是到目前为止,你没有

送很好的科学家到韩国来 ., '另外一个人就说: "这个金校长这么

问,上帝怎么回答呢?"有一位是有宗教信仰的,他就说:"上帝是

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公平的。他一定不会偏心地把好的都送到欧洲,或者到美国。所以上帝

一定会说: '不,我是很公平的 .你看看韩国,韩国有很多有才华的人

才,平均地分配到世界的各个角落。,金教授一定会问:'你说你送了好

的学生,那么我们的爱因斯坦在哪里? '上帝就说: '你们的爱因斯坦

没有考上大学联考。爱因斯坦是深思远虑的人。他看到一大堆的题目,

第一个题目他写了三页,还没有写完,钟声就响啦,所以他最后没有考

上。 '金教授就说: '那么我们的爱迪生又怎么了呢? '上帝说: '爱迪

生做事情都是慢吞吞的,和爱因斯坦有很多相似的地方。你们的爱迪生

啊,还在翻看很多智慧产权的法律书。三叠厚厚的书,他还没有看完,

没有吋间到实验室里面。,,'

这个故事,其实在亚洲各地是有相似的情况。我们没有让年轻人好好的

成长、好好的发挥。我们做科学研究的人都知道,我们要走出微型的世

界寻找新东西,不能用传统的做法,要创新,要思索。有一天,我在台湾

碰到雕塑家朱铭。朱铭是现在很有名的雕塑家,他的太极系列很有名。

那天我跟朱铭说: "朱大师,你的雕塑是跟谁学的? "我当吋候是想问

他,他是跟哪一位老师学雕塑的。他听了很不高兴,看着我就说:"爱因

斯坦的相对论是学来的吗? "我说: "不是不是,爱因斯坦的相对论不

是学来的,他是自己研究出来的。, '他说:"我的雕塑也是这样啊!我虽

然跟杨英风做学徒学了一年,但是杨英风告诉我: '不要学我的,你学

我的作风,永远不会有出息。,',他最后便自己研究了出来。

alchen
Stamp
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其实小孩是天生的科学家。他们很好奇,一直想问问题。我也知道我

们的教育制度,常常把很好奇的学生,经过好几年的教育,直到大学

毕业后,就很懂得世故,不会再问奇怪的问题。这是教育制度上的问

题。最近,我碰到台湾教育部一名官员。他说他的责任是要怎么样培

养创造力。我就告诉他:"创造力不是这样培养的,创造力往往是被

破坏的。你如果不破坏年轻人的创造力,那就不错了。"我们也知道

有创见的人往往是不愿意跟着人家的后面走。如果跟着别人的后面走

的话,他不会有新的想法,不会有创见。但是我们的学校教育是很矛

盾的,他们要大家好好地跟别人走,走到大学毕业的吋候,又说:

"为什么你没有创意精神?"这种想法是不对的,所以我们常常说,

一个开放、自由、民主的社会里面,科学的创新还是比较容易的。哪

一位学生告诉他的老师: "老师你错了,教的完全不对, "要是这学

生是对的话,这一刹那间就是科学进步的机会。如果没有机会,科学

是不会进步的。

有一次我在新加坡谈到在美国吋,老师跟学生都是称呼名字,学生都

叫我Y u a n ,没有人叫我教授。回到台湾之后,他们都叫我院长,也叫

教授。伹是我在美国是不一样,因为在台湾的吋候,如果我的小孩用

我的名字叫我的话,我早就把他踢出去了。我们还是觉得儒家思想中

的论资排辈很重要。但是在学术的领域里,在真理的面前,应该是没

有论资排辈的。

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人 生 而 平 等 职 业 不 分 贵 贱

另外一件事情,就是我们在教育年轻的一代的吋候,常常有人忘记了,

教育和训练是不一样的。有吋候,我们指引一个人去做某一件事情,这

是训练。教育是教一个人能够解决问题,能够思索,努力地找出问题来。

所以,我们教育我们的年轻人,是希望在下一个阶层能走得更好,而不

是说在这个阶段里他懂得多少。这是东南亚各地不好的地方。我们想把人

类所知道的东西都塞给年轻人,要让他们知道很多很多,这是不对的。

前 一 阵 子 , 杨 振 宁 教 授 的 妻 子 八 十 岁 诞 辰 的 吋 候 , 我 参 加 了 她 的 庆 祝

会,第一天下午,中国副总理李岚清也在谈中国的年轻人 .他说因为升

学的竞争,很多学生为了应付考试,他们的创造力马上就消失。在美国,

大学的升学率超过百分之五十,就没有这个问题。因此,他也希望以后,

当升学的比例增加后,升学的压力就会减少了,这些现象以后可能就会

慢慢地消失。那吋我没有说话,伹事实上,如果看韩国、日本、台湾,升

学率的增加和升学的竞争完全是两回事。每个人都还是希望进名校,进

好的学校。即使所有的人都能够进大学,竞争还是那么的激烈。竞争激

烈的最大一个原因,是因为大家还不能够接受人生而平等,职业没有贵

贱。在多元化的社会里,我们需要各种各样的人,有些人从事研究工作,

有些人有抽象的观念,人际关系不好,但是有些人在社会上要懂很多的

事情。每个行业都很重要,每个职业都很重要,

187

' 一 1';偷:

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在美国,如果有一个小孩子告诉他的父亲:"我长大后要去跳舞。,'

父母亲一定说:"好,你去学。,'或者小孩会说:"我长大了要去管

动物园。,'父母会说:"好,你去管动物园,没有问题的。只要你好

好做,能够纳税,就是社会上的一分子。,'不过在台湾,林怀民小的

吋候跟他父亲说: "我要去跳舞。 ',他父亲却说: "这是乞丐的行

业。以后你养不活你自己,不要来找我。',现在,林怀民办云门舞集

一 世 界 上 很 有 名 的 舞 蹈 团 。 他 就 跟 他 爸 爸 说 : " 爸 爸 , 即 使 我 当 了

乞丐,也是快乐的乞丐啊!"如果每个父亲听到你说要当园林管理员

的吋候,就会骂: "你为什么就不长进,不去念医学院? "这些价值

观念如果不改变的话,升学竞争不会停下来,而会影响到我们创造力

的发展.

中央研究院有一位很不错的所长。一个礼拜天的下午,我在学校里跟

他打网球。他父亲刚从南部自己过来看他。我打完球后就跟他说:

"萧先生,你的小孩很不错。他年轻有为,在中央研究院当所长,不

但学术做得好,还有独到的眼光。^讲了很多好话。他的父亲听了我

对他小孩子勉励的话,好像并不是那么高兴地就走了。走的吋候,我

问这个所长: "怎么回事?我说你好,你的父亲怎么好像不高兴? "

他说:"我们兄弟都很孝顺。每次他的生日都想使他快乐,可是他每

次都说:'这些都没有用,像李远哲一样拿诺贝尔奖回来,这些都没

有用。,,'

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我真的非常难过。我告诉萧先生,其实有什么事情可以向我学的话,我

是很认真的,跟他一样很认真、很努力的工作,世俗的名利不是那么重

要。要是很多人把名利挂在很高的位子的话,这样会害到下一代,这是

非常不好的事。意思就是说我们的价值观念要改。在民主多元化的社会

里,人是生而平等,职业不分贵贱。如果基本的观念不改的话,会对亚

洲社会带来负面的影响。

每 次 谈 到 高 等 教 育 , 已 经 不 是 精 英 教 育 制 度 , 而 是 慢 慢 地 变 成 普 及 教

育。普及教育要照顾到各个层面的人。有人说,如果陈水扁总统不是进

台湾大学的话,他从那么贫穷的乡下长大,还能当总统吗?很多人都会

这样问,因为他们还是会把大学教育当成社会阶层移动的工具。这种想

法是不对的。

这也反映了一样事情。每次我们常常会问为什么美国的科学,尤其是在

新进的学问里面,像生物技术,美国会进步得很快?这里有两个原因,

是很多国家可以学习的,一,美国对年轻人的授权e m p o w e r m e n t ,很重

视。其实我在美国刚得到博士学位,做博士研究后的几年内,老师就是

相信我的能力,给我很好的机会、很多的经费、很好的条件,使一位刚

获得博士学位的年轻人能够好好地发展下去。" E m p o w e r m e n t " ,就是年

轻人的授权,使他们能够打出一片天,这是美国的优点。欧洲、日本、4

洲很多国家常常都是给资深的人很多经费,在大陆还有 "博士指导老教

授",年轻的教授不能指导。博士写出一本书,还要经过审査。在美国,

189

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國一. ~

190

年轻的博士有创见,他有不同的想法,要走自己的路,很多年轻人才

会跟他走,不然就走不出惊天动地来。

另外是经费来源的多元化。因为在科学研究里面,要找新的东西,常

常是有奇怪的想法。一些年纪老的会说这是不可能的,绝对做不成

的,但是他知道,要是年轻人去做的话,一定会做出来,如果你把他

的计划报告书送到一些机构审査的时候,年纪大的就说,这是不可能

的,我花了十年研究这个,我知道绝对走不通的。如果有很多不同的

支援的话,自己的单位说不行,你可以找别的基金会,或者是政府部

门。有一天你终于说服他们: "我这个构想是好的 ",有人就会支援

你。这是很有趣的。在美国,比如说每个部门有自己的风格,国防部

一陆军、海军、空军,他们都有不同的风格。空军是比较喜欢支援

已经有成就的人;海军是专门支援那些年轻、有奇奇怪怪思想的人。

当然,他们有不同的想法、不同的作风,但是条条大路总是要通罗马

的.

我今天讲了很多的事.杂七杂八地讲科技、二十一世纪人类的觉醒、

二氧化碳是污染的话,整个世界要如何走出不同的道路。在东南亚,

新加坡是一个非常进步的国家。我想大家也对新加坡有很大的期待。

也许,新加坡或者台湾,能够好好地检讨我们将来该走的路,为人类

走出一条康庄大道。人类目前确实是面对非常艰辛的问题。如果我们

不觉醒的话,我们将会灭亡。谁先醒过来,谁先努力,待有趣的观

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察。作出最多贡献的,将会是世界最先进的国家,受到世界各地人民公

平的尊敬。希望新加坡作为一个国家,能带领亚洲,带领人类手牵手,

今天我很荣幸,这几年之后我又能参加陈嘉庚基金会的盛会。也谢谢各

位在礼拜天休息的时候,到这里听我演讲,谢谢各位.

公众提问时间^ &八】

郭 振 羽

谢谢李教授 .李教授的关怀肯定是超越地区、超越社会,不只是台湾、

中国,不只是大中华,而是一个普世的、对全球的一个关怀。我想从他

的演讲里面,我们深深地感受到这一点。

从科技的发展,他提到我们人类现在所面对的很多危机,他也带给我们

一种非常强烈的危机感,伹是他终究是乐观的。在危机感过后,给我们

一线希望。这个希望就是教育,也就是今天第二部分的题目。作为一个

科学家,他告诉我们教育的重点不只是在于科学的教育。他强调科学的

精神,在这同吋一再提到了民主的素养,他也强调了对人文的关怀。我

想从李教授的演讲和他这几年所做的事情,他这一方面是做到了,也做

出了很多贡献,确实是我们的典范。

!91

我想他还有点时间回答几个问题。我们这边有几处麦克风,有问题的朋

友请利用这段吋间。我们知道星期天下午是大家非常宝贵的吋间 .对李

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教授来讲也是。他从今天早上五点,从桃源机场离开台北到这里来

一直到现在,休息的吋间不多,吋间非常宝贵,欢迎各位提问题,

女观众 1

李院长你好。我今天早上六点钟起来,从马来西亚搭车赶到这边来,

都是为了听李院长您的演讲。我早在台湾就认识他,我觉得李院长给

我的印象,不是因为他拿到诺贝尔奖。我想最令我感动的,是他对当

地人文社会的关怀,他的科技研究对科技效率的提升,还有对人文效

率的关怀。我觉得一个科学家能够对一个国家的人文关怀,不只是说

我们有心听李院长演讲,就是他对整个人类的永续性的发展十分关

心。

我本身也碰过很多的科学家,包括在台湾还有在东南亚。我觉得很多

科学家或是教育工作者,对于名利的追求非常重视。伹你身为一名科

学家,我记得我在《中国时报》听你的一场演讲,令我感动的是你谈

历史,你了解历史。我是想说,你在你个人的教育发展中,怎么去重

视这个人文教育?我记得你父亲是一个画家,你如何从你的家庭教育

中,产生出对事情的关心,我想大家都能够从中学习。这是第一点。

第二点,你刚才提到科技,我想说我们从中国整个历史发展或是从人

类整个社会发展来看,例如我们常常讲中国五千年历史,她的历史转

变,朝代更替,我们常常碰到一个问题就是经济的问题。人民揭竿起

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义,就是一个资源的分配。到现在,我想科技的发展,改善我们的生活,

伹是有一个地方没有改善,就是人心。人心好像一直都没有改善。我刚

才说你能够强调人文教育的关心,我想这是非常重要的。因为如果你一

再强调科技,我们几千年的科技好像没有改变我们的环境,资源一直被

剥夺。我想说应该怎么去加强这样一个教育。比如说在台湾,台湾在中

国历史上,它的破坏性不是因为经济的因素,而是政治的因素,如果精

英者没有看到宏观的一面,就会产生很多很多的社会问题。谢谢。

李 远 哲

你问的问题很大,有些是问到我成长的过程里面为什么会这个样子,这

也需要盖棺论定,言之过早。伹是我是年纪比较大的人,在二次世界大

战之前就诞生了。我看到盟军的轰炸,经过战争、社会的转变之后,对

于整个社会的关怀,很年轻的吋候就已经慢慢的建立起来。当然我对社

会的关怀,其中最主要的还是人。在这过程里面,我也相信社会是可以

改变的,人也是可以改变的,人是可以通过教育提升的。我跟陈嘉庚先

生能够共鸣的,就是他是看到了教育的重要性。我想我成长的背景确实

也看到类似的情形。

你刚才讲到改朝换代、揭竿起义,我到目前还不晓得到底有多少次是因

为自然环境的变迁,比如说地球的温度降低之后,农业就不能再持续,

才会引起民族的大移转,跑到别的地方。或者是因为农业垮了之后,才

有改朝换代的事情。

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: ,圍';,":"!. ::1 : ⋯ ? 、 ~ :、

至于人心,我总觉得一个人有好的一面,也有不好的一面。你如果每

天想办法把一个人好的一面发扬的话,他慢慢地会变成好人。我是有

这么一个信心。我也知道,要改变我们的社会需要从周遭的人开始,

希 望 大 家 能 有 改 变 . 这 也 是 为 什 么 我 愿 意 从 台 北 跑 来 这 里 演 讲 的 原

因,是希望我的一些想法能够引起共鸣。有吋候,一场演讲之后,有

两个人引起共鸣、三个人引起共鸣,也够啦!没有共鸣的话我会很失

望,但是共鸣的数目不在于多寡,你要的话是可以努力的。

所以对于人心怎么样提升,我想我们还是要有信心。对于年轻人,我

倒是希望很多在台面上的人,应该做一个好榜样。所以我在努力,回

到台湾也在努力,不要让年轻人觉得我们这些人都是混蛋,都是坏

的。至少有些人是很努力想做好事,使他们觉得他是可以尊敬的,他

的步伐是可以跟着走的。这方面我是比较乐观,所以对人心的提升,

确实是大家要努力的事。这不是口号,这样子在媒体讲,能够改变人心

人性,应该是榜样。每个人都应该做一个好的榜样,让大家跟上来,

我 记 得 有 一 次 , 我 在 芝 加 哥 大 学 的 吋 候 , 我 的 孩 子 上 托 儿 所 . 有 一

天,托儿所的老师打电话给我和我太太,他说:"你教育小孩完全失

败 。 " 我 说 : " 为 什 么 呢 ? " 他 说 : " 你 小 孩 才 五 岁 , 每 次 他 放 学 回

家之前,总是把所有的书放在书架上,收拾好所有的玩具之后,他才

到门口要你太太去接他回去。五岁的小孩不应该训练这种责任感。所

以,你的教育是完全失败的。,'我和我太太说:"我们没有要五岁的

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小孩培养责任感,但是我太太做事情非常工整。她每天一定都要做得整

整齐齐的。所以,他是看到我太太这样做,耳濡目染就这样子做了。"有

吋候,他跟我到实验室里面,实验室里面工具的使用,他在托儿所已经

会啦,但是老师总觉得五岁的小孩不应该有责任感,不应该这样、不应

该那样。我也同意五岁的小孩不应该教他有责任感,伹是他在父母之前

有样学样的成长,我们也是不能阻止的。我太太是很工整的人,我的小

孩要学工整,我们总不能告诉他: "你才五岁你不能工整,要乱七八糟

才 可 以 。 "

第二年,我们搬到另外一个社区,是犹太人住的社区。老师看到我的小

孩,非常喜欢。他每天就问:"你们怎么教小孩子?教得这么好。"我就

说: "也不是教.他是跟我和我太太这样子做的,有样学样。"所以我倒

是觉得我们的社会,如果要教下一代的话,我们自己要先做好的榜样。

谢谢。

男观众 2

谢谢主席。尊敬的李教授,我本身非常敬佩您。您上次来的吋候,我还

很荣幸地得到您的签名,希望这次您能再签多一次。我非常尊敬您的谦

卑。第一点,你讲到科技兴国。我本身知道一些电脑的东西,也了解到

现在的科技能够灭国、灭人类,好像internet (互联网)的security system (保

安系统)能够使到整个世界的金融体系在三天内就垮下来。好像现在的

'育

195

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• food (转基因食品)、biotechnology (生物科技)、modify (改变)人类的

DNA (脱氧合糖核酸)、人类的基因等。

我不是在这边企图发表什么伟论,我只是一个普通小市民,我也很担

心,跟你一样担心。我认为联合国就是我们的救星,但是,联合国没

有办法突破,所以我认为只有像李教授这样的人才能够引导它突破.

与其卡在台湾政治之间,我想请李教授您从旁去带领。联合国需要您

的护身,我讲一千个字没有用,你讲一个字,他们会听到。

第二个我要讲的就是,刚才你谈到那个基督教故事,我很高兴,因为

刚刚有一个基督教的 s e r v i c e (礼拜)在这边,所以很高兴听见你讲这

个。韩国为什么没有诺贝尔奖,是因为没有得到像你这样的人推荐。

他需要人家的推荐,所以我要求李教授考虑推荐新加坡争取诺贝尔和

平奖。我有十个理由讲给你听,以后有机会的话。可能在芳林公园。

最后,我想很快地讲⋯⋯我本身是一个表演艺术者⋯⋯求求李教授救

救这地球,求求李教授救救全人类。

李 远 哲

谢谢你的指教。我们有一个不好的习惯。我刚才说,我们要有民主素

养,这个地球不是某某人能够解救的,是我们大家的努力。所以你刚

才讲: "求求李教授救救这地球。 "其实啊,我也要求求大家,也求

求你,我们要共同解救这个地球。谢谢。

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男观众 3 ;

李教授,我想就您刚才谈到经济的问题来发表一些自己的感想,再从陈

嘉庚先生办校的精神来回应您刚才说的国与国之间的问题。1 9 9 7年,当

新加坡的科学和数学在世界排名第一的时候,那吋候刚好在波士顿有一

个评估计划。当吋我在那个地方,一些同事、一些学生,就跑过来说:

"作为一个新加坡人,我们应该感到骄傲。"当吋,我的心就冷了下来,

因为我知道我们付出很大的代价,才排在第一位。而且我觉得排在第一

位,所谓竞争背后,违背了办教育的精神,有这么一个非常大的矛盾在 s

里面。 谈

我 先 说 一 下 , 为 什 么 我 认 为 我 们 付 出 非 常 大 的 代 价 。 我 当 吋 来 到 新 加 肖

坡,而且是在陈嘉庚办学的第一所学校,华侨中学那里,跟学生交谈。 ^

当吋令我感到非常心痛的,就是我们培养出来的所谓精英。我们在一个 ^

非常急功近利的情况下,想爬到世界的尖端。可是一些学生以为,当我 ; ; ,

们达到最大的竞争力的吋候,我们需要把人才召集起来。这是一个非常 ‧

可悲的事情,我们把竞争力跟一些比较重要的人文素养训练分开来。

第二个问题,是刚才您提到的工业革命带给科技的几个问题 .我发现到

科技这整个构想在工业革命这种启蒙思潮底下,只不过是一个对科技非

常狭窄的认识,所以我们今天在探讨整个科技和教育、科技和文化的问

题时,我们需要挣扎逃脱这个启蒙思潮,这种 c a p i t a l rationality (资本理性)

所带给人的一种狭隘偏见。

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今天早上,我回到华侨中学。每次回到新加坡的时候,我就会去陈嘉

庚的塑像前鞠躬。我二十几年前在华中念书的时候,我不明白什么叫

"自强不息",这是华中的校训。这些年在国外,我越来越能体会。

因为空间的问题,让我能够体会到陈先生办学的生命活力,原来"自

强不息"是来自《易经》里面的:"天行健,君子自强不息。,'我之

所以会从传统的文化资源里面再去思考教育的问题,因为陈嘉庚先生

巳经考虑到为学、做学问跟做人是有很大的关系。因为教育最终的宗

旨,是处理人和自己的问题,人和人的问题,人和大地、天地的问

题 。 " 天 行 健 " 主 要 重 视 的 就 在 天 和 地 之 间 , 所 以 你 刚 才 已 经 说 到

⋯⋯我发现我们的整个教育与科技的问题需要回到根本,也就是对人

方面的看法,

这个为期七天的讲座是由陈嘉庚基金会所主办的,我感到非常意外,

我是从敬仰新加坡人对办学的热忱作出回应。请李教授看能不能从教

育更大的前提来告诉我们,我们科技和人文的素养,是不是一个不必

要的两极分化?在整个教育的决策和人文素养训练方面,而不在于非

常短浅的竞争或者非常短浅的科技运用,把人去掉、分隔化。我们实

际上可以做些什么吗?谢谢。

李 远 哲

我很高兴听到一些看法。其实,我们在谈到中国古代文人的吋候,文

人是懂得人文跟科技的。以前的文人确实懂得科技,而不只是会玩弄

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笔墨 .刚才你谈到科技和人文的分离,台湾目前也有很多科技和人文的

对话,像上次我跟圣严法师对台座谈,就是科技跟人文的对话。圣严法

师看着我就说: "鸡同鸭讲啊? "他以为我是科学家,不晓得他指他是

鸡还是我是鸭。我就跟圣严法师说: "其实我小时候在山上,常常看到

一只老母鸡给它鸭蛋孵之后,孵出来的小鸭子,一直跟着老母鸡走,好

像—还很不错。"

不 过 , 其 实 你 刚 才 讲 的 很 对 。 人 文 跟 科 技 的 对 话 是 在 人 的 脑 筋 里 面 对

话,不是两个不同的对话。但是在我们教育的过程中,应该要纠正过来。

你刚才谈到1 9 9 7年,新加坡在学生科技方面的培养做到了世界最高的水

准,当然这是一个可喜的事,但是你也说代价到底花了多少。台湾也是

常常在数学、科学的考试方面,都考得不错,在全世界都是名列前茅,

但是有人会说,台湾学生一年要上2 2 0天的课,在美国只有1 8 0天,所以

学生投入学习的吋间多,每天学的吋速也多,投入了那么多的吋间取得

这样的成果是值得吗?这是很大的问题,

我的指导教授,也是哈佛大学的指导教授,是后来跟我分享诺贝尔奖的

Herschbach教授。他最近是Intel(因特尔)科技竞赛的主持人。上次我碰到

他,他说:"常常有人说美国在这种考试都考得很烂、很差,可是为什么

美国的科学一直在全世界居领先的地位? "他就说: "美国大学学生进

来的时候,每个人都是身强体壮,身体很健康,因为高中的吋候玩够了、

睡够了,他们倒是有很大的动力去学习新东西。进了大学之后,学得很

快 , 学 了 很 多 。 亚 洲 的 学 生 在 中 学 的 吋 候 学 了 很 多 , 伹 睡 得 很 少 也 很

育.

199

• . 1

-••

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累,所以到了大学之后,就好像开始要休假。这两个是不一样的。"

所以我常常说,到底我们要教多少?老师要教学生能够举一反三的东

西,学生学的比老师教的更重要。不管你的老师多好,如果学生没有

办法把它掌握为自己的知识的话,那是没用的。所以应该让学生有更

充裕的吋间发展和学习。

我记得有一次,我跟陈共存先生和潘国驹教授到吉隆坡华侨独立中学

演讲,我那吋候跟很多学生说:"学校应该让学生有更多的吋间好好

去发展才对。"所有的学生给我很大的鼓掌。我们没有任何理由说老

师和学校占了学生很多的时间,而没有让学生好好的生长,好好的把

自己的生命掌握在自己的手中。所以你刚才所讲的这些我都非常同

意,让学生的学习比老师教的更重要,

中学的吋候,一些喜欢科学的人,愿意念很多课外书,在科学竞赛中

得到好成绩,我们应该给他们鼓励。但是为了得到好成绩,而训练学

生考试,这倒是不好。我常说光绪五年是中国教育改革的元年,我这

么说是因为那一年是废科举兴学校的一年,从那个吋候开始,科举废

了,学校是新了,伹是科举又借笔试的方式,从学校后门走进来,到

目前还是阴魂不散。这是很不好的事。在国际科技竞争的过程中,让

学生坐在一个环境里两、三个小时,看他能够解决多少问题。这并不

是真正验证将来一个国家科技发展的最好指标。但是有人希望科学能

够好好地发展,或是通过这种科学的竞赛,重视科学、提升科学,倒

也是无可厚非的。谢谢。

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女观众 4

李老师您好。我来自北京,现在在新加坡的N U S (新加坡国立大学)就读

PhD (博士学位),科目属于生命科学。我想问比较具体的问题,就是我本

人虽然对科学比较感兴趣,伹是老实说,有吋候会觉得生活比较枯燥。

听我的学长说,生命科学是朝阳产业,伹是以后的就业市场,压力也是

蛮大的。所以我想问的是您在以前求学期间有没有这样的心态,会不会

被社会上一些杂乱的事情所影响?还有,就是你作为一个从外国来的科

学家,对我们这些还在念的学生有什么好的建议,可以克服这种心态?

谢谢。

李 远 哲

我年轻的吋候走科学的路,其实我到台湾大学大一的吋候还在化工系,

后来才决定转到化学系。父母、亲戚会问:"你到化学系,做科学研究,

将来生活不是会有问题吗? "我的回答和林怀民一样: "即使是生活有

问题,但是我做科学研究还是很快乐的。 "所以从事科学研究,如果你

不对科学有很大的兴趣和热忱的话,往往是很痛苦的。但是你如果真正

是对科学有兴趣的话,就算是做研究做到三更半夜,拜六礼拜天都在实

验室里面,也是人生最大的享受。

社会上是需要很多科学家,需要很多有能力做出贡献的人,所以我倒是

觉得你目前不需要太担心以后的出路会怎么样 .你可能要担心的是如果

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‧ ‧‧‧

你做得很好的话,大家都抢着要你,到吋你要做一个取舍,你到底要

做什么?所以我想目前,好好地做研究工作、好好地学习,比较重

要。当然我刚才讲,你如果对科学没有很大的热忱,那么将来成功的

机会或者是作出贡献的机会可能比较少,那你就要做出判断了:"我

真 的 对 科 学 感 兴 趣 吗 ? "

常有一些学生跟我一起做研究,做到三更半夜,做到两点钟,实验没

有做成,我们就说: "好,明天再开始吧,回家, "一些学生回到家

里的吋候,一定会检讨:"今天的实验应该是成功的,为什么没有成

功?"没有想通的话,他也不睡。后来想了半天,啊,也许是这个问

题,或者是那个问题,就把可能走得通的路写下来,之后他心里就觉

得舒畅了,知道明天要怎么做后就睡着了。第二天一早到实验室,他

会告诉我说:"教授,咋天没有做成,可能是因为我们没有想到这一

点,或者是应该怎么做。 "我就说: "那你有希望了。 "如果学生回

去之后睡了 一 觉 , 第 二 天 一 早 来 的 吋 候 就 说 : " 老 师 , 我 们 要 怎 么

做?"我就知道这个学生没有多大希望了。那么是不是真正对科学有

这么大的热忱,倒是可以检讨的。

我对我的小孩不了解的是,我的小孩说:"爸爸我会很努力,非常努

力 。 " 我 看 着 他 , 没 有 答 腔 。 他 就 说 : " 我 真 的 会 非 常 非 常 努 力 。 "

那 我 就 说 : " 你 是 真 的 吗 ? ' ' 他 就 说 : " 伹 是 我 无 法 像 你 这 么 努

力。"他说他在成长的过程中,还是想享受人生,但是像我这样,变

成一个工作狂一样,有吋到了晚上也不回来,有吋很晚很晚才回来,

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有吋候天亮了才回来。有吋礼拜六、礼拜天都在实验室里面。他说:"我

无法像你这样子拼命地工作.。我就说:"不,我能够在半夜里面一直在

实验室里工作,因为实验真的是很好玩。,'他也知道我为什么爱打棒球,

但是我说,礼拜天打棒球和做实验,现实中做实验是比较好玩的。他长

大后才慢慢知道说我讲的好玩是怎么回事 .所以如果把科学当作一个职

业,不是因为喜欢,好好努力奉献,工作和享受没有矛盾,这样子生活

才会快乐.

我真的不相信人活在世上那么努力,不享受人生的生活是好的,这是没

有意义的。我想人生应该是快乐的。伹是你找到自己喜欢做的事的话,

你 会 很 快 乐 。 我 有 一 阵 子 有 很 多 " 幻 想 " ⋯ 我 后 来 在 加 州 买 了 一 个 大 房

子,后面有很大的游泳池,有自动开关可以加盖的。那吋候就幻想,每

天晚上回来之后在游泳池里面游泳,之后再吃饭,不是很写意吗?后来

买了游泳池,每天还是三更半夜才回来。所以没有机会游泳,通常只在

礼拜六,或至少礼拜天游泳。礼拜六把游泳池洗干净了,然后把水的酸

硷做适度的调整,水也很干净。礼拜天原本打算要游泳,伹是礼拜天又

得回到实验室去做实验。所以这样过了十年,没有游过几次,但是倒是

做了很多运动.我们离开的吋候,我太太说:"远哲,你买了游泳池,倒

是做了不少运动。,'我笑了 一下:"是啊!礼拜六要洗游泳池。',我是有

幻想的,但是这幻想和实际生活往往是脱节的。我想到我的生活就要有

一个书房,有一个安静的地方,明亮的书桌,好好让我想,好好让我写,

有个床,大概就很写意啦,谢谢。

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郭振羽

谢谢李教授,今天下午超过两个小吋,非常丰富的两个小吋,李远哲

教授跟我们分享了他对于科技跟教育的想法。他语重心长地希望至少

有两、三位可以产生共鸣,我想产生共鸣的肯定不只是两、三位。更

进一步呢,每几位的共鸣还是可以回去传递更多的共鸣。

在结束之前,我想跟各位分享一下李教授讲的一段话。这个是从"全

球华人专业人士网络"上面载下来的,它的开头一段话,我不晓得是

他选的,还是别人替他选的,我想很能够代表我们今天讨论的课题。

他说:"经过我们共同的努力,社会是可以改造的。也许轰轰烈烈的

革命可以去除妨碍社会进步的阻力,伹是真正推动社会进步的,是社

会基层的草根行动与全民的教育的提升。如果我们要走出自己的路,

开创人类的新纪元,那么检讨我们的文化教育的确是很好的开始。"

我想这段话不只适用在台湾,不只适用在中国,不只适用在新加坡,

而是在每个社会里面,我们都能够好好检讨文化教育对我们这一代跟

下一代的影响。我想我们就以掌声来谢谢李远哲教授,

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8.15am 8̶.50am Registration

9.00am-9.20am Opening Ceremony

• Welcome Address by Prof Hew Choy Sin

(Chairman, Organising Committee)

• Opening Address by Guest-of-Honour,

Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam (Senior Minister

of State for Trade and Industry & Education)

Morning Session

Chairman: Prof Shih Choon Fong (President,

National University of Singapore)

9.20am-10.15am "Entrepreneurship ― Passport to Wealth"

Mr Teo Ming Kian (Chairman, Ecomomic

Development Board)

10.15am-10.45am Tea Break

10.45am-12.05pm "Who Should Pay for Universities?"

Prof Wang Gungwu (Director, East Asian Institute)

12.05pm-12.15pm Closing remarks by Chairman

12.15pm-1.30pm Lunch Break

Page 215: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals

1.30pm-1.40pm

1.40pm—2.25pm

2,25pm—3.00pm

Afternoon Session

主席:莫理光先生(前《南洋商报》总编辑)

主席致辞

科技对文明的影响

曹兴诚先生(联华电子董事长)

企业精神与全球化一近期研究成果的启示

黄有光教授(澳洲莫纳斯大学教授)

206

3.00pm—3.25pm

3.25pm—4.10pm

4.10pm - 4.45pm

4.45pm—5.00pm

茶歇

中国的管理与现代教育

赵纯均教授(清华大学经济管理学院院长)

典型在夙昔:陈嘉庚精神与当代华人

梁元生教授(香港中文大学文学院副院长

暨历史系教授)

总结

日^s $

4精神

Page 216: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals

1 6 2页

ISBN 1-879771-65-9 (平装)

S$8 ‧ RM17 ‧ US$4.5 ‧ HK$36 ‧ NT$157 ‧ £3

新马各学府可享有特别优惠。购买10

本或以上,每本售价仅S$6/RM13

欢迎浏览由本公司主办的''全球华人专业人士两络 w w w . n e t w o r k c h i n e s e x o m

‧由新加坡怡和轩历史资料中心委员黄今英,花

费多年时间收集史料与历史图片,编写而成。治

史严谨、立场客观、文笔简练,陈嘉庚形象跃然

纸上。

,全书内容详实、章节有序,所附图片 ^ ‧

茂密精彩,尚附详尽的"陈嘉庚年 J

表",极具参考与保存价值。

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Page 217: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals

今日陈嘉庚精神一陈嘉庚基金廿周年纪念庆典研讨会文集

THE TAN KAH KEE SPIRIT OF TODAY Tan Kah Kee Foundation 20

th Anniversary Public Seminar

主编 Editor-in-Chief

封面设计 Cover Design

出版者 Publisher

发行 Distributor

联络/Contact

印刷/Printer

初版/Printed

国际书号/ISBN

定价/Price

潘国驹 Phua Kok Khoo

何美娇 Ho Bee Keow

丘才新 Hew Choy Sin

王俊南 Ong Choon Nam

陈嘉庚基金 Tan Kah Kee Foundation

陈嘉庚国际学会 Tan Kah Kee International Society

八方文化企业公司 Global Publishing Co. Inc.

(世界科技出版公司之附属机构) 5 Toh Tuck Link

Singapore 596224

www.wspc.com/chinese

65-64665775支线432/433

chpub(S)wspc,com,sg

World Scientific Printers (S) Pte. Ltd.

2003年4月

981-04-8446-1 (pbk)

S$12

版权所有/Copyright ©Tan Kah Kee Foundation

Tan Kah Kee International Society

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Page 218: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals

圍,. ..

八方文化企业公司为世界科技出版

公司之附属公司,专职出版中文书籍

与中英文双语书籍。出版方向为介绍

世界各地著名华人学者的言论和作

品,以及推介具有代表性、地域性的

评论及文学著作。我们希望为促进东

西方文化交流、增进东西方国家之间

的相互了解,作出积极贡献。

世 I I 科 技 出 《 公 g 总 部 及 海 外 分 公 司

总部(新加!《)' World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte. Ltd

5 Toh Tuck Link

SINGAPORE 596224

KB 1060 Main Street, Suite 202

River Edge, NJ07661, USA

英国

57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden

London, WC2H 9HE, ENGLAND

番港

九龙吧來邮箱? 2 4 8 2

香港

台湾 ,北市新生南路三段

8 8号5楼之6 .

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Page 219: 此页原书为空白页 - Example · in 1890, and became a millionaire by 1910, not a small achievement for an immigrant during an era when there were major socio-political upheavals