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N H A N V A T

W G f l s i r "

KINH DO tiQA LII

NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA THONG TIN

Ha Noi - 2008

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L A D A N G B A T

Que: Hoa Lii - Ninh Binh

Cu* nhan van hoc

H6ivien H o i V H N T

Ninh Bi n h

Nghe nghifep: Day hoc

Giaithiio-ngVHNT

Triidng Han SiSu

Ninh Binh

Giai thtfclng V H N T

cua U y ban

toan quo'c l ign higp

cac H o i V H N T V ie t Nam

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Ben tho vua Dinh Tien Hoang 6 xa Triidng Yen,

huyen Hoa Lu - A n h : NINH MANH THANG

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Titcfng vua Dinh Tien Hoang tho a den vua Dinh tai xdTriidng Yen, huyen Hoa Lie - A n h : NINH MANH THANG

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Tttcfng vua Le Dai Hanh tha a den Le tai xa Triidng Yen,

huyen Hoa Lu - A n h : BUI DUY TU

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Tuong Duong hdu thd d den vua Le tai xa Trudng Yen,huyen Hca Lu - A n h : BUI DUY T U

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Tuqng vua Ly Thdi To thd d den Ly Bat Be (Bac Ninh)

A n h : T U LIEU

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Nhd bia tuong idem vua Ly Thai Ta a xa Trit&ng Yen,

huyen Hoa Lit - A n h : NINH MANH THANG

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Toan canh den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang

a xa Triidng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu - A n h : PHAM HY LUONG

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Long Sang dd a den thd vua Dinh tai xa Trit&ng Yen,


Mot goc den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang 6 xd Truong Yen


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Nhan vat l i c h s i t• m

Kinh d o H o a L it

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N H AM V

N H A N V A T L I C H S U *

KINH DO HOA LIT

Stfu tam vd bien soqn: L A D A N G B A T

I

§

> N

H BI

ZHI Iz

V

Iz

V

N H A X U A T B A N V A N H O A T H 6 N G T I N

H A N O l • 2009

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D I N H T I E N H O A N G D E

( D I N H B O L I N H )

( 9 2 4 - 9 7 9 )

1- T U O I N H 6 , C H I L6N CUA D I N H B 0 L I N H

D i n h Bo LTnh sinh nam Giap Than (924)( 1 )

, que 6" thon

K i m L IT , lang Dai Huu, chau Dai Hoang (nay la thon Van

Bong, xa Gia Phuong, huyen Gia V ien , t i nh N inh Binh) . Cha

la D i n h Cong Trt i , me la Dam T h i . "Ong sinh ra, ddng ngudivd tit chat khac thudng "

( 2 )

Dinh Cong Trii que cf thon Kim Lu, lang Dai Huu, chau

D a i Hoang. Ngay nay la thon Van Bong, xa Gia Phuong,

huydn Gia Vien , t i nh Ninh Binh .

- Cac sic sach xtfa khong ghi ngay, thdng sinh cua Dinh Bd LTnh.12 1

- "Lich trieu hien chuang loqi chi" - Tap I - Phan Huy Chii - NXB

KHXH-1992-Trang 190

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"Dai Viet sit ky toan thu" ghi: "Cha ciia vua la Dinh

Cong Trit lam nha tudng cua Duong Dinh Nghe, ditqc Dinh

Nghe giao giitchitc quyen Th.it sii" Chau Hoan, sau theo ve

vdi Ngd vitong, van duoc give chdc cii roi md't"<2 >

.

K h i quan Nam Han xam luge va do ho nude ta, Duong

D i n h Nghe ndi day gianh doc lap. Ngo Quy6n d Phong Chau

(thuoc Son Tay, Ha Tay cu) va D i n h Cong Trir d Trudng Chau

( N i n h B i n h ) , la nhung tudng tai da theo Duong D i n h Nghe

danh quan Nam Han. Nam 931, Duong D i n h Nghe danh tan

quan Nam Han, gianh doc lap, tu xung la Tiet do sir. Ong cut

D i n h Cong Trir lam th i i sir Hoan Chau (Nghe A n ) , Ngo Quyen

lam T h i i sir A i Chau (Thanh Hoa). Nhu the D i n h Cong Trir da

la mot tudng tai, mot ong quan to, di ing Mu mot chau t i i thd i

Duong D i n h Nghe.

N am 937, K i e u Cong Tien la nha tudng da giet Duong

D i n h Nghe, d inh doat chue Tiet do si i . Ngo Quyen k hi dd la

Thu" sii A i Chau dem quan ra giet K i e u Cong Tien va sau dd

danh tan quan Nam Han d song Bach Dang (nam 938).

N am Ky Hqi (939) Ngo Quyen xung vuong ddng do d

Co Loa (Ha N o i ) . K h i Ngo Quyen dem quan giet K i e u Cong

Tien va danh quan Nam Han, D i n h Cong Trir theo Ngo Quyen

va lap cong. Chinh v i the, kh i Ngo Quyen d ngoi (939 - 944),

da giu nguyen chiic cho D i n h Cong Trir lam T h i i sir Hoan

Chau. D i n h Cong Trir lam Thu: six Hoan Chau dudi hai trieu

01

- Chile quan cai quan mot chau thdi Bac thuoc.12 1

- "Dai Viet silky toan tint" (Sdd) - Trang 210.

6

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Duong D i n h Nghe va Ngo Quyen, t i i nam 931 den nam nao

khong ro. Su cu khong ghi nam D i n h Cong Trir mat, chi ghi

"sait theo ve vdi Ngd vitong, van duoc giitchitc cu, rdi mdt".

Co the phong doan D i n h Cong T n i lam thur sir Hoan Chautren 10 nam. Phai la mot ong quan trung quan, ai quoc, co tai

nang mdi co duoc v inh du do.

D i n h Cong T r u chinh la mot v i quan to, th6ng minh, di ic

do, yeu nude, thuong dan.

Sau khi D i n h Cong T n i mat, D i n h Bo L i n h da cung me

la Dam T hi va gia nhan tir Hoan Chau t rd v& que. T h d i gian

nay D i n h Bo LTnh cd t ud i khoang tren 15. Gia d inh Dinh Bo

LTnh phai nuong nhd ong chi i ruot la D i n h Thuc D u d qug.

Dang song thanh nha d noi quan trudng cung bd, duoc

hoc hanh, giao due tu te, nay phai ve que song v d i ngudi dan

chan lam tay bun la mot budc ngoat trong cuoc ddi cua D i n h

Bo LTnh.

T a i dong Hoa L u 0 ' , liic dau D i n h B6 LTnh cung me d

canh ddn Son than (xa Gia Thuy, huyen Nho Quan ngay

nay) . "Dai Viet sit ky toan thu" ghi: "me ho Dam dua gia

thudc vao d canh den Son than trong ddng "

D en Son thah theo "Dai Nam nhat thdng chi" tire la den

L o n g V i e n : "d xa De Cdc, nhd me Dinh Tien Hoang 6 day,

titc chd d cu ciia Dinh Tien Hoang liic con an ndu, nen nhd

cii nay van con nen goi la "Long Vien ", trudc mat trong ra

'" - Ddng Hoa Lu la Tlumg Lau dxa G ia Htfng va vitng dd't xung quanhdo thudc huyen Gia Vien, tinh Ninh Binh ngay nay.

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song, co cau Ngu, cau Phanh, ben td vudn co gd bdng phdng,

titc la chd bay tran cd lau " U ) .

Xa D6 Cdc xira, ngay nay chinh la thon M y Ha, xa Gia

Thuy, huyen N h o Quan, t i n h N i n h B i n h ( 2 ) .

V d i t r i thong minh , t a i nang bam sinh, la i la co n nha

quan co hoc, vao Ilia t u d i duong do trudng thanh, Di n h Bo

LTnh da th ich ng hi ngay m o i trudng song m di, hoa dong, chiem

duoc long men phuc cua bon tre quanh vung nong thon va

dan lang.

D in h Bo LTnh cung nhu bao tre nhd khac trong lang que,

thudng phai d i k i em cu i , chan trau. L i ic d i chan trau Di n h Bo

LTnh luon duoc ton dung diu bon tre chan trau, duoc chi ing

khoanh tay gia lam ngai rude ch o i bay 16 vua t o i , lay hoa lau

lam cd cho quan mang phia trudc, lai gia lam quan d i rude dhai ben ta huu, het nhu nghi thiic trieu dinh. Dinh B6 LTnh

con bay cho bon tre chia quan danh tran gia . Nhdm ban than

cung liia tud i con cd Dinh Dien , Nguyen Bac, Trinh T i i , L u u

C o cung t u d i , cung que, da ci in g D in h Bo LTnh ket nghTa anh

em. Dinh Bo LTnh duoc ton lam anh ca. Sach "Dai Viet sicky

toan thu" ghi : "Ba me thay vay mieng 1dm, mo Ion nhd cho

chiing an. Phu lao ede sach bao nhau: "Diea be nay khi luong

nhu the at lam nen su nghiep, bon ta neu khong theo ve, ngay

"> - "Dai Nam nhat thdng chi "-Tap III - NXB KHXH -1971- Trang 251m

- Hien naydkhu vice thon My Ha con co mot so dia danh ndi ve D inhBp LTnh khi dad day: doi Ho Id noi dicng trau, Noi Choi la noi lam chdiliic trii quan; Noi Ron Chiing la noi de chiing linh; Noi Nam Cam Idnoi decani nam, rieng Trong Id noi de trong; ddng Quan Id noi hdi quan.Theo "Di tich Lich sic Van hod ve hai trieu Dinh - Tien Lid Ninh Binh "- Nguyin Van Trd - NXB VHDT - 2007)

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sau hdi thi dd mudn ". Ben ddn con em den theo, roi lap lam

trudng d sdch(l>

Dao Ao

2 - D I N H BO L I N H TAP HOP Q U A N SY TRCf

T H A N H M O T T U Q N G T A I

Cang ldn len, D i n h Bo LTnh to ro la ngudi muu luge cao,

cd chi ldn nen da tap hgp, luyen tap quan sy d Thung Lau

(con goi la Thung Ong thuoc thon M a i Phuong, xa Gia Hung,

huyen Gia V i e n ngay nay). Day la mot thung lung bang

phang, cd dien t i ch khoang 16 mau, xung quanh deu la nuicao, ch i cd mot con dudng duy nhat vao ra la di qua mot cai

quen nhd, cao khoang 30m. Phu lao trong lang thay k h i chat

D i n h Bo LTnh td ra nhu mot ngudi anh hung nen cho con cai

theo rat dong. Luc lugng vu trang cua D i n h Bo LTnh cang

ngay cang ldn manh, chiem g iu ca mot vung que Hoa Lu.

D i n h Bo LTnh da thu phuc dugc ca sach Bdng cua ngudi chi i

D i n h Thuc Du. "Dai Viet sic ky toan thu" gh i : "Ngudi chii

ciia vua giicsdch Bdng chong danh vdi vua. Bay gid, vua con

it tudi, the quan chua manh, phai thua chay. Khi qua cau 6

Dam Gia Nuang Loan{})

, cau gay, vua roi xudng biin, ngudi

chii toan dam, bdng thay hai con rong vang hd ve vua, nen so

md hd. Vua thu nhat quan con sot, quay lai danh, ngUdi chii

phai hang. Tit day ai ciing so phuc, pham di danh den ddu

deu di nhu che tre, goi la Van Thdng vuong"{4)

.

"' - Sach: don vi hanh chinh nhd d m ien nui nhu ban, trai.I2> - "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" (Sdd) - Trang 210.m

- Loan: la chd song udn vdng. Nay dxdGia Tien, huyen Gia Viin, tinhNinh Binh, gan ben dd Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lie.14 1 - "Dai Viet sicky toan thic" (Sdd) - Trang 211.

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Nam Giap T h i n (944) vua Ngo Quyen mat. Trieu dinh

luc bay gid xay ra nhieu bien loan va xung dot. Duong Tam

Kha con cua Duong D i n h Nghe va la em vo cua Ngo Quyen

cuop ngoi nam 945, xung la Duong B in h vuong. Con trudngcua Ngo Quyen la Ngo Xuong Ngap chay trdn ve Nam Sach

(thuoc Hai Duong).

Duong Tam Kha nhan con t h i i cua Ngo Quyen la Ngo

Xuong Van lam con nuoi. Den nam 950 Ngo Xuong Van lat

do Duong Tam Kha.

Nam 951 Ngo Xuong Van len ngoi xung la Nam Tah

vuong. Cung nam dd Ngo Xuong Van cho ngudi di ddn anh

ruot la Ngo Xuong Ngap ve cung minh trong coi viec nude.

Ngo Xuong Ngap ve xung la Thien Sach vuong. L i ic dd da cd

hai vua lanh dao dat nude. Dat nude l i ic nay rdi ren. Mot sd

tudng cua nha Ngo va cac tho hao da tu tap hop luc luong

quan si rieng chiem ddng cac dia phuong (Sau nay trd thanh

12 si i quan). D i n h Bo L i n h d Hoa L u budc sang tudi 27, da

trudng thanh, cung tach khdi chinh quyen cua hai vua, cai

quan rieng ca vung Hoa Lu.

Nhung la ngudi "biet minh, hieu ngitdi", mudn cd mot

luc luong manh hon niia, biet Tran Lam la mot trong 12 sii

quan d Thai B in h , cd tai thao luqc, dung cam, diic do, nen

D i n h Bo LTnh da cung vdi con trai la D i n h L i e n den l ien ket

lam thuoc tudng cua Tran Lam. Dieu nay da the hien t&m

nhin xa rong cua mot vi tudng bie't danh gia luc luong cua

minh.

Tran Lam khong cd con n d i , thay D i n h Bo LTnh la ngudi

tai nang, cd chi k h i , uy nghiem, hy vong se lam rang rd cho

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dat nude, da nhan lam con nuoi va giao quyen binh cho ong.

Day la mot budc ngoat rat quan trong trong su nghiep cung

cd luc luqng quan su cua Dinh Bo Linh. Ra Thai Binh vdi

Tran L a m , khong cd nghia la bd Hoa Lu, ma la md rong diaban hoat dong, lam cho uy the cua Dinh Bo Linh v£ chinh t r i

va quan sir cang manh hon.

K h i Tran Lam mat , Dinh Bo LTnh thay the chi huy, diing

dau sii quan ciia Tran L a m . Nhung ong thay vung dong bang

Bd Hai dia hinh bat lq i trong chien dau, nen quyet dinh ddi

quan ve" H oa L u , que huong ong, cd nui non trung diep, song

ngoi khuc khuat, dia the hiem t rd hon, thuan lqi cho phdng

thu, t ien cong.

V e Hoa L u , D in h Bo LTnh cang cung cd luc luqng. Nam

Tan vuong va Thien Sach vuong, thay Dinh Bp LTnh khong

chiu quy phuc m inh th i dem quan den Hoa L u danh Dinh Bp

LTnh.

"Dai Viet sit litqc" (khuyet danh) t hd i Tran ghi : "Lite

bay gid co ngitdi a dong Hoa Lit la Dinh Bo LTnh nitcmg tita

noi khe m d hiem trd, kien co ma d, khong chiu tu sita cho

diing cai chdc vu ciia be tdi. Hai vi vitong (Nam Tan vuong

vd Thien Sach vitong) mudn danh, Dinh Bp LTnh so hdi sai

con Id Liin vao trieu cdng. Liin den, hai vi vitong che trdch

sao khong vao chau, roi bat gift Liin vd dem di danh Dinh Bp

LTnh.

Danh hon mot thdng van khong thdng duoc, hai vuong

ben treo Liin len can tre (ddu ngon sao) rdi bao Bp LTnh

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rang: "Neu khong hang tat se giet Liin ". Dinh Bp LTnh tiec

gian dap rang: "Dai tritqng phu hd vi dita con nho md lam

luy den viec ldn sao? ". Rdi ra lenh cho hon 10 tay cung nd

ban Liin. Hai vi vuong kinh so rdi dem quan trd ve"u>.

Hanh dong nay cua D i n h Bo LTnh sanh vdi hanh dong

cua Luu Bang Han Cao To, da dat su nghiep v i nghTa ldn len

tren t i n h cam gia dinh (Hang V u da bat cha cua Luu Bang,

chuan bi dem chem de doa Luu Bang).

Nam Giap Dan (954), Thien Sach vuong, Ngo Xuong

Ngap mat. Nam At Suu (965) Nam Tan vuong Ngo Xuong

Van bi tir tran d Thai B i n h . The la dat nude lam vao mot thdi

ky loan lac, khong cd ai lanh dao. Dd la loan 12 sir quan hinh

thanh ro nhat tu* nam 966.

M u d i hai s i i quan dd la:

1 - Ngo Xuong X i (con cua Thien Sach vuong Ngo Xuong

Ngap) chiem giu dat B in h K ieu (Thanh Hoa) la sir quan cd the'

luc manh hon ca.

2 - Tran Lam la ngudi goc Quang Dong (Trung Qudc),

(xung la Tran M i n h Cong), chiem giQ dat Bd Hai Khau, thudc

Tien Hai, Thai B i n h .

D i n h Bp LTnh la thuoc tudng cua Tran Lam.

3 - Nguyen Thu Tiep (xung la Nguy6n Lenh Cong), chiem

g i u vung Tien Son , Bac N i n h .

"> - "Dai Viet sit luge " - NXB thanh phd Ho Chi Minh - Bp mon Chau A

hoc. Dai hoc tong hap thanh phd Ho Chi Minh -1993 - Trang 84.

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4 - Ly Khue (xung la Ly Lang Cong), chiem giu vung

Thuaui Thanh, Bac N i n h .

5 - L u Duong, con goi la La Duong (xung la L f f T a Cong),

chiem giu vung Te Giang, nay thuoc Van Giang, Hung Yen.

6 - Pham Bach Ho (xung la Pham Phong A t ) , chiem giu

vung Dang Chau, Hung Yen.

7 - Nguyen Sieu (xung la Nguydn Huu Cong), chiem giu

vung Thanh T r i , Ha No i.

8 - Nguyen Khoan (xung la Nguydn Thai Binh) , chiem

gitf dat V i n h Tudng, V i n h Phuc.

9 - K i e u Cong Han la chau noi cua K i e u Cong T i i n va la

anh rupt cua sir quan K i e u Thuan (xung la K i e u Tam Che),

chiem giu vung Bach Hac, Phii Tho.10 - K i e u Thuan (xung la K i e u Lenh Cong), chiem giu

vung Cam Khe (Ha Tay).

11 - D6 Canh Thac, chiem gitf vung Dd D6ng Giang,

thuoc Thanh Oai, Ha Tay.

12 - Ngo Nhat Khanh (xung la Ngo Lam Cong), chiem

gitf vung Duong Lam, Ha Tay. (Ngo Nhat Khanh la chau

Ng6 Quyen, sau nay la pho ma cua vua D i n h Tien Hoang.

Vua D i n h Tien Hoang ga cong chua Phat K im cho Ngo Nhat

Khanh).

Nhtfng ngudi dtfng dau mudi hai stf quan phAn ldn la

nhtfng ngudi thuoc ddng doi con chau hoac tudng l i nh cu cua

nha Ng6, deu chiem mot vung dat, mdi vung dat r6ng khoang

vai huyen nhu ngay nay, cd xay thanh, dap luy va thon t inh

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lan nhau keo dai trong hai nam (966 - 967), tap trung chu yeu

d khu vuc song Hong.

D i n h Bo L i n h da dung dau mot su quan manh nhat. Trd

ve Hoa L u , D i n h Bp LTnh thay cd nhieu thuan l q i .

Hoa L u cd nhi6u day nui da voi chay theo hudng Tay

Bac - Dong Nam va ha thap dan. Nui d day vach dung d i ing ,

cheo leo, 1dm chdm, vo ciing hiem trd nhu nhung hue tudng

thanh thien nhien hung vT.

Khong chi cd nhi6u n u i , Hoa L u con la vung dat day dac

song ngoi. D d la song Day, song Than Phi i , song Van Sang,

song Hoang Long, song Sao Khe,...

M o t dieu rat thuan lq i la Hoa L u vua la vung ddng bang

vita cd bien. Gan thanh phd N in h B in h ngay nay t iLhoi the ky

th i i X th i dd van la bien. Nui Due Thuy kh i dd nam sat bien

duoc goi la Due Thuy Son Hai Khau.

Hoa L u khong chi la Thung Lau nhd hep k hi xua nua,

ma con la no i rat thuan lq i ve giao thong thuy bq, co dong

duoc ve quan su, day con la vung dat mau mo, quan sy cd the

vua chien dau vira san xuat de tao ngudn luong thuc tu tuc.

D i n h Bq LTnh da sdm cd quan diem va ap dung chinh sach

vira chien da'u vira san xuat nen d Hoa L u , s i i quan cua D i n h

Bp LTnh cd du ba dieu kien: thien t h d i , dia l q i , nhan hoa. Ong

dua vao the nui song tu nhien de xay thanh, dap luy va chieu

mq cac hao kiet cung quan sT den Hoa L u . Trong dd cd nhihig

tudng g i d i nhu: Pham Hap, Pham Cu Luqng, Le Hoan.

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3- D I N H BQ L I N H DEP L O A N 12 Sl l Q U A N

T rd thanh ngudi diing dau mot sii quan, D i n h Bq LTnh co

nhieu tudng g i d i nhu D i n h Dien, Nguyln Bac, Trinh Ti i , Luu

Co, Pham Hap, Pham Cu Luqng, Le Hoan giup siic. Duoc

quan sT theo phuc dong, nhan dan ung hq, D i n h Bp LTnh ra

tay dep loan 11 s i i quan con l a i . Ong danh dau duqc day. Cac

chau, cac phu khong ai khdng quy phuc.

Trong chien dau D i n h Bq LTnh khong chi dung quan suma con khon kheo van dung chinh tri ket hop vd i quan su.

Ong da diing ke sach thu phuc duqc Pham Bach Hd d Dang

Chau (Hung Yen), hang phuc duqc Ngo Nhat Khanh dDudng

Lam (Ha Tay) va Ngo Xuong X i d Binh Kieu (Thanh Hoa).

(Chinh sach nay con thuc hien khi D i n h Bq LTnh da len ngoihoang de. D i n h Tien Hoang da lap me cua Ng6 Nhat Khanh

lam hoang hau, cho con trai ca cua minh la D i n h L i i n lay em

gai Ngo Nhat Khanh. Nhung van so Ngo Nhat Khanh cd kha

nang sinh bien, chong lai, nen vua D i n h quyet dinh ga con

gai yeu quy cua minh la Phat K i m cho Ngo Nhat Khanh).Con lai 8 sii quan nira la: K i e u Cong Han d Bach Hac (Phii

Tho), Nguyln Khoan d VTnh Tudng (VTnh Phuc), Dd Canh

Thac d Thanh Oai (Ha Tay), Ly Khue d Thuan Thanh (Bac

N i n h ) , Nguyln Thu Tiep d Tien Son (Bac N i n h ) , L u Dudng d

Van Giang (Hung Yen), Nguyln Sieu d Thanh T r i (Ha N o i ) ,K i e u Thuan d Cam Khe (Ha Tay), D i n h Bp LTnh cung da to

chiic n h i l u tran danh ac l iet de tieu diet 13n luqt cac sii quan

trong vdng 2 nam, ttir nam 966 den cudi nam 967.

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Cudi nam D i n h Mao (967), D i n h B6 LTnh danh va dep

yen duqc 11 sir quan, khong con loan 12 sii quan nua non

song thu ve mot m d i , dat nude t rd lai thdng nhat, ba quan tudng

sT ton vinh ong la Van Thang vucmg. Su nghiep do cua D i n h Bq

LTnh cua nude ta cung khong khac gi Tan Thuy Hoang thdi

trudc Cong nguyen khi thon t inh duqc 6 nude khac, thdng nhat

dat nude Trung Quoc.

4 - D I N H BO L I N H LE N N G O I H O A N G DE

N am 968, Van Thang vuong ( D i n h Bq LTnh) len ngoi

hoang de( 1 )

, hieu la D i n h Tien Hoang "Dai Viet sii ky toan

thu" gh i : "Bay toi ddng ton hieu la Dai Thdng Minh hoang

de"(2

\

D i n h Tien Hoang dat ten nude la Dai Cd Vi e t , ddng do dHoa L u (xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa L u , t i n h N i n h B i n h ngay

nay) .

D i n h Tien Hoang la ngudi cd cong cung cd nen dqc lap

va chu quyen dan tqc, xay dung quoc gia phong kien thdng

nhat dau tien trong l i ch sir dan tqc.

Viec "Bay tdi ddng ton hieu Id Dai Thdng Minh hoang

de" cd y nghia rat ldn.

6" Trung Quoc viec xung "vuong" cd tu* thdi thuqng co

den the ky I I I trudc Cong nguyen. 6" V i e t Nam viec xung

"vuong" cung cd tir lau. Hq Hong Bang da cd K i n h Duong

Vuong va Hung Vuong.

"> - Cac sach sicxica khong ghi ngay, thdng Dinh Bo Unh len ngoi hoang12 1

- "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" (Sdd) - Trang 211.

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Den doi vua Tan (Trung Quoc) Doanh Chinh (Tan Thuy

Hoang) trudc Cong nguyen mdi tu xung la "Tan Thuy Hoang

de". Chu "de" trudc day (thdi co dai) chi dung di goi Trdi

khong diing de goi vua. Nhung den ddi Doanh Chinh da dung

d6 goi vua. ("hodng": ngudi thdng t r i bac cao nhat. "de": Trdi) .

Qua dd Doanh Chinh mudn khang dinh minh cd uy quy6n

thdng t r i toan bo the gian v i da thon t inh duqc 6 nude khac,

thdng nhat dat nude Trung Quoc.

C) V i e t Nam, mai den the ky V I sau C6ng nguyen, Ly

Bon (L y Bi) (544 - 548) mdi xung "de", goi la Ly Nam De,

lap nude Van Xuan. Sau dd, nam 722, Mai Thuc Loan cung

xung "d€\ goi la M ai Hac De.

Viec xung "de" cua Ly Bon cd y nghia ra'

khang dinh nude Nam cung cd Nam de ngan;

(Trung Quoc).

Nhung L y Nam De va M a i Hac Dech i xun'

chua xung la "hoang de" nhu d Trung Qudc

duqc m6t thdi gian ngan do dat nude con nhd hi

chua diy du.

Den D i n h Tien Hoang duqc ton hieu la "Dai Thdng Minh

Hoang de" ("dai": to l d n ; "thang": duqc, hon; "minh": sang

ro; "hoang de": vua nude ldn) do D i n h Tien Hoang chinh la

ngudi toan thang ve vang nhat, da cd cong thdng nhat dat

nude.

Lin dau tien trong l ich su dung nude cua Vi e t Nam, D i n h

Tien Hoang la ngudi cung cd doe lap chu quyen dan tqc, xay

D . trieu ne u

2-NVLS17

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dung quoc gia phong kien thdng nhat. Va cung la lan dau t ien

quoc gia ay cd vua duqc ton xung danh hieu "Hoang de".

N eu Tan Thuy Hoang de d Trung Quoc cd cong thdng

nhat dat nude, tu xung la hoang dedau t ien trong l i ch sir Trung

Quoc, thi D i n h T ie n Hoang d V i e t Nam cung cd cong thdng

nhat dat nude, duqc ton hieu la "Dai Thang Minh Hoang de"

dau t ien trong l i ch sir Vi e t Nam.

Phai chang, l i ch sir vo t i nh hay huu y cd su khang dinh

cong lao cua nhung ngudi cd cong thdng nhat dat nude!

Danh hieu "Dai Thdng Minh Hoang de" cd y nghia rat

l dn , khang d inh nude ta cd n6n doe lap tu chu va Hoang de

nude Nam phai sanh ngang vdi Hoang de phuong Bac, the

hien y thue cua cha ong ta khong thira nhan chi cd m6t Hoang

de duy nhat d the gian, neu phuong Bac cd Hoang de thi

phuong Nam cung cd Hoang de. V i the trong "Lich trieu hien

chuong hai chi" Phan Huy C h i i (1782 - 1840) viet: "Xet:

Nude ta thdi Hiing Vuong mdi bat ddu thdng hien vdi Trung

Quoc, nhung danh hieu con nhd, khong duoc du vao hang

chu hdu trieu hdi... Rdi bi Trieu Dd kiem tinh, nhd Hdn phong

Dd lam Nam Viet vuong, chi duqc sdnh vdi chu hdu ciia Trung

Quoc, chit chua tieng duqc neu la mot nude... Den khi Dinh

Tien Hoang binh dinh cac sit quan, khdi phuc md mang bd

coi, bay gid dien le sach phong ciia Trung Quoc mdi nhan

cho ditng rieng la mot mtdc "(l>

.

'" - "Lich trieu Men chuong loai chi" - Tap III - Phan Huy Chii - NXBKHXH -1992 - Trang 186

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Nam 969, vua D i n h Tien Hoang phong con trudng lam

Nam V i e t vuong.

Nam Canh Ngo (970) vua D i n h Tien Hoang dat nien hieu

la Thai B in h . Do la nien hieu rieng cua nude Dai C6 Vie t ,

khong dung nien hieu cua cac hoang de Trung Quoc. Lan

dau tien trong l i ch sir nen phong kien tap quyen, mot thu l inh

dia phuong len ngoi vua da vut bo nien hieu cua Thien Tri6u ,

khang dinh thang lq i cua xu hudng thdng nhat quoc gia, thang

l q i cua t inh than dqc lap dan tqc va y chi dqc lap manh me cua

dan tqc ta thd i ay. Ly Nam De trudc vua D i n h Tien Hoang da

bat dau dat nien hitu la Thien Due (544- 548). Nhung Ly

Nam De da dat theo nien hieu cua Trung Quoc. Con 'Thai

Binh" la nien hieu rieng cua D i n h Tien Hoang, cua Vi e t Nam.

Cung nam 970, vua D i n h Tien Hoang lap 5 hoang hau,

gdm Dan Gia, T r in h M i n h , K i e u Quoc, Cd Quoc va Ca Ong.

Trong sd 5 ba hoang hau nay cd hoang hau Duong Thi va me

Ng6 Nhat Khanh cung lam hoang hau. Nhung chua ro ten hai

hoang hau nay la ai trong sd 5 hoang hau dd. Ve va'n d l nay

nha sir hoc Le Van Huu da phe phan: "ticxiia chi lap (hoanghau) mot ngudi de chit viec noi tri md thdi, chua tung nghe

ndi lap den 5 ngudi... Tien Hoang khdi xudng su rdi loan thii

bac vdy"0). Trong 5 hoang hau nay cd hoang hau Duong Thi

la me cua D i n h Toan.

M 6 t nam sau, nam Tan M u i (971) vua D i n h Tien Hoang

quy dinh cap buc van vo, tang dao, phong cho Nguyln Bac

"> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 212

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lam D i n h Quoc Cong (tudc cong, quyen dinh l i eu viec nude,

lam cong viec chile phan cua Te tudng nhu chiic T h i i tudng

bay gid); phong D i n h Dien giu chut Ngoai giap (cai quan

cong viec ben ngoai K i n h do); phong Luu Co g i u chiic Si su d

Do hq phu (chiic quan coi viec hinh nguc).

Vua D i n h Tien Hoang con phong Le Hoan lam Thap

dao tudng quan (la tudng chi huy 10 dao quan, tire chi huy

quan doi trong ca nude, ngang vdi chiic Bq trudng Bq Quoc

phdng ngay nay).

Vua D i n h Tien Hoang cung ban luon chiic cho cac nha

su. Su Ngo Chan Luu (933-1011) duqc giu chiic quan Tang

thdng la ngudi diing da\i Phat giao trong nude, duqc ban hieu

Khuong V i e t dai su. Ngo Chan Luu da tham gia hoat dongchinh t r i , cd cong rat ldn trong su nghiep xay dung trieu D i n h ,

la mot thien sudiic tai song toan. Nha suTruong Ma N i cung

duqc vua D i n h Tien Hoang ban chiic Tang luc, la chiic quan

trong coi Phat giao dudi chiic Tang thdng. Dao si Dang Huyen

Quang duqc giu chiic Sung chan uy nghi , la chiic quan trong

coi ve Dao giao.

V i the, cac nha su dudi trieu vua D i n h Tien Hoang da trd

thanh nhung t r i thiic yeu nude, gdp phan rat quan trong giup

vua D i n h Tien Hoang dung nude va g iu nude.

Thdi dd, Phat giao chie'm mot v i t r i dac biet, khong the

thieu duqc trong trieu dinh duqc coi la Quoc giao. Vua D i n h

Tien Hoang da biet khai thac nhung gia tri cua Phat giao de

lanh dao dat nude. Dd cung chinh la mot trong nhung tu tudng

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quan trong de an dan t r i quoc. No da trd thanh he tu tudng

chinh thdng, chi phdi dd i song t inh than cua xa hdi .

Cung nam 9 7 1 , vua D i n h Tien Hoang ga cong chua M i n h

Chau cho Tran Thang va phong Tran Thang lam Phd ma Do

uy. Tran Thang la em Tran Lam (Tran M i n h Cong).

Nam Nham Than (972), vua D i n h Tien Hoang sai Nam

V i e t vuong D i n h L i e n sang sir tham nha Tong.

Nam 973, sau khi Nam V i e t vuong D in h L ien di su: venude, vua Tong sai sii sang nude Dai Co V ie t , phong cho vua

D i n h Tien Hoang lam Giao Chi Quan Vuong. Giao Chi Quan

Vuong la sac phong d£u tien cua vua Tong phong cho vua

D i n h Tien Hoang, cung la sac phong dau tien cua Nha Tong

ddi vdi nude Dai Co V i e t .

D I nhien vua D i n h Tien Hoang con bd dung nhieu chiic

quan khac nira de hoan chinh bq may quan l ieu, gdm cac

quan van vo tai nang va ddng dao. Den mua xuan nam 975,

vua D i n h Tien Hoang con quy dinh ao mu cua cac quan van

vo theo diing nghi thiic cua t r i6u dinh.

De bao ve cho nude Dai Cd V i e t thdng nhat, dqc lap, tu

chi i , vua D i n h Tien Hoang da chi i y xay dung mdt quan ddi

vung manh. Mua xuan nam 974, vua D i n h Tien Hoang quy

dinh quan ddi phai cd 10 dao quan: "mdi dao co 10 quan,

mot quan 10 lii, mot lie 10 tot,, mot tot 10 ngu, mot ngu 10

ngudiTinh ra dao quan ay len tdi mdt trieu ngudi, trong

k h i dan sd trong nude khi dd chi cd khoang ba trieu ngudi,

- "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 213

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nhir vay c i i ba ngudi dan co mot ngudi lmh. Co the hieu nh u

bay gid, do la hinh thiic vu trang nhan dan, dua vao dan de

phat t r ien quan d pi . X a hqi D ai Co V ie t con no n t re kh i do rat

can co mot dpi quan dong va manh nh u the de bao dam cho

dat nude yen on, neu giac phuong Bac xam luqc th i co du sire

manh de danh t ra . Chin h v i the, N go Phong hq Ngo (Ngo Thi

Sy) da viet rang:

"Xet quy che quan IS nay, tit 1 ngu 10 ngudi den 1 dao

10 quan, thanh so mdi quan 10.000. Tong so 10 dao la 100

van ngudi. Sd com do 100 van ngudi ay tat phai phien den

may itc van ngitdi cung cap, thi ddn lite trong nude lay gi md

cung dii duqc? Cd le bay gid binh vd ndng chua chia nhau,

con la khi cd viec thi goi ra, khi xong viec goi gidi tan veddng

ruong "(

"

Cung nam do, vua Dinh Tien Hoang con quy dinh quan

doi deu phai d q i m u "binh dinh " (phang dau) vuong bon goc

(loai mu nay lam bang da, chop phang, bon ben khau l ien,

tren hep, dudi rong).

Dat nude ta day dac song n g o i "Nam chu, Bac ma",

ngucfi Trung Quoc dung ngua, ngudi V ie t Nam d i ing thuyen,

trong chien dau rat cin den thuy quan. V i vay vua D in h Tien

Hoang cho thuy quan thudng xuyen tap luyen d s6ng Sao

K h e chay qua K in h do Hoa L u . Tuong truyen, ong dung d

Gh6nh Thap l a m ot mo m nu i thap nho ra sat song Sao Khe de

x em thuy quan tap luyen.

"> - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap III - Phan Huy C hit - NXBKHXH-Trang7.

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Nam Mau Dan (978), vua Dinh Tien Hoang lap con nho

la Dinh Hang Lang lam hoang thai tu va phong con thu" D in h

Toan l am Ve vuong.

Nam Ky Mao (979) vao mua dong, thang 10( 1 )

, "Chi

hdu noi nhan Dd Thich (ngudi xa Dqi De, huyen Thien Ban,

nay Id huyen Vu Ban, tinh Nam Dinh) giet vua dsdn cung"i2>

"nhan liic vua an yen ban dem, say ruqu nam trong sdn,

Thich ben giet chet, lqi giet luon cd Nam Viet vuang Liin "(3)

.

Theo "Dqi V iet sit ky toan thu", "rude linh ciai Tien

Hoang Devi tang d Son Lang, Trudng Yen " ( 4 ) , tuc la tang d

tren nui M a Yen (nui Yen Ngua) thuoc xa Trudng Ye n , huyen

H o a L u ngay nay.

D i n h Tien Hoang d ngoi 12 nam (968-979), tho 56 tudi

(924 - 979).

5. NHUN G TH A N H QUA CUA VUA DIN H H E N H O A N G

5-1. XA Y DUNG KINH DO HOA L U 6 XA TRUClNG YllN,

HUY$N HOA LUNGAY NAY:

a- Vi tri vd dien tich

Sach "Dqi Viet sic luge" (Khuyet danh thd i Tran) cd ghi :

"Den nam thii nhat nien hieu Khai Bao (968) ddi vua Trieu

la Tong Thdi Td, vuong xung hoang di d ddng Hoa Lu. Rdi

dung cung dien, che trieu nghi, sap dat tram quan, lap xd

tdc"«\

'" - Cac sach sicxifa khong ghi ngay Vua Dinh Tien Hoang mat.

m t at. "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 214.

<•" - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 215.

<SI

- "Dai Viet sir luge " (Sdd) - Trang 90.

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Nha su hoc Le Van Huu (1230-1322), trong cuon "Dqi

Viet sicky toan thu", khi ban v6 D i n h T i en Hoang co viet:

"Tien Hoang nhdcd tai sang sudt hon ngudi, diing cam

mint luge nhat ddi, ditong liic nude Viet ta khong cd chii, cac

hiing trudng cat cii, mdt phen catquan md mitdi hai sic quan

phuc het. Vua mdnudc ditng dd, ddi xitng hoang de, dat tram

quan, lap sau quan, che dd gan day dii

N g u y l n T r a i (1380 -1442) la bac dai th i hao dau tien cua

dan toe, trong cuon "Ditdia chf cung ghi:

"Dinh (Dinh Bp LTnh) goi mtdc Id Dqi Cd Viet, ddng dd

d Hoa Lit... Hoa Lu la Dqi Hoang, bay gid la phii Trudng

Yen"a)

.

T ai day, ong cho xay dung cung dien, dat t r ieu nghi , dap

thanh, dao hao, dua vao the nui xay dung mot cong t r inh phong

ngu k ien cd nhu mot phao dai hiem, biet lSp vdi ben ngoai.

K i n h do Hoa L u nam gon trong dia phan xa Trudng Yen

ngay nay, duqc bao quanh bdi hang loat nui da vdng cung,

canh quan hung v i .

"Dqi Nam nhat thdng chf cd viet : "Dd cii nhd Dinh,

nhd Le dxdTrudng Yen Tlutgng vd Trudng Yen Hq... cd Ndi

Thanh vd Ngoai Thanh, cd cua xay bang dd, lqi cd cac danh

hieu: Cau Ddng, can Den, cau Mudng, Trang Tien, chiia

Thap, chua Nhat Tru, vv... nen cii van con

"> - "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" (Sdd) - Trang 211.

<2> - "Nguyin Trdi toan tap "(in ldn thit 2) - NXB KHXH - Ha Noi -1976-Trang 21613 1

- "Dai Nam nhat thdng chf" (Sdd) - Trang 249

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K i n h do Hoa L u rong khoang 300ha bao t r i im len xa

Trudng Yen huyen Hoa Lu, lai duqc chia lam hai khu vuc:

Thanh Ndi va Thanh Ngoai. Thanh Ngoai nam vd phia Dong,

gdm thon Yen Thanh va thon Yen Thuqng ngay nay. Day lanoi xay dung nhung cung dien chinh ma khu vuc ddn D i n h va

den Le la trung didm, la noi D i n h Tien Hoang cam cd nude.

Trudc cac cung dien cd nui Ma Yen, tuong truyen vua D i n h

Tien Hoang lay nui nay lam an. O thon Yen Thanh cd nhieu

chua va den, hien nay van con, la mot phan kien true trong

khu cung dien chinh. Dd la chua Nhat Tr u , duqc xay dung t i i

ddi vua Le Dai Hanh. Cach chua Nhat Tru mot doan la den

Phat K i m (thd cong chua Phat K i m - con gai vua D i n h Tien

Hoang). Thanh Ngoai rong khoang 140ha. Thanh Nqi rong

hon Thanh Ngoai, cd dien t i ch khoang 160ha, nam ve phia

Tay d sau trong cac day nui phia Tay, gdm dat thon Chi Phong

xa Trudng Yen ngay nay. Thanh N q i con cd ten la Thu N h i xa

hay K hd Nhi xa, la noi d cua gia dinh cac quan la i , cac kho

tang va la noi ddng quan.

Goi Thanh N q i , Thanh Ngoai la goi tfir phia trong ra phia

ngoai, c h i i khong phai chi cac vdng thanh phia trong hay phia

ngoai, cung khong mang y nghia khu thanh phu hay khu thanh

chinh.

Thanh N q i va Thanh Ngoai la hai khu vuc each biet nhau

nhung d sat canh nhau va cd the qua lai duqc dd dang nhd

mdt ngach an thdng goi la Quen Vdng. (Quen Vdng nam ve

phia Tay Nam den D i n h hien nay - thudc dat thon Chi Phong).

Quen cao so vdi mat dudng khoang 5m, rdng gan 10m. Phia

Nam quen la nui Quen Dot. Phia Bac quen la nui Phi Van

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(ngay nay nhan dan pha quen lam them mot con ngoi - phia

Nam quen di dan nude va ha thap quen xuong, chi cao dp

1,5m).

Nhu the K i n h do Hoa L u thdi xua co dien t ich khoang

300ha, gdm hai khu Thanh Ngoai gdm 140ha, Thanh Nqi

gdm 160ha.

b - Thanh tri Kinh do Hoa Lu

K i n h do Hoa L u nam gqn trong thanh t r i thien nhien va

nhan tao d phia Bac va phia Dong, con phia Tay va phia Nam

deu la nhung tudng thanh thien nhien gdm cac day nui cao

trung diep.

K i n h do Hoa L u chinh la mot quan thanh vung chac do

thien nhien va con ngudi lam nen. Khac vdi moi do thanh da

xay dung tren dat nude ta, thanh Hoa L u gdm nhiing day nui

da voi va cac tudng thanh nhan tao dan xen, ndi l ien vd i nhau,

nhap nhd tao nen mdt dd thanh ddc dao ma khong noi nao cd

duqc. Vua D i n h Tien Hoang da biet khai thac triet de thien

nhien de phuc vu cho con ngudi. L d i kien true nay da tiet

kiem tdi da siic ngudi siic cua. Chi can bit k in cac vach nui,

nghia la dap them nhung tudng thanh nhan tao de ndi cac day

nui lai v d i nhau la cd nhung vdng thanh vd ciing ky v i va kien

cd. Chieu dai cua cac day nui tao nen tudng thanh thien nhien

khoang 8km. Chieu cao binh quan cua cac ngon nui la 100m.

Nhung cd cac ngon nui cao hem 200m nhu nui Mdng Mang

cao 222m, nui Ddc Son cao 207m, nui Nhien Son cao 208m.

Sau nhieu lan nghien ci iu va khai quat, chiing ta cd the

khang dinh duqc rang K i n h dd Hoa L u cd 13 doan tudng

thanh nhan tao.

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Thanh Ngoai d ve phia Bac va Dong Bac g6m cac tudng

thanh nhan tao sau:

- Tudng Dong: Gom hai doan: mot doan ndi tir nui Dam

sang nui Thanh Lau dai 250m. Mot doan tCr nui Thanh Lau

ndi sang nui Cot Cd cung dai 250m. Hai doan nay che chan

phia Dong K i n h do Hoa Lu .

- Tudng Bac: Nam ve phia Bac K i n h do Hoa L u , gdm hai

doan. Mot doan ndi ti t nui Cot Cd den nui Che dai 300m.

(Doan nay hien nay di qua san trudng THCS Trudng Yen).

M o t doan tir nui Che den nui Cho, dai 150m.

- Tudng Den: Che chan mat Bac d Thanh Nqi (thon Chi

Phong) gdm hai doan: mot doan tir nui Hang To sang nui

Canh Han, dai 150m, mot doan tiit nui Canh Han sang nui Sau

Cai, dai 500m.

- Tudng Nam nam d phia Nam K i n h do Hoa Lu, dai

khoang 100m, ndi hai mom nui phia Ddng sang phia Tay, tai

diem goi la Mang Nude.

D d la 7 tuyeh tudng thanh nhan tao chinh. Ngoai ra, d

Thanh N di va phia Nam K i n h dd Hoa L u con cd 6 doan tudng

thanh nua. Tudng B im ndi tir nui Cd Giai sang nui Mdng Mang,

ngan nha't, cd 65m. Tudng Bd ndi tir nui Bd sang nui Quen

Dot, dai 150m. Tudng Vau ndi tir nui Hang Quan sang nui

Ma Yen dai khoang 200m. Tudng Ngoi Chem ndi tir nui Hang

Quan den nui Da i Van . Tudng Quen Thung Mdc ndi tir nuiHang Luon sang nui Thung Mdc . Tudng Vau khu Thanh Ndi

ndi tir nui Chua Thu sang nui Hang Sung.

Tong sd cac doan tudng thanh nhan tao d K i n h dd Hoa

27

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L ir la 13 doan, co 11 doan chay qua vung sinh lay va 2 doan

d tren quen da vo i cao rao( 1 )

.

Chidu dai cua cac tudng thanh nhan tao gan 2km.

Nhiing tudng thanh nhan tao nay duqc dap kha cao tir 8

den 10m, mong sau 2m, chan tudng thanh rong khoang tfir 15

den 17m, mat tren cung cua tudng thanh rong t i i 3m deh 4m.

Co doan xay kin bang dat ken gach, chan thanh bo gach, co

doan phia trong xay gach, phia ngoai dap dat, co doan dap da

Ian dat va co doan dap toan bang dat.

Mong thanh co doan duqc lat bang nhung doan g6 sat

vao nhau lam mong be nhu tucmg Ngoi Chem. Hien nay da'u

vet cua 13 tuyeh tudng thanh v i n con.

Nhu the tucmg thanh Hoa L u la do thien nhien va con

ngudi tao dung. Nd nha'p nho khong deu. Tudng thanh thien

nhien la cac day nu i ldn, cd ngon nui nhu Mdng Mang Cao

den hon 200m. Tudng thanh nhan tao ndi cac day nui lai vd i

nhau chi cao den 10m. Dieu dd lam cho tudng thanh K i n h do

Hoa L u cao khong ddu, nha'p nho nhung be the, hoanh trang.

V i the, vai trd cua nhiing day nui ldn d K i n h do Hoa L u ratquan trong.

Hien nay nhung tudng thanh nhan tao d K i n h do Hoa Lu

xua khong con niia. Nhieu ngudi cho rang K i n h do Hoa L u

khong con thanh cd. Nhung thuc ra thanh cd Hoa L u van

con. Du trai qua hon 1000 nam, chiu mua nang cua dat t rd ikhac nghiet, nd van diing dd "trogan ciing tue nguyet", khong

"> - Theo Ddng Cong Nga - "Kinh do Hoa Lu thai Dinh-Tien Le" - SdVHTT Ninh Binh - 2002.

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phai khai quit, khong phai trung tu, dai tu. Do la nhiing day

nui dung lam tuong thanh Hoa L u xa xua van con giu nguyen

cac ten goi nhu da co, chinh la mot phan con lai muon doi cua

thanh co Hoa L u ma khong bao gio mat di duqc.

Da co tucmg thanh thi phai co cua thanh. Co the, d K i n h

d6 Hoa L u co cac ciia thanh sau: cua bq gom cua Dong (cua

chinh) nam & tudng thanh phia Dong theo dudng cura Dong;

tudng thanh phia Dong con mot cita thanh niia d doan tir nui

Thanh Lau sang nui Cot Cd, cua Dong Bac nam d tudng thanh

phia Dong Bac, ciia Tay nam d phia Tay; cira nude (thuy

mon) gdm ciia Bac d doan song Sao Khe gan nui Che, cua

Nam la hang Ludn (Xuyen Thuy Dong) va mot ciia gdm ca

bq va nude la cura Thanh D6n.

Theo "Dqi Nam nhat thong chi" cac ciia thanh Hoa L u

deu "co cita xay bang dd "a>

rat chac chan.

c - Cac cung dien trong Kinh do Hoa Lu

"Dqi Viet sitky toan tint" cd viet: "Mau Thin, nam thitl

(968) vua len ngoi... bat dau ditng do mdi, dap thanh, dao

hao, xdy cung dien"a)

.

Nhu the la tir nam 968 vua D i n h Tien Hoang da cho xay

dung cac cung dien trong K i n h do Hoa Lu.

Cac cung dien nay duqc xay dung d thon Yen Thanh vath6n Yen Thuqng, xa Trudng Yen ngay nay, ma tap trung

- "Dai Nam nhat thong chi" (Sdd) - Trang 249

<2> - "Dqi Viet sitky toan tint" (Sdd) - Trang 211

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nam d khu vuc hai ngoi den thd vua D i n h Tien Hoang va vua

Le Dai Hanh.

d - Kho tang

Trong K i n h do Hoa L u xay dung nhieu kho tang. Day la

mot loai kien true de chua cac vat l i eu , vu kh i , luong thuc,

thuc pham, tien bac... Cac sach sir xua khong noi den kho

tang. Nhung chac chan la d Thanh N oi duqc xay dung nhieu

kho tang. Mot dieu rat dac biet la vua D i n h Tien Hoang da

biet khai thac tdi uu thien nhien de phuc vu cho trieu dinh,

lam giam nhung chi tieu khong can thiet trong dieu kien mot

nha nude phong kien tap quyen con non tre. V i vay, nha vua

da diing mot sd hang dong trong nui de lam kho tang. Theo

truyen thuyet, d xa Trudng Yen con cd hai hang M u d i : Mdt

hang M u d i d trong nui Hang M u d i nam sat phia Tay song

Sao Khe (qua Ghenh Thap mdi deh hang M u d i ) , mdt hang

M u d i Can nam ve phia Ddng K i n h dd Hoa L u , deu la kho

t i ch mudi. Hang Tien la kho t ru tien d phia Tay Bac K i n h dd

Hoa L u (phia Bac thon Chi Phong, gan dudng Nguyen Van

T r d i , hien nay da bi san lap do pha nui la'y da). Lai cd hang

Trau la noi chiia luong thuc, hang Bim la kho vu kh i , . . .

Ngoai ra, tuong truyen thi ddng Hoa Son (xa N i n h Hoa)

va khu Nen kho d thon La Mai (xa N i n h Giang) cung duqc

dung lam kho chiia luong thuc, thuc pham.

e - Nguc that

Khong chi dung cac hang ddng de lam kho, vua D i n h

Tien Hoang con dung cac hang ddng de lam nguc that. O

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phia Dong Nam khu Thanh Ngoai co dong A m Tien d lung

chirng nu i, tuong truyen la noi vua D i n h Tien Hoang nhdt hd

bao de khi cd ke nao pham toi nang th i bat nhdt vao day cho

manh thu an t h i t . Dudi chan nui Dia nam ve phia Bac d khu

Thanh Ngoai cd mdt ao l dn , ten la A o G i a i . Tuong truyen Ao

Giai la noi vua D i n h nudi gia i , de nem nhung ke cd td i xudng

ao cho giai an th i t .

/ - Cac ngoi chiia trong Kinh do Hoa Lu

Phat giao thdi D i n h da phat trien manh, nen trong K i n h

dd Hoa L u da duoc xay dung nhieu ngoi chua. Trong khu vuc

Thanh Ngoai cd cac ngoi chua:

- Chua Thap cd thap Bao Thien nam ve phia Bac K i n h dd

Hoa L u , gan sdng Hoang Long (d v i t r i gan cdng de Trudng

Yen - each den thd Le Dai Hanh khoang 2 km) da bi pha

huy. Hien nay con dao thay rat nhieu tang da cac loai cua

chua Thap.

- Chiia Ba Ngd cung nam gan ben bd sdng Hoang Long

d phia Ddng Bac K i n h dd Hoa L u . Hien nay chua Ba Ngd da

duqc xay dung l a i , con giu duqc mdt tam bia da bdn mat cao

hon 1 m, be ngang 0,5 m deu cham khac chu Han ghi cdng

due nhung ngudi da cung tien xay dung chua d thdi gian trimg

tu .

- Chua A m nam trong hang nui Chiia A m duqc tao dungtir thdi D i n h , thudc thon Thong Bai.

- Chiia Dia nam trong hang nui Dia duqc xay dung tir

thdi D i n h .

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g - Song, ben do vd cau trong Kinh dd Hoa Lu

D i e u rat dac biet la K i n h Do Hoa L u co song Sao Khe

bat nguon tir song Hoang L o n g d phia Bac chay doc chay

x u d i ve phia Nam qua Thanh Ngoai do vao song Vac d Cau

Y e n , gap song Van Sang tao thanh nga ba V u Lam. Day

chinh la dau mdi giao thong bang dudng thuy rat quan trong

cua K i n h do Hoa L u .

Chinh v i K i n h do Hoa L u cd song Sao Khe nen da cd

m ot sd cau. D d la cau Dong lam bang da phien (hien nay lam

thay bang xi mang cot thep) nam gan nui Hd, bac ngang qua

song Sao Khe. H i e n con hai chu Han ldn "Dong Kieu" cham

khac ndi d vach da nui H d . Cach ciu Dong vi phia Bac khoang

500 m, con cd cau Den cung lam bang da phien bac qua song

Sao Khe (hien nay lam bang x i mang cot thep)

( / >

. Hien nay d

(

"Th&i gian sau, edit bi do ndt. Den ddi Vua Le The Tong nien hieu

Quang Hung (1578-1599) M y quan cong Bui Van Khue da xay dung lqi

can. Thong qudn Cong Dd Chit tic la Don Phu dd dung bia cho cau.

Trong bdi minh co ghi:

Phien dm:Gia Viin Trudng Yen

Tit thuy ky son

Cicu huu thuy hcong

Den kieu ky nhan

Dich nghia:

Trudng Yen Gia Vien

Sdng dep nui ky

Xica cd chiic cau

Dqt ten can Den

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phia Tay bo song Sao Khe, gan cau Din con mot tam bia ldn,

goi la "Den Kieu " duqc dung nam Tu Due th i i 28 (1875), co

noi ro cau Den la dau vet cu cua K i n h do Hoa L u , nay tu sua

la i cho moi me va dep de hon.

V i co song Sao Khe nen trong K i n h do Hoa L u d khu

vuc Thanh Ngoai co ba ben thuyen:

- Ben Chq nam sat cho Trudng Yen hien nay.

- Ben Den nam trudc ciia den D i n h - Le hien nay. Day

chinh la mot ben thuyen rat quan trong. Neu di dudng thuy

vao K i n h do Hoa L u thi ben nay la noi cac sii than nha Tong

(Trung Quoc) va cac quan van vo vao trieu gap vua phai dung

thuyen d ben nay. Dd cung la ben thuyen khi Ly Thai Td ddi

do phai xuat phat tu day.

- Ben Lac (con goi la ben Lac) nam d doan song chay sat

lang Trudng Yen Thuqng.

h - Mot so nui quan trong trong Kinh do Hoa Lit

- Nui C6t Cd: Nui cao hon 90 m nam vi phia Dong Bac

K i n h do Hoa L u . Vua D i n h Tien Hoang diing nui nay de cam

cd nude, vi vay goi la nui Cot Cd. Nd nhu mot cot cd thien

nhien khong Id v i dai .

- Nui Ma Yen: Hien nay nui d ngay trudc cita den thd

vua D i n h Tien Hoang, hai dau nho cao, giua vong xudng,

trong gidng hinh yen ngua, nen goi la Ma Yen. Tuong truyen,

vua D i n h Tien Hoang lay nui nay lam an xay dung K i n h do

Hoa L u . Tren dinh nui cd lang vua D i n h Tien Hoang bang da.

- Nu i Dai Van duqc dung dien Bach Bao Thien Tue.

3-NVLS33

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- Ghenh Thap: La mot mom nui thap nho ra sat song Sao

Khe (gan Xuyen Thuy Dong). M o m nu i nay tuong truyen la

noi vua D i n h thudng diing tren do de duyet thuy quan.

- N ui Hang Luon: Nui co hang Luon xuyen qua nui.

Hang rong hon 30m, vdm hang thap nhung dai den 143m.

Song Sao Khe chay xuyen qua hang, day chinh la cura thanh

phia Nam cua K i n h do Hoa L u . T i i K i n h do Hoa L u co the

xudng thuyen theo sdng Sao Khe qua hang Luon di ve phia

Nam rat de dang.

- N u i A m Tien: trong nui cd ddng, vua D i n h dung noi dd

lam nguc da, nudi ho bao trong hang, he cd ke nao pham toi

nang thi bat nhdt vao day cho manh thu an th i t .•7, ,

- N ui Chua A m : O phia Bac nui cd hang rdng va sau

duqc dung lam chua A m . O phia Nam goi la nui Dia cung cd

hang diing lam chua Dia. Hai chua nay deu duqc hinh thanh

tuf thdi D i n h .

- N u i Hang Quan: trong nui cd hang rdng ldn la noi quan

xac chet cua ngudi trong trieu dinh trudc k h i dem chon.

i - Nhiing tram gdc bao ve Kinh do Hoa Lu

K i n h dd Hoa L u cd cua thanh, chac chan d cac cira thanh

dd deu cd quan lmh giu thanh. Dd la cac tram gac bao ve

K i n h dd Hoa L u .

Phia Ddng K i n h dd Hoa L u la dudng Tien Yet. Day la

con dudng bd chinh, dudng huye't mach vao ra K i n h dd Hoa

L u . Con dudng dd con duqc goi la "Dudng Cita Ddng". (Hien

con tam bia Cira Ddng ghi: "Dudng Ciia Ddng Trang An la

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mdt ldi di rdng ldn, mdt thdng canh dddt Gia Viin (Hoa Lit).

Tit khi Dinh Tien Hoang ditng nitdc dinh dd... d phia Ddng

dd thanh, Nien Than The goi la Dudng Cita Ddng. Bay gid

cac quan van vd thudng theo dudng nay lui tdi trieu can...").

Doc dudng Tien Yet nay, trudc day co dung nhieu tram

gac kien cd de bao ve K i n h thanh Hoa L u . Cach Thanh Ngoai

v6 phia Ddng khoang gan 1km la thon Ang Ngu - no i ma cac

quan t i l khap noi trong nude ve day, trudc khi vao K i n h dd

chau vua, dung lai de sira sang trieu y. Cach thon Ang Ngu

hon 1 km la Quen Oi - cua ngd vao K i n h dd, trudc day rat

cao, khd d i , hai phia Bac Nam deu la nui chan chi cd cai quen

nay d i vao cung la mdt tram gac. Cach Quen Oi 1km la thon

Quan V i n h , cung la mdt tram gac l d n . Cach thon Quan V i n h

l k m la tram gac d khu vuc nui Dung Duong, nui Nuong Son

( n u i Nang) va Con L i n h thudc thon Da Gia, thi t rai l Thien

T o n va xa N i n h M y ngay nay. Ba nui ldn nay nam gan hai ben

dudng Tien Yet nhu mdt cdng thanh thien nhien ky v i an ngu

con dudng chinh vao K i n h dd Hoa Lu. (Tai chiia Ha d xa

N i n h M y , huyen Hoa L u cd mdt ve' dd i ndi de'n tram gac d£u

tien nay: "Con linh tiin ddn Dinh tiin thuy", nghia la: nui

Co n L i n h cd mdt tram gac dau tien cua K i n h dd trieu D i n h ) .

De bao ve K i n h dd Hoa L u ve mat dudng thuy va dudng

bd, vua D i n h Tien Hoang con cho xay ddn luy tren nui NonNude (nui Due Thuy) d thanh phd N i n h B i n h hien nay. Day la

m dt tien ddn de kiem soat con dudng bd tut Tam Diep ra va

dudng bien theo cura Dai Ac vao. Cd the ndi, nui Non Nude

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chinh la mot can c i i quan su cua quan bp va quan thuy thdi

D i n h .

Ngoai ra d phia Dong k i n h thanh cd mot cai quen khong

cao qua 10m. Phia Bac la nui Dam, phia Nam la nui A m Tien,

chd ha thap cua hai nui nay l i i n nhau lam thanh quen. Tur day

cd the qua mot thung nhd di thang vao hang Quan, se vao

duqc K i n h do Hoa Lu . Do dd d phia ngoai quen giua nui

D a m va nui A m Tien chac chan se cd tram gac bao ve phia

Dong K i n h do Hoa L u . O day con duqc goi la An Quan (cua

a i duqc tran giu bao ve).

Dieu dd chiing td vua D i n h Tien Hoang rat quan tam,

ch i i y xay dung k i n h thanh va cac phdng tuyeh de bao ve

vung chac K i n h do Hoa L u , cung la bao ve nude Dai Co Viet .

k-He thdng giao thdng ra vao Kinh do Hoa Lu

- Giao thong bp:

Dudng bp quan trong nhat la dudng Tien Yet (dudng

Ciia Dong) da neu d tren. Con dudng nay chay ra phia Dong

den nga ba Cau Huyen d th i t ra i l Thien Ton ngay nay ndi vdidudng thien ly Bac Nam gan trung vdi dudng qud'c Id 1A.

Hien con bia Cua Ddng ghi: "Dudng Cita Ddng Id mdt

ld i di rdng ldn ... Tie khi Dinh Tien Hoang dung nude dinh

dd...d phia Ddng dd thanh ... Bay gid cac quan van vd thudng

theo dudng nay lui tdi trieu can ".

Tuyen dudng bd phia Tay K i n h dd Hoa L u . Dudng bd

nay men theo bd sdng Hoang Long di qua xa Gia Sinh, huyen

Gi a V i e n va mot sd xa d huyen Nho Quan den nga ba Ria se

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ndi vdi dudng Thucmg Dao di vao Thanh Hoa neu nguqc len

phia Bac se den Hoa B in h .

M d t tuyeh dudng bd nua di ve phia Bac, qua sdng Hoang

Long, theo dudng Tien Yet, thudc xa Gia Tien, huyen Gia

V i e n tdi thi tran Me huyen Gia V i e n , rdi qua Chi Ne, Ha

Nam, nhap vao dudng thien ly.

- Giao thong thuy:

+ Dudng sdng:

Trong Thanh Ngoai cd sdng Sao Khe la con sdng rat

quan trong cd the nguqc len phia Bac den sdng Hoang Long,

re ve phia Ddng, den nga ba Gian Khau, gap sdng Day. T i i

sdng Day cd ba dudng, mdt dudng di len Phu L y (Ha Nam) la

dudng len phia Bac, mdt dudng chay ra bien. Dudng thu* ba

den nga ba Non Nude d thanh phd N i n h Binh , qua sdng Van

Sang, sdng T r i n h Nu, sdng Hd di vao Thanh Hoa.

Neu theo sdng Sao Khe, qua hang Luon xudi vd phia

Nam, den nga ba Yen Dang (xa N i n h Tien), con goi la nga ba

V u Lam theo sdng Tr inh NO, sdng Hd, vao sdng Than Phu ra

cira bien Than Phu.

M d t hudng di nua cua sdng Sao Khe la nguqc len phia

Bac, theo sdng Hoang Long se den sdng K i m B di (Hoa Binh)

d phia Bac, qua phia sdng Lang (Hoa Binh) ve phia Tay.

+ Dudng bien:

Thdi nha D i n h , bien d sat chan nui Non Nude (nui Due

Thuy), tai dd cd cang Phuc Thanh vura la cang sdng vira la

cang bien. Mdt cura bien nua la cua Tieu Khang (cura Can)

hidn nay la dat xa Yen Mac, huyen Yen Md .

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Ngudi xua thudng ndi "Nam chu, Bac ma", nghia la

ngudi Vi e t Nam di lai chii yeu bang thuyen, ngudi Trung Quoc

d i la i chu yeu bang ngua. V i vay giao thong thuy d K i n h do

Hoa L u rat quan trong. Cac quan lai ve trieu chau vua, cac sir

than nha Tong den K i n h do Hoa L u va nhung hang hoa, vat

l i e u , duqc chuyen chd den K i n h do Hoa L u deu duqc d i bang

dudng thuy.

Trong chien dau, cac tudng l i n h va quan sy cua K i n h doHoa L u di danh giac Tdng bang dudng thuy. Cac quan cua

trieu dinh di ddn tiep sir Tdng cung bang dudng thuy. (Nam

990 vua Le Dai Hanh cur D i n h Thira Chinh dem 9 chiec thuyen

chd 300 quan vuqt bien sang Quang Dong (Trung Quoc) ddn

sir Tdng). Ke thu mudn danh K i n h dd Hoa L u cung phai vao

bang dudng thuy. (Nam 979 Ngd Nhat Khanh da dung hon

1000 chiec thuyen de vao danh cudp K i n h dd Hoa Lu).

*

* *

Kinh dd Hoa Lu con toa ra mdt khong gian rdng hon

nua d thon Trung Tr u , xa N i n h Giang, huyen Hoa L u . Thdi xa

xua thon Trung Tru van thudc xa Trudng Yen. Giua thon cd

nui Chua. Nui Chiia cd hang M i e u Ndi la noi vua D i n h Tien

Hoang dung lam kho luong thuc

Tom lai, K i n h dd Hoa L u la mdt quan thanh, mat phia

Bac la sdng Hoang Long nhu "bftc tudng thanh thien nhien

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nude", phia Dong la cac ngon nui ndi vdi nhau bang cac tudng

thanh nhan tao, phia Tay va phia Nam la cac day nui da cao

vii t . Day la mdt thanh luy ldn gdm nhiing qua nui bao bqc

xung quanh nen mang nang t inh chat quan su. K i n h dd Hoa

Lu la i cd nhieu tram gac bao ve, giao thdng thuy, bd rat thuan

l q i . Day la mdt vi t r i kin dao thuan tien cho viec phdng thu,

tien cdng, mat khac lai xa bien thuy ai Bac - khien cho giac

phuong Bac khd khan trong viec tim hieu de md nhiing dot

tien cdng chop nhoang. Xa hdi Dai Co V i e t kh i dd rat can mdt

quan thanh nhu the de ton tai va phat trien. K i n h dd Hoa L u

k h i dd hoan toan phu hop vdi t inh hinh thuc te cua nude Dai

Co V i e t liic bay gid .

5.2 - N^N K IN H TE NUC-C DAI CO VIET 6 N DINH VA

PHAT TRIEN

a- Thu cdng nghiep phat trien

De xay dung duqc K i n h dd Hoa L u cd cac cung dien

nguy nga nhu the, thi trong nude phai cd cac nganh nghi phat

trien nhu: nghe khai thac vat l ieu xay dung, nghe mdc, nghegdm, nghe cham khac da...

- Cham khac dd:

Nghe cham khac da d thdi dd da phat trien manh. Nam

979, sau kh i giet em la hoang thai t i i D i n h Hang Lang, an nan

va dau khd, D i n h L i i n da cho thq lam 100 toa k in h Phat bang

da hinh bat giac dung ben bd sdng Hoang Long de cau cho

l inh hdn Hang Lang duqc sieu thoat, cung la cau x in cho viec

lam ac cua minh. Tren tam mat cua 100 cot k i n h Phat deu

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khac bai k i n h bang chir Han. Chiing to rang nghe cham khac

da cua nudfc ta da co t ir thd i nha D i n h hoac trudc do.

- Tint phap dd:

Song song vai nghe cham khac da phai noi den th u phap

da, tiic la cham khac chu Han tren da.

Trong kho tang van bia Vi e t Nam, chi ing ta mdi phat

hien duqc 6" Dong Son (Thanh Hoa) mot bia co nien dai vao

nam 618, cham khac co it chu H a n . Nhung 100 cot k i n h Phat

do Dinh L ien cho lam hien van con luu g i u duqc mdt sd cot d

N ha Bao tang N i n h B i n h da khang d inh van bia chu Han ve

k i n h Phat da phat t r ien manh b K i n h do Hoa L u . Tren 8 mat

cua 100 cot K i n h Phat ma D i n h L i i n cho lam d l u khac day

b a i K i n h Da Na N i . D i d u do cung khang d i n h thu phap da of

K i n h do Hoa L u da phat t r ien manh.

- Kien true, dieu khac phat trien:

Vua Dinh T ien Hoang da cho xay dung cac cung dien d

K i n h do Hoa L u , t h i chac chan nghe k ien true va dieu khac b

t h d i D i n h da phat t r ien manh.

Theo Dang Cong Nga trong "Kinh do Hoa Luthdi Dinh

- Tien Le"(,)

, k ien true cac cung dien la mot t i n g , theo kieu

hinh chu nhat, cd tir nam gian trd len, bq khung cua cung

dien la mot ket ca'u hoan toan bang gd t i l thiet, cd hai mai

chinh va hai mai phu lqp bang n g o i .

So Van hod - Thong tin Ninh B inh xuat ban nam 2002

4 0

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K i e n true va dieu khac phat trien tlic la nghd moc d thdi

D i n h da hung thinh. Theo ngoc pha d ddn N i n h Xa thuoc xa

Yen N i n h , huyen Y Yen, t inh Nam D i n h , nhan vat chinh duoc

phung thd trong ddn la Thanh Td nghe moc N i n h Huu Hung.

Day cung la nhan vat duoc thd tai den - phu La Xuyen, thon

La Xuyen, xa Yen N i n h , huyen Y Yen, t inh Nam D i n h .

Ong N i n h Huu Hung la ngudi thon Chi Phong, xa Trudng

Yen, huyen Hoa L u , t inh N inh Binh ngay nay. Ong theo nghdmoc truyen thdng cua gia dinh. Nghd mdc cua dng ndi tieng

khap noi . V d i nghe mdc dd, khi xay dung cac cung dien d

K i n h dd Hoa L u vua D i n h Tien Hoang da trieu dng den de

tham gia xay dung cac cung dien, chu yeu lam nghd mdc.

Ong da duoc vua D i n h Tien Hoang phong chiic "Cong tuongluc phu gidm sat dqi tudng quan " (Dai tudng quan trong coi

cdng vide sau phu).

- Nghe gom:

Sau nhieu lan khai qu | t d khu vuc ddng Thien Ton, chan

mdng cac tudng thanh nhan tao, dac biet la xung quanh hai

ngoi den D i n h va Le, chiing ta da t im thay rat nhieu loai gach

va do gdm. Cd nhieu loai gach de xay tudng thanh va xay

cung didn, lat cung dien. Dac biet, cd cac loai gach vuong

trang t r i 2 bdng hoa sen, gach "Dqi Viet quoc quan thanh

chuyen" cd lot c h i i d vien gach, gach cd chu 'Thai Binh" ddu

bang chCr Han.

Ngoai ra con tim thay cac mang dat nung cd trang tri

hoa van dep, md con phuong dat nung, nhiing con vit dat

41

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nung dupe trang t r i tren mai cung dien, dau rong dat nung,

mat ho phu dat nung.

Gan day, tir nam 2002 den nam 2004, trong ke hoachnao vet va hinh thanh Khu hang dong Trang A n thuoc phia

Nam K i n h do Hoa L u xua, chiing ta da da thu duqc nhieu cd

vat thdi D i n h nhu: gach xay, gach lat, coi gia, bat dia, hu vai,

vd, nhac ngua, ngoi dng, ngoi l ip, ngoi mui , ngoi mau,...

Nhiing co vat dd chiing td rang nude Dai Co V i e t k h i dd

da cd nhieu Id san xuat dd gdm.

- Nghe thuoc da:

Nam 974 vua D i n h Tien Hoang quy dinh mot trieu quan

phai dpi mix "binh dinh". Loai mu nay lam bang da. Den cac

ddi sau v i n dung nd. Sd luqng mu rat ldn, phai thupc nhieu da

m di lam du mu. Dieu nay cung chiing td ngh i thupc da phat

trien manh.

Nhung nganh nghd dd phat trien the hien d K i n h do Hoa

L u cd nhung xudng diic tien, ren vu khi , may mu ao, ddng

thuyen, xay dung cung dien, nha ciia,...

b- Kinh tehdng hod phat trien:

Vua D i n h Tien Hoang da cho diic tien ddng "Thdi Binh

Httng Bao " la ddng t i i n cd nhat cua V i e t Nam con lai den

ngay nay. Trong qua t r inh khai quat va nao vet cac thung, cac

hang dpng trong Khu du l i c h Trang A n gan day chiing ta

cung da thu duqc rat nhieu t i i n ddng d thdi D i n h . Chiing td

k i n h te hang hoa da thuc su hinh thanh trong nude Dai Co

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V i e t , dong thdi co sir giao thirong vdi nude ngoai. "Dqi Viet

sicky toan thit" cho biet: "Nam 976...mua xudn, thuyen buon

ban cua nude ngoai den ddng sdn vat cua nude ho "(l>

.

c- Nghe ndng phat trien manh:

Day la mot nghe co ban, quan trong nhat cua dan. Gac

su sach xua khong ndi den su phat t r ien ndng nghiep d nha

D i n h . Nhung dieu chac chan la , vua Dinh Tien Hoang rat

quan tam den san xuat nong nghiep, cd the mdi du luong thuc

n u d i sdng va du tru cho ba trieu ngudi, trong dd cd mdt trieu

quan d d i .

Ngoai ra, cac ngh6 nhu trong dau nudi tam, det lua, cung

duqc phat trien. Cd the ndi, n6n kinh te cua nude Dai Cd Vie t

da on dinh va phat t r ien.

5.3 - QUAN HE NG OA I GIAO TOT DEP

Nam 969 d Trung Quoc van con canh D a i loan 5 ddi 10

nude (Ngu da i thap quoc), nha Tdng la nam thu 10, d nude

Dai Cd Viet cua chiing ta la nam th i i 2. V i vay, nen nha Tdng

chua k ip "vdi tay" xudng phuong N a m .

D i n h T i en Hoang nhan thiic duqc dieu dd va cung hi6u

ro rang sir tdn tai cua dat nude phai gan chat v d i m d i quan he

ngoai giao tot dep vdi nha Tdng, vdi cac nude lang gieng.

Cho nen mac du mdi len ngoi vua duqc mdt nam, con dang

phai ciing cd bd may ciia trieu chinh, nhung vao mua xuan,

thang gieng, nam Canh N go (970), Dinh T ien Hoang da chu

ddng sai sii sang nude Tdng de ket hao. Viec chu ddng nay

"> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd ) - Trang 213

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ci ia Dinh Tien Hoang rat can thiet, the' hien tam nhin di ing

dan vd quan he ngoai giao giua nude nho vdi nude ldn d phuong

Bac. Cd le day la doan sii gia dau tien ciia mot Nh a nude

phong kien tap quyen d nude ta sang Trung Quoc, cung la

doan s i i V iet N am dau t ien d i nude ngoai? Rat tiec la sir sach

Viet Nam khong g h i duqc doan d i s i i Trung Quoc gdm nhung

ai?

N am sau, nam 9 7 1 , nha Tdng sai ngudi mang thu deh

K i n h dd Hoa Lu "nhdc nhd" Di n h T i e n Hoang nhu sau: ". . .

Cong nghiep dd thanh roi. Gid doi nhd nguoi den-decho yen

long tram. Nhd ngtfcfi chd nen quay di noi khac;... "a>

.

Den thd i diem nay, khong con la chu ddng, t u nguyen

nua, ma con phai lam theo yeu cau cua nha Tdng, Dinh T ien

Hoang quyet din h sai D in h L ie n - con trai ca cua m in h la

N a m V i e t vuong d i sang nude Tdng vao nam 972, den nam

973 mdi trd ve nude. Chon D in h L ie n di s i i the hien su ton

trong nha Tdng de cung c d niem tin cua nha Tdng v d i nude

Dai Co Vie t . Dinh L ien l a i d nude Tdng khoang gan 1 nam

nen cang them gan bd than mat t inh hi iu hao gi fla hai nude.

D i e u chac chan la chuyen d i s i i sang nha Tdng cua Dinh

Lien da thanh cdng, nen k h i D in h L ie n ve nude, vua Tdng da

sa i s i i den K in h dd H oa L u phong D inh T ien Hoang lam Giao

C h i Quan vuong, ldi che' cd doan: "nhd Dinh ddi ddi Id ho

ddn anh, gitf duqc coi ddtd phuong xa ... Dekhen ngttdidiic

tot, sac menh ddu cd hep hdi "(2>

. D i n h L i e n duqc phong lam

<" - "Dai Viet sit luge " (Sdd) - Trang 73.12 1

- "Licit trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap III (Sdd) - Trang 186

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K i e m hieu Thai su, T i n h hai quan Tiet do stf " A n Nam do hp.

Day la cot moc quan trong trong quan he ngoai giao giua nha

D i n h vdi nha Tdng. Nha Tdng phai thira nhan D i n h Tien

Hoang la vua cua mdt nude.

De giu gin mdi quan he ngoai giao tot dep dd cho lau

dai, nam 975, D i n h Tien Hoang lai sai Tr inh Tii (la mdt trong

t i i tru trieu Dinh) sang nude Tdng t r i6u cdng: vang, lua, sirng

te, nga voi. Nha Tdng cung dap 16 lai nen sai Hong L d Tu

Khanh Cao Bao Tu dan Vuong Ngan Phii mang che sachsang nude Dai Cd V i e t phong D i n h L i e n lam Khai phu nghi

ddng tam ty, kiem hieu thai su Giao Chi Quan Vuong. Ro

rang la mdi quan he ngoai giao giua hai nude ngay cang hi iu

hao hon len.

Nam 976, D i n h Tien Hoang sai Tran Nguyen Thai sangnha Tdng dap 16 viec nha Tdng sang sach phong cho D i n h

L i e n .

Nam 977, D i n h Tien Hoang lai sai sii sang nha Tdng

mirng Tdng Thai Ton len ngoi, hai lan nay d6u the hien quan

he ngoai giao cua D i n h Tien Hoang rat diing nghi 16 va ratcan thiet. Nam 979 (nam K y Mao) th i D i n h Tien Hoang mat.

Nhu the'tir nam 970 de'n nam 977, trong vdng cd 8 nam

ma D i n h Tien Hoang da cu di sii sang nha Tdng 5 lan. Nha

Tdng cung cu sii sang nude Dai Co V i e t 3 lan.

'" - Tiet dd sir: quan cai quan mot don vi hanh chinh gom nhieu chau,quan d vung bien gidi Trung Quoc thdi Duong (goi la phien tran). Vao

nira sau theky IX, chirc quan do ho An Nam dirge doi thanh Tiet do sir.Ngudi ddn tien gift chirc nay Id Cao Bien.

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Nam doan s ii cua nude Dai Co V i e t sang nude Tong d6u

la nhung lan ch i i dong, can thiet, dung thdi diem va diing 16

nghi. Va cd le, khong lin nao doan s ii ciia nude Dai Co Viet

lam cho nha Tdng phat y.

Nhiing cudc bang giao dd da ghi nhan mot quan he ngoai

giao quoc te ban dau, mot chinh sach ddi ngoai kheo leo,

mem deo cua D i n h Tien Hoang de giu gin hoa binh cho dan

tqc.

Phai chang, d t r i6u D i n h Tien Hoang quan he bang giao

giua V i e t Nam va Trung Quoc la tot dep va thanh cong, mdra

mot tam nhin ddi ngoai ciia nude ta. D i n h Tien Hoang da

khdi ngudn di dau ve cdng tac ngoai giao each chiing ta hon

lOtheky.

5.4 - K H A I SINH RA NGHfe THUAT SAN KHAU CHEO DAN

GIAN C> VIET N A M

Vua D i n h Tien Hoang rat quan tam den hat miia. Sach

"Dd CdLuc"(ghi chep v6 phep danh trong) - mdt trong nhung

cuon sach ngay xua con g iu duqc den ngay nay - cd ghi: phep

danh trong trong cac cudc vui cua quan ngu thdi D i n h theo

l d i "hdi thanh" (mugn tieng muqn ld i nd i ma ghi) . M d i cau

ghi dieu trong la mdt ldi mdt khau hieu cd vu quan si tdng

quan giet giac, tham duqm t inh than chien dau quyet thang,long tu hao dan tqc.

Nhung tieng trong ay cung gdp phan khai sinh ra tieng

trong cheo.

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Vua D i n h Tien Hoang cung mudn nang cao si k h i va lam

cho tam hon quan si thu thai nen da quan tam den viec hat

xudng, dien cheo.

Ba Pham T hi Tran que d Hong Chau, t inh Hung Yen la

ngudi rat x in h dep va cd nang khieu ca miia tur nhd. Ldn len

ba dien trd rat g i d i va thupc nhieu lan dieu ve nhung khuc hat

ddng que dan da. Nghe tieng ddn ba cd tai nang nhu the nen

vua D i n h Tien Hoang da cho trieu ba v6 K i n h do Hoa L i i de

day miia hat lam vui long cac quan si.

Ba day hat va miia cho mot dan dien vien, rd i trong nhiing

dem trang va dip hpi ldn, dudi nhung ngon dude thong, ba

thudng td chiic nhung budi dien nham cd vu quan si. Nhung

dem vui ay, ba la ngudi dao dien, ngudi td chiic, ngudi chi

huy. Li ic dau chi truydn day trong quan dp i , sau thi ba truyenday ra ngoai K i n h do, rdi lan sang cac t inh Thai Binh , Hung

Yen.

Nhd cd cdng lao ldn nhu the nen vua D i n h Tien Hoang

da phong cho ba chiic "Ifu Ba" - mdt chiic quan thdi dd. Nh u

the ddng gdp quan trong cua ba d thdiD i n h

la hinh thanh mdt

nghe thuat hat, miia dan gian va budc dau cd bieu dien t rd , tiic

la bieu dien cheo. Sau nay, ba Pham Thi Tran duqc suy lam

"Ba td nghe hat cheo" V i e t Nam.

5.5 - HINH THANH NGHE THUAT XIEC

Theo s i i cu, d thdi D i n h , cung vdi phudng cheo, da xuathien mdt ganh xiec chuyen nghiep. Trum xiec la mdt phap su.

Thang 1 (mudi mdt), thang chap, dan Phong Chau cd

(Son Tay, V i n h Phii cu) md hdi den tethan Xuong Cudng -

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mot v i than co (tuong truyen, phai diing ngudi song lam vat te

than). Trudc den dung lau Phi Van cao 20 thudc (khoang

8m), dung mot cay cot d trong, tet vd cay gai lam day chao

dai 136 thudc (khoang 50m), dudng k in h khoang 2 tac (khoang

6 - 8cm) day may qua'n ngoai rdi chon hai dau day xudng dat,

doan giua gac len cay. Mot day khac dai 150 thudc, cd mot

chd mac chac ba, hai day giao nhau.

Doan xiec cd 6 ngudi, mang ten Thuqng Ky, Thuqng

Can, Thuqng Hiem, Thuqng Dat, Thuqng Toai, Thuqng Cau

(Thuqng cung nhu thang, chi mot ngudi dan ong).

M d dau la tiet muc leo day, Thuqng K y mac quan den,

dqi khan den diing tren day ma chay nhanh ba bon lan, di d i,

la i la i ma khong nga.

Rdi den Thuqng Can hai tay cam hai can cd leo tren day,

ca hai ngudi cung di tren day, gap nhau d chd chac ba thi lai

tranh, leo xudng la khong nga.

Tiep theo Thuqng Dat lay mot tain gd ldn , rong 1 thudc 3

tac, day 7 tac, dat len tren cay cao 17 thudc 3 tac, Dat diing d

tren, nhay hai ba cai, tien tien, l i t i l i i i ma khong nga.

Thuqng Toai lay tre dan thanh ldng hinh nhu cai Id bat

ca, dai 5 thudc, trdn 4 thudc r d i chui vao diing thang minh ma

lan.

Thuqng Cau vd tay nhay nhdt, la het keu gao, chuyen

dong chan tay, vd dui, vd bung, tien lu i len xudng. Lai nhay

len minh ngua, vira phi vira cui minh xudng lay vat, nhat ddng

tien d dudi dat ma khong nga.

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Thuqng Hiem bieu dien mot tro khac: nga minh nam

ngua, lay chan do mot cai gay dai rdi cho diia tre treo len ma

khong rot xudng.

Trong khi cac nghe sy xiec bieu dien hay diing lai giua

cac tiet muc, cd nhdm choi nhac go trong, khua chieng, ca

miia gdp vui.

Chung ta chua ro nghe thuat xiec Viet Nam ra doi tit bao

g id , nhung sir sach da ghi lai cho biet xiec thdi Dinh la nhu

the.

5.6 - NHA NUtJC CHUA CO PHAP CHE

Vua Dinh Tien Hoang mdi lap nude, chua dinh ra luat de

xtr nhung ke pham td i. Nhiing ke pham tdi deu dupe xu theo

y nha vua va rat da man. "Dqi Viet sicky toan thu" ghi: "Vua

mudn diing uy che ngu thien hq, ben dat vac ldn 6 sdn trieu,

nudi ho du trong ciii, hq lenh rang: "Ke nao trdi phep phai

chiu tdi bd vac ddu, cho ho an "u>.

Chinh vi vay, tuong truyen ddng A m Tien d lung chung

nui Am Tien thudc xa Trudng Yen la mdt nguc that. Nha vua

cho nudi nhdt hd bao trong ddng, de khi cd ke nao pham tdinang thi bat nhdt vao dd cho manh th i i an thit.

Dudi chan nui Dia nam ve phia Bac d khu Thanh Ngoai

cd mdt ao ldn. Tuong truygn, ao dd goi la Ao Giai la noi vua

Dinh nudi nhieu con giai de khi nao cd ke pham tdi nang thi

cho nem xudng de giai an thit.

Thdi Dinh, dan tinh chua chiu tuan theo luat le nen cd

"' "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 211.

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the nhi ing hinh thi ic xi i phat n hu tren de trurng t r i nhung ke

gian ac la can thiet.

Chinh v i the sach "Viet Nam Sit htqc " da nhan dinh:

"Hinh luat uy nghiem nhu the thi cung qua lam, nhung

nhd co nhung hinh luat ay thi ddn trong nitdc mdi ddn ddn

duqc yen "(

".

6 - K E T L U A N V E V U A D I N H T I E N H O A N G

"Dqi Viet sitky toan thit" danh gia: "Vua tdi ndng sdngsudt hon ngudi, dung cam muu htqc nhdt ddi "

(2>

.

Vua 'Dinh T ien Hoang chinh la ngudi anh hung dan toe,

da co nhieu chien cong k y v i : thdng nhat dat nude, xay dung

mdt nha nude phong k ien Trung uong tap quyen dau tien, bao

ve va xay dung nen ddc lap tu chu cua nude Dai Co Vi6t .O ng chinh la ngudi cd cdng md dau , ngudi khai pha va

dat nen mdng cho K in h dd Hoa L u - Ong td phuc hung thdng

nhat quoc gia.

Su nghiep ay da duqc nha s i i hoc Le V an H uu nhan xet:

'Tien Hoang nhded tdi ndng sdng sud't hon ngudi, dung cammitu htqc nhdt ddi, duong liic nitdc Viet ta khong cd chu, cac

hung trudng cat cd, mdt phen cat quan md 12 sit quan phuc

hit. Vua mdnudc ditng dd, doi xung hoang di', ddt tram quan,

lap sau quan, chi'dd gan day dii, cd le y trdi vi nude Viet ta

md lqi sinh bde Thanh trii't "

<s >

.

"> - Trdn Trong Kim - "Viet Nam Siduqc " - Ha Noi -1949

(2). "BVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 210.

<3> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 211.

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D l / O N G H A U

(? - 1 0 0 0 )

Theo "Dqi Viet sicky toan thit", thi ba khong dupe ghi

ro ten chi goi la "Duong Thi". Chinh vi the co y kien cho la

ba que 6" Chau A i (Thanh Hoa) von dong Duong D i n h Nghe( ( 7 ;

11 1

- Duong Van Nga, theo truyen thuyet ddn gian dNinh Binh, que d

Van Long, huyen Gia Vien, vique bddxdVdn Long (nay IdxdGia Van,huyen Gia Viln), co nghia la "rong may", con me que d Nga My (nay Idxa Gia Thuy, huyen Nho Quan), co nghia Id "may ngai". Vi vdy borne mdiddt ten con gdi Id Van Nga, co ngliia Id ngudi con gdi yeu dieu nhu may.

Ten goi do cung ndi duoc ten lang que xua cua borne Duong Van Nga.Tuong truyen, khi mdi chdo ddi, bd ddkhdc "dq de" ba thdng, khong

ai dd nin duoc. Sau do cd m dt dao sy ru bd bang mot can: "Nin di, nin

di thdi/ Mot vai gdnh vac cd doi son hd ". Sau cau ru ay, bd nin ngay,khdng khdc nua.

Theo 'Truyen cd lau ", Duong Van Nga ldn len la mot cd gdi dep

tuyet tran, lqi rat thdng minh. Cung thdi gian dd Dinh Bo LTnh lam trai

trudng trqi Dao Ucu>

chua cd vq. Liai Phiic Id ngudi ban than trudc dayciia Dinh Cdng Trie da di tim vq cho Dinh Bd LTnh. Ong den vitdn Rong(Long Vien) dthdn My Hq, thay cd mot cd gdi rdtxinh dep dang cat co,

vita cat vita hat edit:

"Anh di tan tia, tan vang

De em cat cd ben ddng sao dang.

Tay cam ban nguyet xenh xang

Hang tram ngon co lai hang tay ta."

Ong cho rang, day chinh Id ngudi phu nit can tim deldm vet cho DinhBo LTnh. Ong ben tim den nha dng Duong Thdi Huyen (Trudc day la nhatudng ciia Duong Dinh Nghe ve hint) de tham ban cii vd hoi them vied

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Quy dinh cua t r ieu dinh phong k ien Trung Hoa xua, vua

c h i duoc lap mot hoang hau. Nhung khi Dinh Bo LTnh len

ngoi vua, den nam 970, ong da lap mot loat 5 ba hoang M u ,

trong do co Duong T h i .

Sau k h i vua D in h Tien Hoang mat, trieu dinh da dua Dinh

Toan la con cua Duong Thi len lam vua , kh i mdi 6 tud i . Liic

dd Le Hoan giu chiic Phd vuong nhiep chinh. So Le Hoan

la m dieu bat l q i cho vua nhd , lu on luo n trung thanh vdi trieu

D i n h , D i n h quoc cong N g u y l n B a c , Ngoai giap Dinh Dienva Pham Hap da cung nhau da'y binh, chia hai dudng thuy, bo

t i t A i Chau (Thanh Hoa) t ien ve Kinh do d inh giet L e Hoan.

Duong Thai hau thay n q i chien cd the xiy ra lam ton thuong

den t r ieu dinh. Khong mudn dat nude la i ro i vao canh chien

tranh, v d i cuong vi cao nhat cua chinh quyen nha Dinh khidd, ba da quyet dinh ra t sang sudt, trao quyen cho Le Hoan di

danh bon hq. Thai hau ndi : "Bon Bac day quan khdi loan lam

kinh dong nude nha ta. Vua con nho yeu chua kham noi nhieu

nan, cac ong nen lieu tinh di chd de tai hoa ve sau "(l>

. Dd la

menh lenh cua T ha i hau. Ba da dat l q i ic h cua "nude nhd ta "

len tren het. Ba hieu ra t ro Dinh Dien, Nguyln Bac la hai

ngudi ban than, cung liia t u d i , cung que, ket nghia anh em vdi

Dinh Bd LTnh t i i thud chan trau. Hq da cung vdi Dinh Bo

LTnh sat canh t i r nh iing ngay dau di dep loan 12 sii quan. Sau

k h i Dinh Bd LTnh len ngoi hoang de , Dinh Dien va Nguyln

gdi vica gap. Khong ngd Duong Van Nga chinh Id con ciia Duong ThdiHuyen. The" Id Lmi Phuc da tim duqc ngudi vq ddu tien cho Dinh BpLTnh la Duong Van Nga.


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Bac la hai trong t i i tru cua trieu D i n h da giup vua D i n h Tien

Hoang lanh dao trieu chinh lam cho nude Dai C6 Vi e t on dinh

va phat trien. Nhung luc nay ho da "khdi loan lam kinh ddng

nude nhd ta ", khong the de xiy ra canh noi chien, nen ba quyet

dinh phai danh dep. Do la mot quyet dinh rat dung dan.

Le Hoan giet duqc D i n h Dien, Nguyln Bac va Pham

Hap lam phan, nude Dai Cd V i e t da yen on.

M 6 t quyet dinh nBa rat quan trong niia cua Duong Thai

hau la, trong kh i trieu dinh dang chuan bi cuqc khang chien

chong quan xam luqc Tdng vao mua thu, thang 7 nam Canh

Thin (980), "Thdi hdu sai Le Hoan chon dung sy di danh

giac, lay ngUdi dNam Sach Giang la Pham CuLqng lam Dqi

tudng quan "(1>

.

Day la mot quyet dinh kep. Ba neu ra mot dudng ldi

chien luqc la phai "di danh giac ", phai danh quan xam luqc

nha Tdng kh i xam pham bd coi nude Dai Co V i e t . Ddng thdi

ba con neu ro phai chon tudng tai d i danh giac. Ngudi cam

quan di danh giac la Le Hoan. Quyet dinh cua ba chi dao cho

Le Hoan phai "chon dung sy" tiic la phai chon nhiing ngudi

tai nang ve quan su nhat thi mdi duong diu dinh giac Tdng

duqc. Mot trong nhung "diing sy" dd, ba chi dich danh "la

Pham Cu Lang lam Dqi tudng quan ". (Mac du Pham Cu

Lang la em ruqt cua Pham Hap vira bi Le Hoan giet). Dieu dd

the hifin Duong Thai hau rat am hieu ve quan su va danh gia

diing tai nang cua cac tudng l i nh .


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D i n h Toan len ngoi t ir thang 10 nam 979. D in h Toan con

nho, chua lanh dao duoc t r ieu chinh, Duong Thai hau da chap

chinh, nam chac uy quyen, dieu khien cong viec cita trieu

din h de g iu ng oi bau cho nha D in h . Ba khong chinh thtic lam

vua, nhung thuc su da dieu hanh viec nude nhu mot ong vua.

Cong lao 1dm nhat cua ba la luqng sue minh khong dam

duong n o i viec nude trong luc nude soi lira bdng, nam 980,

quan Tdng theo hai dudng thuy bq keo sang xam luqc nude

Dai Co Viet , ba da quyet d inh trao ngoi bau cho Le Hoan, tufc

la da trua't bd co nghiep cua nha Dinh, xay dung nha T i i n Le.

Day la viec lam hop vdi long t rdi va long ngudi kh i dd . "Dqi

Viet sit ky toan thu" cd ghi : "Khi dang ban ki'hoqch xuat

quan, Pham CuLuqng ciing ede tudng quan khac deu mac

do tran di thdng vao Ndi phu, ndi vdi moi ngudi rdng:

"Thudng ngUdi cd cdng, giet ketrdi lenh la phep sdng dethi

hanh viec quan. Nay chua thuqng con tre tha, chung ta ddu

hit site lieu chet dechdn giac ngoai, may cd chiit cdng lao, thi

cd ai biet cho ? Chi bdng trudc M y ton lap dngThqp dao lam

Thiin tit, sau dd se xuat quan thi hon ". Quan sy nghe vay deu

hd "van tui'". Thdi hdu thay moi ngudi vui long quy phuc ben

sai lay do long con khodc lin ngudi Le Hoan, mdi lin ngoi

hoang di'"a>

.

Ba la ngudi phu nu thue thdi , nghi den van menh cua datnude tren het, bd qua nhung l d i ban tan, phan d d i , tham ch i ca

nhung d u luan xau cua tr ieu dinh luc bay gid.


5 4

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Duong Thai hau chinh la ngudi da quyet dinh ket thuc

vuong trieu D i n h , dong thdi khai sinh ra vuong trieu Tien Le.

K h i Le Hoan cam quan di danh giac Tdng d bien thuy,

Duong hau lai tiep tuc budng manh chap chinh, dieu hanhviec nude.

L ai mdt lan nua, vuqt len tren nhung ngudi phu nu duong

thd i , dam tu quyet doan t inh cam rieng tu, theo tieng goi cua

con tim, ba chia se hanh phuc vdi Le Hoan.

Nam 982 vua Le Dai Hanh da lap Hoang thai hau nhaD i n h lam "Dqi Thdng Minh hoang hdu ". Nhu the ba la mdt

ngudi phu nu cd hai ddi chong va vdi ca hai ddi chong d6u

lam hoang hau.

Duong hau da cung vua Le Dai Hanh gdp phan xay dung

dat nude sau chien thang.Duong hau chinh la ngudi phu nu Vi e t Nam tai nang,

quyet doan, cd tam nhin chien luqc, am hieu ve quan su, biet

minh hieu ngudi, da cd cdng dep "thu trong, giac ngoai"

Den nam Canh Ty (1000) ba qua ddi, tho 49 t u d i .

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L E D A I H A N H H O A N G D E

( 9 8 0 - 1 0 0 5 )

L e Dai Hanh (Le Hoan) la ngirofi ti n h Ha Nam( 1 )

, sinh

ngay ram thang 7 nam Tan Sun (941), cha ten la Le M i c h , me

la Dang T h i . "Dang Tin dang cd thai, chiem bao thay bung

nd ra hoa sen, roi ket thanh nhan sen ngay. Ddng Thi dem

chia cho moi ngu'di, rieng minh lqi khong an. Liic tinh day,

lay lam la lam. Kip khi sinh con, thay con mat mui hinh ddng

khac thudng, Dang Thi ndi vdi ngudi ta rang: "Thang chaunay mai sau chdc se lam nen sang cd, chi hiem tdi khong kip

hudng loc thdi! "(2>

Ba Dang Thi sinh ra Le Hoan vai nam thi mat. Sau do

ong Le M i c h cung qua ddi. Le Hoan mo co i cha me t i i khi

con nho, duqc vien quan sat hq Le (khong ro ten) nhan lamcon nuoi , sdm chieu cham soc, day d6. "Gap tiet trdi ddng ret

mitdt, Ngai nam phuc nhu hinh coi tip: dang dim, sdng rue

cd nha, cd con rdng vdng dp d trin "( 3 >

"' - Theo "Dai Viet sicky toan thu" va theo Ngo Thi Sy vdi "Viet sic tieuan " thi Le Hoan la ngudi Ai Chau (Thanh Hod). Theo "Dai Viet sicluqc" thi Le Hoan la ngudi Trudng Chau. Den nay nen ghi: Le Hoan quegoc d lang Bao Thdi, huyen Thanh Idem, tinh Hd Nam.

<2). <3>. "Khdm Dinh Viet sic thdng gidm cuong muc " - Tap I - NXBdue-1998-Trang 249-250

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Lcm len, k h i D in h Bo LTnh day bin h d Hoa Lir , L e Hoan

v6 Hoa L u (N in h Binh) theo giup Nam Vie t vuong Di n h L i e n .

Ong la ngucfi "phong khoang, co chi ldn. Tien Hoang khen la

ngtfdi tri dung, chac the nao ciing lam duoc viec, ben giaocho cai quan 2.000 quan sy"

(

".

Ong t rd thanh canh tay phai cua Dinh Bo LTnh, di theo

Dinh Bp LTnh dep loan 12 sir quan, da co cong lao Ion trong

su nghiep thdng nhat dat nude g d p p M n sang lap ra trieu

D i n h .K h i len ngoi vua, nam 971. Dinh Tien Hoang quy dinh

cap bac van vd trong trieu da phong L e Hoan lam Thap dao

tudng quan. Ong di ing dau chi huy toan bp quan ddi nha

D inh gdm 1 t r ieu ngud i , k h i dd m d i 30 tudi .

Sau khi vua Dinh Tien Hoang bi sat hai, Thap dao tudngquan L e Hoan da cung D i n h Quoc cdng Nguyln Bac , Ngoai

giap Dinh Dien dua Ve vuong D i n h Toan mdi 6 tudi len lam

vua. Luc nay Le Hoan g i u chile Phd vuong Nhiep chinh. O ng

la ngudi dieu hanh viec nude khdn kheo, het sue giu vung

trieu chinh trong l i ic hiem nguy, cd quyen ra vao trong cung

cam.

K h i N g u y l n B a c , D i n h D i e n cung Pham Hap day binh,

chia hai dudng thuy, bd mudn t ien ve Kinh dd Hoa Lu giet

dng, Le Hoan da dem quan d i danh nhau vd i D inh Dien ,

N g u y l n Bac d A i Chau (Thanh Hoa) , chem D i n h D i l n ta i

t r |n , ba t duqc N g u y l n B a c ddng cui dua ve Kinh dd, rdi sau

d d N g u y l n Bac b i chem dau d dd.

"DVSKTT" (Sdd) - Trang 220

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Den mua thu, thang 7 nam Canh T h i n (980), nghe tin

quan Tdng (Trung Qud'c) sap keo sang xam luqc nude Dai Co

Vi e t , Duong Thai hau sai Le Hoan d i danh giac Tdng. Luc

nay Dai tudng Pham C u Luqng, "ciing ede tudng quan khac,

deu mdc do Iran di thdng vao Ndi phii, ndi vdi moi ngudi

rang: "Thudng ngudi cd cdng, giet ke trdi lenh la phep sdng

de thi hanh viec quan. Nay chiia thuqng (Dinh Toan) con tre'

tha, chiing ta ddu het sice lieu chii de chan giac ngoai, may

cd chiit cdng lao, thi cd ai bii't cho? Chi bdng trudc hay ton

lap dng Thap dao lam Thiin tit sau dd se xuat quan thi hon ".

Quan synghe vqy hd "Van tui". Thdi hdu thay moi ngitdi vui

long quy phuc ben sai lay do Long con (do ciia vua thiu hinh

rdng cuon) khodc lin ngudi Li Hoan, mdi lin ngoi hoang de.

Tit dd Hoan len ngoi hoang di', doi niin hiiu la Thiin Phiic

nam dau (980), giang phong vua (Dinh Toan) lam Vi

vitong "a>

.

L e Hoan len ngoi vua nam 980, lap nen mdt trieu dai

m d i - Nha Tien L e, k h i dd dng 40 tud i . On g g iu nguyen to

chiic bd may nha nude cua thdi Dinh .

L e Hoan len ngoi vua, khong phai do y mudn chu quan

cua Duong Thai hau, ma la su tat yeu cua l i ch si i khi dd.

D i i n g trudc liic td qud'c lam nguy, can phai cd ngudi lanh dao

tai nang - ngudi dd phai la Le Hoan.

L e D a i Hanh bd nien hieu "Thai Binh " cua nha Dinh,

lay nien hieu cua Trung Qud'c la "Thiin Phitc ".

"> - "DVSKTT"(Sdd)-Trang2I7

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M ua xuan, thang 3 nam Tan Ty (981) vua Le Dai Hanh

dem quan d i danh giac Tdng.

Mudn cung cd, on dinh trieu chinh, vua Le Dai Hanh

cung nhu vua D i n h Tien Hoang lap nam hoang hau de cai

quan N d i cung. Nam Nham Ngo (982), vua Le D ai Hanh quyet

dinh lap Hoang Thai hau nha D i n h la Duong Thi lam hoang

hau. Dieu nay the hien dng la mdt vua rat trqn nghia, nang

t inh , yeu thuong het long. Cung nam dd, vua Le Dai Hanh lap

bdn hoang hau nua la:

- Phung Can Chi Ly hoang hau

- Thuan Thanh M i n h Dao hoang hau

- T r in h Qud'c hoang hau

- Pham hoang hau

Nam hoang hau tren cua vua Le Dai Hanh sinh duqc

nhieu hoang tir va cdng chiia. Sir cu khong chep ten cac cdng

chiia, chi ghi ten cua 11 hoang tir nhu sau:

- Nam 989 vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir th i i nhat la

Le Long Thau lam thai tir, la K i n h Thien Dai vuong; phonghoang tu t h i i hai la Le Ngan T ich (Le Long Tich) lam Ddng

Thanh vuong, den nam 1004 lai phong Le Long T i c h lam

Ddng Thanh Dai vuong; phong hoang tu t h i i ba la Le Long

Vie t lam Nam Phong vuong k h i mdi 7 t u d i , den nam 1004 la i

lap Nam Phong vuong Le Long V i e t lam hoang thai tir (sau

nay la vua Le Trung Tdng). Than m l u cua Le Long Vi e t "Id

cd gdi lam cong giup viec cho ngtfdi"(" .

"> - Dqi Viet sit htqc (Sdd) - Trang 124

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- Nam 991 vua Le Dai Hanh phong voang tu th i i tu la Le

Long D i n h lam Ngu Man vuong, dong d Phong Chau. (Sau

k h i Le Long D i n h len ngoi, Ngu Man vuong cung lam phan.

Le Long D i n h dem quan d i danh, Ngu Man vuong mdi chiu

hang).

- Nam 992 vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir thu: nam la

Le Long D i n h (em trai cung me vdi Le Long V i e t ) lam Khai

M i n h vuong, ddng d Dang Chau ( K i m T h i , Hung Yen), den

nam 1004 lai gia phong Le Long D i n h lam Khai M i n h dai

vuong.

- Nam 991 vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tit thu" sau la

Le Long Can lam Ngu Bac vuong, ddng d trai Phu Lan (huyen

Dudng Hao, t inh Hai Duong). (Sau khi Le Long D i n h len

ngoi, Ngu Bac vuong va Trung Quoc vuong chiem trai Phu

Lan lam phan. Le Long D i n h than chinh d i danh, vay trai vai

thang. Ngudi trong trai het luong an. Ngu Bac vuong phai bat

Trung Quoc vuong dem nop. Le Long D i n h giet Trung Quoc

vuong, tha toi cho Ngu Bac vuong).

- Nam 993, vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir thu: bay la

Le Long Tung lam D i n h Phien vuong, ddng d thanh Tu

Doanh, Ngu Huyen Giang (Bac N i n h ) ; phong hoang tur thf i

tam la Le Long Tuong lam phd vuong, ddng d D d Dong Giang

(Thanh Oai, Ha Tay cu); phong hoang tu th i i chin la Le Long

K i n h lam Trung Quoc vuong, ddng d Can Da, huyen Mat

L i e n (huyen Phii Tien, Hai Hung cu). (Den nam 1005, Trung

Quoc vuong da ciing Ngu Bac vuong lam phan, Le Long

D i n h giet Trung Quoc vuong).

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- Nam 994, vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tu thu m ud i

la Le Long Mang l am Nam Quoc vuong, dong d Vu Lu n g

(Thanh Hoa) .

- Nam 995, vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir t h i i m u d imot la Le Long De (Minh D6) lam Hanh Quan vuong, ddng

d Bac Ngan chau Cd L am (Tien Son, Bac N in h ). N am 1004,

Hanh Quan vuong duqc vua Le Dai Hanh cir di sur sang tham

nha Tdng duqc vua Tdng ban cho chiic K i m t ir vin h lap dai

phu k iem hieu Thai uy Hoan Chau t h i i sir. V i trong nude r d iloan, cac hoang tir tranh nhau len ngoi n6n khong ve duqc, L e

Long De phai d la i Quang Chau (Trung Qud'c), den mua ha,

thang 6 nam 1006 m d i ve nude. Cung nam dd (995) phong

mdt con nudi lam Phu Dai vuong, ddng d huong Phu Dai

(VTnh Bao, Hai Phdng). Su than Ngd Sy L ien luan ban:

"nhdnh hp cua vua dd dong ngudi rdi, cai goi la con nudi,

chang qua Id mudn thod long yeu ddu rieng vdi ngudi ay ma

thdi"«>.

Sau khi vua Le Dai Hanh mat chi cd hai hoang tir la Le

Lo ng V iet va L e Lon g DTnh (cung mdt me) len lam vua. Theo

"Dqi Viet sit luqc " me "la cd gdi lam cdng g iup viec cho

ngudi" nhung sach "Dqi Viet sicky toan thu" l a i gh i : "me la

Chi Hdu Dieu nu"m (Chi Hau Dieu nu la con gai cua quan

giff chiic Chi Hau, ten la Dieu, khong ro hq g i) . N h u the' cac

sach sir xua deu khong ndi ro me cua Le Long Viet va Le

Long DTnh la ba hoang hau nao? "Dqi Viet sicky toan thu"con g hi : M ua xuan n a m D i n h M u i (1007), vua Le Long DTnh

"> • "DVSK TT" (Sdd) - trang 22812 1

- "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - trang 232

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"sai em la Minh Xudng va Chuong thuky la Hoang Thanh

Nha ddng te ngitn trang cho nhd Tdng, xin kinh "Dqi tang "

D en mua xuan nam K y Dau (1009) M i n h Xuong m o i ve nude,

x in duqc k i n h "Dqi tang ".

V ua Le Da i Hanh chinh la v i chu soai tai ba thao luqc, la

ngudi chien dau va bao ve K i n h do Hoa L u , cung cd nghia la

bao ve n6n dqc lap tu chu cua dat nude.

1 - VUA L E D A I H A N H VOT SU NGHIEP D A N H

T O N G B I N H C H I E M

K h i duqc t in nude Dai Co V i e t gap nhieu khd khan, vua

D i n h Toan len ngoi con nhd t u d i , nha Tdng (Trung Qud'c)

nghi ngay den viec di xam luqc nude Dai Co V i e t de k h o i

phuc cai de qud'c Dudng rdng ldn trudc day.

Thang 8 nam Canh T h i n (980), vua Tdng xudng chieu

dem quan sang xam luqc nude ta, sai L u Da Ton dem thu

sang K i n h dd Hoa Lu. La thu rat dai, trong dd cd doan de

doa: "Neu chiu theo giao hod, ta se tha tdi cho, neu trdi lenh,

ta se sai quan danh. Theo hay chong, lanh hay dii, tunguoi

xetlay"(2>

.

D en mua ddng thang 10 nam dd, vua Le Dai Hanh sap

xuat quan danh Tdng, l i en sai Giang Cu Vong va Vuong Thi6u

T d dua thu sang nude Tdng tra l d i , nhung lam gia la thu cua

V e vuong D i n h Toan. Trong thu cd doan: "nhd Than sap sup

do chua bd do tang ... Cid mong duqc chinh thiic linh menh,

dii duqc du hang phien bang, deyen Hi tam long tan trung13

*".

"> - "D VSKTT" (Sdd) - trang 235

m <s>. ••DVSKTT" (Sdd) - Trang 219

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D o la la thu vua Le Dai Hanh lam gia di dung lam ke hoan

binh vdi nha Tong.

Dieu do da the hien su khdn kheo, muu meo ciia vua Le

D ai Hanh hoan binh d6 cung cd luc luong, chuan bi cho chien

dau.

Vua Tdng nhan duqc thu, sai Truong Tong Quyen dua

thu tra ldi vua Le Dai Hanh, cd doan: ". .. tram mudn cho

Toan lam Thdng sodi, khanh (vua Le Dai Hanh) lam phd.

Neu Toan tudng tai chang cd, van con tre con, thi nen bao cd

me con cung than thudc sang quy phu. Dqi khi bon hq vao

chau at se cd dien le Uu ddi vd se trao cd tiet cho khanh. Nay

cd hai dudng, khanh nen chon mdi".

Vua Le Dai Hanh da khong nghe vua Tdng. Ong the

hien y chi chien dau bao ve nen tu do, ddc lap cua dan tqc, daquyet tam chien dau chong giac ngoai xam. Mac du mdi len

ngoi vua dng da phai ganh mdt trach nhiem ldn nang ne\ Day

la mdt thu-

thach dau t ien dd i vdi vua Le Dai Hanh.

Sach "Dqi Viet sit ky toan thu" cd ghi: "Nam Tan Ty

(981), mua xudn, thdng 3, Hdu Nhan Bao, Ton Toan Hitngden Lang Son, Tran Kham Td den Tay Kit, Luu Trioig din

sdng Bach Dang (Quang Ninh). Vua (Li Dqi Hanh) tu lam

tudng di chan giac, sai quan sy ddng cqc ngan sdng. Quan

Tdng lui, lqi din sdng Chi Lang (Lang Son). Vua sai quan sy

trd hang dedu Nhan Bao, nhan dd bat duqc Nhan Bao, dem

chem. Bon Kham Td nghe tin quan thuy thua tran, dan quan

ve. Vua dem cac tudng danh, quan ciia Kham To thua to,

<" - ••DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 219

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chet den qua niia, thay chet day dong, bat duqc tudng giac la

Qudch Quan Bien, Trieu Phung Hudn, dem ve Hoa Lt("(l>.

Doan sir do da giup chung ta hinh dung dupe nha Tdng

da cir nhung tudng tai chi huy. Hau Nhan Bao la tong chi huy,

Ton Toan Hung chi huy dao quan bd di theo hudng Ddng,

Tran Kham Td chi huy dao quan bd di theo hudng Tay, Luu

Trirng chi huy dao quan Thuy. Cd the ndi, day la cudc xam

luqc dai quy md cua nha Tdng.

Vua Le Dai Hanh da la mdt nha qu&n su chi huy 1 trieu

quan d thdi D i n h , cd nhieu k i n h nghiem trong chien dau, nen

da td chiic danh quan xSm luqc Tdng rat chu dao, cd kehoach

ro rang. Danh quan thuy do Luu Trirng chi huy, vua Le Dai

Hanh cho ddng cqc d ciia sdng Bach Dang de chan thuy quan.D d i vdi quan bd, dng cho xay thanh B i n h L d d vi ing Nhu

Nguyet va tai ai Chi Lang dng bd t r i quan sSn sang giao chien

de ngan bd binh cua nha Tdng.

Vua Le Dai Hanh lai la ngudi true tiep cam quan danh

giac.

Viec ddng cqc d cira sdng Bach Dang da lam cho quSn

Tdng thua to, pha vo toan bd ke hoach xam luqc cua nha

Tdng. Chien thang Bach Dang da di vao l i ch sir dan tqc.

Nhu the chi trong vdng cd 3 thang, vua Le Dai Hanh da

danh tan quan xam luqc nha Tdng d phuong Bac khien cho

nha Tdng khiep so, "Vua Tdng xudng chieu nit quan ve, sai

- "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 220 vd Trang 221

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sitqud trdch bon Luu Trirng, Gid Tlu^c, Vuong Soqn. Trirng

dm chet, Soqn bi giet d Ung Chau, Ton Toan Hung ciing bi

giet beu dchq"(

".

Nha Tdng tire gian v i that bai ldn dd nen da trirng phat

bon quan lai cua minh va rat hoang mang khong dam sang

xam luqc nude ta nua.

Su khiep so dd co n keo dai den sau nay. N am 1006, sau

khi vua Le Dai Hanh mat, cac hoang tir tranh gianh ngo i ,

danh giet lan nhau. Nude Dai Cd Vie t kh i dd cung rdi ren.

Nhan day t r i Quang Chau nude Tdng la Lang Sach da dang

thu len vua Tdng d6 nghi vua lai cho quan d i xam luqc nude

Dai Co Viet : "xin dem quan sang danh dep, bon Khanh Tap

nguyen lam tien phong, co the hen ngay lay duqc. Neu trieu

dinh chudn ldi thinh cau, thi xin lay binh ddng ddn d ede

chau thudc Quang Nam vd cho them 5.000 quan manh dKinh Hd, thuy bd ciing tien, cd the binh dinh duqc ngay"

<2 >

.

Nhung den thdi diem dd vua Tdng van con khiep so,

khang khang tir chd'i, khong dam cho quan sang xam luqc

nude ta nQa, lay cd la "vdi danh ke cd tang, hd phai la viec

lam ciia bde vuong gid ", "neu dem c/udn sang danh thi chethai tat nhieu, nen can than giic gin coi dat ciia td tdng md

thdi"<3

>.

Su thuc la vua Tdng da khiep so, y chi xam luqc hoan

toan b i de bep. D ie u dd la su chiing m in h cho siic manh cua

"' - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 221.12 1


'•" - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 234

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quan dan nude Dai Co V i e t va tai nang quan su cua vua Le

D a i Hanh trong cong cudc chong giac ngoai xam.

Chien thang quan xam luqc nha Tong d£u nam 981 cua

vua Le Dai Hanh da chuyen nguy thanh an, dua the cua datnude di len. Nha sur hoc Le Van Huu danh gia la "cong danh

dep chien thang (nhd Tdng) ddu Id nhd Hdn, nhd Dudng ciing

khong hon duqc "(

".

Sau chien thang quan xam luqc nha Tdng, dat nude trd

l a i b inh yen.

Tir nam 980, sau khi len n g o i , vua Le Dai Hanh da cfr

Tu: Muc va Ngo Tir Canh sang C h i £ m Thanh dat quan he hoa

hieu nham yen on phia Nam de chong giac Tdng phia Bac.

Nhung vua Chiem Thanh cSy the' hi ing manh da bat giu Tir

M u c va Ngd Tir Canh. V i vay, den nam 982, thay vua Chiem

Thanh bat giu sir cua m i n h la Tir Muc, Ngd Tir Canh, "Vua

(Le Dqi Hanh) gian, sai ddng chien thuyen, sita hinh khi, tu

lam tudng di danh, chem Be Mi Thue tai tran. Chiem Thanh

thua to. Bat sdng duqc quan sy ciia chiing nhieu vd ke, cung

la ky nii trong cung tram ngudi vd mdt nhd su ngudi Thien

True, lay ede dd quy dem ve, thu duqc vdng bac ciia bdu ke

hang van, san phdng thanh tri, phd huy tdng mieu, vita mot

nam thi trd vekinh su"(2}

.

D d la su nghiep binh Chiem cua vua Le Dai Hanh. Nhu

the t i i miia xuan nam 981 den nam 982, chi trong vdng gan 2

nam, vua Le Dai Hanh da danh thang 2 nude: phia Bac pha

"> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 22112 1


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Tong, phia Nam binh Chiem, ghi mot mdc son bao ve ddc lap

va chii quyen cua nude Dai Co V i e t d the ky thii: 10.

Khong chi pha Tdng, binh Chiem, vua Le Dai Hanh con

the hien tai nang quan su cua minh d nhung cudc chinh chien

di danh bon phien loan, lam phan trong nude.

Nam 989, vua Le Dai Hanh sai Quan giap Duong Tien

Ldc di thu thue hai chau: A i Chau va Hoan Chau ( t inh Nghe

A n , Ha T i n h va Thanh Hoa ngay nay) nhung Duong Tien

Ldc lam phan dem hai chau A i va Hoan theo ve nude Chiem

Thanh. Nude Chiem Thanh khong nhan. Vua Le Dai Hanh

nghe t in dd, la i than chinh cam quan di danh, bat duqc Duong

Tien Ldc.

Mua xuan, thang 2, nam B i n h Than (996) vua Le Dai

Hanh than chinh di danh bdn ddng: Dai, Phat, Dan, Ba d Ma

Hoang.

Mua thu, thang 7, nam 997 vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh

di danh giac d Dd Ddng Giang, bat duqc bon chiing dem ve

Kinh dd.

Nam 999, vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh di danh giac d -

Ha Ddng (huyen Thach Thanh, t inh Thanh Hoa), .. ., tat ca 49

ddng va pha duqc ddng Nhat Tac, chau D i n h Bien (Cao Bang).

Tir dd cac chau, ddng deu quy phuc.

Nam 1000, vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh di danh giac d

Chau Phong (Phii Tho).

Nam 1001, vua Le Dai Hanh lai than chinh di danh giac

a Cu Long (C i m Thuy, Thanh Hoa).

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Dieu do cung the hien, mac du da giao cho cac vuong di

tran t ri d cac noi trong ca nude, nhung d&u nam dudi quyen

cua vua Le Dai Hanh, nen ong van quan tam, khi cd bien

dong dlu than chinh di dep loan.

Nhu the sau nam 982 vua Le Dai Hanh chi duqc nghi

yen lanh dao dat nude trong 6 nam (tit nam 983 den het nam

988), den nam 989 lai phai d i chinh chien dep loan trong

nude, sau dd duqc nghi yen 7 nam nua, den nam 996, 997,

999, 1000 va nam 1001 cung phai cam quan di dep loan.

Vua D i n h Tien Hoang d ngoi 12 nam (968 - 979), tri vi

dat nude trong canh hoa binh khong cd chien tranh, thi vua

Le Dai Hanh d ngoi 24 nam (980 - 1005), t r i v i dat nude trong

canh chien tranh, pha Tdng, binh Chiem va dep bon phan

loan. Le Dai Hanh chinh la mot ong vua chien tran.

Thien tai quan sir cua vua Le Dai Hanh con the hien d

viec dung ngudi.

Pham Hap la anh rupt cua Pham Cu Luqng, vira bi vua

Le Dai Harm giet xong, nhung thay Pham Cu Luqng cd tai

nang quan su, ong van trong dung, phong Pham Cu Luqng la

Dai tudng quan.

De cung cd quan dpi nha Le vung manh, nam 986 vua

Le Dai Hanh cho diem dan de lay l i nh "dat binh tuc ve, goi Id

Than quan, tren tran deu thich ba chit "Thien Tic Quan "m

.

"nam 988 lqi tuy en quan ngu"m

va den nam 1002 con cho

"' - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tdp III (Sdd) - Trang 7.m

- "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap 111 (Sdd) - Trang 23.

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tuyen chon quan l i n h mot each nghiem ngat, chia tudmg hieu

lam 2 ban va cho 6 quan phai dqi mu dau mau.

Vua Le Dai Hanh cung nhu vua Dinh T ien Hoang da bo'

t r i mot dao cam quan g6m khoang 3000 ngudi. Dao quan nay

chu yeu lam nhiem vu bao ve K i n h do. Ngoai ra con co mot

dao qu&n t i i suong, coi giu cac cong thanh.

Tat ca nhung dieu do d l u ch i ing minh vua Le Dai Hanh

la mot nha quan su tai nang.

Chinh v i the, sir than Ngo Sy L i e n danh gia:

"Vua danh ddu duqc day, chem vua Chiem Thanh de

rita cai nhuc phien di bat gift sit than, danh lui quan Trieu

Tdng debecdi mini tat thdng ciia vua toi bon hq, co the goi la

bac anh hung nhdt ddi vay "m

.

Nha sir hoc Le Van Huu danh gia:

"Ke ve mdt tritdep gian trong, danh tan giac ngoai, lam

manh nitdc Viet ta, ra oai vdi ngudi Tdng thi LyThdi Td khong

bang Le Dqi Hanh cd cdng lao gian khd hon "

( 2 )

.Vua Le Da i Hanh noi len trong l i ch sit dan tqc ta, x i i n g

dang duqc ngang hang vdi nhi ing anh hung dan tqc nhu: L y

Thudng K i e t , Tran Hung Dao, Le L q i , N g u y l n T ra i, Quang

Trung,.. .

a>

- "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - trang 23113 1

- "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - trang 221

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2 - VU A L E D A I H A N H CUNG CO BQ M A Y NHA

N U Q C

Tu: nam 991 trd di vua Le Dai Hanh phong dat de cho

cac hoang t i t cai quan, tran t r i . Nhung nhung vung dat dd deu

nam dudi quyen cua vua Le Dai Hanh, nen k h i cd bien dong,

vua deu than chinh di dep loan. Dieu nay the hien bq may nha

nude cua vua Le Dai Hanh la tap trung vao quyen cua vua,

khong phan tan.

De cung cd bq may nha nude, nam 1002, vua Le Dai

Hanh ddi 10 dao thanh lq , phu, chau. Ong con dung nhiing

danh tudng g i d i de tham gia bq may nha nude. Mac du Pham

Cu Luqng la em ruqt Pham Hap, vua Le Dai Hanh van trong

dung phong Pham Cu Luqng lam thai uy nam 986. Cung

nam dd (986), vua Le Dai Hanh phong Tuf Muc lam Tdng

quan t r i quan dan su la ngudi torn giu viec nude, tiic la cong

viec cua Te tudng.

Vua Le Dai Hanh phong L y Cong Uan giur chiic Ta Than

ve Dien tien chi huy sii. Vua Le Dai Hanh con dung Thai su

Hong Hien la ngudi Trung Quoc nhung thong hieu k in h sit

lam quan su. Khong quan tam den quan he, xuat than rieng,

nhung ai cd tai nang, trung thanh vdi minh deu duqc trong

dung.

Nhu the vua Le Dai Hanh da dat them cac chiic nhu:

Thai su, Dai tdng quan, Thai uy, ta va huu Dien tien chi huy

sii, . . .

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3 - VU A L E D A I H A N H - NHA N G O A I G I A O

K H O N K H E O

Tix mua dong thang 10, nam Canh T h i n (980), vua LeDai Hanh da cho sii sang nha Tdng, ndi thac la sii gia cua

Dinh Toan. Mai den nam 983, vao mua xuan, vua Le Dai

Hanh mdi chinh thiic cdng khai sai sir sang nha Tdng. V i vay,

den nam 985, nha Tdng cung sai sii sang tham nude Dai Co

Viet . Cung nam dd vua Le Dai Hanh sai su sang nha Tdngl inh chiic Tiet Tran (Tiet dd sii d Phien Tran). Mdt nam sau,

nam 986, vao mua ddng, thang 10, nha Tdng sai Ta bd khuye't

L y Nhupc Chuyet, Qud'c tit giam bac sy L y Giac mang che

sach sang K i n h dd Hoa L u phong vua Le Dai Hanh lam "An

Nam do ho Tinh Hdi quan Tiet do sic kinh trieu quan hdu ".Trong ldi che cd doan: 'Way Quyen tri tam ty hcu hdu Le

Hoan, tUchd't von kiem nghia diing, ban tinh trung hdu thuan

hoa, da duqc Idng ngUdi trong nude "a>

. Sau dd vua Le Dai

Hanh sai Ngd Qud'c A n sang dap 16 nha Tdng. Tiep luon nam

987, nha Tdng lai sai Ly Giac sang nude Dai Co V i e t lf in thu:hai.

Nam 1004, vua Le Dai Hanh cit Hanh Quan vuong ( M i n h

Di) la hoang tur t h i i mudi mdt, di sii sang tham nha Tdng.

Vua Tdng ban cho chiic Hoan Chau th i i sit. V i trong nude rdi

loan, M i n h De phai d l a i Quang Chau (Trung Qud'c) den mua

ha nam Binh Ngo (1006) M i n h De mdi ve nude.

- "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap HI (Sdd) - Trang 187

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Di e u dac biet la, nam 987, nha Tong cir Quoc tit giam

bac sy Ly Giac sang tham nude Dai Co V i e t lan th i i hai, khi

L y Giac di thuyen den song Sach Giang (song chay qua Nam

Sach), vua Le Dai Hanh mudn the hien t inh than t u hao dan

tqc, da sai nha su Dd Phap Thuan la ngudi g i d i van hoa, gia

lam ngucfi coi ben song ra ddn tiep L y Giac. L y Giac dqc tho,

su Dd Phap Thuan cung lam tho ddi la i lam cho L y Giac rat

kham phuc ngudi cua nude Dai Cd V i e t . Den k h i ve quan sii,

L y Giac phai lam bai tho ca n g o i . Trong bai tho cd hai cau ket

nh u sau:

"Thien ngoai hull thien Ung viin chieu,

Khe dam ba tinh kien thiem thu "

(Ngoai t rd i l a i cd t rd i soi nua,

Sdng lang khe dam bdng nguyet thau)

Cau tho "Ngoai trdi lqi cd trdi soi nua " the hien L y Giac

co i vua Le Dai Hanh cung la mot mat t rd i nhu vua Tdng.

Sau dd Ly Giac tit biet ra ve, vua Le Dai Hanh con sai

nha su Ngo Khuong V i e t (Ngo Chan L u u ) lam bai hat (Bai tit

dat theo mot ca dieu cd san) de t i i n L y Giac.

Chinh v i the, nha sit hoc Phan Huy Chu da nhan xet:

"Nhd Tien Le tiep ddi sii nhd Tdng, tinh y vd van tho rat

la chu dao. Khuc hat hay cung du khoe cd nhan tai ma quoc

the duqc them ton trong, lam cho ngudi Bac phai khudt phuc.

Sau nay mdi khi suTrung Qud'c ve nude deu cd dua tho tien

tdng dekhoa tricong van hod, bat ddu thuc la tuddy"(1)

.

"' - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Phan Huy Chii - Tap III - NXBKHXH-1992 -Trang252

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Phai chang, vua Le Dai Hanh da la ngudi dau tien the

hien quan diem ngoai giao vdi nude ngoai, phai de cao vi tri

cua dat nude minh. Dieu dd the hien t inh than tu hao dan tqc.

Su nghiep ngoai giao cua nude ta md dau tit nha D i n h .

Vua D i n h Tien Hoang da cd tam nhin ngoai giao rat sdm

quan he vd i Trung Quoc. Chinh sach ddi ngoai cua ong khdn

kheo, mem deo de g iu gin hoa binh cho dat nude. Den vua Le

Dai Hanh trong quan he ngoai giao v d i nha Tdng da nang cao

hon, the hien t inh than tu hao dan tqc.

Khong nhung the, trong quan he ngoai giao vdi nha Tdng,

vua Le Dai Hanh td ra rat than mat, nhung lai rat than'trong,

ciing ran va cd phan ngao man.

Nam 990, nha Tdng sai Ta chinh ngon Tdng Cao, Huuchinh ngon Vuong The Tac mang che sach phong cho vua Le

Dai Hanh. Vua Le Dai Hanh ddn Tdng Cao d ngoai K i n h dd,

den cita M i n h D i i c , khi nhan che sach phong cua nha Tdng

vua Le Dai Hanh khong lay, ndi ddi la nam vita qua di danh

giac Man, bi nga ngua dau chan.

K h i ddn tiep Tdng Cao, vua Le Dai Hanh "dem quan vd

ddn boi thuyen, gidng trong, hd reo; nhung nui dgdn dd thanh

thi hit trirng thanh the: cam rat cd trang, lam nhd ddng vebay

binh bdtrqn "'"

Phan Huy Chi i trong "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi",

con cho biet:

'" - "Kham Dinh Viet sit thdng gidm cucrng muc " - Tap I (Sdd) - Trang 259

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"Ngay hdm sau (vua Le Dai Hanh) dat yen the't sit gid,

la i ddn sitra bd song xem trd choi de cho khach vui (vua the't

yen stf Tdng, nhan cam can cau xudng sdng cau cd, de bay

vui vdi khach, rdi lqi sai ngudi mang den mdt con ran dai va

hai con hd de thudng ngoqn)"m

.

Mang mot con ran to dai, vdi danh nghia la de lam thit

thet s i i , dem hai con ho de tang si i , s i i gia t i t chdi khong nhan,

nhung thuc chat la vua Le Dai Hanh mudn dung cac ddng vatdd de "khoa truong " uy the, lam cho Tdng Cao phai k inh ne.

Cung nam 990, nhan che sach phong xong, vua Le Dai

Hanh con bao vdi Tdng Cao rang: "sau nay cd qud'c thu thi

nen cho giao nhan dddu bien gidi, khdi phien sic than den tan

day niia ". Cao ve tau vua Tdng bang ldng"( 2 )

. Nhung Phan

Huy Chi i da viet:

"Xem ldi Bac sit sau khi trd ve nitdc thi ciing cd y bat

man ldm"<3 >

.

L d i ndi dd cua vua Le Dai Hanh la cd y thiic khdng

mudn cho cac si i than nha Tdng vao nude Dai Cd Vi e t de

nhdm ngd, chi duoc di ing d bien g i d i di giu b i mat cho dat

nude. Che sach phong cua vua Tdng phong cho vua Le Dai

Hanh nam dd len chiic vi "Ddc Tien "( 4 )

.

"' - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap 111 (Sdd) - Trang 253

m - "DVSKTT ", (Sdd) - Trang 226

<3> - "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap III (Sdd) - Trang 25314 1

- Mot clu'tc quan to, dudi hang Tam cong. Chi Vua chu hdu nao co

cdng dice duoc trieu dinh kinh trong, mdi duqc phong chiic nay.

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N am 996, Su nha Tdng mang chieu thu va dai ngoc ban

cho vua Le Dai Hanh, "Vua ra ddn ngoai giao, co y ngqo

man khong lam li de to ra cao quy khac thudng"0)

.

N am 997, vua Le Dai Hanh sai sur sang tham lai nha

Tdng.

Cd the n d i , vua Le Dai Hanh la mdt nha ngoai giao xuat

sac. Cung vdi vua Di n h T i e n Hoang, dng cung md dau cho

truyen thdng ngoai giao trong l i ch sit V i e t Nam.

4 - VUA L E D A I H A N H CO CONG XAY D U N G

H O A N C f f l N H K I N H DO HOA L U

N am Giap Than (984) vua Le Dai Hanh da cho xay dung

8 cung dien: Bach Bao Thien Tue, Phong L u u , Tic Hoa, Bdng

Lai , Cue Lac, lau Dai Van, Trudng Xuan, L o n g Ldc.

"Dqi Viet silky toan thu" viet: "Giap Than (984)... Lam

nhieu cung dien nhd cita: ditng dien Bach Bao Thien Tue d

nui Dqi Van cot gidt vdng bac, lam noi coi chau; phia Ddng

la dien Phong Litu, phia Tay la dien Tit Hoa, ben td la dien

Bdng Lai, ben hiai la dien Cite Lac. Tiep dd lam lau Dqi Van,

dung tiep dien TritdngXudn lam noi vua nghi. Ben canh dien

Trudng Xudn lqi diflig dien Long Ldc, mdi lop ngoi bqc"i2)

.

D en nam 992 xay dung dien Can Nguyen.

Sd luong cung dien dupe cac sach sii ghi chep nhu the la

it so v d i thuc te. V i cung dien cho vua d, coi chau va nghi ngoi

g i a i t r i , cung it nhat phai cd 3. Hai vua, mdi vua deu cd 5

- "DVSKTT ", (Sdd) - Trang 229.12 1

- "Dai Viet silky toan tint" (Sdd) - Trang 222 vd 223

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hoang hau, thi phai co 5 cung dien nua. Cac hoang tut, cong

chua cua vua d, nhu the phai co nhieu cung dien nua. Ngoai

ra con co cac cung dien cho cac cung nu d. Day la chua ke

den mot so cung dien khac nua.

Nhung dieu chac chan la cac cung dien d K i n h dd Hoa

L u khi dd rat dep de, be the, long lay, nguy nga. Bdi v i cac

"cot gidt vdng bac", "mdi lap ngoi bac". Dieu dd cung khang

dinh nude Dai Cd V i e t khi dd giau cd, cd nhieu vang bac nencac vua mdi su dung de xay dung cung dien.

Sit than Ngo Sy L i e n da phe phan su lang phi nay: "lam

cung dien thi lay vdng bac md trang siic "(l>

.

Nhung chac chan rang ddi vua Le Dai Hanh, d K i n h d6

Hoa L u da cd nhieu vang bac nen mdi "trang site " nhu the.

Nam 982, vua Le Dai Hanh than chinh di danh Chiem Thanh

"lay cac do quy dem ve, thu duqc vdng bac ciia bdu ke hang

van "m

. Theo truyen thuyet, chiia Ngan d thon Chi Phong, xa

Trudng Yen, da cd ten la K i m Ngan (chiia Vang), v i chua

duoc xay dung tren nen kho vang cua nha vua nam trong khuThanh N o i d K i n h do Hoa L u .

5 - VUA L E D A I H A N H CH U TRONG PHAT TRIEN

NONG NGHIEP

Nong nghiep la nen k i n h te chu yeu quan trong nhat b

thdi ky dd. Nong nghiep cd phat trien thi mdi tao ra ngudn

luong thuc nuoi sdng con ngudi va de du trir cho quan ddi.

<" - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 231

m. "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 222

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Chinh v i the, nam 987, vao miia xuan vua Le Dai Hanh da di

cay t ich dien d nui Do i (huyen Duy Tien, t inh Ha Nam ngay

nay).

T ich dien la ruong danh rieng cho nha vua di cay dauxuan, md d£u cho vu cay cua ca nude de khuyen khich san

xuat. t e Dai Hanh la ong vua ddu tien cua dan tpc da d i cay

ruong. TCr dd khai sinh ra 16 xudng ddng cua ngudi ndng dan

sau nay.

Mudn phat trien ndng nghiep phai lam cdng tac thuy lq i

tot. V i vSy, nam 983, vua Le Dai Hanh da cho dao kenh tit

nui Ddng Cd thudc huyen Thieu Yen (Thanh Hoa) den sdng

Ba Hoa d huyen T i n h Gia, t inh Thanh Hoa de lam dudng

thuy di lai thuan tien, cung la de tudi tieu ruong ddng. Nam

1003, vua Le Da i Hanh con cho vet kenh Da Cai, tue la khuc

kenh ndi kenh Sat v d i sdng Lam d huyen Hung Nguyen, t inh

Ngh6 A n ngay nay.

6 - VU A L E D A I H A N H PHAT T R I E N T H U

CONG NGHlfeP

Nam 984, vua Le Dai Hanh da cho due tien "Thien Phuc".

Nhieu Id gdm lam cac loai gach, ngoi d ddi vua Le Dai

Hanh da phat trien manh, san xuat ra nhieu loai gach ngoi

dep, cd loai trang t r i hoa sen, ddi phuong vdn nhau de xay

dung cac cung dien d K i n h dd Hoa L u .

7 - VUA L E D A I H A N H CO CONG MO M A N G BO

C O I DAT NU dC

Neu ndi ri6ng ve qua t r inh Nam tien de md mang bd co i ,

vua Le Dai Hanh la ngudi cd cdng dau.

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Nam 982, vua than chinh di danh Chiem Thanh, san phang

thanh t r i pha huy tong mieu. Sau do ong la ngudi co cong mo

rong them cuong g i d i lanh thd cua Quoc gia d phia Nam.

8 - VUA L E D A I H A N H M O DA U CHO SU PHAT

T R I E N H E THONG G I A O THONG T H U Y VA B 0 0

V I E T N A M

Nam 983, khi di danh Chiem Thanh, qua nui Dong Cd

thuoc huyen Thieu Yen, t i n h Thanh Hoa den song Ba Hoa dhuyen T i n h Gia, t i n h Thanh Hoa, dudng nui hiem trd khd di,

vua Le Dai Hanh ben cho dao kenh, ndi tut nui Ddng Cd den

song Ba Hoa. Kenh dao xong, thuyen be d i lai thuan tien. Cd

le day la dudng thuy nhan tao dau tien cua dat nude ta. Nam

1003 vua Le Da i Hanh con di Hoan Chau (Nghe A n ) cho dao

song Da Cai (xa Da Cai, huyen Hung Nguyen, Nghe A n )

Mua thu, thang 8, nam 992, vua Le Dai Hanh "sai Phu

quoc Ngo T it A n dem 3 van ngudi di md dudng bq t i t cita bien

Nam G i d i den chau Dia L y " ( 1 ) . Dd la con dudng bq t i i Cita

Sot (thuoc huyen Thach Ha, t inh Ha T i n h ngay nay) sang dat

Chiem Thanh (khi dd la dat Dia L y - ngay nay la dat cua

huyen Le N in h , t i n h Quang Binh) de ngudi dan dan dan di ve

phia Nam khai khan dat dai. Cd le day cung la con dudng bq

nhan tao dau tien cua nude ta. Chinh vi the, cd thuyet cho

rang ngudi ddi tang cho ong biet hieu Le Dai Hanh - cd nghia

la ngudi hq Le di xa, hay di hoac hanh tien t d i .

<" - "DVSKTT ", (Sdd) - Trang 227

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9 - VUA LE D A I H A N H K H O I NGUON RA PHAP

CHE' CUA NUOG TA

"Dqi Viet sitky toan thu" cd ghi:

"Nham Dan (1002), miia xudn, thdng 3, dinh ludt

lenh'™.

Dieu do chiing to vua Le Dai Hanh co y dinh xay dung

mot nha nude co quy cu, da khoi nguon ra luat le phap luat.

O nude ta, den thdi Ly mdi chinh thiic cd phap luat. Nam1042, vua L y Thai Tong da sai Trung Thu soan "Hinh thu"

gdm ba quyen, di ban hanh.

Trudc dd vua Le Dai Hanh da dinh "luat lenh ". Nhu

vay, ong la ngudi dau tien trong l i ch si i dan tqc dinh ra luat

lenh, gdp phan di lam nen "Hinh thu" cua nha Ly sau nay.

10 - VUA LE DAI H A N H R AT Q U A N T A M DEN

PHAT GIAO

Vua Le Dai Hanh rat ton trong va k i n h ne thien su Khuong

Vi6t va t h i i n su Dd Phap Thuan. Hai thien su da mang het tai

nang phuc vu dat nude, dan tqc, cung nhau vach dinh ke hoach

phd ta vua Le Dai Hanh, xay dung trieu chinh, cung cd quoc

gia. Rieng nha su Phap Thuan, vua Le Dai Hanh khong goi

ten, ma chi ndi Dd phap su. Su Phap Thuan la ngudi cd tai tru

t inh, quyet dinh ke hoach cua t r i l u dinh, da giup vua Le Dai

Hanh trong viec soan thao cac quan he ngoai giao giua nude

Viet va nha Tdng.

Nam 987, sii nha Tdng la Ly Giac den K i n h dd Hoa Lu,

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vua Le Dai Hanh cu nha su Phap Thuan ra tiep Ly Giac. Su

Phap Thuan dong gia la ngudi cheo thuyen coi ben song, ddi

dap tho rat tai t i nh , hoan thanh cdng viec dupe giao, den n6i

L y Giac phai lam tho tang Phap Thuan. Khi t i i n Ly Giac ve

nude, vua Le Dai Hanh con sai su Khuong V i e t lam bai hat

de tien L y Giac. Xem thedu biet vua Le Dai Hanh da t in dung

cac nha su nhu the nao. Cac nha su da thuc su cd n h i l u ddng

gdp ldn cho trieu dai Tien Le .

9, v

O ddi vua Le Dai Hanh rat nhieu chua dupe xay dung.

Dac biet la chua Nhat T ru hien nay toa lac tai thon Yen Thanh,

xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa L u , van con nguyen mdt cot kinh

da do vua Le Dai Hanh lam d nien hieu Ung Thien th i i hai,

nam 995 de dang nha Phat, v i nha vua rat t in vao dao Phat, tin

vao su l i nh ung cua k i n h Phat. Bp phan chinh cua cot kinh,tam mat deu dupe mai nhan, cham khac khoang 2.500 chu

Han, ndi dung la K i n h Da La N i , Thu Lang Nghiem va bai

than chi i ca ngpi su ben vung cua due hanh Phat, su to ldn,

bao trum cua t r i tue, ta i nang Phat Nhu L a i .

Dieu dd chung td Phat giao d thdi Tien Le phat trien rat

manh, trd thanh qud'c dao, cac nha su cung t rd thanh cac nha

hoat ddng chinh t r i , tham gia giup vua tri vi dat nude. Phat

giao dudi dd i vua Le Da i Hanh cung la sue manh t inh thin va

t u tudng gdp phan xay dung y thuc dan tdc va van hoa Viet

Nam.

* *

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T o m lai, vua Le Dai Hanh la ngudi da k h o i md nhieu

mdc dau tien trong nhieu l inh vuc cua dat nude, la anh hung

dan tpc cd cong ldn trong viec td chiic va lanh dao cupc khang

chien danh Tdng lan t h i i nhat cua dan tpc ta.

Den mua xuan, thang 3 nam At Ty (1005)( l )

, vua Le Dai

Hanh qua ddi tai dien Trudng Xuan d K i n h do Hoa Lu. Ong

d ngoi tren 24 nam (980 - 1005), tho 65 tud i (941 - 1005).

Vua Le Dai Hanh mat mdi cd ten goi la Dai Hanh, cd hai

nghia: vua da d i dai, khong trd ve nua va vua cd diic hanh to,tat phai dupe danh l d n ( 2 ) .

D u d i ddi vua Le Dai Hanh, K i n h do Hoa L u va nude Dai

Cd Viet da cd su phdn thinh, on dinh ve chinh t r i , quan su va

dac biet ve k i n h te, ngoai giao cd xu the phat trien, danh dau

nhung mdc quan trong.

Cho nen, tit nam 985, nha Tdng mdi chi phong cho vua

L6 Dai Hanh chiic Tiet dp si i d phien tran, nhung de'n nam

997, tue la 12 nam sau, nha Tdng phai phong cho vua Le Dai

<" - ••DVSKTT", (Sdd) - Trang 23011 1

- Cac sach sic xua khong ghi ngay Vua Le Dqi Hanh mat.m

- Theo che do phong kien xua, trong thdi gian qua do "Vua trudc mdichet chua cd ten thuy, Vua sau dd ndi ngoi", quan than thudng ditng^danh tic chung chung md goi Vua mdi chet ay Id Dqi Hanh Hoang dedecho phdn biet vdi Vua mdi. Ddng ra Vua Le Hoan chi goi tam la Dqi

Hanh trong mot thdi gian. Nhung vi Le Hoan khong cd ten thuy vd tenmieu hieu, nen cicphai goi Id "Dqi Hanh " mdi mdi nhu tram nghin vuakhac khi mdi chet ciing goi Id Dqi Hanh. d Trung Qud'c, Cao De (nhaHdn) mdi mdi, trieu than goi Id Dqi Hanh Hoang de. Cd le, goc "Dqi

Hanh " tic day.

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Hanh chuc "Nam Binh vitong ", cd nghia la khong coi nude

ta la mot quan huyen cua hq, ma da trd thanh mot nude rieng.

D en mua thu, thang 8 nam D i n h M u i (1007) vua Tdng

(Trung Qud'c) con t ruy phong cho Dai Hanh hoang de lam

N a m V i e t vuong.

Sur than Ngd Sy L i e n danh gia:

"Vua danh ddu duqc day, chem vua Chiem Thanh de

fi(a cai nhuc phien di hat giit sit than, danh lui quan Trieu

Tdhg debecdi mull tat thdng cua vua tdi bon hq, cd the goi la

bac anh hiing nhdt ddi vay "<!>

Phan Huy Chu trong "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi"

cung nhan d i n h :

"Vua chong quan Tdng, binh nitdc Chiem, chon HoaHq (nhd Tdng) vd Man Di (Chiem Thanh) deu hdi so. Trung

Qud'c may ldn sach phong khen ngoi. Tieng tam vua litng lay.

Ndi ve tri nude thi vua de y viec thudng dung cua ddn, ddc

long ve qud'c chinh, trong ndng nghiep, can than ve bien

phdng, quy dinh phap lenh, tuyen ddn lam linh, ddi dat chauphii, chia dqt ede phien tran, ke cung edgang cham chi 1dm "

m

<" - "DVSKTT ", (Sdd) - Trang 231m

- "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap I (Sdd) - Trang 192

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D I N H Q U O C C O N G N G U Y E N B A C

(924 - 979)

Nguyln Bac sinh nam Giap Than (924), ciing tudi vdi

Dinh Bo LTnh, que d lang Dai Huu, nay thupc xa Gia Phuong,

huy6n Gia Vien.

Thdi thieu nien, Nguyln Bac cung di chan trau, tap tran

cor lau va ket ban vol Dinh Bp LTnh. Tuong truyln, mot ldn

Nguyln Bac di chan trau d Thung Lau (xa Gia Hung, huyen

Gia V i l n ) bi ho vo, Dinh Bp LTnh da diing giao niia dam ho,

cun Nguyln Bac.

Nam 951, Dinh Bd LTnh day binh or dpng Hoa Lu,

Nguyln Bac da co mat ngay tix budi dau, sat canh ciing Dinh

Bp LTnh. Va tit dd Nguyln Bac da theo Dinh Bp LTnh di dep

loan 12 sii quan.

Nam 968, Dinh Bq LTnh len ngoi hoang de. Den nam

9 7 1 , Dinh Tien Hoang dinh cap bac van vo trong trieu, phong

Nguyln Bac lam Dinh Quoc Cong, la vi Te tudng (ngang

chiic Thu tudng ngay nay). Nguyln Bac chinh la v i Te tudng

dau tien trong l i ch six dan tqc, la De nhat cong than, diing dau

cac quan van vd, la mdt trong t i i tru cua nha Dinh.

T i t nam 968 den mua ddng nam 979, gan 12 nam,Nguyln Bac da giup vua Dinh Tien Hoang xay dung, cung

cd, lanh dao t r i l u chinh, lam cho nude Dai Co Viet on dinh va

phat trien.

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D en mua dong, thang 10 nam 979, Di n h T i e n Hoang va

D i n h L i i n bi am hai. "Khi ay Dinh Quoc Cong Nguyln Bac,

Ngoai giap Dinh Dien, cung Thap dao tudng quan Le Hoan

rude Ve vuong Toan len ngoi hoang di',(1)

. D i n h Toan moi 6

t u d i len lam vua. Le Hoan dang giu chiic Thap dao tudng

quan, Dien t ien chi huy s i i nam quyen hanh trong t r ieu chinh

va tu xung la Pho vuong. Ngd Le Hoan se gay hai cho vua

con nho, bdi het long ton thd nha D i n h , D i n h Quoc C6ng

N g u y l n Bac, Ngoai giap D i n h D i e n , cung Pham Hap cung

nhau cat quan t i t A i Chau (Thanh Hoa) chia lam hai dao thuy,

bp t ien ve K i n h do Hoa L u giet Le Hoan, nhung viec khong

thanh.

L e Hoan da cam quan ra A i Chau danh nhau vdi Dinh

D i e n , N g u y l n Bac. D i n h D i e n chet ngay tai tran, N g u y l n

Bac bi ddng cui dua ve K i n h do, Le Hoan ke toi rang: 'Tien

di'mdc nan, than ngudi deu cam then. NgUoi Id tdi con lqi

duong liic tang toe bdi rdi md day quan bdi nghia. Chiic phdn

tdi con cd ddu nhu the?'2

'. Sau dd Le Hoan cho chem dau

N g u y l n Bac.

Sut than Ngo Si L i e n trong "Dqi Viet sit ky toan thu",

danh gia cai chet cua D i n h D i l n va N g u y l n Bac la: "Bon ho

khdi binh khong phai 1dm loan, md la mdt long phii td nha

Dinh, vi giet Hoan khong duqc md phai chet, ay la chit dung

chd"<3

\

a> "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 214.

ax m. "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 215 - 216

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N G O A I G I A P D I N H D I E N

(924 - 979)

Dinh Dien cung nhu Nguyln Bac cung que, cung tudi

vdi Dinh Bq LTnh. Que Dinh Dien d lang Dai Huu, nay la xa

Gia Phucmg, huyen Gia Vien.

Thdi thieu nien, Dinh D i l n cung vdi Dinh Bq LTnh,

Nguyln Bac, Trinh Tu, Luu Co di chan trau, tap tran cd lau d

Thung Lau.

Dinh Dien cung theo Dinh Bp LTnh da'y binh d dpng

Hoa Lu ngay tir budi dau, cung Nguyln Bac, Trinh Tu, Luu

Co sat canh vdi Dinh Bp LTnh di dep loan 12 sii quan, gdp

phan to ldn trong su nghiep thdng nhat dat nude.

Sau khi len ngoi hoang de, Dinh Tien Hoang phong cho

Dinh Dien lam Ngoai giap. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang coi Nqi

giap trong trieu, Dinh Dien coi moi viec d ben ngoai t r i l u

dinh.

Dinh Dien cung la De nhat cong than, la mot trong tir tru

trieu Dinh.

Den miia dong, thang 10 nam 979, Dinh Tien Hoang

mat. Dinh Dien da cung Nguyln Bac, Le Hoan ton Dinh Toan

len lam vua.

Sau da'y Dinh D i l n da cung Nguyln Bac, Pham Hap cat

quan tir A i Chau chia lam hai dao thuy, bp tien v l Kinh do

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Ho a L u d i n h giet L e Hoan. Nhung viec khong thanh, L e Hoan

da cam quan ra A i Chau danh l a i . D i n h D i e n chet ngay tai

tran. "Dqi Viet sii ky toan thu" g h i "Roi do Le Hoan chinhddn quan lit, danh nhau vdi Dien, Bac dTdy Dd (Ai Chdu).

Dien, Bac thua chay, dem quan thuy ra danh. Hoan nhan

chieu gid phdng lica dot thuyen chien, chem D ien tai trdn "a>

.

Sit than Ng o S i L ien trong "Dqi Viet sicky toan thit" la i

mot Mn nua danh gia ve cai chet cua Dinh Dien va Nguy ln

Bac nhu sau: "Nguyin Bac, Dinh Dien sao cd the nhan tam

diem nhiin ma nhin? Rdi lui vi ddy quan hdi tdi, mull giiixa

tac, the Id be tdi trung nghia day. Viec khong xong md chit,

thi'la be tdi tic tii't ddy,,a)

.

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<2

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D O H O P H U S Y S U L U U C O

(924 - ?)

L u u Co sinh nam 924, cung que vdi Dinh Bp LTnh. Thdi

thieu nien, Luu Ca cung di chan trau tap tran cd lau va ket ban

vdi Dinh Bq LTnh. Khi Dinh Bq LTnh day binh d dong Hoa

L u , Luu Ca da cd mat ngay tu-

budi dau, sat canh cung Dinh

Bp LTnh, theo Dinh Bp LTnh di dep loan 12 su: quan.

Nam 968, Dinh Bp LTnh len ngoi hoang de. Den nam

971 , vua Dinh Tien Hoang dinh cap bac van vo trong trieu,

phong Luu Co lam do hp phu Sy Su, ttfc la chtfc quan coi viec

hinh an trong ca nude. Luu Co cung la mot trong quan ttf tru

cua trieu Dinh.

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T R I N H T U

( 9 2 4 - ? )

Tr inh T u sinh nam 924, c i ing que vd i D in h Bq L in h , cung

t ud i vd i L u u Co . K h i D in h Bq L in h day b inh d dong Hoa Lu,

T r i n h T i i da co mat ngay tit b u d i dau, sat canh ci ing Dinh B6

L i n h , theo D in h B q LTnh d i dep loan 12 su: quan. D ay cung la

m ot trong nhung ngudi ban chan chau roi tap tran cd lau vdi

D i n h Bq L i n h k h i c o n n h d .

N am 968, D in h Bq L in h l en ngo i hoang de. Den nam At

H o i (975), vua Dinh Tien Hoang sai Tri n h T u dem vang, lua,

sirng te, nga voi sang cdng nha Tdng. T r i n h T i i cung la mot

trong quan t i t t ru cua t r ieu D in h .

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T H A N V E D A I T l / C f N G Q U A N

P H A M B A C H H O( 1 )

Pham Bach Ho la ngudi diing dau mot sur quan d Dang

Chau (Hung Yen), cung la ngucfi biet danh gia tai nang cua

D in h Bq LTnh, dong thdi lay van menh cua dat nude len tren

het, da tu nguyen ve theo D i n h Bp LTnh khi D i n h Bp LTnh

dung len dep loan 11 s i i quan con la i.

Pham Bach Hd ngudi xa Ngoc Dudng, thupc huyen K i m

Dong, t inh Hung Yen. T it thdi Ngo Quyen (939-944), PhamBach Hd da la mot v i tudng tai cua nha Ngo. K h i Ngo Quyen

mat, trieu dinh luc due tranh gianh nhau ngoi thur. Nam 951

Ngo Xuong Van va Ngo Xuong Ngap la hai vua lanh dao dat

nude. Dat nude lai cang rdi ren hon. Mdt sd tudng cua nha

Ngd va cac thd hao da tu tap hop luc luqng quan si rieng,

chiem ddng cac dia phuong. Pham Bach Hd d Dang Chau

cung dung len tap hop quan sT, sau trd thanh mdt trong 12 sii

quan d thdi dd.

- Co sach ghi: Pham Bach Ho (910 - 972). Lai cd sach ghi: Pham BachHS(902 - 983). Vi chtfa thdng nhdt, sit cii khong ghi, nen tdi khong ghinam sinh, nam mat.

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Thay D i n h Bo LTnh day binh 6 Hoa L ir da co the luc

manh, hon nua lai biet D i n h Bo LTnh la con cua D i n h Cong

Tru\ trudc day da c i ing minh theo Ngo Quyen lap cong, nenPham Bach Ho tu nguyen ve hang phuc. Ong la mot s ii quan

dau t ien v6 vd i D i n h Bq LTnh.

D i n h Bq LTnh thay ong la mot tudng tai, rat tin diing,

phong ong lam Than ve Dai tudng quan.

T it dd Pham Bach Hd cung D i n h Bq LTnh xong pha tran

mac danh tan cac sii quan khong dau hang, dep yen duqc

loan 12 sir quan. Cung nhu N g u y l n Bac, D i n h D i e n , Pham

Bach Hd la mot tudng tai cua D i n h Bq LTnh.

N am 968 D i n h Bq LTnh len n g o i hoang de. Dinh TienHoang van giu nguyen chiic cho Pham Bach Ho la Than ve

D a i tudng quan, cung Dinh T ien Hoang xay dung K i n h do

Hoa L u , gdp phan giu gin b inh yen nude Dai Cd Vi e t . Ong la

m dt trong nhung dai than cua t r i l u D i n h .

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T l / C f N G Q U A N P H A M H A P

(? - 979)

Pham Hap ngudi huyen Chi Linh, tinh Hai Duong, la

anh rudt Pham Cu Luong. Cha la Pham Man lam den chiic

Tham chinh do ddc thdi Ngd Nam Tan vuong. Ong noi cua

Pham Hap la Pham Chiem da giu chiic Ddng giap tudng quan

thdi Ngd Quyen. Nhu the Pham Hap sinh ra trong mdt gia

dinh quan lai cd truyen thdng vd nghe.

Thdi Dinh Pham Hap cung em la Pham Cu Luqng la

tudng dudi ddi vua Dinh Tien Hoang.

Den mua ddng, thang 10 nam 979, Dinh Tien Hoang va

Dinh L i i n bi am hai. "Khi dy Dinh Quoc Cong Nguyin Bac,

Ngoai giap Dinh Diin, cung Thap dao tudng quan Le Hoan

rude Ve vuong Toan len ngoi hoang de'K1). Dinh Toan mdi 6

tudi len lam vua. Le Hoan dang giu chiic Thap dao tudng

quan, Dien tien chi huy sii nam quyen hanh trong trieu chinh

va tu xung la Phd vuong. Ngd Le Hoan se gay hai cho vua

con nhd, Pham Hap da cung Dinh Qud'c Cdng Nguyln Bac,

Ngoai giap Dinh D i l n cat quan t i i A i Chau tien ve Kinh dd

"DVSKTT" (Sdd) - Trang 214.

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Hoa L u giet Le Hoan, nhung viec khong thanh, N g u y l n Bac

b i dong cui dua v l K i n h do.

Sau khi N g u y l n Bac bi Le Hoan giet, "quan Pham Hap

mdt het khi the, tan chay vehuong Cat Lqi a Bac Giang. Hoan

ddn quan dudi theo, bat sdng duqc Pham Hap dem ve Kinh

su""'. Tiep do Le Hoan da giet Pham Hap. Ong mat nam 979

a K i n h do Hoa L u .

- '•DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 216.

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T H A I U Y

P H A M C U L U O N G

Pham Cu Lugng ngudi huyen Chi L i n h , tinh Hai Duong,

la em rudt Pham Hap. Cha la Pham Man lam den chiic Tham

chinh do ddc thdi Ngo Nam Tan vuong. Ong noi cua PhamCu Luong la Pham Chiem da giu chiic Dong giap tudng quan

thdi Ngo Quyen. Nhu the Pham Cu Luqng sinh ra trong mot

gia dinh quan lai cd truyen thdng vo nghe.

Thdi Dinh, Pham Cu Luqng da cung anh rudt la Ve uy

Pham Hap lam tudng dudi ddi vua Dinh Tien Hoang.

Mua thu, thang 7, nam 980, nha Tdng sap keo sang xam

luqc nude ta. Duong thai hau chap chinh, sai Thap dao tudng

quan Le Hoan tuyen chon cac tudng tai va quan sy, chuan bi

di danh giac Tdng. Duong thai hau da cur Pham Cu Luqng

lam Dai tudng quan.

GiO chiic Dai tudng quan, Pham Cu Luqng da ban vdi

cac tudng quan khac, rdi deu ddng loat mac ao tran di thang

vao Ndi phu, thay trieu dinh dang ban ke hoach xuat quan,

kh6ng so qud trach, ndi vdi moi ngudi rang:

"Thudng ngUdi cd cdng, giet ketrdi lenh la phep sdng de

thi hanh quan. Nay chiia thuqng con tre tho (chi Dinh Toan),

chiing ta ddu het siic lieu chet de chan giac ngoai, may cd

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chid cdng lao, thi co ai biet cho? Chi bang trudc hay ton lap

dng Thap dao lam Thien tit, sau dd se xudi quan thi hon " (" .

V i vay, ngudi da co cong de xuat dua Thap dao tudng

quan Le Hoan len lam vua t i i thang 7, nam Canh T h i n (980)

chinh la Pham Cu Luqng.

Trong hoan canh dat nude dang diing trudc hiem hoa

xam lang cua nha Tdng, trong nude th i vua D i n h Toan con

nhd chua lanh dao duqc dat nude, Pham Cu Luqng da biet dat

l q i ich sdng con cua dat nude len tren het de t im ngudi ganhvac trong trach ci iu nude la dieu rat dung. Khdng nen cho

rang Pham Cu Luqng da ton thd trieu D i n h sao lai cd y trua't

bd co nghiep cua nha D i n h .

Sau nay trong cac tran danh giac Tdng vao mua xuan

nam 981 tai Bach Dang, Chi Lang, Tay Ket va d i danh ChiemThanh, Dai tudng quan Pham Cu Luqng cung deu tham gia

sat canh cung vua Le Dai Hanh va lap duqc nhieu chien cdng.

Pham Cu Luqng chinh la ngudi biet nhin xa trong rdng,

cd tam nhin bao ve dat nude, x i ing dang la mdt Dai tudng

quan tai ba.

N am B i n h Tuat (986) vua Le Dai Hanh phong Pham Cu

Luqng chiic Thai uy.

Theo "Dqi Viet sit ky toan thu", den nam 1037, vua Ly

Thai Tdng (1028 -1054) dem chiem bao thay Pham Cu Luqng

ve, l ien truy phong cho dng rude vuong va cho dung den thd dng

d phia Tay cita Nam thanh, go i la den Hoang Thanh Dai Vuong®.

"> - ••DVSKTT (Sdd) - Trang 217

m. -DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 259

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N A M V I E T V l / O N G D I N H L I E N

(? - 979)

Dinh Lien la con truong cua vua Dinh Tien Hoang. Nam

9 5 1 , thay D i n h Bo LTnh khong chiu quy phuc m i n h , tach

khoi chinh quyen cua hai vua, day b inh cai quan rieng ca

vung Hoa L u , Nam Tan vuong va Thien Sach vuong l ien dem

quan den danh D i n h Bq LTnh. D in h Bq LTnh khong chong cu

noi , nen cho D i n h L i e n vao trieu cong, lam con tin cho hai

vua. Sau do hai vua dem D i n h L ie n di theo la i t ien danh D i n h

Bq LTnh.

H ai vua danh hon mot thang van khong thang duqc D i n h

Bp LTnh, ben treo D i n h L i i n len dau ngon sao roi bao D i n h

Bp LTnh: "Neu khong hang tat se giet Liin ". D i n h Bp LTnh

tue gian dap rang: "Dqi truqng phu hd vi dita con nho ma

lam luy den viec ldn sao? ". The la D i n h Bq LTnh ra lenh cho

hon 10 tay cung no d i n h ban D i n h L i e n . Hai vua tha'y vay,

kinh so bao nhau: "Ta treo con hdn la mudn cho hdn ddu

hang. Nhung hdn tan nhin nhu vay thi ddu cd giet con hdn di

cung chang ich gi", ben khong giet D i n h L i e n va dem quan

tro" ve\ Sau do D i n h L i e n ve Hoa L u .

N h u the D i n h L i e n cung da vao sinh ra tir giup D i n h Bq

LTnh tCf nhung nam do. Den kh i D i n h Bq LTnh dung len dep

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loan 12 sir quan, D i n h L i e n deu di theo bo de danh giac, trd

thanh mot tudng tai. K h i Le Hoan den Hoa L u , luc nay cung

dudi quyen D i n h L i i n . D i n h L i i n da cd nhieu cong lao, gdp

phan to ldn trong su nghiep thdng nhat dat nude cua D i n h Bd

L i n h . Nam 968 D i n h Bd LTnh len ngoi hoang de. Mdt nam

sau, nam 969 vua D i n h Tien Hoang phong D i n h L i e n lam

Nam V i e t vuong, vi dng cd y mudn truyen ngoi cho. Nam

972 D i n h L i e n duqc vua c£r di sir tham nha Tdng. Nam 973

D i n h L i e n di su: ve, nha Tdng sai sir sang K i n h dd Hoa Lu

phong D i n h L ie n lam K i e m hieu thai su T i n h Hai quan t i l t do

su-

A n Nam dd hd. Den nam 975, nha Tdng sai Hong Id tu

khanh Cao Bao Tu d i n dau cung Vuong Ngoan Phu dem che

sach sang K i n h dd Hoa L u gia phong cho Nam V i e t vuong

D i n h L ie n lam Khai phi i nghi ddng tam ty, K i e m hieu thai su,

Giao Chi Quan Vuong. T i i dd ve sau, D i n h L i i n deu duqc

vua D i n h Tien Hoang tin tudng cir di sii sang nha Tdng.

Nhung den nam 978, vao miia xuan, vua D i n h Tien

Hoang lai lap con nhd la D i n h Hang Lang lam thai tir.

Do vay, den miia xuan nam 979, D i n h L i i n thay minh da

tung chiu nhieu gian kho, lai cd nhieu cdng lao, nhung lai

khong duqc vua phong lam thai tir, nen buc tue, bat binh nen

cho ngudi ngam giet hoang thai tir Hang Lang. Sau khi giet

em, an han va dau khd, D i n h L i i n ben cho xay dung 100 toa

k i n h Phat bang da, hinh bat giac dung ben bd sdng Hoang

Long de cau cho l i nh hdn Hang Lang duqc sieu thoat, cung

la cau xin cho viec lam ac cua minh. Tren 8 mat cua cac cot

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kinh Phat deu khac day bai kinh bang chu Han gom 3 phan:

lac khoan, ke va k in h Da La N i . Den mua dong, thang 10,

nam Ky Mao (979), D6 Thich la i giet vua Dinh Tien Hoang

va giet l uon ca Dinh L ien .

Sit than Ngo Sy Lien nhan d i n h :

"Nam Viet vuong L iin la con trudng, lai cd cdng, chua

thay lam ldi gi. Tien hoang yeu con thit ma quen con trudng,

cho nhu the mdi du td tinh yeu quy, khong biet nhu the la lam

hai con. Lien lqi nhan tam, den ndi giet em, thien dao nhan

ludn mdt hit, chudc hoa chit thiet than, con lien luy cd cha

nita, hd chang diing rqn lam thay"m

.

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T H A I T L T H A N G L A N G

D i n h Hang Lang la con t h i i cua vua D i n h Tien Hoang.

N am 978 vua D i n h Tien Hoang lap D i n h Hang Lang lam

hoang thai tir cho du thai tir con nho t u d i , bdi vua rat yeu quy

Hang Lang. Den miia xuan nam 979, D i n h L i i n la con trudng

bat binh tha'y vua khong lap minh lam thai tfr nen da cho ngudi

ngam giet D i n h Hang Lang.

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V U A D I N H T O A N ( 9 7 4 - 1 0 0 1 )

D i n h Toan la con thtf cua vua D i n h Tien Hoang. D i n h

Toan sinh nam Giap Tua't (974) me la Duong T h i . Du con nho

tudi, nam 978 vua D i n h Tien Hoang da phong D i n h Toan lam

Ve vuong. Sau khi vua D i n h Tien Hoang mat, miia dong,

thang 10, nam K y Mao (979), trieu dinh dua D i n h Toan len

ngoi khi mdi 6 t u d i . Le Hoan khi dd la Thap dao tudng quan

nhiep chinh. Dai tudng quan Pham Cu Luqng thay vua con

nhd chua lanh dao duqc dat nude, hon nua den mua thu (thang

7) nam 980, nha Tdng sai Hau Nhan Bao sang xam luqc nude

ta, tinh hinh dat nude lam nguy nen da de xuat: "lap dng Thap

dao lam Thien tic, sau do se xuat quan " danh Tdng. Sau khi

len ngoi hoang de, Le Hoan giang phong D i n h Toan xudng

lam Ve vuong. D i n h Toan lam vua duqc gin 10 thang (tir mua

dong, thang 10, nam 979 den miia thu, thang 7, nam 980).

Den nam 1001, Ve vuong D i n h Toan theo vua Le Dai Hanh

di danh giac d Cu Long (thudc huyen Cam Thuy, t inh Thanh

Hoa), trung ten chet tai tran. 'Vua (Le Dqi Hanh) keu trdi ba

tieng"01. D i n h Toan tho 27 tudi (Trang 215 trong sach "Dqi

Viet sicky toan thit" (sdd) lai gh i: D i n h Toan d ngoi 8 thang,

tho 18 tudi (974 - 991) - Cd the la ghi nham).

"' - DVSKTT - Sdd - Trang 230

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C O N G C H U A P H A T K I M

(? - 979)

Phat K i m la mot trong hai ngudi con gai cua vua D in h

Tien Hoang duoc ghi trong sach six. Cong chiia M i n h Chau

dupe vua D i n h Tien Hoang ga cho tudng T r l n Thang (la em

rupt Tran La m - Ngudi diing dau mot s i i quan chiem giu: Bd

Hai (Thai B i n h ) ) .

Cdng chiia Phat K i m , duqc vua D i n h Tien Hoang ga cho

Ngd Nhat Khanh - D i i n g dau mdt s i i quan d Dudng Lam (Ha

Tay).

Sau k h i dep yen loan 12 sii quan, len ngoi hoang de, vua

D i n h Tien Hoang da cho con trai ca cua minh la D i n h L i i n

lay em gai Ngd Nhat Khanh. Vua D i n h Tien Hoang lam nhu

vay, v i biet duqc tai thao luqc cua Ngd Nhat Khanh, ddng thdi

mudn thu phuc de Ngd Nhat Khanh khong chong ddi minh,

khong khdi phuc duqc ddng hq Ngd. Dieu dd t h i hien su gan

bd gif la hai ddng hq Ngd va D i n h .

Nhung v i n so Ngd Nhat Khanh con cd kha nang sinh

bien, chong l a i , nen vua D i n h Tien Hoang quyet dinh ga con

gai yeu quy cua minh la cdng chiia Phat K i m cho Ngd Nhat

Khanh. Ngd Nhat Khanh t r d thanh phd ma cua vua D i n h Tien

Hoang. The la me, em gai va ban than Ngd Nhat Khanh da la

nhung ngtfdi gan gui than thiet nhat cua vua D i n h Tien Hoang,

thudng xuyen gap nhau, l i ic nao cung gan bd.

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Nhung Ngo Nhat Khanh "be ngoai cudi noi nhu khong,

nhung trong long van bat binh "<n

, nudi ch i phuc thu cho dong

ho Ngo, chong lai vua D i n h Tien Hoang.

M ot horn Ngo Nhat Khanh cung cong chiia Phat K i m

xin phep vua D i n h Tien Hoang cho di thuyen dao choi ngoai

cira bien. Nhung khi thuyen den cira bien Nam G i d i (Ha Tinh) ,

Ngo Nhat Khanh da mang chtri cong chiia Phat K i m : "Cha

may li(a doi dc hiep me con ta, le nao ta vi may ma quen toi

dc cua cha may hay sao? Cho may trd ve, ta di dang khactim ke cd the cicu ta"(2). Sau dd, Ngo Nhat Khanh nit guom

xeo ma cong chiia Pha't K i m . Mac cho ngudi vq dau ddn, Ngo

Nhat Khanh bd chay sang cau vien vua Chiem Thanh de danh

vua D i n h Tien Hoang.

Trudc su phan bdi , bat nghia cua ngudi chong, cong chiiaPha't K i m rat dau budn t rd ve K i n h do Hoa Lu. Chay chua

thudc thang, th i t cat tren ma da lanh, nhung vet seo van con

tren mat, lam cho cong chiia Phat K i m vo cung budn ba. Phat

K im cat tdc d i tu tai mot ngoi chiia d Hoa Lu .

Sau dd vua cha va ngudi anh caD i n h

L i i n cung bi am hai.

Ngay sau da'y, "Phd md Ngd Nhdt Khanh ddn thuyen

quan Chiem Thanh hon nghin chiec vao citdp, mudn danh

thanh Hoa Lu". Nhung khong thanh rd i bi chet trong tran dd.

"Hoa vd don chi", bao dau ddn, tui nhuc da den cung

mot l i ic, lam cho cong chiia Phat K i m that vong. Phat K i m danhay xudng gieng nude d iau Vong Nguyet nam d phia Bac

Kinh dd Hoa L u , tu v i n .

"', a> - "DVSKTT" - (Sdd) - Trang 216.

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P H O M A N G O N H A T K H A N H

(? - 979)

Ngo Nhat Khanh la thu linh cua mot trong 12 sii quan,

xung la Ngo Lam Cong, la chau Ngo Quyen, chiem gi f t vungDuong Lam, Ha Tay.

Nam D i n h Mao (967), sir quan Ngo Nhat Khanh da bi

D i n h Bq LTnh dep tan. Ngo Nhat Khanh buqc phai quy phuc

D i n h Bp LTnh. Sau do D i n h Bq LTnh lay me Ngo Nhat Khanh

lam hoang hau, cho Nam V i e t vuong D i n h L i i n lay em gai

Ngo Nhat Khanh. Ngo Nhat Khanh co tai thao luqc, lai la

chau cua Ngo Quyen. So Ngo Nhat Khanh co the chong lai

minh nen vua D i n h Tien Hoang dem ga cong chua Phat K im

yeu quy cua minh cho Ngd Nhat Khanh, y mudn dap het long

oan thu cua Ng6 Nhat Khanh.

Ngo Nhat Khanh trd thanh phd ma cua vua D i n h Tien

Hoang. "be ngoai cudi noi nhu khong, nhung trong long van

bat binh "w

nen rot cue van bd chay sang c l u vien vua Chiem

Thanh de danh vua D i n h Tien Hoang.

Vao gan cudi nam K y Mao (979), Ngo Nhat Khanh nghe

t in vua D i n h Tien Hoang va Nam V i e t vuong D i n h L i i n bi

<» - DVSKTT - Sdd - Trang 216

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Dd Thich sat hai , roi Dinh quoc cong Ng u y l n Ba c , Ngoai

giap Dinh Dien va Pham Hap deu bi Le Hoan giet, N go Nhat

Khanh cho la thdi co da den nen da cau vien vua Chiem Thanh

dinh den cudrp Ki n h d o Ho a Lu .

Ngay sau day, "Phd md Ngd Nhdt Khanh ddn thuyen

quan Chiem Thanh hon nghin chiec vao cudp, mudn danh7 " 7

thanh Hoa Lu theo hai cUa bien Dai Ac vd Tieu Khan^0

,

qua mot dem gap gio bao ndi len, thuyen deu chim dam, NhdtKhanh cung bon ngudi C hiem deu chet dudi, ch i co thuyen

cua vua Chiem thodt trd ve nude "(2>

.

Nhu the Ngo Nhat Khanh da chet dudi d bien vao cudi

nam 979.

- Dai Ac sau ddi Id Dai An, Id cita song Day thupc huyen Nghia Hitng,tinh Nam Dinh. Tieu Khang la cita Than Pint thupc huyen Yen Mo, tinhNinh Binh.12 1

- "DVSKTT " - (Sdd) - Trang 216.

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C H I H A U N 0 I N H A N D O T H I C H

( ? - 9 7 9 )

Dd Thich ngudi xa Dai De, huyen Thien Ban, nay la

huyen V u Ban , t i n h N a m D i n h .

D d Th ic h trudc lam chiic la i (trong co i ve giay td) d Ddng

Quan0 1

. Sau dd, Dd Thich lam quan trong t r i i u nha Dinh vdi

chiic Chi hau nqi nhan - m ot chiic quan phuc vu d trong cung

dung de sai bao, truyen lenh.

Vao mua dong, thang 10, nam K y M ao (979), "dim namtrin cau, bdng thay sao sa roi vao mieng, Thich cho la diem

tdi, ben nay ra y dinh giet vua. D in day, nhan lite vua an yen

ban dim, say ritqu nam trong sdn, Thich ben giet chet, lqi giet

luon cd Nam Viet vuong Liin. Khi ay linh lung bat hung thu

rat gap, Thich phai len nap d mdng nude trong cung qua 3ngay, khdt lam, gap liic trdi mita thd tay hung nude ud'ng,

cung n ic trong thay lien di bao. Dinh qud'c cdng N guyin Bac

sai ngudi bat dem chem, dap nat xuong, bam thit ra tung manh,

chia cho ngudi trong nude an, chang ai khong tranh lay md

nhai nud't"<2 )

.

- Chua ro o ddua


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V U A T R U N G T O N G

( L E L O N G V I E T )

( 9 8 3 - 1 0 0 5 )

Le Long Viet sinh nam 983 la hoang tit thii ba cua vua

Le Dai Hanh. Me la Chi hau Dieu nu, tiic la con gai quan Chi

hau, ten la Dieu, khong ro hq g i . Nam 989, vua Le Dai Hanh

phong Le Long V i e t lam Nam Phong vuong khi mdi 7 t u d i .

Den nam 1004, vua Le Dai Hanh lap Nam Phong vuong Le

LongVi e t

lam hoang thait i i .

Trudc day vua Le Dai Hanh da phong hoang tit th i i nhat

la Le Long Thau lam thai tit. Nhung den nam 1000, thai tit

Le Long Thau mat, nen vua Le Dai Hanh m di phong Le Long

Viet lam thai tu .

Mi i a xuan, thang 3, nam At Ty (1005) vua Le Dai Hanh

mat d dien Trudng Xuan trong K i n h do Hoa L u . Theo di chieu

nam 1005 Le Long V i e t len lam vua nam 23 tud i .

Le Long V i e t len ngoi trong t inh trang trong nude tranh

gianh quyen luc rat gay gat, anh em rupt thi t chem giet l i nnhau.

Dong Thanh vuong (Le Long Tich) la hoang tit t h i i hai

va Trung Quoc vuong (Le Long K i n h ) la hoang t i i th i i chin va

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Khai M i n h vuong (Le Long Dinh) la hoang tu thu" nam (em

ciing me vdi Le Long V i e t ) luc nay tranh nhau len ngoi, mac

du Le Long V i e t da len ngoi theo di chieu.

Cuoc tranh gianh ngoi vua cua cac hoang tu nay keo dai,

giang co danh nhau trong 8 thang ("Dai Viet siclitgc* noi la 9

thang), trong nude khong cd chu.

Den mua dong, thang 10, nam At Ty (1005), Dong Thanh

vuong thua chay vao dat Cit Long (-huyen Cam Thuy, t inh

Thanh Hoa ngay nay), Le Long V i e t dudi bat, Dong Thanh

vuong chay sang Chiem Thanh, chua den noi thi bi ngudi

chau Thach Ha (nay la vi ing Thach Ha, t inh Ha Tinh) giet

chet d cua bien Co La (Ky La) (la cita Nhuong Ban d huyen

Cam Xuyen, t inh Ha T i n h ) .

Sau khi Dong Thanh vuong chet, Le Long Vi e t len ngoi.

vua Le Long V i e t nghi den t i n h mau mu ruot thi t , thay Le

Long D i n h la em ciing me nen khong no giet Le Long D in h ,

tha cho, mac dii trudc day Le Long D i n h da tung danh nhaude tranh ngoi vi cua minh.

Khong ngd Le Long D i n h da cd da tam cudp ngoi, nen

den mua dong nam At Ty (1005), Le Long D i n h lai sai tay

chan cua minh, ban dem treo tudng vao cung giet vua Le

Long V i e t .

V i vay vua Le Long V i e t chi lam vua duoc cd 3 ngay thi

b i giet, tho 23 tudi (983 - 1005).

K h i vua Le Long V i e t bi giet, moi ngudi trong trieu dinh

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deu chay tron, xa lanh, duy chi co Dien tien quan la Ly Cong

Uan 6m xac vua Le Long Viet ma khoc.

Le Long Viet duqc goi la vua Le Trung Tong, vi sau khi

giet Le Long Viet, Le Long DTnh len ngoi, truy dat thuy cho

Le Long Viet la Trung Tong hoang de.

"Dai Viet sicky toan thu" co ghi:

"Vua khong biet phdng gift tic khi mdi chdm, den ndi bi

hoa nan, tinh nhan hdu nhung khong biet lam vua, tiec thay "(l

>

'""DVSKTT" - (sdd) - nang 232

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V U A L E L O N G D I N H

( L E N G O A T R I E U )

( 9 8 6 - 1 0 0 9 )

A.'

Mua xuan, thang 3, nam At Ty (1005) vua Le Dai Hanhmat d dien Trudng Xuan trong K i n h do Hoa L u . Le Long

V i e t sinh nam 983, la con thtf ba ciia vua Le Da i Hanh, me la

Chi Hau Dieu nu (con gai quan Chi Hau, ten la Dieu - khong

ro hq), nam 7 tud i da duqc vua Le Da i Hanh phong lam Nam

Phong vuong, den nam 1004 duqc phong lam thai ttf.

Sau k hi giet anh ruqt cua minh la Le Long V ie t , Le Long

DTnh len ngoi hoang de, truy dat thuy cho Le Long V i 6 t la

Trung Tong hoang de.

*

* *

Vua Le Long DTnh co ten la Chi Trung (nha Tdng cho

ten nay vao mua thu, thang 8, namD i n h

M u i (1007)), la con

thtf nam cua vua Le Dai Hanh, sinh nam 986. Nam 992, mdi

7 tudi vua Le Da i Hanh da phong lam Khai M i n h vuong ddng

d Dang Chau ( K i m Thu, Hung Yen). Den nam 1004 Le Long

DTnh 18 tudi la i duqc vua Le Dai Hanh phong lam Khai M i n h

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Dai vucrng. Trudc do Le Long D i n h da xin lam thai tit, nhung

vua Le Dai Hanh khong cho.

Le Long D i n h len ngoi vao mua dong nam 1005, luc

mdi 19 t u d i .Vua Le Long D i n h mac benh t r i (theo da sit chep v i say

dam tim sac nen phat ra benh tri) nen khong ngoi duqc phai

nam ma coi chau, nen con goi la vua Le Ngoa Trieu.

1 - VUA LE LONG D I N H G I U " YE N DAT NUOC

Vua Le Long D i n h len ngoi, nhung trong nude con xayra nhieu cuqc phien loan. Hoang tit thu" sau cua vua Le Dai

Hanh la Ngu Bac vuong da cung vdi hoang tit t h i i chin la

Trung Quoc vuong chiem dat Phii Lan (xa Phu Ve, huyen

Dudng Hao, t inh Hai Hung cu) diing len lam phan. V i vay,

vua Le Long D i n h phai than chinh di danh. Ngu Bac vuong

phai bat Trung Qudc vuong dem nop, vua Le Long D i n h chem

giet luon Trung Qudc vuong va tha cho Ngu Bac vuong. Sau

dd vua Le Long D i n h dem quan di danh hoang t i i th i i tu la

Ngu Man vuong d Phong Chau, Ngu Man vuong phai chiu

hang. T i i dd cac hoang tit va bon giac cudp mdi chiu hang

phuc.

Den nam 1008, vua Le Long D i n h than chinh di danh

cac chau: Do Luong, V i Long, Hoan Chau, Thien L i e u .

Nam sau, 1009, den mua thu, thang 7 vua Le Long D i n h

lai than chinh di danh cac chau: Hoan Duong (Nghe An),

Thach Ha.Vua Le Long DTnh d ngoi duqc hon 4 nam, t i i nam 1005

den nam 1009, nhung ba nam (1005, 1008, 1009) deu phai

than chinh di dep loan.

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Nam 1008, khi "di danh hai chau Dd Luong, Vi Long,

bat duqc ngudi Man va vai tram con ngudi, (vua Le Long

DTnh) sai lay gay danh, ngudi Man dau qua ken gdo, nhieu

ldn pham ten huy cua Dqi Hanh, vua thich lam. Lqi tit lam

tudng di danh H oan Chau va chau Thien Lieu, bat duqc ngudi

thi lam chuong nhdt vao rdi dot

Neu doc doan van sau trong "Dqi Viet sitky toan thu"

th i chiing ta thay v u a Le Lo n g Di n h cang hieu sat, da man vo

ciing:

"Vua tinh hieu sat, pham ngudi bi hanh hinh, hodc sai

lay cd gianh quan vao ngudi md dot,' de cho lita chay gan

chet, hodc sai kep hat ngudi nitdc Tdng la Lieu Thu Tam lay

dao ngan, dao ciin xeo tieng manh, de cho khong duqc chet

chong. Ngudi ay dau ddn keu gdo thi Thii Tam ndi diia rang:

"Nd khong quen chiu chet". Vua cd cudi. Di danh dep bat

duqc tii thi gidi den bdsdng, khi nitdc trieu nit, sai ngudi lam

lao dudi nitdc, ddn cd vao trong ay, den khi nitdc trieu len,

ngap nitdc md chet; hodc bat treo len ngon cay cao rdi chat

goc cho cay dd, ngitdi roi xudng chet. Vua than den xem, lay

lam vui. Cd ldn vua di den sdng Ninh (d huyen Chuong My,

tinh Hd Tay), sdng ay nhieu ran, vua sai trdi ngitdi vao man

thuyen, di lqi giita ddng mudn cho ran can chet. Pham bd Ion

mudn lam thit thi tit tay vua cam dao choc tiet trudc, rdi mdi

dua vao nhd be'p sau. Cd ldn vua rdc mia tren dau sit Qudch

Ngang, gid vd Id tay lam ddu sitbi thitong chay m au rdi cd


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cudi. Hodc nhan yen dec, giet meo cho cac vuong an, an

xong, lay ddu meo gio len cho xem, cac vuong deu so, vua lay

lam thich. M oi khi ra chau, tat sai bon khoi hai hdu hai ben;

vua co noi cau gi thi bon ay nhao nhao pha trd cudi de cho

loan ldi tdu viec cua quan chap chinh. Lqi lay thach sung lam

gdi, bat bon khdi hdi tranh nhau an

Le Long Dinh qua la mot ong vua tan bao nhat trong

l i ch sir.

*

* *

Den thang 10 nam Ky Dau (1009) vua Le Long Dinh

mat 6 nha nghi ciia vua (tam dien), tho 24 tuoi (986 - 1009).

Sir than Ngo Sy Lien danh gia:

"Ngoa Trieu khong nhung chi thich giet ngudi, lqi con

oan vua cha khong lap minh (lam thdi tit), danh dau ngudi

Man cho hq keu gdo, nhieu ldn pham huy cha md lay lam

thich, that qua te. Mdt nitdc mau chong, hd phai khong do

ddu md ra? "t2>

.

Sach "Dqi Viet sitky toan thu" khai quat ve vua Le Long

D in h nh u sau:

"Vua lam viec can do giet vua citdp ngoi, thich dam

dang tan bao, mudn khong mdt nude sao duqc? "(3>

.

i" - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 236.

m. •• DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 237

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T H A I T LT L E L O N G T H A U

(? - 10 0 0 )

Le Long Thau la hoang t i t th ii nhat cua vua Le Dai Hanh.

Ong sinh nam nao chua ro. Nam Ky Situ (989), vua Le Dai

Hanh phong Le Long Thau la thai tit, la K i n h Thien Dai vuong.

Nam Canh T y (1000), thai tit Le Long Thau mat.

6 phia Nam thon Dong, xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa L u

ngay nay con den thd thai t i t Le Long Thau, goi la phu Vudn

Thien.

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H O A N G T I T L E N G A N T I C H

Le Ngan T i c h con goi la Le Long T i c h , la hoang t i i thii

hai cua vua Le Dai Hanh.

Nam K y Situ (989), vua Le Dai Hanh phong Le Long

T i c h lam Dong Thanh vuong. Den nam Giap T h i n (1004) vua

Le Dai Hanh la i phong Dong Thanh vuong lam Dong Thanh

Dai vuong.

M i i a xuan, thang 3, nam At Ty (1005) vua Le Dai Hanh

mat d dien Trudng Xuan, Le Long V i e t la con th i i ba cua Vua

Le Dai Hanh da duqc Vua phong lam thai ti t nam 1004, theo

d i chieu len ngoi. Nhung Dong Thanh vuong da cung vdi

Trung Qudc vuong la hoang tit th i i chin, Khai M i n h vuong

{ L e Long D i n h ) , la hoang t i t th t i nam giang co tranh nhau len

ngoi.

Thang mudi nam dd, Ddng Thanh vuong thua chay vao

dat Cit Long, huyen Cam Thuy, t inh Thanh Hoa, Le Long

V i e t dudi bat, Ddng Thanh vuong dinh chay sang Chiem

Thanh, nhung chua den noi thi bi ngudi d chau Thach Ha

(Thach Ha, Ha Tinh) giet chet d cita bien Co La (cita Nhuqng

Ban) thudc huyen Cam Xuyen, t inh Ha T i n h .

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Nhu the Dong Thanh Dai vuong cung la mot trong mot

so hoang tit con vua Le Dai Hanh tranh ngoi vua vcri Le Long

Viet va bi giet. Ong mat vao nam 1005.

Hien nay d phia Bac thon Vang Ngoc, xa Truong Yen,

huyen Hoa Lu, con deh thor Dong Thanh Dai vuong, goi la

phu Dong Vuong.

\8B-NVLS 115

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H O A N G T t f L E L O N G C A N

Le Long Can la hoang tir t h i i sau cua vua Le Dai Hanh.

Nam Tan Mao (991), vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir

Le Long Can lam Ng u Bac vuong, dong d trai Thu Lan (huyen

Duong Hao, t inh Hai Duong).

Sau khi Le Long D i n h len ngoi , Ngu Bac vuong da cung

Trung Qudc vuong chiem trai Phu Lan. Le Long D i n h than

chinh di danh, vay trai vai thang. Ngudi trong trai het luong

an. Ngu Bac vuong phai bat Trung Qudc vuong dem nop. Le

Long D i n h giet Trung Qudc vuong, tha to i cho N gu Bac vuong.

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H O A N G T L T L E L O N G K I N H

( ? - 1 0 0 5 )

Le Long K i n h la hoang tir th i i chin cua vua Le Dai Hanh.

Nam Quy Ty (993), vua Le Dai Hanh phong hoang tir

Le Long K i n h lam Trung Qudc vuong, ddng d Can Da, huyen

Mat L ien (huyen Phii Tien, Hai Hung cu).

Deh nam 1005, Trung Qudc vuong da cung Ngu Bac

vuong chiem trai Phu Lan lam phan. Ngu Bac vuong phai bat

Trung Qudc vuong dem ndp va Trung Qudc vuong b i Le Long

Dinh giet.

Nhu the' hoang tu Le Long K i n h mat nam 1005.

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H O A N G T LT L E L O N G D E

( M I N H D E )

L e Long De la hoang tu: thu" 11 cua vua Le Dai Hanh.

Nam At M u i (995), vua Le Dai Hanh phong Le Long D I

lam Hanh Quan vuong, dong d Bac Ngan chau C6 Lam (Tien

Son, Bac N i n h ) . Nam 1004, Hanh Quan vuong duqc vua Le

D ai Hanh cit di sii sang tham nha Tdng, duqc vua Tdng ban

cho chiic K i m tir v i n h lap dai phu kiem hieu thai uy Hoan

Chau t h i i sir. V i trong nude rdi loan, cac hoang t i i tranh nhau

len ngoi, nen khong ve duqc, Le Long De phai d lai Quang

Chau (Trung Qudc), den mua ha, thang 6 nam 1006 mdi ve

nude.

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V U A L Y T H A I T O

( 1 0 1 0 - 1 0 2 8 )

L y Cong Uah ngudi chau Co Phap, 16 Bac Giang (huyen

Tien Son, t i nh Bac N i n h ) . "Me hp Pham di choi chiia Tieu San

(chiia Trudng Lieu tren nui Tien dxd Tuong Giang, huyen Tien

Son, tinh Bac Ninh) ciing vdi ngudi than giao hop rdi cd chita "a>

.

N h u the' cha cua L y Cong Uan chua ro la ai.

Ong sinh ngay 12 thang 2 nam Giap Tua't (974) (ddi vua

D inh Tien Hoang).

M d i ba t u d i ba Pham da a"m L y Cong Ua'n den nha su Ly

Khanh Van. Su L y Khanh Van nhan lam con nuoi . Ti r dd L y

C6ng Uan den chua Luc Td (chua Cd Phap) d xa D i n h Bang,

huyen Tien Son, hoc T h i i n su Van Hanh. Thien su Van Hanh

thay Ly Cong Uan con nhd nhung da th6ng m i n h , ve ngudi

tuah tu khac thudng da khen rang: "dita he nay khong phai

ngudi thudng, sau nay ldn len at cd the gidi nguy go rdi, lam

bac minh chu trong thien ha "<2>

.

L d n len Ly Cong Uan la ngudi cd chi ldn, khang kha i .

Ong da deh K i n h do Hoa L u theo vua Le Dai Hanh rd i dupe

vua Le Dai Hanh phong den chiic Ta than ve Dien t ien chihuy sii (chiic quan trong coi binh l i n h true ban d trudc dien

nha vua).

"', <2> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 240

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K h i vua Le Trung Tong bi Le Long DTnh giet, cac quan

trong t r i l u diu chay t ron, duy chi co Ly Cong Uan den 6m

xac vua ma khdc. Le Long DTnh len ngoi , thay L y Cong Uahla ngudi trung nghia da t in dung, phong cho ong lam Tu: suong

quan (chi huy quan dong 6" boh mat thanh) pho chi huy sir, sau

nay con phong cho ong chiic Than v e ( 1 ) Dien tien chi huy sii .

K h i vua Le Long DTnh mat, Ly Cong Uah da duqc Thien

su Van Hanh, Chi hau Dao Cam Moc, Huu dien t ien chi huys i i N g u y l n D e cung cac quan trong t r i l u dua len lam vua.

D au thang 11 nam 1009 L y Cong Uan len ngoi vua. Nha Ly

chinh thue r a dd i d Kinh do Hoa Lu .

K i n h do Hoa L u da gh i nhan su ra ddi cua mot vuong

t ri e h m d i : Nh a L y .L y Cong U ah "Dqi xa cho thien hq, lay nam sau lam

nien hieu Thuan Thien nam ddu. Dot gieng ludi, bai nguc

tung, xudng chieu tic nay ai co viec tranh kien cho den trieu

tdu bay, vua than xet quyet. Cac quan ddng ton hieu la "Phung

Thien Chi Ly ling Van TuTqi Thanh Minh Long Hien Due

Van Anh Vu Siing Nhan Quang Hieu Thien Hq Thdi Binh

Kham Minh Quang Trqch Chuong Minh Van Bang Hien iTng

Phil Cam Uy Chan Phien Man D ue Muu Than Tro Thanh

Tri Tac Thien Dao Chinh Hoang De"<2 >

.

Cd the ndi , danh hieu cua vua Ly Thai To ma cac quan

dang la danh hieu dai nhat trong l i ch sir che do phong kien

V i e t N a m .

"' - Than ve: Id ve binh Nhd Vua

ai." DVSKTT " - (Sdd) - Trang 239

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cudi miia xuan nam Canh That (1010) da tu tay viet chieu

truyen rang:

"Ngay xita, nha Thicang den ddi Ban Canh nam ldn ddido, nha Chu den Thanh Vitong ba ldn ddi dd, hd phai cac

vua thdi Tam dai d'y theo y rieng tit ddi dd xdng bay ddu. Lam

nhu the cot de mini nghiep ldn, chon d chd giita, lam kecho

con chau mudn van ddi, tren kinh menh trdi, dudi theo y ddn,

neu cd chd tien thi ddi ddi, cho nen van nude lau ddi, phongtuc gidu thinh. Them d hai nha Dinh, Le lqi theo y rieng, coi

thudng menh trdi, khong noi theo viec cii Thitang, Chu, cit

chiu yen ddng dd noi day, den ndi the dqi khong ddi, van sd

ngan ngiii, tram hq ton hao, mudn vat khong hop. Tram rat

dau ddn, khong the khong ddi. Hudng chi thanh Dqi La, do

cu ciia Cao vitong (chi Cao B ien), d giita khu vitc trdi dat

duqc the rdng cuon hdngdi, chinh giita Nam Bac Ddng Tay,

tien nghi nui sdng sau tntdc. Viing nay mat ddi rdng md bdng

phdng, the dat cao md sdng sua, ddn cit khong khd thap trung

tdi tam, mudn vat het site tuoi tot phdn thinh. Xem khap nude

Viet dd la noi thdng dia, thitc la chd tu hdi quan yeu ciia bdn

phuong, diing Id noi thuqng dd kinh sit mdi mudn ddi. Tram

mudn nhan dia lqi ay md dinh noi d, cac khanh nghi the nao

Sau khi vua Ly Thai To doc "Chieu ddi dd " xong, cac

quan trong t r ieu deu ndi: Be hq vi thien hq lap kedai lau, tren

cho nghiep de de duqc thinh vuong ldn lao, dudi cho ddn

chung duqc ddng diic gidu cd, dieu lqi nhu the, ai dam khong

theo"<2>

.

0, (2). -DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 241

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Vua L y Th a i To thay vay ca mirng va quyet d inh dcfi do.

"Chieu ddi do " cua vua Ly Thai To, trudc het co gia tri

lich sit ldn lao. Nd la mot van ban sit hoc danh dau mot caimdc rat quan trong cua dat nude tu t im deh mdt thi i d d md i ,

cd anh hudng den van menh cua dat nude sau nay. Thanh D a i

La chinh la diem ditng de dat nude phat t r ien di len. Vua Ly

Thai Td da chon duqc mdt noi th ich hop nhat de dinh dd.

"Chieu ddi dd " cua vua Ly Thai Td ngan gqn, ham suema chat che.

Diu t ien dng khang d inh viec ddi dd la chuyen binh

thudng, khong nen ngd ngang, lo so. Ong neu thuc te cua cac

vua Trung Qudc de thuyet phuc ngudi nghe. Nha Thuong da

ddi dd nam l i n , nha Chu da d d i dd ba ian. D ieu dd khongphai do y mudn chu quan cua hq, ma la "demttu nghiep ldn,

chon d chd giua, lam kecho con chau mudn van ddi". Vua

Ly Thai Td la the. Tarn long cua dng la lo toan cho con chau

mudn ddi sau, lo cho su ton vong cua dat nude.

Vua L y T ha i T d con xac din h viec ddi dd la:"tren kinh

menh trdi, dudi theo y ddn " cd nghia la da dam bao du ba

d i l u kidn: thien t hd i , d i a lq i , nhan hoa. Ong da lay dan lam

gdc, vi dan "ddn cu khong kho thap trung toi tam ".

Vua L y Th ai T d con khang dinh ve" "dia linh " thanh D a i

La la "dd ai ciia Cao vuong {Cao Bien)", la m dt thu phu samua't. Ong nhac deh dieu dd de ndi deh kinh nghiem l i ch sit da

co. Dd la dat tu l i n h , tu di ic , tu con ng ud i, khong d dau cd dat

dep nhu the: "d giita khu vuc trdi dat, duqc the rdng cuon hd

ngdi, chinh giita Nam Bac Ddng Tay, viing nay mat dat rdng

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md bang phang, the dat cao md sdng sua..., mudn vat het sdc

tuoi tot phdn thinh ". "Dia lqi" cua viec doi do la nhu the.

"Chieu ddi do " cua vua Ly Thai Td the hien con mat daingan cua ong, dap ting duoc yeu cau phat trien cua dat nude

dang vuon minh len manh me.

Lay thanh Dai La lam de do, cung la luc dan toe ta budc

sang mot thdi ky m d i , budc sang mot con dudng rong rai , mdi

me de phat trien di len khong ngting.

Cudc ddi do cua vua L y Thai To duoc thuc hien vao thdi

gian tot nhat, ttic la vao thang bay am l i c h , diu mua thu nam

Canh Tuat (1010). Thang 7 la mua nude "ray " (day) nude len

cao thuan tien cho viec chuyen chd bang thuyen.

Tren nude ta day dac song ngoi phuong tien d i la i k h i dd

dung thuyen la thich hop nhat. Ong cha ta da tung n d i : "Nam

chu, Bac ma", nghia la: ngudi phuong Nam dung thuyen,

ngudi phuong Bac dung ngua.

De van chuyen nhieu cung dien nguy nga, n h i l u do vat

quy hie'm, cung cac quan l a i , cung tin, my nt i , ngudi hau ha,

quan l i n h , . . . phai dung thuyen de d i bang dudng thuy la dieu

chac chan. Doan thuyen cua nha vua khi dd ddi do cd nhieu

loai khac nhau nhu: thuyen ngu dung de chd nha vua va can

than, thuyen chien chd van vo ba quan trong trieu, thuyen

dinh chd nhung ngudi phuc vu hau can va cac dd vat khac,. ..

Cac doan thuyen dd vun vut cheo, ndi dudi nhau de di

nhanh td i thanh Dai La. Trong cac thuyen cd tan vang, tan gia

cung nhung la cd ngu sac tung bay phap phdi trudc gid thu.

Thuyen vua di den dau, chieng, trong vang lung deh dd de

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chao don cuoc dcri do. Ngay do chinh la ngay hoi ldn cua dat

nude, ai cung vui mitng phan khdi tran day hy vong.

Khong gian vua L y Thai To ddi do rat hoan hao, tiic la

chon dudng d i ngan nhat, chi dai khoang 130km.

Con song dau tien la Sao Khe (Sudi Goc) chay qua K i n h

do Hoa L u theo hudng Bac Nam t i t song Hoang Long dd ve.

Tit s6ng Sao Khe thuyen ngu di nguqc len phia Bac den song

Hoang Long. Song Hoang Long d phia Bac K i n h do Hoa L u

la con song t h i i hai thuyen vua d i qua. T i t song Hoang Long

thuyen vua quay mui v£ phia Dong deh nga ba Gian Khau

gap song Day, la con song thu: ba. Thuyen vua la i nguqc song

Day len Phu L y (Ha Nam), re vao nga ba Chau Giang - song

Nhue. Song Chau Giang la con song thu tu vua L y Thai Td di

qua. Tiep dd, thuyen vua lai nguqc len s6ng Nhue deh lang

Td, theo song To L i c h ve Dai La.

Nhu the, con dudng thuy ddi do cua vua L y Thai Td d i

qua ttft ca la sau con song: song Sao Khe, song Hoang Long,

song Day, sdng Chau, song Nhue, song To L i c h . Nhiing ddng

song nay van con, chi rieng song Nhue va song To mot sd

doan da b i san lap. Con dudng thuy dai khoang 130km nay,

chi dai hon dudng bq d i theo dudng qudc 16 1A tit Hoa L u

deh Ha Nq i vai chuc k m . Dieu dd cung khang dinh vua L y

Thai Td da cho khao sat, t inh toan duqc dudng di ngan nhat

di ddi d6 cho thich hop.

Ro rang la viec dd i do cua vua Ly Thai To da chon thdi

gian, khong gian, phuong tien thuan l q i nhat va mang du ba

dieu kien: thien thdi (dqi mua nude ldn ) , dia l q i (chon duqc

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dia diem tot nhat la Dai La) va nhan hoa (moi ngudi deu dong

long).

Huyen thoai ke rang: khi doan thuyen cua nha vua tdinga ba song To Giang - Nh i Thuy, dudi chan thanh Dai La

rdng vang hien len, re sdng tdi gan thuyen cua vua, rdi bay

vii t len t r d i xanh. Tir dd, thanh Dai La ddi ten la Thang Long

(cd nghia la rdng len). V I the' sach "Dqi viet sit luqc " da ghi:

"Luc khdi sit ddi dd, thuyen ddu dudi thanh (thanh DqiLa) thi cd rdng vdng hien ra noi thuyen ciia vua, nhan dd md

goi la Thdng Long "( , )

.

L i c h sir da khong nham, khang dinh uSm nhin cua vua

L y Thai To la vo ciing dung dan va sang sudt.

Cung khong phai ngau nhien, cung khong phai do y mudn

chu quan ciia vua L y Thai T d , viec ddi dd tir Hoa L u ra Thang

Long cd y nghia dac biet quan trong trong tien t r inh l i ch f i r

xay dung va bao ve td qud'c V i e t Nam. Dd la mdt quye't dinh

diing dan, hoan toan v i l q i ich chung cua dan tqc, phu hop vdi

yeu cau phat t r i l n cua dat nude ta l i ic bay gid.

De tudng ni6m cdng lao dat nen mdng xay dung n i n ddc

lap tu ch i i cua vua D i n h Tien Hoang va nhd den K i n h dd Hoa

L u cua nude Dai Cd V i e t , vua L y Thai To da la'y ten mdt so

cau, chua, dudng phd d K i n h dd Hoa L u dat ten cho mdt sd

khu vuc d Thang Long thdi ay nhu: 6 Cau Den, phd Trang

T i i n , chua M dt Cot, . . . Dieu dd da duqc "Dqi Nam nhdt

thdng chi" ghi:

<» - "DVSL " (Sdd) - Trang 117

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"Do cii nhd Dinh, nhd Le ... lqi cd cac danh hieu: cau

Dong, cau Den, cau Mudng, Trang Tien, chua Thap, chiia

Nhdt Tru ... nen cii van con. Khi Ly Thdi To ddi do den Thang

Long deu diing theo cac danh hieu ay "

a>

.

*

* *

Six thin Ngo Sy Lien danh gia ve Ly Thai To nhu sau:"Ly Thdi Toddy len, trdi mddii'm lanh hien ra d vet cay

set danh. Cd dice tat cd ngoi, hdi long ngudi theo ve, lqi vita

sau liic Ngoa Trieu hoang dam bao nguqc md vua thi vdn cd

tieng khoan nhan, trdi thudng tim chii cho ddn, ddn theo ve

ngudi cd dice, neu bd vua thi con b iet theo ai! Xem viec vua

nhan minh sau sdc lang le, ddi dd yiu nude, long nhan thuong

dan, long thanh cam trdi, ciing la danh dep phdn loan, Nam

Bac thdng hiiu, thiin hq binh yin, truyen ngoi lau ddi, cd the

thay la cd mitu luqc cua bqc Di'Vuong "<2 )

.

Six thin L e V a n H u u nhan d inh :

"Nhung vi' mat td ro an uy, long ngudi suy ton, hudng

nude lau ddi, dephuc cho con chau thi Li Dqi Hanh khong

bang Ly Thdi Td lo tinh lau ddi hon "(3>

.

i j

<" - "Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi" - Tap III - NXB KHXH - Ha Noi 1971 -Trang 24912 1

- "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 252m

- "DVSKTT" (Sdd) - Trang 221

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N G H I A T I N H A U D A O C A M M O C( ? - 1 0 1 5 )

Su cu khong chep ro Dao C am M o c que d dau, ch i gh i

Dao Cam Moc lam chi ic Chi hau, duqc hdu can ben vua, co

nhiem v u truyen lenh va d i n ngudi vao ra.

Sau k h i vua L e L o n g D in h mat, con cua vua con nho

chua nd i ngo i duqc, tha'y L y Cdng U an dang g iu chiic Ta than

ve dien t ien ch i huy si i (ch i huy quan l i n h trong cung cam) cd

y mudn nhan len ng oi vua, Dao Cam M d c da ban v d i L y

Cdng U an nhieu lin, cud i cung de xuat:

"Than ve la ngu'di khoan thii, nhan tic, long ngu'di chiu

theo. Hien nay tram ho mdi met, kiet que, ddn khong chiu

noi, Than ve nen nhan dd lay an dice md vd ve, thi ngudi ta tat

xd nhau keo ve nhu nude chay chd thap, cd ai ngan duqc! "a>

Dao Cam Mdc cd diu dc thi ic thdi , biet thdi co da deh,

neu khong dua Ly Cdng Uan len ngoi vua thi dat nude se sinh

bien. Cho nen den ngay Quy Sim, thang 10, nam K y D au

(1009), sau mdt ngay vua Le Long DTnh mat (ngay Tan Hoi ) ,

Dao Cam Mdc da dem dieu dd nd i chuyfn vd i cac khanh sy

va cac quan trong t r ieu. Thay a i cung vui ve va nghe theo,

"»- "DVSKTT " (Sdd ) - Trang 238

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"Ngay ngay horn ay, deu hop cd d trong trieu, ban rang:

"Hien nay, ddn cluing itc trieu khac long, tren dudi Via bd,

moi ngitdi chan ghet Tien dehd khac bao nguqc, khong mudn

theo ve vua ndi ma deu cd long suy ton quan Than ve, bon takhong nhan luc nay cung nhau sach lap Than ve lam Thien

tit, Id bdi rdi cd xdy ra tai bien gi, lieu chung ta cd gift duqc

cai ddu hay khong? "(I>

.

Nhu the Dao Cam Moc la ngudi da tich cue hudng d u

luan khuong p h d Ly Cong Uan len ngoi .

Ban xong dieu dd, tat ca moi ngudi trong t r ieu dinh cung

Dao Cam Moc d iu Ly Cong Uan len chinh dien, lap lam vua.

V ai t rd cua Dao Cam M o c dua L y Cong Uah len lam vua

ra't quan trong, cung gidng nhu vai trd cua Pham C u Luqng

dua Le Hoan len lam vua.

Nam 1009, Ly Cong Uah len ngoi hoang de phong Dao

Cam M6c la Nghia Tin Hau va duqc nha vua ga con gai trudng

la cong chi ia An Qudc cho. Thang 6 nam A t M ao (1015) Dao

Cam M qc m at. Sau k h i Dao Cam M oc mat, vua L y Th ai T d

truy tang chiic Thai sir^, tudc A vuong.

<" - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 238.<2 >

- Quan ditng ddu trieu.

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T H I E N s i r D 6 P H A P T H U A N

(? - 990)

Thien su Dd Phap Thuan, khong ro que quan, xuat gia tir

luc con nho theo hoc dao Phat vdi thien su Phu Tri d chua

Long Thu . Sau do Thien su D6 Phap Thuan t r d thanh mot baccao tang ndi tieng thdi ba'y gid. K h i Le D ai Hanh len ngoi

hoang de, sang lap ra nha Tien Le, Thien su Dd Phap Thuan

da den K i n h do Hoa L u theo vua Le Da i Hanh. Ong giup vua

Le Dai Hanh dung ban hoach dinh sach luqc cua trieu dinh.

Vua Le Dai Hanh phong ong den chiic Phap su. Nhung ong

khong nhan m oi su phong thudng cua trieu dinh. Vua Le Da i

Hanh v i vay ma cang them k i n h trong Thien su Dd Phap

Thuan.

Nam 987, s ii gia nha Tdng la Ly Giac sang nude Dai Cd

V i e t l in th i i ha i , vua Le Dai Hanh sai su Dd Phap Thuan thay

d o i qu ln ao gia la ngudi cai quan ben do de xem xet cir ddng

cua L y Giac. Ly Giac la ngudi rat thich ndi chuyen tho van,

l i ic qua sdng thay hai con ngdng dang bqi giua sdng, Ly Giac

ngam dua hai cau:

"Nga nga ludng nga nga

Ngicang dien hudng thien nga "

(Ngdng ngdng hai con ngdng

Ngua mat nhin chan t rd i )

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Su Phap Thuan dang cam cheo, theo vin doc tiep them

hai cau:

"Bach mao pho luc thuy

Hong trao bai thanh ba "

(Nude xanh pho long trang

Cheo hong song xanh boi)

L y Giac tha'y vay lay lam than phuc su Dd Phap Thuan,

cho rang hai cau tho cua Dd Phap Thuan la tuyet cu.

V i ca bon cau ghep la i thanh mot bai tho t i i tuyet rat hay.

Rieng hai cau tho cua Dd Phap Thuan da the hien ldi choi

chu, chu "hong " co nghia la ngdng t rdi , nhung cung la mau

hong, chu "bach " la trang, "luc thuy" va "thanh ba " la nude

xanh, sdng xanh. Hai cau tho dd lai cd day mau sac: trang,

hdng,xanh.

K h i vi den sir quan, Ly Giac con lam mdt bai tho giti

tang su Dd Phap Thuan nhu sau:

"Hanh ngo minh thi tan thinh du,

Nhdt than nhi do stiGiao Chau.

Dong Do luong biet tam hai luyen,

Nam Viet thien ti ling vong vi hint.

Md dap yen van xuyen lang thach,

Xa tic thanh chuong phie'm trudng lull.

Thien ngoai hint thien ifiig vien chieu,

Khe dam ba tinh kien thiem thu ".

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(May duqc thdi binh duqc giup muu,

M o t minh hai luot s i i Giao Chau.

Dong do may ban con luu luyen,

Nam V i e t nghin trung van udc cau.

Ngua vuot khoi may xuyen da chdm,

Xe qua rung biec vuqt dong sau.

Ngoai t r d i la i co t r d i soi niia,

Sdng lang khe dam bdng nguyet thau)

D d Phap Thuan dem bai tho nay dang cho vua Le Dai

Hanh xem. Vua Le Dai Hanh cho goi Thien su Ngo Chan

L u u deh xem nua. Xem song bai tho cua L y Giac, Ngo Chan

L u u tau rang, s i i gia nha Tdng viet bai tho nay cd y ton trong

be ha khong khac gi vua Tdhg va ndi r ing ngoai bau t rd i cua

thien t r i l u (Trung Qudc) lai cd blu t r d i khac (chi nude ta)

cung soi sang rue rd. Vua Le Dai Hanh v i vay cang khen tho

cua L y Giac hay va ban thudng cho L y Giac rat hau.

T h i i n su Dd Phap Thuan con lam mdt bai tho noi tieng

"Qudc to " (Van nude) kh i vua Le Dai Hanh hd i ve van nude

nhu sau:

"Qudc to nhu ddng lac

Nam thien ly thdi binh

Vd vi cu dien ede

Xitxit titc dao binh "

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(Van nude nhu may quan

T r d i Nam giu thai binh

V o vi noi dien cac

Chon chon dut dao binh)

Cau tho dau, Dd Phap Thuan mupn hinh anh thien nhien

v i van nude nhu day may leo qua'n quyt vdi nhau, bieu tuong

cho nhieu mdi quan he rang budc trong xa hdi. Dat nude

mudn phat trien phai cd nhieu yeu td thdng nhat, doan ket,

ben chat de vuon len lau dai, thinh vuong. Chu "to " (Han tu),

cd nghia la van may. Cau tho da khang dinh van may cua dat

nude la doan ket, gan bd ben chat. Dd la ke sach de tri qudc

cua Phap Thuan.

Chung ta deu biet, sau canh ndi chien dep loan 12 stf

quan, D i n h Bd LTnh len ngoi hoang de nam 968. Tir nam 968

den nam 979, vua D i n h Tien Hoang da xay dung Nha nude

phong kien Trung uong tap quyen diu tien d V i e t Nam on

dinh trong canh dat nude thai binh. Chinh v i vay, nam 970,

vua D i n h Tien Hoang da bd nien hieu cua cac hoang de phong

kien phuong Bac, tu dat nien hieu rieng la 'Thai Binh ", cd

nghia la hoa binh. Vua D i n h Tien Hoang mudn nude duqc

hoa binh tir da'y. Nhung sau khi vua D i n h Tien Hoang mat,

dat nude dung trudc hiem hoa bi nha Tdng chuan bi sang xam

luqc. Li ic dd Le Hoan dang gitf chtfc Thap dao tudng quan

len ngoi vua nam 980 lap nen mdt trieu dai m d i : trieu Tien Le.

Nam 981 vua Le Dai Hanh phai than chinh d i danh giac Tdng.

Chie'n tranh da no ra. Danh thang giac Tdng nude Dai Co

9-NVLS 133

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V i e t rat mudn cd mdt cudc song yen binh. Nha su Phap Thuan

hieu duqc di6u dd, mudn dem hieu biet cua minh bay td vdi

vua Le Dai Hanh ke sach thu: hai la phai g iu cho dat nude thai

binh, cd hoa binh th i dan m di yen v u i lam an, dat nude mdi on

dinh phat trien duqc.

Hai cau tho cudi:

" Vd vi citdien cdc

Xicxitditt dao binh "

Nha su Phap Thuan mudn dang len nha vua ve ke sach t r i

qudc thu: ba nua, cd dong d hai chu "vo vi". Theo Lao Tit,

"vd vi" la thuan theo tu nhien. Con "vd vi" b bai tho nay phai

hieu theo t inh than cua Nho giao la ngudi dung dau mdt Nha

nude phai lay diic ciia ban than de cam hoa dan, mdi lam dant i n phuc. N hu the, ke sach t r i qudc cua Phap Thuan khong chi

cd giu cho dat nude hoa binh ma con neu len ngudi diing dau

cua mdt nude phai cd di ic , yeu dan.

Dan tqc ta cd mdt truyen thdng tot dep la nhan nghia.

Nguydn Trai da t i ing ndi: "Viec nhan nghia cot dyen ddn " .

Mudn "yen ddn " th i phai cam hoa dan, lo cho dan, yeu dan.

Cai diic ciia ngudi diing dau cung rat quan trong. D i nhien da

cd diic thi phai cd tai. Ma mudn yen dan, lo cho dan, dieu

quan trong nhat la phai giu cho dat nude khong con canh

chem giet lan nhau, khong con canh chien tranh do mau, dat

nude phai hoa binh. Dat nude cd hoa binh thi ngoi vua mdi

vung chai, ben lau. "Chon chon dia dao binh " la nhu the.

Dudng l d i t r i qudc cua Thien su Dd Phap Thuan neu len

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K H U O N G V I E T D A I S I /

N G O C H A N L U U

( 9 3 3 - 1 0 1 1 )

Ngo Chan Luu ngudi lang Cat Ly, huyen Thudng Lac,

nay chua ro d dau.

Thdi nien thieu ong theo hoc Nho, ldn len d i tu theo dao

Phat. Dang mao ong khoi ngo, tuah t i i , t inh than phdng khoang,

cd chi kh i cao xa. Ong hieu sau rong dao Phat, trd thanh

Thien su ndi tieng thdi bay gid. V i vay, deh nam 973, luc 40

tudi ong da cd danh tieng vang doi deh trieu dinh nha D i n h ,

vua D i n h Tien Hoang cho vdi ong ve K i n h do Hoa L u giu

chiic Tang Thdng, diing ddu Phat giao trong nude.

Nam 971 , vua D i n h Tien Hoang quy dinh cap bac cho

cac quan van vd trong trieu, da ban hieu cho Tang Thdng Ngd

Chan Lu u la Khuong V i e t dai su. Ngo Chan Luu da tham gia

hoat dong chinh t r i , cd cong rat ldn trong su nghiep xay dung

trieu D i n h , la mdt Thien su cd tai diic song toan

Den ddi vua Le Dai Hanh, Ngo Chan Luu la i duqc vua

trong dung. Vua Le Dai Hanh rat k i n h trong Ngo Chan Luu,

pham cac viec quan qudc trieu dinh Ngo Chan Luu deu duqc

tham du.

Nam 987, nha Tdng sai L y Giac sang nude ta, vua Le

Dai Hanh sai su Dd Phap Thuan cai trang lam ngudi coi ben

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do don tiep si i gia d ben song. L y Giac da cung D6 Phap

Thuan doi tho v d i nhau. K h i ve den quan su:, L y Giac da lam

m ot bai tho tang D6 Phap Thuan. Su D6 Phap Thuan dang

bai tho do cho vua Le Dai Hanh xem. Nha vua phai goi su

N go Chan L u u deh xem. K h i L y Giac tut biet ve nude, vua Le

D a i Hanh ben sai su Ngo Chan Luu lam bai ti t de t i i n L y

Giac:

"Tudng quang phong hao cam ham trUOng,Dao vong than tien phuc dehuong.

Van trung son thuy thiep thuong lang,

Citu thien quy 16 trudng.

Tinh thdm thiet,

Ddi ly trudng,

Phan luyen sit tinh lang

Nguyen tuong thdm y vi bien citong,

Phdn minh tdu ngd Hoang "

(Nang t u o i gio thuan canh buom giuong,

Thien tien la i de'huong.

V u q t song xanh muon dam trung duong,

Ve t r d i xa duong trudng.

T i n h tham thiet,

Chen len dudng,

V i n xe su-

van vuong.

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X i n dem tham y v i Nam cuong,

Tau vua t o i to tuong)

(Hd Van Tan dich)

D ay la mot bai tir lam theo the "Tic" cua Trung Qudc, la

the van cd van dieu, duoc hung t h inh d t hd i Tdng. Nd la mdt

the tho phdi hop v d i nhac de hat, nen cac cau cd the dai ngan

khac nhau.

B ai t i i cua N g d Chan L u u t ie n L y Giac, duqc coi la bai tircd nhat hien con trong l i c h sir van hoc cd dien V i e t Nam.

Phan Huy Ch i i trong "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi"

danh gia bai tir nay la: "Khuc hat hay, ciing du khoe co nhan

tdi, md qudc the duqc them ton trong, 1dm cho ngudi Bac

(Trung Qudc) phdi khudt phuc "(

"

B ai tir ciia Ngd Chan Luu cd the danh gia la mdt tac

pham tho m d d i u cho truyen thdng tho van ngoai giao cua

V i e t Nam, cd mdt gia t r i dac biet trong l i ch sir Van hoc dan

tqc.

Cung v d i Thien su D d Phap Thuan, Thien su Ngd Chan

L u u da gdp phan "Ke tut Dinh Le dung nude, ddi dich vdi

Trung Hoa, menh lenh tic chuong ddn ddn ro net "(2>

N g d Chan Luu mat ngay 15 thang 2 nam Tan H o i , tire

ngay 22 thang 3 nam 1 0 1 1 ( 3 ) .

- "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap HI (Sdd) - Trang 252

- "Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi" - Tap III (Sdd) - Trang 63

- Theo 'Van thoLy Tran - tap 1 - NXBKHXH -1977- Trang 208

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Q U O C S U V A N H A N H

( ? - 1025)( 1 )

Thieh su Van Hanh que d chau Co Phap, Id Bac Giang,

nay thuoc huyen Tien Son, t inh Bac N i n h .

Nam 21 t u d i , Thieh su Van Hanh di tu d chua Luc To,

lang D i n h Bang, huyen Tien Son, t inh Bac N i n h , ong la thay

day cua Ly Cdng Uah luc con nho.

Ngay k h i lam thay day L y Cong Ui.n, Thien su Van Hanh

da phat hien ra L y Cong Uah co than sac lam vua, da khen

rang: "Dita be nay khong phdi ngudi thudng, sau nay ldn len

at cd the gidi nguy go rdi, lam bac minh chii trong thien hq "a

\

tue la Thien su Van Hanh da co tai tien doan, danh gia Ly

Cong Uan rat sdm.

Thien su Van Hanh thong hieu ca tam giao (Phat, Nho,

Lao), dac biet la Phat giao, tret thanh mot Thien su noi tieng

thdi bay giet.

Tai nang cua ong da duqc vua Le Dai Hanh biet deh va

cho v d i vao trieu tham gia trieu chinh nha Tien Le v d i tu each

la mdt cd vah. Ong da gdp nhieu y kien giup vua Le Dai

- Theo "DVSKTT" (Sdd) - Trang 247, nam 1025 Thien si(Vqn Hanhhod than (chet).

<2> - "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 240

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Hanh chong giac ngoai xam va dung nude, duqc vua Le Dai

Hanh ton kinh. Dieu dd the hien tuy theo dao Phat, song ong

van quan tam den nhung bien cd chinh t r i , xa hdi trong gia i

doan dd .

Sau khi vua Le Dai Hanh m at, dng la i phd ta vua Le

Long DTnh.

Nhung thay vua Le Long DTnh hoang dam, tan bao, khi

vua Le Long DTnh mat (1009), dng quyet dinh thu xep cho

L y Cdng Uah len lam vua thay the nha Tien Le.

Thien su Van Hanh da b i m at lam b ai sam d m dt cay gao

b i set danh ta i chau Co Phap (que Ly Cdng Uan) nhu sau:

'Thu can dieu dieu

Moc bieu thanh thanhHod dao moc lac

Thdp bat tic thanh

Dong A nhdp dia

Moc di tdi sinh

Chan cung kien nhdt

Dodi cung an tinh

Luc that nien gian

Thien hq thdi binh "

(Goc cay tham tham

Ngon cay xanh xanh

Cay hoa dao rung

Mudi t am ha t thanh

1 4 0

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Canh dong xudng dat

Cay khac l a i sinh

Ddng mat t rdi moc

Tay sao nau hinh

Khoang sau bay nam

Thien ha thai binh)

Bai sa'm nay dng dem day cho tre con trong lang hat de

lan truyen rdng ra i trong dan chiing nhani do la va chuan b itrudc d u luan de hanh ddng dua Ly Cdng Uan len ngoi vua.

Den khi Le Long Dinh mat , Thieh su Van Hanh dem bai

sam dd ndi vd i L y Cdng U an va tu m in h gia i thich bai sam de

khuyen L y Cdng Uan len ngoi vua.

"Thu can dieu dieu ", c h i i "can " nghia la gdc, gd'c tiic la

vua. Chu "dieu " dong dm vdi chu "yeu " nen hieu la "yeu ".

"Mdc bieu thanh thanh", chtf "bieu" nghia la ngon, ngon

tiic la be td i . C hu "thanh " nghia la th inh. Chi i "hod ", "dao ",

"mdc",gh6p l a i thanh chu "L e" . Chu "thap", "bat", "tit",

ghep l a i thanh c h u "Ly ". "Ddng A " la chu 'Tran ". "Nhdp

dia " la phuong Bac vao cudp. "Mdc di tdi sinh " la ho Le

khac la i sinh ra. "Chan cung an tinh ", "chan " la phuong

Ddng, "kien " la moc ra, "nhdt" la Thien t i t . "Dodi cung an

tinh", "dodi" la phuong T a y , " d V ' l a l a n , "tinh " la th i i nhan.

Ma'y cau nay y ndi: vua thi non yeu, be tdi thi cudng t h inh ,ho Le mat, ho Ly ndi len, Thien t i i d phuong Ddng moc ra

th i thi i nhan d phuong Ta y lan m at, tra i qua 6,7 nam th i

thien ha thai b i n h .

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"Dqi Viet sitky toan thit" cd ghi :

"Van Hanh mdi bao Ly Cong Uan rdng: "Mdi rdi tdi

thay chitbiia sam ki la, bii't hq Ly citdng thinh, tat day lin co

nghiep. Nay xem trong thiin hq ngitdi hq Ly rat nhieu, nhung

khong ai bdng Than be Id ngudi khoan thit nhan tit duqc long

ddn, lqi dang nam giu binh quyen trong tay, ditng ddu mudn

ddn chang phdi Than vi thi con ai duong noi niia. Tdi dd hon

70 tudi rdi, mong duqc thu thd hay chit, dexem diic hod ciia

dng nhu thi'nao, thuc la cai may nghin nam cd mdt"(1>

.

L y Cong Uan so cau noi do tiet lo, ben cho dem gia'u

Thieh su Van Hanh d xa Tuong Giang, huyen Tien Son, t inh

Bac Ninh .

Cung t ir ld i khuyen dd cua Thien su V an Hanh, L y Cong

U l n m d i quyet dinh len ngoi vua. Dieu dd chiing td Thien su

V an Hanh cd vai trd rat quan trong trong viec dua Ly Cong

Uan len ngoi hoang de.

Thien su Van Hanh da nhin tha'y yeu cah biic thiet cua

l i ch sir, phai t i m l&'y m ot ngudi dai bieu uu t i i di lanh dao dat

nude, dd khong ai khac, chinh l a L y Cong U d h .

Sau khi len ngoi hoang de, vua Ly Thai Td (Ly Cong

Uan) van rat trong dung Thien su Van Hanh va phong cho

ong giu chiic Qudc su. Deh nam 1025 Thien su Van Hanhhoa than, khong benh ma mat.


14 2

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Sir than Ngo Sy Lien vie t : "SuVqn Hanh mdi trong thay

Ly Thdi To, biet la ngitdi khac thudng, den khi thay set danh

thanh vet chu thi doan biet thdi the thay doi, nhu the la cd tri

thitc vit0 ngitdi thudng vay "<n.

Sau nay, vua L y Nhan Tong (1072 - 1128) co viet bai ke

"Tdng Thien sit Van Hanh " nhu sau:

"Van Hanh dung tam te,

Chan phii cd sam thi.

Huong quan danh Co Phap,

Tru tich tran vitong ky "

( Va n Hanh dung hoa ba giao ly,

Di e n cau sam co diing t i rng ly.

Qu6 huong Co Phap ten ghi tac,

Tran giu K i n h do gay tru t r i )< 2

- "DVSKTT " (Sdd) - Trang 247a>

- Theo "Kien van lieu luc " - Le Quy Don - NXB Van hod Thong tin -

2007 - Trang 230, 231

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T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O

1 - Dqi Viet sit luqc - NXB Thanh phd Ho Chf Minh-1993.

2 - NGO SY LIEN - Dqi Viet su: ky toan thu - Tap I - N X B

K H X H - Ha Ndi - 1998.

3 - Dqi Nam nhdt thdng chi - Tap I I I - N X B K H X H -

H a Ndi - 1971.

4 - PHAN HUY CHU - Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi -

Tap I , I I , i n - N X B K H X H - 1992.

5 - Kham Dinh Viet sic thdng gidm cuang muc - Tap I -

NXB Giao due -1998

6 - LE QUY DON • Kien van tieu luc - N X B Van hoa

Thdng t in - 2007

7 - Dqi cuang lich sit Viet Nam (tai ban lan thu: 7) -

N X B Giao d u e - 2 0 0 5

8 - DANG CONG NGA - Kinh do Hoa Lu thai Dinh -

Tien Le - Sd Van hoa - Thdng t in N i n h B i n h - 2002

9 - N H I E U TAC GIA - Danh nhan dat Ninh Binh -Trung tam UNESCO Thdng tin tu l i e u L i c h sit va Van hoa

V i e t Nam - 2000.

10 - NGUYEN TU" M A N - Ninh Binh toan tinh dia chi

khao bien - N X B Chinh tr i Qudc gia - 2001

11 - NGUYEN KHAC THUAN - The thit ede trieu dqi

Viet Nam (tai ban Xin thu 4) - N X B Giao due - 1998.

12 - Tap chi The gidi di sdn - sd 9 - 2008 - Bai

"Duong hdu " cua Giao su Le Van Lan - trang 62.

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M U C L U C

STT Ten bai Trang

01 D i n h Tien Hoang de 5

02 Duong hau 51

03 Le Dai Hanh hoang de 56

04 D i n h quoc cong Nguyln Bac 83

05 Ngoai giap D i n h Dien 85

06 Do hq phu sy su Luu Co 87

07T r i n h

Tu 88

08 Than ve Dai tudng quan Pham Bach Ho 89

09 Tudmg quan Pham Hap 91

10 Thai uy Pham Cu Luqng 93

11 Nam V i e t vuong D i n h L ie n 95

12 Thai tir Hang Lang 98

13 Vua D i n h Toan 99

14 Cong chua Phat K i m 100

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15 Pho ma Ngo Nhat Khanh 102

16 Chi hau noi nhan D6 Thich 104

17 Vua Trung Tong 105

18 Thai ti t Le Long Thau 113

19 Hoang tu Le Ngan T i c h 114

20 Hoang tic Le Long Can 116

21 Hoang tir Le Long K i n h 117

22 Hoang tu Le Long De 118

23 Vua L y Thai Td 119

24 Nghia t in hau Dao Cam Moc 128

25 Thien su D6 Phap Thuan 130

26 Khuong V i e t dai su Ngo Chan Luu 136

27 Quoc su Van Hanh 139

146

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N H A X U A T B A N V A N H O A T H O N G T I N

43 - L o D ue - H a N o i - D T : 04.38214754

N H A N V A T L I C H S t f

K I N H D O H O A L l /

Chiu trdch nhiem xuat ban

B U I V I E T BA C

Chiu trdch nhiem ban thao

N G U Y E N V A N K H U O N G

- Bien tap:

- Trinh bay bia:

- Siia ban in:

A N H T H U

STAR BOOKS

T A C G l A

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In 500 cuon, kho 13x19cm tai Cong ty cd phSn in Nam Dinh

So dang ky K H X B : 1025 - 2008/CXB/06-164/VHTT'

In xong va nop luu chieu thang 01 nam 2009

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D A I N

• Ve1 v d i

" V in h Ha Long can"

Tam C6c - B ich Dong

• Chua Dich L6ng

Thang canh Van Long

• Co' do Hoa Lit

• Nui Due Thuy

Canh dep Ninh Binh

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