general discrimination

7/30/2019 general discrimination

1/28

]IVOL

IH

EDHDPGJ MD\LPOKOHG]OIH

\t`ko}}dm }i> \t`ko}}dm `y>

VPIA PGAOW BG\\GH CBGJOM GKOH

Pijj Hi( 41


2/28

LIH]DH]\

7( Oh}pimtl}oih0( \}g}dkdh} ia }bd Vpi`jdk


3/28

GLCHIUJDMEDKDH]

"Uipm| gpd ia}dh }ii udgc }i drvpd|| ihd%| ohhdp addjohe| ia ohmd`}dmhd|| }i

ihd%| `dhdagl}ip|"( O} o| g kg}}dp ia epdg} vjdg|tpd aip kd }i glchiujdmed ky

ohmd`}dmhd|| }i ky gmqo|ip %KP PGAOW BG\\GOH* Vpiad||ip ia DHEJO\B*

Mdvgp}kdh} ia @@G( ia LO]_ THOQDP\O]_ IA \LODHLD GHM

OHAIPKG]OIH ]DLBHIJIE_* aip jdgmohe g bdjvohe bghm oh }bd likvjd}oih ia

ky g||oehkdh}( Pdgjjy* O lghhi} aohm uipm| }i drvpd|| ky %]bghc|% ghm epg}o}tmd

}i bok( bd bdjvdm kd ghm vpiqomdm uo}b bo| qgjtg`jd etomghld g} dglb ghm dgpjy

|}dv(


4/28

OH]PIMTL]OIH

( "Mo|lpokohg}oih" mdpoqd| apik Jg}oh* ubdpd }bd qdp` mo|lpokopd% kdgh| "}i

|dvgpg}d* }i mo|}oheto|b* }i kgcd g mo|}ohl}oih"(

Mo|lpokohg}oih o| }bd vpdntmologj ip mo|}oheto|bohe }pdg}kdh} ia gh ohmoqomtgj `g|dm

ih }bdop gl}tgj ip vdpldoqdm kdk`dp|bov oh g ldp}goh epitv ip lg}deipy* |tlb g|

}bdop pgld* edhmdp* |drtgj ipodh}g}oih* d}bholo}y* hg}oihgj ipoeoh* ip pdjoeoih( O}

ohqijqd| }bd epitv%| oho}ogj pdgl}oih ip oh}dpgl}oih* ohajtdhlohe }bd ohmoqomtgj%|

gl}tgj `dbgqoip }iugpm| }bd epitv ip }bd epitv jdgmdp* pd|}pol}ohe kdk`dp| ia ihd

epitv apik ivvip}tho}od| ip vpoqojded| }bg} gpd gqgojg`jd }i ghi}bdp epitv* jdgmohe

}i }bd drljt|oih ia }bd ohmoqomtgj ip dh}o}od| `g|dm ih jieolgj ip oppg}oihgj mdlo|oih

kgcohe(

Mo|lpokohg}ipy }pgmo}oih|* vijolod|* omdg|* vpgl}old|* ghm jgu| dro|} oh kghylith}pod| ghm oh|}o}t}oih| oh dqdpy vgp} ia }bd uipjm* dqdh oh ihd| ubdpd

mo|lpokohg}oih o| edhdpgjjy jiicdm miuh tvih( Oh |ikd vjgld|* lih}piqdp|ogj

g}}dkv}| |tlb g| wti}g| bgqd `ddh t|dm }i pdmpd|| hdeg}oqd daadl}| ia

mo|lpokohg}oih t} bgqd |ikd}okd| `ddh lgjjdm pdqdp|d mo|lpokohg}oih

}bdk|djqd|(

]bd }dpk "mo|lpokohg}oih" `degh }i `d t|dm g| gh drvpd||oih ia

mdpieg}ipy pglogj vpdntmold oh }bd 72


5/28

Pdgjo|}ol likvd}o}oih o| mpoqdh `y |dja+oh}dpd|} ghm o| gokdm g} i`}gohohe kg}dpogj

pd|itpld| d(e(* aiim* }dppo}ipy* lt|}ikdp|/ aip }bd oh+epitv d(e(* agqipohe gh oh+

epitv oh ipmdp }i i`}goh kipd pd|itpld| aip o}| kdk`dp|* ohljtmohe }bd |dja/(

\ilogj likvd}o}oih o| mpoqdh `y }bd hddm aip |dja+d|}ddk ghm o| gokdm g} glbodqohe

g vi|o}oqd |ilogj |}g}t| aip }bd oh+epitv pdjg}oqd }i likvgpg`jd it}+epitv| d(e(*

agqipohe gh oh+epitv oh ipmdp }i kgcd o} `d}}dp }bgh gh it}+epitv/(

Lih|dh|tgj mo|lpokohg}oih o| mpoqdh `y }bd hddm aip glltpgly ghm pdajdl}| |}g`jd

ghm jdeo}okg}d oh}dpepitv |}g}t| bodpgplbod| d(e(* agqipohe g boeb+|}g}t| oh+epitv

`dlgt|d o} o| boeb |}g}t|/(

]bd Tho}dm Hg}oih| |}ghld ih mo|lpokohg}oih ohljtmd| }bd |}g}dkdh}>

"Mo|lpokohg}ipy `dbgqoip| }gcd kghy aipk|* `t} }bdy gjj ohqijqd |ikd aipk ia

drljt|oih ip pdndl}oih(" Oh}dphg}oihgj ìmod| Tho}dm Hg}oih| Btkgh Poeb}| Lithloj

uipc }iugpm| bdjvohe dhmohe mo|lpokohg}oih gpithm }bd uipjm(

]yvd| ia Mo|lpokohg}oih

7/Ged mo|lpokohg}oihGedo|k ip ged mo|lpokohg}oih o| mo|lpokohg}oih ghm

|}dpdi}yvohe `g|dm ih }bd epithm| ia |ikdihd%| ged( O} o| g |d} ia `djoda|* hipk|*

ghm qgjtd| ubolb t|dm }i nt|}oay mo|lpokohg}oih ghm)ip |tìpmohg}oih `g|dm ih

|ikdihd%| ged( Gedo|k o| ki|} ia}dh mopdl}dm }iugpm| ijm vdivjd* ip gmijd|ldh}|

ghm lbojmpdh(

0/ Lg|}d mo|lpokohg}oihGllipmohe }i THOLDA ghm Btkgh Poeb}| Ug}lb* lg|}d

mo|lpokohg}oih gaadl}| gh d|}okg}dm 046 kojjoih vdivjd uipjmuomd( Mo|lpokohg}oih

`g|dm ih lg|}d* g| vdpldoqdm `y THOLDA* o| vpdqgjdh} kgohjy oh vgp}| ia G|og

Ohmog* \po Jghcg* @ghejgmd|b* Hdvgj* Ngvgh/ ghm Gapolg(SLtppdh}jy* }bdpd gpd gh

d|}okg}dm 716 kojjoih MJo}| ip \lbdmtjdm Lg|}d| aipkdpjy chiuh g|

"th}itlbg`jd|"/ oh Ohmog( Oh Ohmog }bd Gk`dmcgp lih}piqdp|ogj lgp}iih o||td pilcdm

}bd vgpjogkdh} oh Kgy 0670 |ohld o} |ykìjo~dm mo|lpokohg}oih gegoh|} lg|}d|(


6/28

vt`jol ghm vpoqg}d vjgld| ghm |dpqold|* dmtlg}oih* ghm |ilogj uipc }bg} gpd `toj} }i

|dpqd %|}ghmgpm% vdivjd* }bdpd`y drljtmohe }bi|d uo}b qgpoit| mo|gòjo}od|(

Oh }bd Tho}dm \}g}d|* }bd Gkdpolgh| uo}b Mo|gòjo}od| Gl} kghmg}d| }bd vpiqo|oih ia

dwtgjo}y ia glld|| }i ì}b `tojmohe| ghm |dpqold| ghm o| vgpgjjdjdm `y |okojgp gl}| oh

i}bdp lith}pod|* |tlb g| }bd Dwtgjo}y Gl} 0676 oh }bd TC(

=/Dkvjiykdh} mo|lpokohg}oihD}boivogh Ndu| vpi}d|} oh O|pgdj iqdp hih+dkvjiykdh}

ia D}boivogh glgmdkol|(

Mdhyohe |ikdihd dkvjiykdh}* ip mo|gjjiuohe ihd apik gvvjyohe aip g ni`* o|

pdlieho~dm g| dkvjiykdh} mo|lpokohg}oih ubdh }bd epithm| aip |tlb gh drljt|oih

o| hi} pdjg}dm }i }bd pdwtopdkdh}| ia }bd vi|o}oih* ohljtmohe |tlb djdkdh}| g| ged*mo|gòjo}y* d}bholo}y* edhmdp* edhmdp omdh}o}y* bdoeb}* hg}oihgjo}y* pdjoeoih* |drtgj

ipodh}g}oih* |coh lijip* ghm udoeb}(

]bd Tho}dm \}g}d| admdpgj jgu| }bg} vpi}dl} gegoh|}>

Pgld* lijip ghm hg}oihgj ipoeoh mo|lpokohg}oih ohljtmd }bd Loqoj Poeb}| Gl} ia

7?1=* Drdlt}oqd Ipmdp Htk`dp 77=52 gkihe i}bdp htkdpit| jgu| }bg} vpi}dl}

vdivjd apik pgld* lijip ghm hg}oihgj ipoeoh mo|lpokohg}oih(

\dr ghm edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih ohljtmd }bd Loqoj Poeb}| Gl} ia 7?1= ghm Dwtgj Vgy

Gl} ia 7?1


7/28

jghetged| ip lghhi} bgqd ajtdhly oh }bd lith}py%| vpdmikohgh} ip "iaaologj"

jghetged o| òjohetgjo|k |tlb g| iaaologj miltkdh}| oh }ui jghetged|* ghm

ktj}oltj}tpgjo|k oh kipd }bgh }ui jghetged|(

1/Mo|lpokohg}oih ih }bd `g|o| ia hg}oihgjo}yMo|lpokohg}oih ih }bd `g|o| ia hg}oihgjo}y

o| t|tgjjy ohljtmdm oh dkvjiykdh} jgu|( O} o| |ikd}okd| pdadppdm }i g| ìthm

}ied}bdp uo}b pglogj mo|lpokohg}oih gj}biteb o} lgh `d |dvgpg}d( O} kgy qgpy apik

jgu| }bg} |}iv pdat|gj| ia bopohe `g|dm ih hg}oihgjo}y* g|cohe wtd|}oih| pdegpmohe

ipoeoh* }i vpiboò}oih| ia aopohe* aipldm pd}opdkdh}* likvdh|g}oih ghm vgy* d}l(*

`g|dm ih hg}oihgjo}y(

Mo|lpokohg}oih ih }bd `g|o| ia hg}oihgjo}y kgy |biu g| g "jdqdj ia glldv}ghld" oh g

|vip} ip uipc }dgk pdegpmohe hdu }dgk kdk`dp| ghm dkvjiydd| ubi moaadp apik

}bd hg}oihgjo}y ia }bd kgnipo}y ia }dgk kdk`dp|(

5/Pglogj ip d}bhol mo|lpokohg}oihGh Gapolgh+Gkdpolgh lbojm g} g |depdeg}dm

mpohcohe aith}goh ih g litp}bit|d jguh* Hip}b Lgpijohg* 7?


8/28

Ndu| vdpko}}dm }i pd|omd oh moaadpdh} vjgld| ug| joko}dm3 }bdy udpd lihldh}pg}dm oh

ebd}}i| ghm udpd hi} gjjiudm }i iuh jghm(

?/Pdqdp|d mo|lpokohg}oih\}tmdh}| vpi}d|}ohe gegoh|} pglogj wti}g| oh @pg~oj> "Wtdp

Tkg qgeg9 Vg||d hi qd|}o`tjgp'" "Mi yit ugh} g thoqdp|o}y vjgld9 @d |tlld||atj

oh }bd dh}pghld drgk'"/

\ikd g}}dkv}| g} gh}omo|lpokohg}oih bgqd ddh lpo}olo~dm g| pdqdp|d mo|lpokohg}oih(

Oh vgp}oltjgp* kohipo}y wti}g| aip drgkvjd* gaaopkg}oqd gl}oih/ mo|lpokohg}d gegoh|}

kdk`dp| ia g mikohgh} ip kgnipo}y epitv( Oh o}| ivvi|o}oih }i pgld vpdadpdhld|* }bd

Gkdpolgh Loqoj Poeb}| Oh|}o}t}d%| Ugpm Lihhdpy |}g}dm* "]bdpd o| hi}bohe vi|o}oqd*

gaaopkg}oqd* ip dwtgj g`it} %gaaopkg}oqd gl}oih% vpiepgk| }bg} eoqd vpdadpdhld }i

|ikd epitv| `g|dm ih pgld(

76/ \dr* edhmdp* ghm edhmdp+omdh}o}y mo|lpokohg}oih]biteb edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih ghm

|dro|k pdadp| }i `djoda| ghm g}}o}tmd| oh pdjg}oih }i }bd edhmdp ia g vdp|ih* |tlb

`djoda| ghm g}}o}tmd| gpd ia g |ilogj hg}tpd ghm mi hi}* hipkgjjy* lgppy ghy jdegj

lih|dwtdhld|( \dr mo|lpokohg}oih* ih }bd i}bdp bghm* kgy bgqd jdegj

lih|dwtdhld|(

]biteb ubg} lih|}o}t}d| |dr mo|lpokohg}oih qgpod| `d}uddh lith}pod|* }bd d||dhld

o| }bg} o} o| gh gmqdp|d gl}oih }gcdh `y ihd vdp|ih gegoh|} ghi}bdp vdp|ih }bg} uitjm

hi} bgqd illtppdm bgm }bd vdp|ih `ddh ia ghi}bdp |dr( Mo|lpokohg}oih ia }bg} hg}tpd

o| lih|omdpdm g aipk ia vpdntmold ghm oh ldp}goh dhtkdpg}dm lopltk|}ghld| o| ojjdegj

oh kghy lith}pod|(

\drtgj mo|lpokohg}oih lgh gpo|d oh moaadpdh} lih}dr}|( Aip oh|}ghld gh dkvjiydd

kgy `d mo|lpokohg}dm gegoh|} `y `dohe g|cdm mo|lpokohg}ipy wtd|}oih| mtpohe g ni`

oh}dpqodu* ip `y gh dkvjiydp hi} bopohe ip vpiki}ohe* thdwtgjjy vgyohe* ip

upiheatjjy }dpkohg}ohe* gh dkvjiydd `g|dm ih bo| ip bdp edhmdp(


9/28

MDAOHO]OIH IA LIKKTHO]_>

Likktho}y o| g ugy ia pdjg}ohe }i i}bdp vdp|ih| g| `pi}bdp| ghm|o|}dp| ubi |bgpd g likkih ipoeoh* g likkih moeho}y* ghm g likkih md|}ohy(

Likktho}y ohqijqd| jdgphohe }i joqd oh }dpk| ia gh oh}dplihhdl}dm "ud" kipd }bgh

gh o|ijg}dm "O%( O} ohqijqd| kgcohe lbiold| ubolb pdohaipld }bd drvdpodhld ia

pdjg}dmhd|| ghm ai|}dp }bd |dh|d ia `djiheohe ghm oh}dpmdvdhmdhld( Likktho}y

`deoh|* `t} mid| hi} dhm* oh itp agld }i agld pdjg}oih|bov| uo}b }bd vdp|ih| ubi gpd

lji|d|} }i t|(

G likktho}y o| `d|} mdaohdm g| g epitv ia vdivjd ubi* pdegpmjd|| ia

}bd moqdp|o}y ia }bdop `glcepithm|* bgqd `ddh g`jd }i glldv} ghm }pgh|ldhm }bdop

moaadpdhld|* dhg`johe }bdk }i likktholg}d daadl}oqdjy ghm ivdhjy ghm }i uipc

}ied}bdp }iugpm eigj| omdh}oaodm g| `dohe aip }bdop likkih eiim(

G likktho}y o| g epitv ia }ui ip kipd vdivjd ubi bgqd `ddh g`jd }i

glldv} ghm }pgh|ldhm }bdop moaadpdhld| pdegpmjd|| ia }bd moqdp|o}y ia }bdop

`glcepithm| |ilogj* |vopo}tgj* dmtlg}oihgj* d}bhol* dlihikol* vijo}olgj* d}l(/ ]bo|

dhg`jd| }bdk }i likktholg}d daadl}oqdjy ghm ivdhjy ghm }i uipc }ied}bdp }iugpm

eigj| omdh}oaodm g| `dohe aip }bdop likkih eiim(

]bd uipm likktho}y lgh pdadp }i g |vdloaol epitv ia vdivjd g

ediepgvbolgj likktho}y* g lbtplb lihepdeg}oih/ ip o} lgh md|lpo`d g wtgjo}y ia

pdjg}oih|bov `g|dm ih ldp}goh qgjtd| ghm vpohlovjd|(

Pdglbohe likktho}y o| ì}b oh}dh}oihgj ghm lbgjjdheohe( ]bd epitv

vpild|| pdwtopd| }bg} gh ohmoqomtgj eoqd tv jdgphdm mdadh|d| ghm bgò}tgj ugy ia

`dbgqohe( ]bpiteb ohlpdg|dm pd|vih|oòjo}y* po|c ghm qtjhdpgòjo}y ia o}| kdk`dp|*


10/28

g epitv mdqdjiv| oh}i g "|gad vjgld" vpiqomohe gh dhqopihkdh} ia glldv}ghld*

gvvpdlog}oih ia btkgh moqdp|o}y* ghm htp}tpghld ia vdp|ihgj epiu}b* bdgjohe ghm

|dja+mo|liqdpy( Dkv}ohd|| o| g ldh}pgj }i }bd likktho}y `tojmohe vpild||( G

lbgjjdheohe vjgld }i dh}dp ghm ohbg`o} dkv}ohd|| o| adp}ojd epithm aip }bd epiu}b ia

vdp|ihgj oh|oeb}| ghm mddvdp pdjg}oih|bov|( Likktho}y @tojmohe o| g viudpatj

vpild|| + g }dlbhijiey ghm g mo|lovjohd +ubolb bdjv| t|* jdgph g`it} itp|djqd| ghm

pdjg}d }i i}bdp| oh hdu ugy|(

LGT\D\ IA EDHDPGJ MO\LPOKOHG]OIH

Dmtlg}oihgj glcugpmhd|| Lg|}d Pdjoeoit| djoda| Ltj}tpd Ih }bd hgkd ia agkojy bo|}ipy Lt|}ik| ghm `djoda| Pgld| Jiu ohlikd Thdkvjiykdh}

\ilod}y

Agkojy |o}tg}oih ghm G}}o}tmd|


11/28

Jocd kgjd ip dqdh gìqd }bdk adkgjd vjgy| okvip}gh} pijd oh }bd

agkojy ghm hg}oihgj mdqdjivkdh}( @t} bdp lih}po`t}oih o| hi} pdlieho~dm `y }bd

kgjd mikohgh} |ilod}y(

Kipd |t|ldv}o`jd }bgh ìy| }i mo|dg|d ghm ohadl}oih|* jdgmohe }i viip

bdgj}b ghm g |bip}dp joad|vgh( O} o| }bo| joad+jihe mo|lpokohg}oih oh htp}tpohe ghm lgpd

}bg} o| }bd pdgj cojjdp ia eopj| jd|| }pgmo}oihgj joqd| oh ptpgj gpdg|( Pdjoeoit| jgu|

ghm }pgmo}oih| |}ojj md}dpkohd }bd joqd| ia kghy vdivjd* vgp}oltjgpjy uikdh( Dqdh oa

uikdh gpd aipkdpjy dh}o}jdm }i iuh jghm ghm pd|itpld| |ilogj ghm pdjoeoit| agl}ip|

kgcd kghy uikdh pdapgoh apik }bo| poeb} oh ipmdp hi} }i lgt|d mo|}ip}oih| uo}boh

}bd agkojy( ]bd vpdadpdhld aip bgqohe |ih| vdpkdg}d| gjj |ilogj ljg||d| oh Ohmog*

ubolb |d}| }bd |}ghmgpm aip eopj| }bpitebit} }bdop dh}opd joqd|(

EIO Vjghhohe Likko||oih "0662/ ohmolg}dm }bg} mo|lpokohg}oih

gegoh|} uikdh ghm eopj| okvohed| tvih }bdop poeb} }i bdgj}b ghm kghoad|}| o}|dja oh

}bd aipk ia uip|dhohe bdgj}b ghm ht}po}oih ohmold|(

Ntjod Ktjjoh "0662/ ohmolg}dm }bg} }bd mdqdjivohe uipjm o| atjj ia

viqdp}y |}polcdh agkojod| ubi |dd }bdop mgteb}dp| g| gh dlihikol vpdmolgkdh}(

]bg} g}}o}tmd bg| pd|tj}dm oh }bd uomd|vpdgm hdejdl} }i `g`y eopj| oh Gapolg* G|og

ghm \it}b Gkdpolg( Oh kghy likktho}od|* o}| g pdetjgp vpgl}old }i `pdg|}addm

eopj| aip g |bip}dp }okd }bgh ìy| |i }bg} uikdh lgh }py }i ed} vpdehgh} gegoh uo}b

g ìy g| |iih g| vi||o`jd( G| g pd|tj}* eopj| ko|| it} ih joad+eoqohe ht}po}oih mtpohe

g lptlogj uohmiu ia }bdop mdqdjivkdh}* ubolb |}th}| }bdop epiu}b ghm udgcdh|

}bdop pd|o|}ghld }i mo|dg|d(


12/28

OKVIP]GHLD IA UIKDH OH MDQDJIVKDH]

Adkgjd| gpd hdgpjy 46 vdp ldh} ia }bd }i}gj vivtjg}oih `t} }bdop

pdvpd|dh}g}oih oh vt`jol joad o| qdpy jiu( Uikgh lih}ohtd| }i `dgp }bd kgnip jigm

ia }bd bit|dbijm uipc( Bdp vpokgpy pijd o| ia}dh qodudm `y }bd |ilod}y g|

bit|duoad( Oh lgpmohgj eigj| ia mdkilpgly ia }bd vdivjd* `y }bd vdivjd ghm aip

}bd vdivjd lghhi} `d iv}okolgjjy gllikvjo|bdm oa }bd adkgjd vivtjg}oih pdkgoh|

it} ia vijo}olgj dkviudpkdh}( \tìpmohg}oih ia uikdh oh |ilod}y gl}| g |}ptl}tpgj

lih|}pgoh} }i }bdop vgp}olovg}oih oh vijo}olgj gl}oqo}od|( ]bo| lih|}pgoh} ivdpg}d| kipd

ip jd|| aip gjj ljg||d| ghm likktho}od| ia uikdh( Vpdqgjdh} ltj}tpd ubolb o| qdpy

likvjolg}dm ghm ia}dh mdlo|oih| gpd }gcdh `dbohm }bd |ldhd kgy `d pdegpmdm g|

ghi}bdp lih|}pgoh} oh }bo| pdegpm( Pdlieho|ohe uikdh| poeb}| ghm `djodqohe }bdop

gòjo}y gpd d||dh}ogj aip uikdh| dkviudpkdh} ghm mdqdjivkdh}( Adkgjd| |bitjm

pdgjo~d }bdop iuh lgvgòjo}od| ghm vi}dh}ogj| ubolb uojj |}pdhe}bdh }bdop |dja okged

ghm ai|}dp }bdk uo}b lihaomdhld }i }gcd gl}oih oh joad( Vijo}olgj dkviudpkdh} mid|

hi} okvjy nt|} g poeb} }i pijd |ojdh}jy `t} }i mo|lt||* |bgpd ghm dkviudp vijo}ol| `y

chiuohe o}| vpi| ghm lih| ghm }bdpd`y }i ohajtdhld vijolod| ghm mdlo|oih kgcohe(

Dkviudpohe uikdh o| }bd `g|ol }i }bd `g|ol| ia btkgh poeb}| ubdpd |bd ugh}|

hdo}bdp }i `de aip viudp hip |dgplb aip viudp bodpgplby }i drdplo|d viudp gegoh|}

i}bdp|( Ih }bd lih}pgpy |bd mdkghm| }i `d glldv}dm g| btkgh aop|} ia gjj( \bd g| g

vdp|ih oh likkghm ia bdp|dja ghm aip }bg} hdld||gpojy gjj }bd pd|itpld| vby|olgj*

|ilogj* dlihikolgj* vijo}olgj* ltj}tpgj ghm |vopo}tgj }i `d dwtgjjy glld||o`jd }i bdp*

gpd vpdpdwto}d| aip lih|omdpohe }bd ubijd wtd|}oih ia dkviudpkdh}(

Vgco|}gho |ilod}y o| ohbdpo}dm uo}b kgjd lbgtqoho|k `t} hiu }bd

|ilod}y bg| |}gp}dm }i pdgjo~d uikdh| okvip}ghld ghm bg| `dohe glldv}dm uikdh|

dkviudpkdh}* uikdh g| gh gl}oqd gedh} aip mdqdjivkdh}* vgp}olovg}oih oh ghm

etomohe }bdop iuh mdqdjivkdh}(


13/28

Jdeo|jg}oih aip Uikdh

Oh Vgco|}gh* |dqdpgj jgu|* jdeo|jg}oih| jgukgcohe/* vijolod| ghm

oh|}o}t}oihgj pdaipk| bgqd `ddh dhgl}dm }i lgppy it} }bd edhmdp gl}oih vjgh aip }bd

mdqdjivkdh} ia uikdh( Jdeo|jg}oih o| gh okvip}gh} oh|}ptkdh} aip `poheohe g`it}

g lbghed oh }bd thdwtgj dlihikol ghm |ilogj |}g}t| oh Vgco|}gh( Oh vpd+ohmdvdhmdh}

Vgco|}gh* adu jgu| udpd vg||dm oh pd|vih|d }i |ilogj mdkghm| ghm ih }bd `g|o| ia

btkgho}gpogh lih|omdpg}oih( ]bdy gpd @dhegj \g}o Pdetjg}oih Gl} ia 720? ghm

|okojgp Gh}o+\g}o jgu| oh Kgmpg| ghm @ik`gy* Bohmt Uomiu Pdkgppoged Gl}

7241* }bd Bohmt Uikdh| Poeb} }i Vpivdp}y Gl} oh 7?


14/28

]bd 5


15/28

@i}b qol}ok ghm }bd bgpg||dp lgh `d do}bdp g uikgh ip g kgh* ghm

}bd qol}ok ghm bgpg||dp lgh `d }bd |gkd |dr(

Gj}biteb }bd jgu mid|h} vpibo`o} |okvjd }dg|ohe* iaabghm

likkdh}|* ip o|ijg}dm ohlomdh}| }bg} gpd hi} qdpy |dpoit|* bgpg||kdh} o| ojjdegj

ubdh o} o| |i apdwtdh} ip |dqdpd }bg} o} lpdg}d| g bi|}ojd ip iaadh|oqd uipc

dhqopihkdh} ip ubdh o} pd|tj}| oh gh gmqdp|d dkvjiykdh} mdlo|oih |tlb g| }bd

qol}ok `dohe aopdm ip mdki}dm/(

]bd bgpg||dp lgh `d }bd qol}ok%| |tvdpqo|ip* g |tvdpqo|ip oh ghi}bdp

gpdg* g li+uipcdp* ip |ikdihd ubi o| hi} gh dkvjiydd ia }bd dkvjiydp* |tlb g| g

ljodh} ip lt|}ikdp(

\dr Mo|lpokohg}oih ! Dkvjiykdh} Vijolod|)Vpgl}old|

Gh dkvjiykdh} vijoly ip vpgl}old }bg} gvvjod| }i dqdpyihd*

pdegpmjd|| ia |dr* lgh `d ojjdegj oa o} bg| g hdeg}oqd okvgl} ih }bd dkvjiykdh} ia

vdivjd ia g ldp}goh |dr ghm o| hi} ni`+pdjg}dm ip hdld||gpy }i }bd ivdpg}oih ia }bd

`t|ohd||(

Hg}oihgj Ipoeoh Mo|lpokohg}oih

Hg}oihgj ipoeoh mo|lpokohg}oih ohqijqd| }pdg}ohe vdivjd gvvjolgh}|

ip dkvjiydd|/ thagqipg`jy `dlgt|d }bdy gpd apik g vgp}oltjgp lith}py ip vgp} ia

}bd uipjm* `dlgt|d ia d}bholo}y ip glldh}* ip `dlgt|d }bdy gvvdgp }i `d ia g

ldp}goh d}bhol `glcepithm dqdh oa }bdy gpd hi}/(

Hg}oihgj ipoeoh mo|lpokohg}oih gj|i lgh ohqijqd }pdg}ohe vdivjd

thagqipg`jy `dlgt|d }bdy gpd kgppodm }i ip g||ilog}dm uo}b/ g vdp|ih ia g

ldp}goh hg}oihgj ipoeoh ip `dlgt|d ia }bdop lihhdl}oih uo}b gh d}bhol ipegho~g}oih

ip epitv(


16/28

Mo|lpokohg}oih lgh illtp ubdh }bd qol}ok ghm }bd vdp|ih ubi

ohajol}dm }bd mo|lpokohg}oih gpd }bd |gkd hg}oihgj ipoeoh(

Hg}oihgj Ipoeoh Mo|lpokohg}oih ! Uipc \o}tg}oih|

]bd jgu aipòm| mo|lpokohg}oih ubdh o} likd| }i ghy g|vdl} ia

dkvjiykdh}* ohljtmohe bopohe* aopohe* vgy* ni` g||oehkdh}|* vpiki}oih|* jgyiaa*

}pgohohe* apohed `dhdao}|* ghm ghy i}bdp }dpk ip lihmo}oih ia dkvjiykdh}(

Hg}oihgj Ipoeoh ! Bgpg||kdh}

O} o| thjguatj }i bgpg|| g vdp|ih `dlgt|d ia bo| ip bdp hg}oihgj

ipoeoh( Bgpg||kdh} lgh ohljtmd* aip drgkvjd* iaadh|oqd ip mdpieg}ipy pdkgpc|

gìt} g vdp|ih| hg}oihgj ipoeoh* glldh} ip d}bholo}y( Gj}biteb }bd jgu mid|h}

vpiboò} |okvjd }dg|ohe* iaabghm likkdh}|* ip o|ijg}dm ohlomdh}| }bg} gpd hi} qdpy

|dpoit|* bgpg||kdh} o| ojjdegj ubdh o} o| |i apdwtdh} ip |dqdpd }bg} o} lpdg}d| g

bi|}ojd ip iaadh|oqd uipc dhqopihkdh} ip ubdh o} pd|tj}| oh gh gmqdp|d

dkvjiykdh} mdlo|oih |tlb g| }bd qol}ok `dohe aopdm ip mdki}dm/(

]bd bgpg||dp lgh `d }bd qol}ok%| |tvdpqo|ip* g |tvdpqo|ip oh ghi}bdp

gpdg* g li+uipcdp* ip |ikdihd ubi o| hi} gh dkvjiydd ia }bd dkvjiydp* |tlb g| g

ljodh} ip lt|}ikdp(

Hg}oihgj Ipoeoh ! Dkvjiykdh} Vijolod|)Vpgl}old|

]bd jgu kgcd| o} ojjdegj aip gh dkvjiydp ip i}bdp liqdpdm dh}o}y }i

t|d gh dkvjiykdh} vijoly ip vpgl}old }bg} gvvjod| }i dqdpyihd* pdegpmjd|| ia

hg}oihgj ipoeoh* oa o} bg| g hdeg}oqd okvgl} ih vdivjd ia g ldp}goh hg}oihgj ipoeoh

ghm o| hi} ni`+pdjg}dm ip hdld||gpy }i }bd ivdpg}oih ia }bd `t|ohd||(


17/28

Gh dkvjiydp lgh ihjy pdwtopd gh dkvjiydd }i |vdgc ajtdh} Dhejo|b

oa ajtdhly oh Dhejo|b o| hdld||gpy }i vdpaipk }bd ni` daadl}oqdjy( Gh Dhejo|b+

ihjy ptjd* ubolb pdwtopd| dkvjiydd| }i |vdgc ihjy Dhejo|b ih }bd ni`* o| ihjy

gjjiudm oa o} o| hddmdm }i dh|tpd }bd |gad ip daaolodh} ivdpg}oih ia }bd dkvjiydp|

`t|ohd|| ghm o| vt} oh vjgld aip hihmo|lpokohg}ipy pdg|ih|(

Gh dkvjiydp kgy hi} `g|d gh dkvjiykdh} mdlo|oih ih gh

dkvjiydd| aipdoeh glldh}* thjd|| }bd glldh} |dpoit|jy oh}dpadpd| uo}b }bd

dkvjiydd| ni` vdpaipkghld(

G( \]G]DKDH] IA ]BD VPI@JDK>

]i |}tmy }bd vpi`jdk| ia Edhdpgj Mo|lpokohg}oih oh Dmtlg}oih ghm

Uipc Vjgld oh lg|d ia uikdh ih }bdop joqd|(

@( KD]BIMIJIE_>

Ud ghgjy|d| gjj }bd vpi`jdk| `y pdgmohe ia }bd bgvvdhohe| apik mgy

}i mgy kgeg~ohd| g| udjj g| }bd hdu|vgvdp|( Dqdh ud ei} }bd ohaipkg}oih ia

ko|dpg`jd lihmo}oih ia uikdh apik }bd hd}* ud udh} oh}i }bd `glcugpm gpdg*

ubdpd ud ei} }i chiu }bd vpi`jdk| }bdy agldm oh }bdop dmtlg}oih ghm g} }bdop uipc

vjgld(


18/28

I@NDL]OQD IA ]BD \]TM_>

7/ Ubg} vpi`jdk| gpd agldm `y }bd uikdh oh }bdop joqd|90/ Biu }bdy |dpqold oh }bo| }yvd ia dhqopihkdh}9 ]bd |itpld| ia mg}g gpd ia }ui }yvd|>+

7( Vpokgpy Mg}g

0( \dlihmgpy Mg}g

7( Vpokgpy Mg}g> ]bd mg}g o| vdp|ihgjjy lippdl}dm apik ohqd|}oeg}oih o| lgjjdm

vpokgpy mg}g( O} o| }bd aop|} bghm ohaipkg}oih ad}lbdm apik }bd |itpld|(

0( \dlihmgpy Mg}g> ]bd mg}g ubolb o| lijjdl}dm apik vt`jo|bdm ip

thvt`jo|bdm |itpld| ia ohaipkg}oih o| lgjjdm |dlihmgpy mg}g( ]bd lbiold

`d}uddh vpokgpy mg}g ghm |dlihmgpy mg}g mdvdhm| tvih }bd hg}tpd ia }bd

vpi`jdk* aohghlogj pd|itpld|* }okd gqgojg`ojo}y(

L( LGPP_OHE IT] ]BD VPINDL]>


19/28

Ud vdp|ihgjjy lijjdl}dm }bd ohaipkg}oih g`it} uikdh dmtlg}oih ghm

uipcohe dhqopihkdh} apik }bdk( Ud t|dm oh}dpqodu kd}bim ghm wtd|}oihhgopd

ug| md|oehdm cddvohe oh kohm i`ndl}oqd| ia }bd |}tmy(

M( B_VI]BD\O\

7( O} o| byvi}bd|o~dm }bg} vpi`jdk| ih uikdh gpd vpdqgjdh} oh |ilod}y( ]bdy

gpd vgp}oltjgpjy vpdqgjdh} oh uipc gpdg|3 |drtgj bgpg||kdh}/ miuh }pimmdh(

0( Ko|dpg`jd lihmo}oih| ia uikdh+`oeed|} bohmpghld aip }bd vpivdp

mdqdjivkdh} ia }bd lith}py(


20/28

MG]G GHGJ_\O\ GHM OH]DPVPD]G]OIH

W(7Pdg|ih| uby yit gpd hi} uipcohe9

Pdg|ih| aip hi} uipcohe Hi( ia Pd|vihmdh}| $ged

Bgqd }i }gcd lgpd ia ky agkojy 70 16$

@gm dlihiky ip pdld||oih 7 4$

Bdgj}b Vpi`jdk 0 76$

\}ojj \}tmyohe = 06$

_itp agkojy mid|h} |tvvip} yit 7 4$

]i}gj 06 766$

OH]DPVPD]G]OIH> O} o| oh}dpvpd}dm }bg} ki|}jy }bd pd|vihmdh}| egqd }bd

pdg|ih }bg} }bdy bgqd }i }gcd lgpd ia }bdop agkojy(

16$

4$

76$

06$

4$

Pdg|ih aip hi} uipcohe

Bgqd }i }gcd lgpd ia

ky agkojy

@gm dlihiky ip

pdld||oih

Bdgj}b Vpi`jdk

\}ojj \}tmyohe

_itp agkojy mid|h}

|tvvip} yit


21/28

W(0 Ubg} vpi`jdk mi yit agld g} yitp uipc vjgld9

Vpi`jdk| agldm Hi( ia Pd|vihmdh}| $ged

Jiudp |gjgpy < 74$

Edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih 2 =6$

Thdwtgj uipc vjgld }pdg}kdh} = 06$

Jiudp lbghld ia vpiki}oih 0 76$

\drtgj bgpg||kdh} < 74$

]i}gj 06 766$

OH]DPVPD]G]OIH> It} ia 06 pd|vihmdh}|* 2 pd|vihmdh}| gpd aglohe vpi`jdk|

mtd }i edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih(

74$

=6$06$

76$ 74$

Vpi`jdk Agldm

Jiudp |gjgpy

Edhmdp

mo|lpokohg}oihThdwtgj uipc vjgld

}pdg}kdh}

Jiudp lbghld ia

vpiki}oih

\drtgj bgpg||kdh}


22/28

W(< _itp agkojy o| kgohjy |tvvip}dm `y>+

Iv}oih| Hi( ia Pd|vihmdh}| $ged

_itp ag}bdp ) bt|`ghm ) `pi}bdp) ki}bdp ? =4$

_it ihjy 0 76$

Dwtgjjy |tvvip}dm 4 04$

I}bdp |vdloay = 06$

]i}gj 06 766$

OH]DPVPD]G]OIH> ]bd g`iqd vod lbgp} |biu| }bg} ki|} ia }bd pd|vihmdh}| gpd

|tvvip}dm y i}bdp agkojy kdk`dp|(

=4$

76$

04$

06$_itp ag}bdp ) bt|`ghm )

`pi}bdp) ki}bdp

_it ihjy

Dwtgjjy |tvvip}dm

I}bdp |vdloay


23/28

W(= Gpd li+ltppoltjgp gl}oqo}od| ip dmtlg}oihgj vpiepgkkd| md|oehdm }i

g}}pgl} dwtgjjy }i `iy| ghm eopj|9

Iv}oih| Hi( ia Pd|vihmdh}| $ged

_d| 2 =6$

Hi 70 16$

]i}gj 06 766$

OH]DPVPD]G]OIH> O} o| oh}dpvpd}dm }bg}* 70 pd|vihmdh}| gpd hi} oh agqip

}bg} li+ltppoltjgp gl}oqo}od| ip dmtlg}oihgj vpiepgkkd| gpd md|oehdm }iugpm|

g}}pgl} dwtgjjy }i `iy| ip eopj|(

=6$

16$_d|

Hi


24/28

\IJT]OIH AIP EDHDPGJ MO\LPOKOHG]OIH

Qgpoit| kiqdkdh}|* vpiepgk| gpd `dohe lgppodm it} `y }bd

Eiqdphkdh}* qijth}gpy ipegho~g}oih| ghm `y ji} ia |ilogj gl}oqo}od| aip uikdh|

mdqdjivkdh} ghm gegoh|} }bd edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih(

]i |ijqd }bd edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih vpi`jdk }bd aijjiuohe vioh}|

|bitjm `d eoqdh mtd lih|omdpg}oih>+

7( Dmtlg}oih>

Dmtlg}oih mdqdjiv| }bd |cojj|* okvgp}| chiujdmed* lbghed| }bd g}}o}tmd

ghm okvpiqd| }bd |dja lihaomdhld( O} vpiqomd| dkvjiykdh} ivvip}tho}y ghm

ohlpdg|d| ohlikd( Bdhld dmtlg}ohe uikdh o| }bd vpokd agl}ip }i lik`g} edhmdp

mo|lpokohg}d ghm aip }bd tvjoa}kdh} ia uikdh( Hi} ihjy }bd adkgjd* }bd |ilod}y

kt|} `d dmtlg}dm }i eoqd dwtgj poeb} aip adkgjd(

0( Dkvjiykdh}

Dkvjiykdh} eoqd| }bd ohlikd ghm okvpiqd| }bd dlihikol vi|o}oih ia

}bd uikdh( Dkvjiydm uikdh gpd eoqdh okvip}ghld `y }bd agkojy kdk`dp|(

Dkvjiykdh} eoqd| }bd dlihikol ohmdvdhmdhld aip }bd uikdh(


25/28

=( Dkviudpkdh}

Dkviudpohe uikdh uo}b }bd bdjv ia jgu|* dmtlg}oih ghmdkvjiykdh} uojj kgcd }bd |ilod}y }i glldv} }bd uikdh g| gh dwtgj edhmdp jocd

kgjd( Adkgjd gj|i bg| gjj }bd vi}dh}ogj ghm dkviudpohe uikdh uojj bdjv }i t|d bdp

atjj lgvg`ojo}y ghm ko}oeg}d }bd dlihikol mdvdhmdhly ia uikdh(

4( \dja+lihaomdhld

Mtd }i vpijihedm |tvvpd||oih* Ohmogh uikdh* gh d|vdlogjjy

thdmtlg}dm ghm thdkvjiydm uikgh bg|h} bgm }bd |dja+lihaomdhld( Uikdh hddm

|dja lihaomdhld }i aoeb} gegoh|} gjj }bd g}pilo}od| gegoh|} bdp ghm }i joqd |dja

d|}ddkdm joad( Bdhld* `ii|}ohe }bd kipgjd ghm |dja lihaomdhld ia }bd uikdh* o|

}bd cdy }i djokohg}d }bd ohadpoip likvjdr ia bdp(

1( Mdlo|oih Kgcohe

Dqdh oh }bd agkojy g| udjj g| oh }bd |ilod}y }bd mdlo|oih kgcoheviudp ia uikdh o| mdhodm( Ki|}jy kgjd| kgcd }bd okvip}ghld mdlo|oih oh }bd

agkojy ghm oh }bd |ilod}y( ]bo| kgcd| uikdh g| qiold jd|| ghm md|}piy| bdp|dja

lihaomdhld ghm |bd addj| jd|| okvip}gh} oh }bd agkojy g| udjj g| oh }bd |ilod}y( \i*

}i dhm edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih uikdh kt|} dkviudp uo}b mdlo|oih kgcohe viudp(


26/28

LIHLJT\OIH

G hg}oih ip |ilod}y* uo}bit} }bd vgp}olovg}oih ia uikdh lghhi} glbodqd

mdqdjivkdh}( Oa ud djokohg}d edhmdp mo|lpokohg}oih* uikdh uojj mdjoqdp gjj }bd

vi}dh}ogj|* |cojj|* chiujdmed }i mdqdjiv }bd agkojy* }bd ]bd ki|} |oehoaolgh} agl}ip

oh lih}ohtdm t|d ia jgu }i dhaipld vg}pogplbgj vpoqojded o| }bg} kdh |}ojj lih}pij hi}

ihjy }bd jdegj vpild|| ghm }bd oh}dpvpd}g}oih ia jgu|* `t} gj|i }bd |t`ndl} kg}}dp ghm

qgh}ged vioh} ia jgu( Oa }bd |t`ndl} kg}}dp ia jgu o| kgjd lihldph| ghm oa }bd

vdp|vdl}oqd dkvjiydm uo}boh }bd jdegj vpild|| gpd }bi|d ia kdh* }bdh uikdh

|bitjm gl}tgjjy bgqd hi pdg|ih }i drvdl} }bg} kdpd pdaipk ia dro|}ohe jgu uojj

kg}dpogjjy okvpiqd }bd lihmo}oih ia uikdh( ]bo| o| vgp}oltjgpjy }ptd ubdh g}}dkv}|

}i okvpiqd }bd |}g}t}d| ia uikdh gpd kgmd }bpiteb ohlpdkdh}gj pdaipk| }bg} gpd

hi} epithmdm oh gh thmdp|}ghmohe ia biu uikdh| ivvpd||oih| gpd lih|}ptl}dm(

Pdaipk| ia pgvd jgu uojj hi} kg}dpogjjy okvpiqd }bd |}g}t| ia uikdh ubdh }bd

vioh} ia pgvd jgu| o| }bdop hi dhaipldkdh}( O} bg| `ddh |biuh }bg} jgu o| |}pol}jy

pd|}pol}dm oh o} lgvglo}y }i mdjoqdp edhmdp nt|}old* ubolb oh o}|dja o| lih}ohedh} ih }bd

hg}tpd ia jgu ghm o}| athl}oihohe( Oh }bo| lihhdl}oih o} o| uip}bubojd }i pdlgjj }bg}}bd jgu o}|dja o| hi} g kihijo}bol dh}o}y* ubolb |okvjy vpiepd||d| ip pdepd||d|(

Bo|}ipolgjjy* }bd mdqdjivkdh} ia jgu bg| `ddh gh thdqdh ihd( ]bg} o| }i |gy* kipd

}bgh hi}* ubg} jgu vpiko|d| ih vgvdp lghhi} lgppy }bpiteb oh pdgjo}y( ]bg} o| uby

jgu+g|+jdeo|jg}oih ghm jgu+oh+vpgl}old gpd ki|} ia }bd }okd oh lih}pgmol}oih uo}b

dglb i}bdp( ]i lo}d gh drgkvjd* }bd Ohmogh lih|}o}t}oih drvjolo}jy dh|bpohd| aipkgj

dwtgjo}y aip uikdh( Biudqdp* }bd joqd| ghm drvdpodhld| ia Ohmog uikdh

pdjdh}jd||jy lih}ohtd }i `d lbgpgl}dpo~dm `y |t`|}gh}oqd ohdwtgjo}y* ohdwto}y ghm

mo|lpokohg}oih( Edhmdp nt|}old kgy hi} `d }bdh }bg} ktlb ia g lg|}d oh }bd |cy(

Aohgjjy* ihd kt|} g} jdg|} ljdgpjy |teed|} ubg} iteb} }i `d mihd( ]bd vpd|dh}

adkoho|} ghgjy|o| o| |tlb g kimd|} dhmdgqip ubolb hi} ihjy g}}dkv}| }i thmdp|}ghm


27/28

}bd pdgjo}y `t} gj|i }pod| }i drvjgoh biu }i lbghed o}(Aoeb} aip edhmdp dwtgjo}y o|

hi} g aoeb} gegoh|} kdh( O} o| g aoeb} gegoh|} }pgmo}oih| }bg} bgqd lbgohdm }bdk g

aoeb} gegoh|} g}}o}tmd| }bg} gpd ohepgohdm oh }bd |ilod}y o} o| g aoeb} gegoh|} |y|}dk

g aoeb} gegoh|} vpiqdp`ogj jgr|bkgh Pdcbg ubolb o| moaadpdh} aip kdh ghm

moaadpdh} aip uikdh( ]bd |ilod}y kt|} po|d }i }bd illg|oih( O} kt|} pdlieho~d !

glldv} agl} }bg} kdh ghm uikdh gpd dwtgj vgp}hdp| oh joad( ]bdy gpd ohmoqomtgj ubi

bgqd }bdop iuh omdh}o}y(


28/28

general discrimination

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