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WHAT GMO IS? Created bMorawsk

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GMO DEFINITIONDictionary says:enetica!!y #odi$ed oranis#: an oranis# or #icrooranis# w%oseenetic #ateria! %as been a!tered by #eans o& enetic enineerin'

WHO says:Genetica!!y #odi$ed (GM) &oods are &oods deri*ed &ro# oranis#s w%ose en(DNA) %as been #odi$ed in a way t%at does not occ+r nat+ra!!y, e'' t%ro+% introd+ction o& a ene &ro# a di-erent oranis#' C+rrent!y a*ai!ab!e GM &ood

#ost!y &ro# .!ants, b+t in t%e &+t+re &oods deri*ed &ro# GM #icrooranis#s oani#a!s are !ike!y to be introd+ced on t%e #arket' Most e/istin enetica!!y #%a*e been de*e!o.ed to i#.ro*e yie!d, t%ro+% t%e introd+ction o& resistancediseases or o& increased to!erance o& %erbicides'In t%e &+t+re, enetic #odi$cation co+!d be ai#ed at a!terin t%e n+trient conred+cin its a!!erenic .otentia!, or i#.ro*in t%e e0ciency o& &ood .rod+ctioA!! GM &oods s%o+!d be assessed be&ore bein a!!owed on t%e #arket' FAO1WH+ide!ines e/ist &or risk ana!ysis o& GM &ood'

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 T23ES OF GENETICMODIFICATION

Isolation of the gene(s) of interest: E/istin know!ede abo+t t%e str+ct+r&+nction or !ocation on c%ro#oso#es is +sed to identi&y t%e ene(s) t%at isres.onsib!e &or t%e desired trait in an oranis#, &or e/a#.!e, dro+%t to!eranceinsect resistance'Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector: T%e #ost co##on!y +sedtrans&er too! &or .!ants is a circ+!ar #o!ec+!e o& DNA (.!as#id) &ro# t%e nat+ra!occ+rrin soi! bacteri+#, Agrobacterium tumefaciens' T%e ene(s) o& interest i

inserted into t%e .!as#id +sin reco#binant DNA (rDNA) tec%ni4+es'Deleting or turning of a gene(s): An e/istin ene #ay be de!eted od react.re*ent t%e e/.ression o& a trait

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HOW IS GMO MADE?A restriction endonuclease  is an enzyme that cuts strands ofDNA at a specific point. It scans the DNA for a specific targetsequence, and when it finds that target sequence it cleaves theDNA. Target sequences are relatively short. For instance, thecommon restriction enzyme co!" only has a # $asepair targetsequence. To date, thousands of restriction endonucleases %!&have $een isolated, mostly from $acteria. 'acteria use theseenzymes as a defense mechanism $ecause the can recognize

and cleave foreign %virus& DNA.!estriction endonucleases can cut dou$le(stranded DNA in a fewdifferent ways. )ometimes it cuts $oth strands at the sameposition, which causes blunt ends.  *ther times it cuts eachstrand at a different point causing overhangs to occur. Anoverhang means that one strand is longer than the other, andsometimes people refer to this as having sticky ends.  )ee thediagrams $elow for e+amples of $lunt and sticy ends.

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ETHICA5 ISS6E OF GMO-enetically modified organisms have $een a hot topic of de$ate among environmentalists, scientistpolicy maers. There are enormous $enefits that can come from genetically modified crops and anihowever there are also serious concerns a$out the consequences on the environment and human h)ome of the $enefits of genetically modified crops are that genes can $e inserted that cause the pla$e resistant to many harmful things such as weeds, insects, and disease. This would allow for lessher$icides to $e used on the crops and more crops to survive and produce food. rops can also $emodified to have a longer shelf life in stores, grow in dryer/colder climates, $e resistant to pests, aeven to have increased nutritional value.The concerns regarding genetic modification deal with the possi$le unnown effects on human healthe environment. )ome new allergies have emerged due to the consumption of genetically modifiedfoods. A study in "001 cited that a soy$ean allergy was developed in people who ingested transgensoy$eans that were produced to $e animal feed. Additionally, there are other issues related to possharmful side effects on other organisms that live with or depend on the organism that is geneticallymodified. *ne e+ample of this is 't corn. 2hile the modification is helpful in maing the corn to+ic caterpillars, the pollen from these modified plants might also $e fatal to the monarch $utterflies. Thare many issues to thin a$out when discussing the via$ility of genetically modified organisms. 3oothrough the lins $elow to read more a$out the pro4s and con4s of genetic modification and decide fyourself.

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Do we need GM to Feed theWorld?

Will GM Reduce Pesticide Use?Is Genetic Modication !ust a

Faster Wa" of #atural $reeding?Will GM Reduce Food Prices?

Is GM $etter for the %nviron&ent?Is GM a Precise 'echnolog"?

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