Education 2020 Education 2020 and Higher Education and Higher Education Reform in the Next DecadeReform in the Next Decade

LIU Baocun

Center for Comparative Education

Beijing Normal University

知识改变命运，教育成就未来。 Knowledge changes fate ； learning leads

to future success.

百年大计，教育为本。 Education is the cornerstone of our great

cause. ----“National Outline for Medium

and Long Term Educational Reform and Development (2010-2020).

Main contentsMain contents

The Background of Education 2020

The General Policy and Goals of Educational Reforms

The Future Policy of Higher Educational Reforms

1. The Background of 1. The Background of Education 2020Education 2020

1.1. The challenge of a new era of economic and social development

Change from labor-intensive economy to knowledge economy.

Ambitious goals for 2020:an innovative country, a country of strong human resources, a moderately prosperous society, a harmonious society, a learning society…….

1.2. The international competition

A brilliant history, a renaissance of China ？

Innovation and talents are the foundations of the renaissance.

1.3. The problems of education

Old educational ideas and methods Overload of the students in primary and high

schools Lack of innovative talents, practical talents and

interdisciplinary talents The low efficiency of the education system Schools lack of energy Imbalance among the regions Low educational finance （ 3.5% of GDP ）

2. The General Policy and Goals of Educational Reforms2. The General Policy and Goals of Educational Reforms

2.1 The General Policy of Educational Reform

2.1.1 Education is the first priority of the government and society

2.1.2 The development of the students is the fundamental principle of education.

2.1.3 Reform and innovation are the drives of educational development.

2.1.4. Improving equity in education is the basic national policy.

2.1.5 Improving the quality is the core task of educational reform and development.

2.2 The General Goals of the Educational 2.2 The General Goals of the Educational ReformsReforms

By 2020 ， the three general goals are:

to realize the modernization of education to create a learning society to become a country of strong human resources

年 份 Year 2009 2015 2020

Preschool education

幼儿在园人数（万人） total enrollment

(ten thousand)2658 3530 4000

学前三年毛入园率（％）Enrollment rate

50.9 62.0 75.0

学前一年毛入园率（％） 74.0 90.0 95.0

Compulsory education

在校生（万人） total enrollment

(ten thousand)15772 16100 16500

巩固率（％）Enrollment rate

90.8 93.0 95.0

Senior high school education

在校生（万人） total enrollment

(ten thousand) 4624 4500 4700

毛入学率（％） Enrollment rate 79.2 87.0 90.0

The five specific goals :The five specific goals : Goal One : universal education at a higher level Goal One : universal education at a higher level

10

年 份 Year 2009 2015 2020高等教育宽口径在学人数（百万人） H. E. Learners in total (million)

29.79 33.50 35.50

高等教育在校生数（百万人） HEI Students in total (million)

28.265 30.80 33.80

其中：研究生 in which: Postgraduates 1.405 1.70 2.00普通本专科 Regular undergraduates 21.45 29.10 31.80

成人本专科 Adult undergraduates 5.41高等教育毛入学率 Gross enrolment rate in Higher Education

24.2% 36% 40%

高教文化程度人口 ( 百万人 ) Number of people with higher education

98.30 145.0 195.0

20-59 岁主要劳动年龄人口中受过高教比例 Percentage of those having received higher education in the working-age(20-59 years old) population

9.9% 15% 20%

中国小学、初中、高中、大学学龄人口状况中国小学、初中、高中、大学学龄人口状况Status of School Aged Population in China

（ 2004-2020 ）万人 in 10000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

小学阶段 初中阶段 高中阶段 大学阶段Primary Junior Sec. Senior Sec. Tertiary

Goal Two: equitable education for all

Goal Three: more high-quality education resources

Goal Four: self-contained life-long education system

Goal Five: vigorous educational system

3. The Future Policy of Higher Educational 3. The Future Policy of Higher Educational ReformsReforms

3.1 Difficulties & Problems in H.E. Development in China

3.1.1 Ability for cultivating the top-notch innovative

talents is quite weak.

The graduates are criticized for lack of innovation,

practical ability and social responsibility.

3.1.2. The academic program cannot meet the needs of the society.

Overplus in law, business management, communication mediums.

Shortage in agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, geology, mineralogy, nucleus science, oil science, etc.

3.1.3 The homogeneity of colleges and universities.

2305 (2009) colleges and universities all want to become research universities and start master and doctoral programs.

481 college and universities have graduate education programs.

3.1.4 Employment competition pressure for graduates has been increasing after HE expansion.

Over 30% (more than a million)graduate cannot find jobs at the end of the study.

More serious for the disadvantaged groups.

3.1.5 The conditions for sustainable development of

higher education are neither adequate nor stable.

• Many colleges and universities are in debt.

• 250 billion debts in total?

Budgetary expenditure per student in Regular HEIs

(RMBYuan)年份 Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

全国平均 ( 元 ) Avg.

5772.58 5552.5 5375.94 5868.53 6546.04 7577.71

最大值（元） Max 15806.43 15809.95

17036.5 18228.36 21431.73 24380.4

最小值（元） Min 2040.77 1946.3 2076.09 2219.41 3125.25 3713.46

最大值 ÷ 最小值Max/Min

7.75 8.12 8.21 8.21 6.86 6.57

3.2 The Goal of Higher Educational Reform 3.2 The Goal of Higher Educational Reform and Developmentand Development

To accelerate the transition from a country of huge higher education system to a country of strong higher education system;

To improve the quality and level of education, research and services;

To build some world-class universities; To form an modern higher education system of

Chinese characteristics and world standards.

3.3 The policy trend of higher education3.3 The policy trend of higher education reforms in reforms in the next decade the next decade

3.3.1. HEIs should improve the quality of talents training comprehensively.

To build a new mechanism of cooperation in education among universities, research institutes, industries, and enterprises to guarantee practical experiences of the students.

To reform the curriculum and teaching methods, with an emphasis on research-based methods .

To improve learning evaluation so as to fully stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of students and encourage students to study hard.

To accelerate the development of professional degree graduate education. 50% of master graduates before 2015.

3.3.2. With a new classification system, the HEIs 3.3.2. With a new classification system, the HEIs should be categorized and governed accordinglyshould be categorized and governed accordingly

To establish a HEIs classification system

To encourage HEIs to develop with different educational ideas and styles and strive to be the best in different categories.

3.3.3 3.3.3 HEIs shouldHEIs should improve the level of research and improve the level of research and service. service.

to encourage HEIs to play a more important role in the national innovation system ， and make greater contributions to knowledge innovation, technological innovation, national defense innovation and regional innovation.

to strengthen the construction of research innovation bases and technology innovation platforms in higher education institutions.

to improve the innovation-and-quality-oriented mechanisms of research evaluation,.

to promote education resource sharing between higher education institutions, research institutes, and enterprises.

4.4.4. 4.4.4. HEIs should HEIs should accelerate the construction of accelerate the construction of world-class universities and disciplines.world-class universities and disciplines.

To accelerate the pace of building world-class universities and high-level universities, as well as a group of world-class disciplines.

“211 Project”(1993) and“ 985 Project”(1998)

To establish a competition mechanism

To support international academic cooperation in education programs and researches both at home and abroad.

3.3.5 Balanced development among different 3.3.5 Balanced development among different regions should be promoted.regions should be promoted.

To start a new special fund to support the higher education in the Middle and the West China.

To encourage the eastern provinces to take the lead in the development of higher education.

To increase cooperation between the eastern and the western HEIs.

3.3.6. 3.3.6. HEIs shouldHEIs should strengthen international strengthen international exchanges and cooperationexchanges and cooperation

To encourage joint degree programs and mobility as well cross-border higher education.

To strengthen the co-operations with UNESCO and other international organizations;

To attract more international students to study in China by establishing national scholarships for foreign students and other means.

200 thousand international students, 10% by 2020 ?

3.3.7 University culture should be strengthened 3.3.7 University culture should be strengthened

To guarantee academic freedom.

To respect and guarantee individual development of the students, faculty members as well as HEIs.

University culture should promote the development of the students and play a leading role in the culture of the society.

3.3.8 A vigorous higher education management 3.3.8 A vigorous higher education management and administration system is highly expected. and administration system is highly expected.

To promote decentralisation and guarantee the autonomy of HEIs.

To set up Higher Education Financing Consultative Committee and increase the budgetary expenditure per student .

To improve the president responsibility system under the leadership of the university CPC committee

To explore governing board system, and encourage social involvement in university management.

To promote de-bureaucratization of university management.

Thank You !