제 12 주 건축과 기술 : 산업혁명과 근대시설

Étienne-Louis Boullée (February 12, 1728 – February 4, 1799) 프랑스 신고전주의 건축가 a visionary architect whose work greatly influenced contemporary architects.

Cénotaphe à Newton (1784)

Bibliothèque du Roi (1785) Étienne-Louis Boullée

산업혁명

William Bell Scott Iron and Coal / 1855–60

산업혁명

• 1760년경 철의 생산력 증가

• 1786년 면화 방적업에 사용된 와트의 증기기관

기계의 도입과 대량생산

19C초 Liverpool

• Friedrich Klemm

“영국은 곧 기술분야에서 대륙에 비해서 상당한 도약을 이룩했다. 전반적으로 유리한 정치적 상황, 식민지에서 얻은 것과 같은 그들이 사용할 수 있었던 자본, 풍부한 천연자원 및 유리한 발명보호는 청교도들의 쉼 없는 기업정신과 더불어 이 비상한 발전의 주요한 원동력이었다”

공장

• 기계생산의 자율성은 자연의 시간으로부터 부여된 생산의 한계를 탈피

• 공장이라는 거대한 건축물

근대시설 : 박람회 Crystal Palace, London, 1851

생산 – 전시 - 소비

공장

근대적 생활리듬의 탄생

1) 직장/주거

2) 노동시간/여가시간

3) 자본에 따른 계급발생

Henry Ford

Ford의 조립라인(Assembly Line)

Three Components of Ford’s New Program: costly problems of high turnover and absenteeism. Dissatisfied workers and his quest for efficiency 근무시간 : Eight hour work day He lowered the work day to 8 hours. 임금 : $5 day he offered his workers $5 a day (which was an exorbitant amount at the time) but they could only get the full $5 if they met certain conditions regular wage (earned for working) - $2.34 was earned for working profit sharing amount - and $2.66 more could be earned if Ford determined that the worker was living “right.” It was a conditional gift. 복지 : Set up Savings & Loans for Workers (a S&L is basically a bank) He set up a special Ford bank to encourage the workers to save the extra $ they’re earning.

Ford’s Assumptions Ford assumed that a sound home environment produced an efficient worker. If the worker were living in an “unsound” home environment, he would bring bad habits and attitudes to work. So Ford used the extra $ as a (strong) incentive for altering the habits and behaviors of his workers. But there were other important reasons for paying his workers a higher wage. It would allow workers to also be consumers -- and if they saved their money correctly, hopefully they could buy a Ford automobile! Moreover, it hopefully would make workers less inclined to organize and join a union.

노동의 연구

• 1870s :소수의 과학자들이 노동의 세계 연구

• 1920년대 : 공장과 사무실의 조직과 기능에 야기된 변화(changes in the organisation and functioning of the factory and the office)는 수백만 노동자들의 삶에 영향을 끼치게 되었다.

Industrial Psychology

기계시대의 노동

• F. W. Taylor and Henry Ford :

• dreamed of increasing the efficiency of the production process while improving the provision of welfare for the workers.

기계시대의 노동자

• “time and motion' was soon accused of making 'every man merely a cog or a nut or a pin in a big machine . . . “

• by one Samuel Gompers in 1911.

• 시간-기계

찰리 채플린, Modern Times, 1936

철도와 건축

• 1781년 제임스 와트 증기기관

• 1781년 Robert Stephenson 출생

• 1829년, Robert Stephenson Rocket Locomotive 발명

철도의 시대

• 1830 맨체스터-리버풀 철도 개통-최초의 여객철도

• 29mph 기록

노선의 확대

• 1830, 53km

• 1841, 2,400km

• 1860, 13,000km

• 19c말, 27,000km

역마차 (Stagecoach)시대의 종말

1822년 1840년대 말

철도역사 Railway Station

• 철도역사의 image of hurry and bustle

• 초기 철도에 대한 흥분과 기대

초기의 철도역사

• 철도역사의 건축형식? : 선례 부재

• 철도 역사의 기능

① offices for issuing tickets and handling goods,

② a waiting room for passengers

③ accommodation for a station master and other staff.

• Modest house-like buildings adapted from an existing buildings such as inns.

• 철도회사는 당시 일종의 벤처기업

• Curzon Street Station

Like a Roman triumphal arch.

It shows the pride and sense of purpose(목적의식) of the new company.

초기의 철도역사

Curzon Street Station in Birmingham of 1838 by Philip Hardwick

(London & Birmingham Railway, now closed)

대형 철도역사

• 철도의 확장

• 철도역의 대형화 : To cope with increasing traffic and sometimes also to provide shelters spanning more than one platform.

• 철도역의 복합화

London St Pancras Station The Midland Hotel, 1868-74, by Sir George Gilbert Scott

대규모 터미널 역 - Terminus

• 런던 King’s Cross Station

• Trains under twin round-arched roofs, expressed as big glazed openings in the thick walls of brick.

• The clock tower marks the central dividing wall between the roofs.

• The structure is not purely utilitarian – the proportions are carefully calculated, and the whole is recognizably in the Italianate style then in favour.

King’s Cross Station,

by Sir William Cubitt in 1851-2

Kings Cross Station, 1870-1900

London Terminal Map

• 대도시 터미널 역 다수 건립 :

• Termini are most common in the largest cities, particularly London, which has over a dozen.

• 다수의 터미널 역 건립 배경 :

• This is partly because it was so expensive to construct railway lines through from one side of the city to the other, and partly because the railways of the United Kingdom were built by many separate companies, often in fierce competition.

Dublin Connolly Station 1844-6, by William Dean Butler

대규모 터미널 역 - Terminus

• It’s irregularly curving enclosure is an early instance of the freedom made possible by computerized design processes.

• The form recalls the great stations of Victorian times, but the strict streaming of arriving and departing passengers and their luggage has closer affinities with airport planning.

Eurostar Terminal, Waterloo Station 1991-4 by Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners.

대규모 터미널 역 - Terminus

철도의 시대와 시간/공간

• 'But perhaps the most striking result produced by the completion of this Railway, is the sudden and marvellous change which has been effected in our ideas of time and space' Henry Booth, treasurer of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, writing in June 1830.

Master regulator clock,

Euston Station,

1837

시간-공간의 압축 Time–space compression

• David Harvey, <The Condition of Postmodernity>

• Time–space compression often occurs as a result of technological innovations that condense or elide spatial and temporal distances, including technologies of communication (telegraph, telephones, fax machines, Internet), travel (rail, cars, trains, jets), and economics (the need to overcome spatial barriers, open up new markets, speed up production cycles, and reduce the turnover time of capital).

• Diagram of electric time system used around 1910 to keep time in schools, offices, railway networks, telephone exchanges and factories all over the world

• The master clock (bottom center), is wired to slave clocks throughout the building.

• Time stamps that are used to stamp documents with the time, and a turret clock used in a clock tower.

• "program clock" is a timer that can be programmed with punched paper tape to ring bells or turn machines on and off at preprogrammed times.

철도의 시대

• 장거리 여행

• 공간의 확장

• 시간의 단축

• 노동력의 이동

• 대도시의 형성

• 대중의 시대