Fulbright Economics Teaching Program (www.fetp.edu.vn)

GLOSSARY Key Economic Terms for English-Vietnamese Translations

This glossary are colected by FETPs Team and for internal circulation only!

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100% gold backing

100% bo chng vng Kh nng chi tr Phn trn vch (cc giao dch trong ti khon vng lai) Li th tuyt i (M hnh) gia s Hiu ng gia tc Gi k ton Khu hao tch ly Nhng k vng thch ng Ch iu chnh hn ch Thu tnh theo phn trm c nh ca gi tr hng ho nhp khu Chi ph iu chnh (SX) (Hin tng) La chn theo hng bt li C sc cung bt li Tng quan tui-thu nhp ng/ Biu tng cu Tng cu / Nhu cu tng hp ng / Biu tng cung Phn b; An nh Phn tin tr cp Phn tch _Phn tch ri ro _ Phn tch tnh hung _ Phn tch nhy Tnh theo by / ha Th trng nin kim Thin lch / nh kin chng xut khu Thm nh Tng gi tr v gim gi tr Kinh doanh(da vo) chnh lch t gi iu kin ngang bng li sut k vng D tr ti sn v lung dch v Thng tin khng cn xng Chng trnh tht lng buc bng Nn kinh t t cp t tc? Nhng cng c n nh t ng Phn chi tiu t nh (phi) v phn chi tiu do (thu nhp) thc y Tiu dng t nh Nhu cu u t t nh Chi ph trung bnh nh gi theo chi ph trung bnh Bin ph trung bnh

AAbility to pay Above the line (ref. Current account/Below the line ) Absolute advantage Accelerator (model) Accelerator effect Accounting price Accumulated depreciation Adaptive expectations (ref. ) Adjustable peg regime Ad valorem tariff Adjustment cost Adverse selection Adverse supply shock Age-earning profiles Aggregate demand schedule Aggregate demand Aggregate supply schedule Allocate Allowance Analysis (stats) _Risk analysis _Scenario analysis _Sensitivity analysis Animal spirit Annuity market Anti-export bias Appraisal Appreciation and depreciation Arbitrage Arbitrage condition (ref. Uncovered interest /interest parity) Asset stocks and service flows Asymmetric information Austerity program Autarky economy Automatic stabilizers Autonomous and induced expenditure Autonomous consumption Autonomous investment demand Average cost (AC) Average-cost pricing Average variable cost (AVC)

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BBalance of payments Balance of trade Balance sheet Balanced (GDP) ~ Equilibrium (GDP) Balanced budget multiplier Bandwagon effect (ref. Network effects/) Bank runs Bankruptcy Banks cash-deposit ratio Barriers to entry Base year Below the line (ref. Capital account/Above the line ) Benefit principle Beta Big bang (ref. Grativity theory) Bimodal Black market premium Bliss point = optimum optimoral Blue-chip stock Bond Gild-edged bonds Border price Brain drain Breakeven point Budget deficit and surplus Budget line Budget shares Buffer stocks Building societies Burgernomics (Big Mac index) Business cycle Cn cn thanh ton Cn cn mu dch Bn tng kt ti sn / Bn quyt ton / cn i thu chi (GDP) c cn i ~ (GDP) cn bng Tha s ca ngn sch cn bng Tc ng theo tro lu Hin tng x rt tin khi ngn hng Ph sn T s gia s tin mt v s tin gi ca ngn hng Cc ro cn gia nhp / nhp ngnh Nm gc/nm c s Phn di vch (cc giao dch trong ti khon vn) Nguyn tc li ch Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c phiu cng vi s bin ng li tc ca ton b th trng chng khon (M hnh) 2 phng thc Mc / Khon chnh lch ca th trng ch en? im hnh phc C phiu sng gi? Tri phiu Tri phiu chnh ph c gi tr cao Gi ca khu Chy mu cht xm im ha vn Thm ht v thng d ngn sch ng ngn qu / ngn sch T phn ngn sch Kho m T chc cp tn dng xy nh Kinh t hc bnh hamburger (ch s Big Mac) Chu k kinh t

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CCapacity charges Capacity utilization Capital deepening Capital gains and losses Capital-labor ratio Capital widening Captive buyer Cartel Cash drainage Cash flow Cash flow statement Cash limits Catchall z Causation Ceilings and floors Ceilings / floors price Central tendency Checkable deposites Choice of production technique Churning process Circular flow of payments Classical and Keynesian unemployment Classical dichotomy Classical model Closed shop Closed/open economy Coase Theorem Cold turkey strategy (ref. Gradualism ) Collective action Collective exhaustive Collinearity Multi-collinearity Collusion Combination Command economy Commodity monies Company Comparative advantage Compensating differentials Compensating variation (ref. Equivalent ) Competition Competition policy Complement (stats) Complement Complementary inputs Concave (~ convex) Conglomerate Concessionary price / rate Consistent Consolidated balance sheets Constant prices Constant returns to scale Constraint (informal / formal) Ph cng sut Mc s dng nng lc sn xut ? Tp trung/chiu su vn Li vn v l vn T s vn lao ng Phn tn vn Ngi / Ngn hng b buc phi mua mt s chng khon va pht hnh (nh nc quy nh) Cc ten Tht thot/ht tin mt? Ngn lu / Dng lu kim Bo co lung tin / ngn lu Cc hn mc tin mt Bin tng hp z Quan h nhn qu Mc nh v mc y Gi trn / sn Hng tm Tin gi dng sc S la chn k thut sn xut Qu trnh khuy ng c cu vic lm do tin b cng ngh Dng thanh ton lun chuyn Tht nghip theo l thuyt c in v theo l thuyt Keynes Tnh lng phn theo m hnh c in M hnh c in Quy b hp? Cng ty c t chc cng on Nn kinh t khp kn / m ca nh l Coase Chin lc cp tc (gim nhanh lm pht bng cch gim mnh tng trng tin) Hnh ng tp th (c t chc) Hon ton Cng tuyn? a cng tuyn? Cu kt T hp Nn kinh t mnh lnh / ch huy Ha t; tin t bng hng ha Cng ty Li th tng i Cc mc b thm tin lng Bin thin b p Cnh tranh Chnh sch v cnh tranh B Hng b tr Nhp lng b tr Lm (~ li) Tp on Gi / T sut u i Thng nht / nht qun Bng cn i (k ton/ti sn) hp nht Gi c nh / gi khng i Sinh li c nh theo quy m Hn ch / rng buc (khng chnh thc / chnh thc; ngoi quy nh / theo quy nh)

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Consumer borrowing Consumer choice Consumer distortion loss Consumer sovereignty Consumer surplus Consumption Independent / induced consumption Consumption bundle Consumption externalities Consumption function Contestable market Conversion factor Convertibility Corner solution Correlation _Positive(~negative) correlation Correlation of returns Cost-benefit analysis Cost minimization Cost of capital Cost overrun Cost of protection Cost plus pricing Cost-push inflation Counter-vailing duty Covered interest parity (ref. Uncovered interest ) Cracking spread (ref. Refining margin ) Crawling-peg (exchange rate) Credible threat Credit-based VAT Criminalization Crony capitalism Cross price elasticity of demand Cross-section data Crowding out Crowding-out effect Currency board Current account Current and capital accounts Current prices

Vay tiu dng La chn ca ngi tiu dng Mt mt do lch lc trong tiu dng Ch quyn ngi tiu dng Thng d ngi tiu dng Tiu dng Tiu dng ph thuc / thay i? im kt hp tiu dng Nhng ngoi tc tiu dng Hm tiu dng Th trng c th cnh tranh c H s chuyn i Kh nng chuyn i Gii php kh x Tng quan _Tng quan ng bin (~nghch bin) Tng quan ca li tc Phn tch chi ph v li ch Cc tiu ha / ti thiu ha chi ph Chi ph vn Chi ph pht sinh Chi ph ca vic bo h nh gi theo cch thm vo chi ph Lm pht do chi ph y (~demand-pull inflation) Thu chng bo h gi; thu nh vo hng xut/nhp khu c tr gi Chnh lch gi du th v sn phm lc du iu chnh tng lc/ph gi dn dn (t gi hi oi) e da c th thc hin c VAT trn c s hon thu Quy l ti phm Ch ngha t bn da trn s thn cn co gin cho ca cu theo gi S liu cho / mu / c trng? S ln p / chn p Tc ng ln p / chn p C ch y ban tin t / CB (d tr ngoi t ni t lu hnh) Ti khon hin hnh/cn cn ti khon vn lai Ti khon vng lai v ti khon vn Gi hin hnh (thi gi)

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DDead weight loss Dead weight tax burden Debt management Debt rescheduling Decile Deflation (ref. Disinflation) Demand deposits Demand for foreign exchange Demand management Demand-pull inflation Demand schedule Demonetization Depletable and renewable resources Depreciation Depreciation rate Deregulation Derived demand Devaluation and revaluation Deviation -Standard deviation Differentiated goods Diminishing marginal rate of substitution Diminishing marginal utility of wealth Diminishing returns Direct / indirect taxes Dirigiste Disbursement Discount rate Discounting Discouraged worker/unemployed (ref. ) Discriminating monopoly Diseconomies of scale Disinflation (ref. Deflation) Dispersion Disposable income Dissaving Distortions Distortions and market failure Distribution (stats) _Continuous distribution _Deterministic distribution _Discrete distribution _Normal distribution _Probability distribution _Step distribution _Triangular distribution _Uniform distribution Divergence Diversification Dividends Dollar openness index Dollar standard Domestic absorption Domestic-oriented growth Domestic resources cost Dumping S / mc mt mt v ch Gnh nng v ch ca thu kha Qun l n Hon n / gia hn n Thnh mi nhm bng nhau Gim pht (tc gim gi hay gim gi thc) Tin gi khng k hn (thuc ti khon vng lai) Cu ngoi t Qun l nhu cu Lm pht do cu ko (~ cost-push inflation) Biu cu / ng cu (qu trnh) Phi tin t ha; gim bt s dng tin mt Cc ti nguyn khng th ti sinh v ti sinh Khu hao/mt gi ng tin T l khu hao Ni lng kim sot Nhu cu dn xut / phi suy / th pht (chnh sch) Ph gi v nng gi lch _ lch chun hng ha (cng loi) mang nt c trng ring (Quy lut) T l thay th bin gim dn Gi tr tha dng bin gim dn ca ti sn (Quy lut) Li tc gim dn Thu trc thu / gin thu Chnh ph can thip Gii ngn Sut chit khu Chit khu Ngi tht nghip do nn lng c quyn phn bit i x Tnh phi kinh t v quy m Gim lm pht (tc tng gi gim) Phn tn Thu nhp kh dng Tiu(xi) tin tit kim/gim tit kim Nhng bin dng Cc bin dng v tht bi th trng Phn phi _Phn phi lin tc _ Phn phi tt nh _ Phn phi ri _ Phn phi chun _ Phn phi xc sut _ Phn phi bc thang _ Phn phi tam gic _ Phn phi u Sai bit a dng ha Li c phn / c tc Ch s m ca theo ng la Bn v la Hp thu trong nc Tng trng hng vo th trng ni a Chi ph ti nguyn trong nc Bn ph gi

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Dummy variable Dynamic (additional) gains

Bin s gi Li ch nng ng (b sung)

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EEasy / tight monetary or fiscal policy Eclectic Keynesian Econometrics Economic cost Economic price Economic profit Economic rate of return Economic rent = supra normal profit Economies of scale Effective Effective demand Effective protection Effective rate of protection Effective rate of return Efficiency Efficiency loss Efficiency wages Efficient asset market Efficient resource allocation Elasticity (Ref. Responsiveness ) Elastic, inelastic and unit elastic demand Embodied technical progress Endogeneous consumption Entry and exit Envelop/meta production function Escrow account Equilibrium aggregate output Equivalent variation (Ref. Compensating variation ) Equalizing wage differentials Equity Evolving market condition Ex-ante Ex-post Excess burden Excess demand Excess productive capacity (idle capital goods) Excess profits Excess reserves Excess supply Exchange rate Effective exchange rate Exchange rate speculation Excise taxes (cf. ) Exogenous Exogenous expectations Expected / unexpected inflation Expenditure approach Export-led growth Export-oriented industrialization Export credit subsidy Extensive margin (ref. Intensive margin ) Externalities Dynamic externalities Extrapolative expectations Chnh sch ni lng / tht chc tin t hay thu chi ngn sch Ngi theo thuyt Keynes chit trung Kinh t lng Chi ph kinh t Gi kinh t Li nhun kinh t T sut li nhun kinh t Li nhun kinh t = li nhun trn bnh thng Li th kinh t nh quy m Hiu dng / hiu qu Cu hiu dng Bo h hu hiu T l bo h hiu dng (r = v -v/ v) Sut sinh li hiu dng Tnh hiu dng / qu Hiu qu mt mt Tin cng / lng hiu dng / qu Cc th trng ti sn c hiu dng / qu S phn b ngun lc c hiu dng / qu co gin (s p li/phn ng li) Nhu cu co gin, khng co gin, co gin mt n v Tin b k thut c p dng Tiu dng ni sinh Nhp ngnh v xut ngnh Hm sn xut tng hp Ti khon thu gi (do bn th ba qun l) Tng sn lng cn bng Bin thin tng ng Cn bng cc mc chnh lch tin cng Vn c phn S tin trin ca tnh hnh kinh t Tin on Hu suy Gnh nng thu qu mc Tri cu Tha cng sut (t liu SX nhn ri) Li vt D tr d/tri Cung vt T gi hi oi T gi hi oi hiu dng S u c theo t gi hi oi Thu trn tng mt hng Ngoi sinh, ngoi tc Nhng d tnh ngoi sinh Lm pht d tnh c / bt thng Phng php da vo chi tiu ( tnh GDP) Tng trng theo hng xut khu Cng nghip ha theo hng xut khu Tr cp tn dng xut khu Gia tng theo qui m ngun lc (a n tng trng sn lng) Ngoi tc, ngoi ng Ngoi tc ng Nhng d tnh ngoi suy

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Extreme Keynesian

Ngi theo thuyt Keynes cc oan

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FFactor endowments Factor incomes Factor intensity Factors of production Factor substitution effect Factorial Fallacy of composition Feasibility study Fiat (or Token) money Final goods Finance deepening Fine tuning Intermediate goods Financial depth Financial discipline Financial intermediary Financial restraint Financial reppression Financial price Financial statement Financial rate of return Finite horizon Firm-specific human capital First-best and second-best efficiency F-test Fiscal policy (~) - Automatic (~) - Discretionary (~) - Expansionary (~) - Contractionary (~) Fixed cost (FC) Fixed factors Fixed / floating exchange rates Flow variable Force of compounding Foreign exchange reserves Forward and contingent market Forward markets and spot markets Fractional reserve banking Fractional reserve system Free entry/(exit) Free riders Free-rider problem Natural unemployment = Frictional + structural unemployments Full-employment budget Function Functional income distribution Fundamental trading Future value S s hu cc yu t sn xut Thu nhp t cc yu t sn xut Mc / cng huy ng (s dng) cc yu t sn xut K (chi ph K), L (lng), v T (tin thu t) Tc ng thay th yu t sn xut Giai tha Khi nim sai lm i vi s ng/s ng b sai lm Nghin cu kh thi Tin php nh Hng ha cui cng Tng cng ti chnh; pht trin h thng ti chnh theo chiu su Tinh chnh Hng ha trung gian su ti chnh K lut ti chnh Trung gian ti chnh p ch ti chnh Gi ti chnh Bo co ti chnh Sut sinh li ti chnh Tm nhn/khung tri hu hn Vn nhn lc c th i vi hng Tnh hiu dng / hiu qu tt nht v tt nh Kim nh Fisher Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch - (~) t ng - (~) ch ng - (~) m rng; ni rng - (~) thu hp nh ph Cc yu t sn xut c nh T gi hi oi c nh / th ni Bin s mang tnh dng chy; bin s dng Sc mnh ca ly tin D tr ngoi t / ngoi hi Cc th trng bt trc v k hn Cc th trng t trc v cc th trng giao ngay Hot ng ngn hng vi khon d tr khng ng k H thng d tr mt phn Nhp ngnh/(xut ngnh) t do Nhng ngi xi cha/ngi n theo Vn ngi xi cha Tht nghip t nhin = t/ng do cha tm c vic lm ng + t/ng do s nng ng/ thay i c cu ca nn kinh t. Ngn sch ton dng nhn cng Hm s Phn phi thu nhp theo chc nng u t ngc qun tnh th trng (theo gi tr thc) Gi tr tng lai

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GGains from trade Game theory GATT General equilibrium General human capital Geometric series GNP and national income GNP at factor cost GNP at market prices GNP deflator Gold reserve Gold standard Goldbugs Goods Related goods Inferior goods Government regulation Government spending and net taxes Government spending on goods and services Gradualism policy (ref. Cold turkey strategy ) Gradualist monetarist Grativity theory (Ref. Big Bang) Greenfield (project) Gross domestic product (GDP) Growth rate Sharp gyration Li ch t thng mi/ngoi thng L thuyt tr chi Hip nh chung v thu quan v mu dch Cn bng chung / tng th Vn nhn lc mang c im chung Chui s nhn GNP v thu nhp quc dn GNP theo chi ph cho yu t sn xut GNP theo gi th trng H s gim pht/kh lm pht D tr vng Bn v vng Nhng con b vng Hng ha Hng ha c lin quan Hng ha th cp S iu tit ca chnh ph Chi tiu ca chnh ph v thu rng Chi tiu chnh ph cho hng ha v dch v Chnh sch tun t (gim lm pht bng cch gim dn mc tng trng tin) Ngi theo thuyt trng tin tun tin (D n) hon ton mi Tng sn phm quc ni Tc tng trng Chu k xoay vng r rt

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HHands-off policy Hedgers High-powered money or monetary base High turn-over sector Homogeneous products Horizontal and vertical equity Horizontal/ vertical / conglomerate mergers Hotelling rent Human capital Human wealth Hyperinflation Hysteresis Chnh sch khng can thip Nhng ngi t bo him Qu tin mnh/ c s tin Khu vc c s thay i nhn cng cao Sn phm ng nht Bnh ng theo chiu ngang / dc Hp nht theo tuyn ngang / dc / kt khi Gi tr s dng ngun lc t nhin Ti sn nhn lc Ca ci ca con ngi Siu lm pht Hin tng tr

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IICOR Identities National Income Identities Imperfect competition Implicit cost Import restrictions Import substitution Import substitution industrialization Incidence of taxation Income and substitution effects Income approach Income distribution Income effect Income effect of wages Income elasticity of demand Income statement Income policy Index of distortion Index numbers Indexation Indifference curve Indifference map Inductive reasoning Industrial concentration Industrial policy Industrialization Infant industry Infant industry tariff argument Inferior goods Infinitely elastic Inflation-adjusted budget Inflationary gap Informative econom analysis Injection Innocent entry barrier Innovation Inputs and outputs Insiders and outsiders Insolvency Intangible capital Intensive margin (ref. Extensive margin ) Intercept Interest Interest sensitivity Intermediate goods Internal rate of return Internal / external balance International debt crisis Intersection Intervention and official financing Intra-industrial trade Invention and innovation Inventory Inverse relation Investment Inventory _ Just-in-case _ T l bin t gia vn v sn lng ng nht thc ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc dn Cnh tranh khng hon ho Chi ph n Nhng hn ch nhp khu Thay th nhp khu Cng nghip ha thay th nhp khu i tng chu thu nh hng thu nhp v nh hng thay th Phng php da vo thu nhp ( tnh GDP) Phn phi thu nhp nh hng thu nhp nh hng thu nhp ca lng co gin ca cu theo thu nhp Bn bo co thu nhp / Bn thu nhp Chnh sch thu nhp Ch s bin dng/bp mo S ch s Phng php ch s ha ng ng dng/bn quan Bn ng dng Lp lun quy np S tp trung cng nghip Chnh sch cng nghip Cng nghip ha Ngnh non tr Lun c ng h thu nhp khu v mt ngnh non tr Hng ha th cp Co dn hon ton Ngn sch c iu chnh theo lm pht H cch/khong trng lm pht Phn tch thng tin kinh t (cc khon/lng) bm vo Cn tr ngu nhin i vi vic nhp ngnh Sng kin u vo (nguyn vt liu) v u ra / xut v nhp lng Ngi trong cuc v ngi ngoi cuc Tnh trng khng tr n c / mt kh nng chi tr Vn v hnh Gia tng nng sut ngun lc (dn n tng trng sn lng) Tung gc Li sut nhy cm theo li sut Hng ha trung gian Ni sut thu hi vn / ni sut sinh li Cn bng bn trong / bn ngoi Khng hong n quc t Giao Can thip v ti tr chnh thc Thng mi trong ngnh Pht minh v ci tin k thut Hng tn kho Tng quan nghch bin u t u t hng tn kho? u t d phng?

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Just-in-time _ Just-in-time management _trust company Investment demand schedule Invisible hand IOU money Iron-rice bowl Iso-cost Iso-quant Iso-value line IS and LM schedule

u t khi cn? (Qun l) iu vt t va c sn ngay khi cn gim gnh nng chi ph tn kho Qu/Cng ty y thc u t ng biu th nhu cu u t Bn tay v hnh Tin da theo n Thi k bt st (n tp th) (ng) ng ph ng lng ng ng gi tr Cc ng biu th IS v LM

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JJob acceptance schedule Joint stock company Junk bonds ng th s ngi chp nhn cng vic Cng ty c phn Tri phiu li sut cao ng th lao ng Tch tr lao ng Thm dng lao ng Th trng lao ng khan him ng Laffer Nn kinh t t do [Chnh ph khng can thip] Quy lut tha dng bin gim dn Quy lut sinh li gim dn Quy lut mt gi Cc khon r r v bm vo / hao ph v b sung Cng ty cho thu ti chnh Bnh phng nh nht Phng tin thanh ton hp php (lut nh) Cu cnh cho vay cui cng Cc nc km pht trin hn Sn chi cng bng / cng mt sn chi? n by mua chuc thi vic? Ti tr n by? Gi thuyt v vng i / chu k tuui th (sn phm) K vng theo nh hng chu k i ngi N, tin n, ngha v, tiu sn Trch nhim hu hn Mc tnh dng T l ti sn d thanh tiu (Tnh) Thanh hon / Thanh tiu Chng trnh cho vay Yu cu v thnh phn (c ngun gc) ni a B phiu theo kiu mc ngoc ng chi ph bnh qun di hn Cn bng cnh tranh di hn ng chi ph bin di hn ng tng ph di hn ng Phillips di / ngn hn u t theo tng mng Thu gp / khon

LLabor force schedule Labor hoarding Labor-intensive Labor market tight Laffer curve Laissez-faire economy Law of diminishing marginal utility Law of diminishing return Law of One price Leakages and injections Leasing firm Least square Legal tender Lender of last resort Less developed countries (LDCs) Level field Leveraged buy out (LBO) Leveraged financing Life-cycle hypothesis Life-cycle oriented expectation Liability Limited liability Line of credit Liquid assets ratio Liquidity Loan facility Local content requirement Logrolling Long run average cost (LAC) curve Long run competitive equilibrium Long run marginal cost (LMC) curve Long run total cost curve Long / short run Phillips curve Lumpy investment Lump-sum tax (ref. Excise taxes )

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MM1 M2 M3 M1 and M0 Macroeconomics demand schedule Macroeconomics Managed or dirty floating Management board Marginal cost Marginal cost of labor Marginal cost pricing Marginal firm Marginal income tax rate Marginal principle Marginal product of labors Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) Marginal propensity to import Marginal propensity to save (MPS) Marginal rate of substitution Marginal rate of transformation Marginal revenue Marginal revenue product of labor Maturity Marginal utility Marginal value product of capital Marginal value product of labor Market clearing Market demand curve Market failure Market mechanism Market niche Market oriented reform Market premium rate Black market premium rate Parallel market premium rate Market structure Mark-up () / mark-up price Matching grant Non-matching grant Maturity Mean Means test Median Median voter Medium of exchange Menu cost of inflation Merit goods Meso-economics Microeconomics Minimum wage Mix of fiscal and monetary policy Mixed economy Mobility of labor Mode Model Lng tin lu hnh + tin gi khng k hn M1 + tin gi c k hn + $ tit kim qui m nh + gi tr giao dch ngn hn M2 + $ tit kim qui m ln + gi tr giao dch di hn Mc cung tin M1 v M0 ng cu mang tnh kinh t hc v m Kinh t hc v m S th ni c qun l hay khng thun khit Ban qun l/Hi ng Qun tr Chi ph bin t Chi ph bin t cho lao ng nh / t gi theo chi ph bin t Xut bin? Thu sut bin nh vo thu nhp Nguyn l bin Sn phm bin ca lao ng Thin hng tiu dng bin t Thin hng nhp khu bin t Thin hng tit kim bin t T l thay th bin t T l chuyn i bin Doanh thu bin t Sn phm doanh thu bin ca lao ng n hn thanh ton Tha dng bin t Sn phm gi tr bin ca vn Sn phm gi tr bin ca lao ng im cn bng th trng ng cu ca th trng Trc trc / tht bi ca th trng C ch th trng V th th trng Ci cch theo nh hng th trng T l chnh lch gi T l chnh lch gi ca th trng ch en T l chnh lch gi ca th trng song hnh C cu th trng Phn tng thm hay cng thm () / Gi n Tr cp i ng Tr cp n thun n hn/o hn Trung bnh Chng trnh tr cp trn c s thu nhp thp Trung v C tri trung dung Phng tin trao i Chi ph thc n ca lm pht Hng c li , hng khuyn dng Kinh t hc trung dung (Macro-eco. > Meso-eco > Microeco.) Kinh t hc vi m Tin lng ti thiu Kt hp chnh sch ngn sch v tin t Nn kinh t hn hp Tnh lun chuyn ca lao ng Cao tn (tn s) M hnh

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Momentum trading (ref. fundamental) Monetarists Monetary accommodation Monetary aggregate Monetary base Monetary overhang Monetary standard Monetary Union Monetized economy Money illusion Money market equilibrium Money multiplier Money supply Monopolies and mergers commission Monopolistic competition Monopoly power Monopsony Moral hazard Multiplier Multiplier-accelerator model Multiplier coefficient Multually exclusive

Giao dch theo qun tnh th trng Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng ngn S iu tit tin t Cung tin (M1, M2, M3) C s tin (tnh trng) S dng qu nhiu tin mt Bn v tin Lin minh tin t Nn kinh t tin t ha o tng v tin S cn bng ca th trng tin t S nhn tin t Cung tin y ban v c quyn v hp nht Cnh tranh c tnh c quyn Quyn lc c quyn c quyn mua Cc nguy hi do tm l li Tha s/H s nhn M hnh tng tc theo tha s / h s nhn H s khuych i? Loi tr ln nhau

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NNarrow banking National debt National income accounting National procurement Nationalized identities Nationalized industries Natural monopoly Natural rate of unemployment Net economic welfare Net export Net present value Net property income abroad Network effects/externalities (ref. Bandwagon effect ) New classical macroeconomics New international economic order New protectionism Newly industrializing countries (NICs) Nominal and real interest rates Nominal and real money balances Nominal variables Nominal / real exchange rate Non-institutional civilian population Non market Non-participation rate (ref. Discouraged worker/) Non-tariff barriers Non performing assets Non performing loans Non traded Normal and inferior goods Normal profit opportunity cost of K Normative economics Null hypothesis Numeraire (Chnh sch) Hot ng ngn hng thu hp N quc gia Hch ton thu nhp quc dn Vic mua hng ca chnh ph ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc dn Cc ngnh quc hu ha c quyn t nhin T l tht nghip t nhin Phc li kinh t rng Xut khu rng Gi tr hin ti rng Thu nhp ti sn rng t nc ngoi Tc ng/ngoi tc t mng li Kinh t hc v m tn c in Trt t kinh t th gii mi Ch ngha bo h mi Cc nc mi cng nghip ha Li sut danh ngha v li sut thc t S d/d tr tin danh ngha v thc t Cc bin s danh ngha T gi hi oi danh ngha / thc t Lc lng lao ng dn s (available for civilian emplyment) Phi th trng T l khng tham gia lc lng lao ng Cc hng ro phi thu quan Nhng ti sn khng sinh li Nhng khon vay khng thc hin ng hp ng Phi ngoi thng Hng bnh thng v hng th cp Li nhun thng thng chi ph c hi ca vn Kinh t hc chun tc Gi thuyt khng? Th nguyn/thng s o lng

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OOffer price Offer curve Oligopoly Open economy economics Open market operations Opportunity cost of capital Optimal tariff Other things equal Outcome _Basic outcome Outstanding credit/loans Overall fit of regression Overhead inputs Overshooting Overtime and short time Gi cho ng cong cho hng c quyn nhm / tp on Kinh t hc v m ca nn kinh t m Nhng nghip v th trng t do Chi ph c hi ca vn Thu nhp khu ti u Cc iu kin khc gi nguyn / khng i Kt qu; Kt cc _Kt qu c s Tn dng cha thanh ton / d n Mc ph hp tng th ca phng trnh hi quy?/ Hi quy kt qu chng Nhp lng gin tip Tng vt Ch lm thm gi v ch rt gi lm Vn gp D liu theo nhm mu Gi tr ngang gi ca vng Lun thuyt Nghch l tit kim Nghch l v b phiu Tnh hiu qu Pareto ca phn b ngun lc Cn bng b phn T l tham gia Hi chung vn Bng pht minh / sng ch M hnh/cch thc chi tiu ca chnh ph M thc ngoi thng Tr bng hin vt nh gi theo gi cao im/theo cng sut ti a Lng hu / hu bng Lng hu do ngi khc ng gp Qu lng hu t gp GNP thc t tnh theo u ngi Ca ci d tnh c Chnh lch tnh bng phn trm Kh nng lu chuyn hon ho ca vn Cnh tranh hon ho Thnh qu Gi thuyt v thu nhp lu di Chnh hp Phn phi thu nhp cho c nhn Vn hin vt v vn ti chnh Ngui theo phi trng nng Nm im phn trm tht nghip vt qu mc t nhin iu phi chnh sch Chu k kinh t chnh tr Thu thn Cho vay lin hip Thin lch ng bin Kinh t hc thc chng Sn lng tim tng

PPaid-in capital Panel data Par value of gold Paradigm Paradox of thrift Paradox of voting Pareto efficiency of resource allocation Partial equilibrium Participation rate Partnership Patents Path of government spending Pattern of trade Pay in kind Peak load pricing Pension Pay As You Go_ Fully Funded_ Per capita real GNP Perceived wealth Percentage change Perfect capital mobility Perfect competition Performance Permanent income hypothesis Permutation Personal income distribution Personnem Physical and financial capital Physiocrat Plug Point-year of access unemplyment Policy coordination Political business cycle Poll tax Pooled lending/loan Positive bias Positive economics Potential output

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Pre-commitment Present value Premium - High risk premia Price elasticity of demand Price fixing Price volatility Price support Primary commodities Principle of targeting Private and social cost of unemployment Private sector cash-deposit ratio Prabability _Conditional probability _Cumulative probability Product differentiation Product distortion loss Production externalities Production function Production incentives Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) Production smoothing Productivity Profit Progressive taxes Project appraisal Property rights Protection Proxy Public / private goods Public choice Public ownership Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Purchasing power of money Pure inflation

Cam kt trc Gi tr hin ti Thng kim/Ph thng - Ph thng ri ro cao co gin theo gi ca cu C nh gi Bin ng gi c Tr gi Hng s ch Nguyn tc hng ch Thit hi / ph tn c nhn v x hi ca tht nghip T s gia tin mt v s tin gi ca khu vc t nhn Xc sut _Xc sut c iu kin _Xc sut tch ly Phn bit cng mt nhm sn phm Mt mt do lch lc trong sn xut Nhng ngoi tc sn xut Hm sn xut Cc ng c / khuyn khch sn xut ng gii hn kh nng sn xut Vic lm cho sn xut c tri chy Nng sut Li nhun Thu ly tin Thm nh d n Cc quyn s hu ti sn Bo h i din; biu trng Hng cng cng / t nhn S la chn ca cng chng S hu cng cng / nh nc Ngan bng sc mua / ng mi lc Sc mua ca ng tin Lm pht thun ty

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QQuadrant Quantity theory of money Quasiliquid asset Quick-disbursing funds Quintile Quota Import / Export quota Rents_ Gc ta /gc phn t Thuyt nh lng tin t Ti sn gn nh c kh nng thanh khon Tin k pht nhanh Thnh nm phn bng nhau Hn ngch Hn ngch nhp khu /Xut khu Trc li thng qua hn ngch S ch trch theo khuynh hng cp tin Cc bin c ngu nhin Sai s ngu nhin Min gi tr Tc ng thanh truyn Sut sinh li / t sut li tc / t sut sinh li Sut sinh li t u t Ni sut thu hi vn / T l hon vn ni b Gi tr c th nh thu Nhng k vng hp l Cc gi thc t / tng i nh hng s d tin thc/hiu ng tin thc Mc li sut thc t Gi thc t v thu nhp thc t Cc bin s thc t Gi thuyt v tin lng thc t S thu h cch/khong trng suy thoi Vn i ng (Nhng ro cn) th tc phin h Lao ng d tha (tht nghip ngy trang) Chnh lch tng doanh thu sn phm vi chi ph lc du Lm tng lm pht (do tng sn lng ca nn kinh t) Hi nhp khu vc Tht nghip c ng k Hi qui iu tit (gi) iu tit b tri Chnh sch iu tit T / Li Ngi / s kim c li? Tin thu vn T s thay th Sut sinh li cn c ca vn Sut sinh li thc t cn c ca vn T l d tr bt buc Nghin cu v pht trin Mc lng ti thiu theo th trng/mc lng theo chi ph c hi Tnh nhy bn Ngun ti nguyn / ngun lc (Lut v) Cc hot ng hn ch Ch s gi bn l

RRadical critique Random events Random error Range of values Ratchet effect Rate of return Rate of return on investment Internal rate of return Rateable value Rational expectations (Ref. Adaptive expectations ) Real / relative price Real balance effect Real interest rate Real prices and real income Real variables Real-wage hypothesis Receipt Recessionary gap Reciprocal capital Red tape (barriers) Redundant labor (surplus/disguised/hidden/concealed unemployment) Refining margin (ref. Cracking spread ) Reflation Regional integration Registered unemployment Regression Regulation Regulatory capture Regulatory policy Rent Rent seeker / seeking Rental on capital Replacement ratio Required rate of return on capital Required real rate of return on capital Required reserve ratio Research & Development (R&D) Reservation wage Resiliency Resource Responsiveness (ref. Elasticity ) Restrictive practices Retail price index (RPI)

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Retained earnings Returns to scale/labor Revenue Risk attitude/risk character Risk-aversion Risk-diversification Risk-loving Risk Master Risk-neutrality Risk-pool Risk premium Risk-sharing Room to maneuver Robustness of an exchange rate regime Run (a)

Li nhun gi li Sut sinh li theo quy m/theo lao ng Doanh thu Thi i vi ri ro Khng thch ri ro Phn tn ri ro Thch ri ro Phn mm Risk Master (khng ch ri ro) Bng quan vi ri ro Gp chung ri ro Ph ri ro Chia x ri ro Phm vi an ton cho php (iu chnh thu chi n/s) Tnh thit thc ca 1 ch t gi hi oi (Mt) cn st rt tin

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SSacrifice ratio Sample space Savings function Scarcity Scatter diagram Second-best Second fiddle Secular stagnation Self-financing Seigniorage Separations Shadow price Shareholder Shoe-leather costs of inflation Short-run aggregate supply schedule Short-run average fixed costs (AFC) Short-run fixed costs (AFC) Short-run marginal costs (SMC) Short-run total costs (STC) Short-run variable costs (SVC) Short-run / long-run adjustments Shutdown price Signaling and screening Significance of coefficients Simulation Single market Single-peaked preferences Social cost of monopoly Sole trader Solvent (= creditworthy) Special deposits Specific tariff Speculative bubbles Spreadsheet Stabilization policy Stagflation Stand-by arrangement/agreement Standard paradigm Steady state Sterilization Sterilization impact of capital inflow Stochastical dominance (ref. Lorens curve/ Gini coefficient) Stock Stock and flows Store of value Strategic entry barrier Strategic entry deterrence Strategy Strike/exercise price Structural adjustment loans Subsidy Subsistence Subsistence agriculture Subsistence crop Subsistence wage Sustainability of external debt T l nh i (gia tht nghip v lm pht) Khng gian mu Hm tit kim S khan him th ri Loi hai / K ci tt nht Th yu (b hai) S nh tr v lu v di T ti tr Thu lm pht / Li nhun pht hnh tin? B vic hay mt vic Gi m / bng C ng Chi ph da giy ca lm pht ng tng cung ngn hn nh ph bnh qun ngn hn nh ph ngn hn Chi ph bin t ngn hn Tng ph ngn hn Bin ph ngn hn Nhng iu chnh ngn hn / di hn Gi ng ca / gi cui ngy (th trng chng khon) Pht tn hiu v sn lc Mc c ngha thng k ca h s M phng Th trng thng nht Nhng iu mun la chn c chung Chi ph / tn tht x hi cho c quyn Ngi bun bn c th C tn nhim, c kh nng thanh ton n Cc khon k gi c bit Thu quan tnh theo n v hng ha Cc bong bng u c Bng tnh (trn my tnh) Chnh sch n nh ha Lm pht + tr tr Hp ng d phng thc h/m hnh/kiu mu tiu chun Trng thi dng V hiu ha (bng chnh sch tin t) Tc ng v hiu ha thm ht cn cn thanh ton bi dng vn chy vo 1. Tr lng 2. C phiu Tr lng v lu lng D tr gi tr Cn tr chin lc i vi vic nhp ngnh Ngn chn nhp ngnh c tnh chin lc Chin lc Gi thc hin Cc khon vay iu chnh c cu kinh t Tr cp Nng nghip t cung t tiu V ma t tiu Lng va sng Kh nng duy tr n nc ngoi

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Substitutes and complements Substitution and output effects Substitution effect of wages Substitution effect Sunk cost fallacy Sunrise and sunset industries Supernormal profits Supplementary benefit Supply-side economics Symmetric (~non-sym) Syndicate loan

Hng thay th v hng b tr nh hng / Tc ng thay th v sn lng nh hng / Tc ng thay th ca lng nh hng / Tc ng ca thay th S hiu lm v chi ph chm Cc ngnh mi mc/ln v cc ngnh sp ln/ht thi Siu li nhun / Li nhun siu ngch Tr cp b sung Kinh t hc trng cung i xng (~bt/phi i xng) Cho vay lin hip

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TTakeover and mergers Tangency equilibrium Tangible wealth Tariff Taste Tax base Tax incident Tax wedge Tax-based incomes policy Technical change through R&D Technical efficiency Technical knowledge Technology Technological unemployment Terms of trade _ gains Test discount rate Testing an economic model The Corset Tiebout model Time series data Token money Total costs Total revenue Tradable Trade balance Trade creation Trade diversion Traded and non-traded (goods) Trade Unions Trade-off Tranche Transaction Transaction, precautionary, and assets motives Transfer earnings Transfer payment Transfer in kind Transmission mechanism Trend output path Treasury T statistic Two-part tariffs S mua t v s hp nht Tip im cn bng Ti sn hu hnh Thu quan S thch, th hiu C s (tnh/chu/thu) thu Ai phi chu thu Chnh lch gi do thu Chnh sch thu nhp da vo thu Thay i cng ngh qua R&D Tnh hiu dng / qu v mt k thut Tri thc / Kin thc k thut K thut / Cng ngh Tht nghip do tin b cng ngh T gi trao i mu dch (PX/PM) Li ch t (trao i) ngoi thng T l chit khu th im Kim nghim mt m hnh kinh t K hoch Corset M hnh Tiebout Dy s liu theo thi gian Tin quy c Tng ph Tng doanh thu Kh thng Cn cn thng mi To lp ngoi thng Chch hng ngoi thng (Hng) ngoi thng v phi ngoi thng Cng on S nh i Giao dch / thng v Nhng ng c giao dch, d phng, v ti sn Thu nhp t chuyn giao Chi chuyn giao/Chi tr cp Tr cp bng hin vt C ch lan truyn ng biu th xu th sn lng B ti chnh / ngn kh Tr thng k t (H thng) gi hai phn Tnh khng chc chn; tnh bp bnh Ngang bng li sut theo t gi k vng (khng m bo) Tr cp tht nghip T l tht nghip Hi n v k ton (T l, s) tht nghip bt buc tha dng Ti a ha tha dng Gi tr gia tng

UUncertainty (ref. Risk) Uncovered interest parity (Ref. Arbitrage condition ) Unemployment benefit Unemployment rate Union Unit of account Involuntary unemployment Utility Utility maximization

VValue added

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Value added tax (VAT) Variability Variable _Dummy variable _Stochastic variable Variable cost (VC) Variable factors Variance Venture capital Viability Vested interest Velocity of money Volatility Voluntary export restraints

Thu gi tr gia tng bin thin Bin s _Bin s gi _Bin s ngu nhin Bin ph Cc yu t sn xut thay i Phng sai Vn u t vo doanh nghip mi Kh nng thnh tu/tnh kh thi Quyn li c m bo bt di bt dch Vng quay ca tin / tc lu chuyn tin Tnh d bin ng Nhng hn nh xut khu t nguyn Tnh linh hot ca gi v tin lng Vng xoy gi-lng T s tin cng -tin thu vn Hiu ng / tc ng ca ci Thu ti sn Phc li x hi c trng s Kinh t hc phc li Mc sn lng chi tr Vn hot ng Li i vi n nc ngoi Li nhun t u t Gi tr ca Z xut tng trng bng khng

WWage and price flexibility Wage indexation Wage-price spiral Wage-rental ratio Wealth effects Wealth taxes Weighted social welfare Welfare economics Willingness to pay Working capital

YYield on external debt Yield on investment

ZZ-score Zero growth proposal

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