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INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNALOF SPORTS, HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

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referencepartYILMAZ,M.,(2015).FutsalCompetitionBetweenUniversityAthletesWhoParticipated OrientationAndMotivation Of Conduct Investigation Of Success , SSTBInternationalRefereedAcademicJournalofSports,HealthandMedicalSciencesIssue:15,Volume:5,pp.1-2.Allauthorsmustfollowthelatestvolumesofourjournalandapplytheprintformatofthepublishedarticlesintheirownpapers.Itisanobligationtoindicatetheaccessdateoftheinternetsourcesandthelastaccessedfullinternetlinkinthereferencesandbelowthepagebygivingnumbers.

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CONTENTS

RESEARCH and APPLICATION

JOB SATISFACTION LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE NURSES AND MIDWIVES WORKING IN THE DISTRICTS OF ADAPAZARI, SERDIVAN AND ERENLER IN SAKARYA 1-14Hamide ZENGIN, Ayşe ÇEVIRME, Özge ERTÜRK

AN EXAMINATION OF YOUTH ATHLETES’ PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN TERMS OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND BIOLOGICAL MATURITY 15-26Isik BAYRAKTAR

EFFECTS OF PREPARATORY PERIOD TRAININGS ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOTORIC FEATURES OF U19 SOCCER PLAYERS 27-36Barış BAYDEMİR, Gürhan SUNA, Mahmut ALP

THE INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAME SKILLS AND ATTENTION OF THE KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 37-45Meryem ALTUN

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Chief EditorÇetin YAMAN

Deputy Chief Editor Ayça GÜRKANGülten HERGÜNERMetin YAMANNuran AKYURTNilgün ULUTAŞDEMİRÜmran SEVİL

Editor Ayhan AYTAÇAyşe ÇEVİRMEFatih ÇATIKKAŞNejla GÜNAY

System EditorMichael KUYUCU

Health Sciences Editor Ayça GÜRKANEmre YANIKKEREMSezer ER GÜNERİ Seyhan HIDIROĞLUÜmran SEVİL

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DISCIPLINES

³ DOPINGANDERGONOJIKHELP

³ OTHERMEDICALSCIENCES

³ ADULTANDPEDIATRICPERIODSPORSTTRAUMATOLOGY

³ HEALTHMANAGEMENT

³ SPORTSSCIENCE

³ ACTIVITIESANDSPORTSSPORTSREHABILITATIONSERVICESAFTERSURGERY

³ SPORTSMEDICINE

³ SPORTSINJURIESAFTERTREATMENTANDPREVENTIONOFDISABILITY

³ SPORTSSTEERINGANDAPPLICATIONS

³ SPORTSNUTRITION

³ SPORTPSYCHOLOGY

³ ATHLETESHEALTH

³ ATHLETICPHYSICALPROBLEMSDETECTEDMUSCULOSKELETAL

³ ATHLETICPERFORMANCEDEVELOPMENT

³ MEDICALBIOLOGICALSCIENCES

³ MEDICALHISTORYANDETHICS

³ AGINGPERIODOFSPORTSHEALTH

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JOB SATISFACTION LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE NURSES AND MIDWIVES WORKING IN THE DISTRICTS OF ADAPAZARI,

SERDIVAN AND ERENLER IN SAKARYA 1

SAKARYA İLİNE BAĞLI ADAPAZARI, SERDİVAN, ERENLER İLÇELERİNDE BİRİNCİ BASAMAK SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİNDE

ÇALIŞAN HEMŞİRE VE EBELERİN MESLEKİ DOYUMLARI

Hamide ZENGIN1, Ayşe ÇEVIRME2, Özge ERTÜRK3

1 Sakarya University, Institute of Health Sciences, Sakarya / Turkey2-3 Sakarya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Sakarya / Turkey

ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2389-64661, 0000-0001-7116-25232, 0000-0001-9238-490X3

Öz: Amaç:Buçalışma,birincibasamaksağlıkhizmetlerin-dehemşire,ebeveAileSağlığıElemanı(ASE)olarakçalışansağlık personellerinin mesleki doyumları ve etkileyen fak-törlerinibelirlemekvebazıdeğişkenleraçısından incelemekamacı ile yapıldı. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve analitik tiptekiaraştırmanınörnekleminiüçToplumSağlığıMerkezi(TSM)ve 41Aile Sağlığı Merkezinde (ASM) çalışan araştırmayakatılmayıkabuleden100hemşire,ebeveASE’leroluşturdu.Veriler,“SoruFormu”ve“MinnesotaİşDoyumÖlçeği”kul-lanılaraktoplandı.Verilerindeğerlendirilmesindesayı,yüzde-lik,ortalama,KruskallWallisTesti,Mann-WhitneyUTesti,Independent tTesti,One-WayANOVAvePearsonKorelas-yonKatsayısıkullanıldı.Bulgular:Katılımcıların%52,5’ininTSM’deçalıştığı%47,5’ininASM’deçalışmaktadır.Genelişdoyumu“yeterli”düzeyolaraksaptanmıştır.Genelişdoyumupuanıbakımındanbirincibasamaktaçalışılanyerlerarasındaistatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunduğu (p<0,05)ASM’deçalışanlarıngenelişdoyumupuanıTSM’deçalışan-laragöreanlamlıderecedeyüksekolduğusaptandı.ASM’deçalışanlarındış faktörler puanıTSM’de çalışanlaragöre an-lamlıderecedeyüksekolduğubelirlendi.Yaşdeğerlerivehiz-metsüresiarttıkçagenelişdoyumu,içfaktörlerpuanıvedışfaktörlerpuanıazaldığıbelirlendi.Sonuç:Buçalışmada,mes-leğiisteyerekseçmeninişdoyumuüzerindeolumluetkisininolduğunu;bufaktörügidermekiçinmeslekseçimindenönceöğrencilere meslek ile ilgili bilgilendirmelerin yapılmasını,halenaktifolarakçalışanmeslektaşlarımızahizmetiçieğitim-lerinyapılması,görevtanımınuygulanması,personeleksikli-ği,fizikişartlarındüzenlenmesigerektiğisonucunaulaşıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler:AileSağlığıElemanı,BirinciBasamakSağlıkHizmetleri,Ebe,Hemşire,İşDoyumu

Abstract: Purpose:This study was conducted in order todetermine the professional satisfaction of nurses, midwivesand Family Health Staff(FHS) working in Primary HealthCareServicesandtoevaluatetherelatedfactorsintermsofsomevariables.Method:Beingadescriptiveandananalyti-calone,thisresearchhadasampleof100voluntarynurses,midwivesandFHSworking in threedifferentPublicHealthCenter(PHC)and41FamilyHealthCenter(FHC).Datawerecollected via a “questionnaire” and “Minnesota SatisfactionQuestionnaire(MSQ)”. For the evaluation of the data, num-ber, percentage, mean, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-WhitneyU test, Independent t-test, One-Way ANOVA and Pearsoncorrelationcoefficientwereused.Results: Atotalof52.5%workedinPHCand47.5%workedinFHC.Jobsatisfactioningeneralwasfoundas“sufficient”level.Asforthescoresofjobsatisfactioningeneral,therewasastatisticallysignificantdifferenceamongtheplacestheyworked(p<0,05);thepeoplewhoworkedinFHCshadasignificantlyhigherscoreofjobsatisfaction ingeneralcompared to theoneswhoworked inPHCs. Itwas seen that as the age and totalworkingperiodincreased,general jobsatisfaction, internalandexternalfac-tor scores decreased.Conclusion: It was concluded in thisstudythatchoosingajobwillinglyhadapositiveeffectonjobsatisfaction.Itshouldbebettertoinformthestudentsonthisissuebefore theychoosea job, recentstaff shouldbegiventheopportunityofin-servicetrainingasmuchaspossible,jobdefinitionsshouldbemade,andlackofstaffandinsufficientphysicalconditionsshouldberemedied.

Key Words:FamilyHealthStaff,JobSatisfaction,Midwife,Nurse,PrimaryHealthCareServices

(1) Corresponding Author: Ayşe ÇEVİRME, Sakarya University, Institute of Health Sciences, Sakarya / Turkey, [email protected], Received: 27.01.2017, Accepted: 19.06.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.2.03

SSTB ULUSLARARASI HAKEMLI AKADEMIK SPOR SAĞLIK VE TIP BILIMLERI DERGISI

INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS, HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

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SSTBwww.sstbdergisi.com

International Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health and Medical SciencesApril – May - June Issue 23 Winter Season Year: 2017

JEL CODE: I10-I11-M10-M12 ID:342 K:231ISSN Print: 2146-8508 Online 2147-1711

(ISO 18001-OH-0090-13001706 / ISO 14001-EM-0090-13001706 / ISO 9001-QM-0090-13001706 / ISO 10002-CM-0090-13001706)(TRADEMARK)

(2015/04315- 2015-GE-18972)

INTRODUCTION

Job satisfaction is described as the level ofphysical,mentalandsocialsatisfactionortheemotionalreactionsoftheemployeeuponanevaluationofhisjobandhisbusinessenviron-ment(Duxbury,1984:97-101;Durmus,2007:139-146;Kahraman,2011:12-18).Themostimportantaspectofemployeesuccess,com-fortandproductivityisjobsatisfaction(Dux-bury, 1984: 97-101; Aytekin, 2014: 51-58;Durmus, 2007: 139-146). Factors affectingjob satisfaction are personal factors and or-ganizationalfactors.Age,gender,education-al status,marital status, occupational status,lengthofservice,socio-culturalenvironmentand personality traits are individual factorsandthejobdoneanditsnature,managementand control, fees, promotion opportunities,the physical conditions and social environ-mentof theworkplace areorganizationalorenvironmentalfactors(Aksu,2002:271–282;Asegid, 2014;Aytekin, 2014: 51-58; Cetin,2013:145-163;Erbil,2004:3;KayaandBil-gin,2015:1).

Job satisfaction is essential in any job.Fac-tors suchas severeworkingconditions, lowpay,andlackofrespectfortheprofessioncanlead to poor job satisfaction among nursesandmidwivesinhealthcare(Durmus,2007:139-146).

Whilejobsatisfactionofnursesandmidwivesand Family Health Staff (FHS) working inpreventive health services leads to physical,social andmentalwell-being,ahighqualityofcareandahighlevelofcommunityhealth(Aydın andAkan, 2010: 1;Hampton, 2012:2;Senbounsou,2013:233-241;KayaandBil-gin,2015:1),alowlevelofjobsatisfactionordissatisfactionresultsinadecelerationintheworkdone,constantcomplaints,lackofcon-centration, thinking about leavingwork andanincreaseinproblemsanderrorsrelatedtobusiness discipline (Tekin et al., 2014: 135-139;KayaandBilgin,2015:1).

Organizations offering health care services,structured and among themost complex or-ganizations in termsof function (Eratet al.,2011: 48-77).Quality and sufficiency in re-quested and given health services; It is themost prominent indicator of the socio-eco-nomic development level of that country(Korkmaz andYılmaztürk, 2011: 77-96). Inordertomakehealthcareservicesaccessibleandavailabletoeveryone,itisneededtore-inforceprimaryhealthcareservicesbyensur-inghighlevelsofjobsatisfactionamongthestaff(Tekinetal.,2014:135-139).

FamilyHealthStaff(FHS)inFamilyHealthCenters(FHC)inourcountryhavethedutiesandresponsibilitiesofgivingcareand treat-ment, laboratory services, secretarial servic-es,mobilehealthservices,maternalandchild

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health, reproductive health, assisting familydoctors in house visits, attending in-servicetraining. Not every FHS do all these jobs.TherearegroupsinFHCssuchasA,B,C,DandE(outofclassifications)determinedbytheMinistry ofHealth. In the groups ofA,B,CthereshouldbeastaffotherthanFHS,whereasthereshouldbeonemorehealthstaffforGroupAFHCs.1

Nurses and midwives working in PublicHealthCentershavethedutiesandresponsi-bilities suchas records,statistics, controlofinfectiousandnon-infectiousdiseases,repro-ductive health services, national programs,forensicservices,emergencymedicalservic-es,preventionfromaccidentandinjuries,im-aging and laboratory services, environmen-tal health services, occupational health andsafety services, disaster services, improvinghealth and promoting health education ser-vices,publicareasandschoolhealthservices,socialworkservices.2

There are a number of studies concerningtheprimarycarenurses,midwivesandFHS(Tekinetal.,2014:135-

139;Erbil,2004:3;KayaandBilgin,2015:1,Doğanetal.,2013:112-5).Ourstudydif-

1 http://ailehekimligi.gov.tr/component/content/article/102-gorusler/2372-aile-hekimlii-uygulama-yoenetmelii.html

2 http://ailehekimligi.gov.tr/toplum-sal-merkezi.html

fersfromtheothersintermsoffocusingonthe staff in both PHCs and FHCs togetherandalsobyconsideringvariousFHCgroups.ThisstudyalsofulfilsaneedtocomparethejobsatisfactionofthestaffworkingasnursesandmidwivesinPHCsandasFHSworkinginFHCsandalsobetweenFHSsworkingindifferentFHCgroups.

OBJECTIVE

This study was performed as a descriptiveandsectionalone inorder todetect jobsat-isfaction levels and the affecting factors ofhealthstaffworkingasprimarycarenurses,midwivesandFamilyHealthStaff(FHS).

MATERIAL and METHOD

The population consisted of primary carenurses,midwives and FHS (n=1059)work-ingin16PHCsand94FHCsinSakarya.Thedatawerecollectedin2016fromthreePublicHealthCenters (PHC) and fourty-one Fam-ilyHealthCenters(FHC)inthreedistrictsofSakarya.FHCswerechosenbyusingrandomnumbercharts.Todetectthenumberofsam-ples,theitemnumberof20-itemMinnesotaJob SatisfactionQuestionnaire (MSQ)weremultipliedbyfive;samplenumberwasfoundas100.Thesampleoftheuniverseconsistedof100nurses,midwivesandFHSwhovol-unteeredtoparticipateinthestudy.Thedatafromaparticipantwhodidnotcompletetheformwasomittedandthedatafrom99partic-

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ipantswereevaluated.Thenurses,midwivesandFHSwho volunteered, had no commu-nicationproblemsandworkedactivelywereincludedinthestudy.

Data Collection Tools

A questionnaire, consisting of two parts,wasused inorder todetect the jobsatisfac-tion levels of participants and also face-to-facesessionswereincluded.Inthefirstpart,an identifyinginformationformof13 itemswhich aimed to determine the personal, so-cio-demographic and occupational featuresofnurses,midwivesandFHS.Inthesecondpart, a 20-item Likert type Minnesota JobSatisfactionQuestionnaire (MSQ)was usedto find out about the job satisfaction lev-els. The most widely used job satisfactionscaleMSQ,whichwasdevelopedbyWeiss,Dawis,EnglandandLofquist,hastwotypes;thelongertypeconsistsof100items,andtheshorteronehas20items.Thelongertypehastwoversions;oneis1967andtheotheris

1977(Mercanlıoğlu,2012:121-138;Baycan,1985).The question form involves proposi-tions to detect the satisfaction / dissatisfac-tionofemployeesonvariousdimensionsoftheir jobs. Itwas translated intoTurkish, itsvalidity- reliability studies were performedbyA.F.BaycanfromBoğaziçiUniversityin1985.Baycantestedthescalehehadadaptedinfourdifferentareasincludinghealthsector

(Baycan,1985).MSQcandetecttheinternal(12items)andexternal(8items)satisfactionfactorsandit’sdesignedasLikerttypescor-ing. The questionnaire consists of 20 itemsrangingfrom1to5expressing“stronglydis-satisfied”,“dissatisfied”,“noopinion”,“satis-fied”,“stronglysatisfied”.Fortheevaluationof the scale, the total score from the itemsisdividedby20inordertofindthegeneralsatisfactionscore(Derin,2007).Thehighestscoreis100,thelowestis20.Scoresbetween20-39are“verylow”,40-59are“low”,60-79are“sufficient”,80-100are“high” levelsofsatisfaction.

Evaluation of Data

Data collected were evaluated by SPSS 20on computer. Shapiro Wilk’s was used tosearchfortheavailabilityofvariablestothenormaldistribution.Whileevaluatingthere-sults, the level of significancewasgiven as0,05;whenp<0,05,variablesareoutofnor-maldistributionandwhenp>0,05, thevari-ables are of normal distribution. Indepen-dent tTest andOne-WayANOVA are usedwhenevaluatingthedifferencesbetweenthegroups.When there were significant differ-ences in One-WayANOVA and the groupshadhomogenousvariances,TukeyHSDwasused.When the varianceswere not homog-enous,Tamhane’sAnalysiswasused.Whenanalyzingthedifferencesbetweenthegroupsifthevariablesareoutofnormaldistribution

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MannWhitneyUandKruskalWallis-Htestswere used. Since number of units aremorethan20,standardizedzvaluesweregivenforMannWhitneyUtest.Whenthereweresig-nificantdifferencesinKruskalWallis_Htest,Post-Hoccomparisontestwasusedinorderto determine the groups with differences.Whenanalyzingthecorrelationbetweenthevariables out of normal distribution, Spear-man’sCorrelationCoefficientwasused.Forthe evaluation of correlation between thevariables confirmingwith thenormaldistri-bution, PearsonCorrelationCoefficientwasused.Whenassessingtheresults,significancelevelwastakenas0,05;ifp<0,05therewasa significant correlation and if p>0,05 therewasnosignificantcorrelation.

Ethical Considerations

After necessary consents were obtained forethicalconsiderations,nurses,midwivesandFHSparticipatinginthestudywereinformedandthevoluntaryoneswereincludedinthestudy.

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RESULTS

Table 1. The Distribution of Participants According to Personal Information

Theaverageageoftheparticipantswas35,99±8,31(theyoungest=19,theoldest=60),the

averageworking timewas15,44±8,76 (theleast=6months,themost=38years).

Features n %

Marital Status Single 7 7,07

Married 88 88,89

Widowed/Separated 4 4,04

Monthly income-expense Lessincomethanexpenses 39 39,39

Equal 47 47,47

Moreincomethanexpenses 13 13,13

Level of education Healthhighschool 23 23,23

Associatedegree 45 45,45

Licensedegree 29 29,29

Graduatedegree/doctorate 2 2,02

Choosing the profession willingly Yes 61 61,62

No 38 38,38

Total 99 100

Working Unit FamilyHealthCenter 47 47,47

PublicHealthCenter 52 52,53

Total 99 100

FHC type A 25 53,19

C 5 10,64

D 10 21,28

E 7 14,89

Total 47 100

Atotalof47outof99participants(47,5%)whofilledinthequestionnairewereworkingin FHC, a total of 52 (52,5%)werework-

ing in PHC.Among the FHS, a total of 25(53,19%)wereworkinginGroupA,and10were working (21,28%) in Group D. Since

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random sampling was used, Group B FHSwerenotincludedinourstudy.Atotalof45participants(45,45%)wereassociatedegreegraduates,atotalof29(29,29%)wereofli-censedegreeand88ofthem(88,89%)weremarried.Atotalof61(61,62%)participantschose their profession willingly and 47 of

them(47,47%)statedthattheirincomeandexpenseswereequaltoeachother.

There is no statistically significant correla-tionbetweenmaritalstatus,monthlyincomeandexpenseandeducationalstatusandgen-eral job satisfaction scale and its subscales(p>0,05).

Table 2. The Distribution of Participants According to the Average Scores of General Job Satisfaction Scale and Subscales Internal Factors and External Factors

Subscales X ± SS Min Max

General Job satisfaction 67,85±11,3 34 95

Internal Factors 41,89±6,91 25 58

External Factors 25,96±5,36 9 38

Table2showstheaveragescoresofpartici-pants from the subscales of job satisfactionscale. Participants got an average score of(41,89±6,91) from internal satisfaction sub-

scale and an average score of (25,96±5,36)from external subscale. Total average scorefromjobsatisfactionscaleis67,85±11,3.

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Table 3. The Average Scores of Participants from General Job Satisfaction Scale and Its Subscales According to Some Socio-Demographic Features

Thestateofchoosingtheprofessionwillingly

n X±SS p

GeneralJobSatisfaction yes 61 69,28± 9,77 0,138*

no 38 65,55± 13,21

Total 99 67,85± 11,3

InternalFactors yes 61 42,48± 5,83 0,328*

no 38 40,95± 8,36

Total 99 41,89± 6,91

ExternalFactors yes 61 26,8± 4,86 0,044**

no 38 24,61± 5,9

Total 99 25,96± 5,36

GeneralJobSatisfaction FHC 47 70,6± 10,88 0,021*

PHC 52 65,37± 11,19

Total 99 67,85± 11,3

InternalFactors FHC 47 43,19± 6,82 0,056**

PHC 52 40,71± 6,84

Total 99 41,89± 6,91

ExternalFactors FHC 47 27,4± 5,22 0,008**

PHC 52 24,65± 5,2

Total 99 25,96± 5,36

* IndependenttTest**MannWhitneyUTest

Thereisnostatisticallysignificantdifferencebetween the status of choosing the profes-sion willingly in terms of external factorsscore(p<0,05).Externalfactorsscoreissig-nificantly higher in the oneswho chose the

profession willingly when compared to theoneswhodidnot.Thereisastatisticallysig-nificantdifferencebetweentheprimaryworkplaces in terms of general job satisfaction(p<0,05). General job satisfaction scores oftheoneswhoworkinFHCsaresignificantlyhigher than theoneswhowork inPHCs.Interms of external factors, there is a statisti-

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callysignificantdifferencebetweentheworkplacesintheprimarylevel(p<0,05).ExternalfactorscoresoftheoneswhoworkinFHCs

arehigherthantheoneswhoworkinPHCs(Table3).

Table 4. Average Scores of Participants According to FHC Types; General Job Satisfac-tion Scale and Its Subscales

TheTypeofFHC

N X±SS p

GeneralJobSatisfaction A 25 68,36± 11,24 0,042*

C 5 74,2± 5,93

D 10 67,6± 10,28

E 7 80,29± 7,99

Total 47 70,6± 10,88 1-4

InternalFactors A 25 45± 6,88 0,018**

C 5 44± 3,36

D 10 39± 6,55

E 7 49± 4,69

Total 47 45± 6,82 1-4,3-4

ExternalFactors A 25 26,24± 5,67 0,236*

C 5 29,6± 3,05

D 10 27,2± 4,85

E 7 30,29± 4,42

Total 47 27,4± 5,22

*OneWayANOVA,**KruskallWallisHTest

In terms of general job satisfaction scores,there is a statistically significant differencebetween the types of FHCs (p<0,05). ThescoresofgeneraljobsatisfactionoftheoneswhoworkinEtypeFHCsarehigherthantheoneswhoworkinAtypeFHCs.Intermsofinternal factor scores, there is astatistically

significant difference between the types ofFHCs(p<0,05).EtypeFHCstaffhavehigherinternalfactorscoresthantheoneswhoworkinAtypeandDtypeFHCstaff.Intermsofexternal factors, there isnostatistically sig-nificantdifferencebetweenthetypesofFHCs(p>0,05)(Table4).

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Table 5. The Correlation Between Age and Total Working Period and General Job Satis-faction Scale and Its Subscales

Age TotalWorkingPeriod

TotalWorkingPeriod r 0,956

p 0,001

n 99

GeneralJobSatisfaction r -0,113 -0,102

p 0,267 0,313

n 99 99

InternalFactors r -0,075 -0,068

p 0,462 0,505

n 99 99

ExternalFactors r -0,122 -0,101

p 0,229 0,318

n 99 99

Thereisnostatisticallysignificantcorrelationbetweenage,totalworkingperiodandgener-aljobsatisfactionscore,internalfactorsscoreandexternalfactorsscore(p>0,05).Thesere-sults arenotstatistically significantbut it isseenthatastheageandtotalworkingperiodraise,generaljobsatisfaction,internalfactorsscoreandexternalfactorsscoredecrease.

DISCUSSION

General job satisfaction score and externalfactors score are significantly higher in theones working in FHCs as primary healthstaffcomparedtotheonesworkinginPHCs(Table3).General jobsatisfactionscoresofthe participants are at “sufficient” level. In

thestudybyTekin(Tekinetal.,2014:135-139)carriedoutbyFHS,jobsatisfactionlev-elswerefoundatmediumlevel.ThismaybebecauseFHShaveclearjobdescriptionsandfixedworkingplaceswhilePHSare sent todifferentplacestoworktemporarily,theyaresupportedtoworkintheunitsotherthantheirownandtheirinappropriatephysicalworkingconditions.

InFHCs,GroupEstaffswerefoundtohavesignificantly higher job satisfaction levelscompared to the ones working in GroupAstaff.WhileGroupAFHCshavebetterphysi-calconditionsandmoreclearlydefineddutyand responsibilities,GroupEFHCsare just

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theopposite(Noproperphysicalconditions,giving patients clinic numbers, injections,dressings,bloodtaking,monitoringpregnant,babies,children,womenbetween15-49,obe-sitycontrols,documentregistrationsalltakeplaceinGroupEFHCs.3

ThiscanonlybeexplainedasGroupEFHCstaffworkwithaholisticapproach.Asare-sultofcorrelationanalysisbetweenageandtotalworkingperiodsofprimarycarenurse,midwivesandFHS,astatisticallysignificantcorrelation was found (p<0.05). Althoughtherewasnosignificantcorrelationbetweenage and totalworking period and job satis-factionscale,asageandworkingperiodsgothigher, job satisfaction decreased (Table 5).InthestudybyKayaetal.inÇankırı(Kayaand Bilgin, 2015: 1) it was stated that themore working periods were, the more jobsatisfactionwas.InanotherstudycarriedoutwithmidwivesinMersin,inoppositiontoourstudyitwasfoundoutthattherewasaposi-tivecorrelationbetweenworkingperiodsandjob satisfaction (Aydın andAkan, 2010: 1).Anotherstudydisplayedsimilarresultstoourstudy(Tekinetal.,2014:135-139).

Therewasnostatisticallysignificantcorrela-tionbetweentotalworkingperiodsandgen-eral jobsatisfactionscores,andbetween in-

3 http://ailehekimligi.gov.tr/component/content/article/102-gorusler/2372-aile-hekimlii-uygulama-yoenetmelii.html

ternalfactorscoresandexternalfactorscoresofparticipants(p>0,05).

CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDA-TIONS

Inourstudyperformedby99midwives,nurs-es andFHSworking inprimaryhealth careinstitutionsinSakarya,thefollowingconclu-sionswerereached:

Therewasnostatisticallysignificantcorrela-tionbetweenmaritalstatus,monthlyincome-expense,levelofeducation,age,totalwork-ing period and general job satisfaction, ex-ternalfactorscoresandinternalfactorscores(p>0,05).

In terms of general job satisfaction scores,primaryhealthcareinstitutions,familyhealthcentersandexternalfactorscores,therewasastatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenthestateofchoosingtheprofessionwillinglyandtheplacesofworkatprimarylevel(p<0,05).It was found out that the staff working inFHCs and Group E FHCs in general havehigher job satisfaction levels and also FHShavehigherjobsatisfactionthanPHS.

With respect to these results, itwas recom-mendedthat;

Thereshouldbelegislationandpoliciesthatwould help graduate midwives and nurseschoosetheirworkingunits,asworkingareasare the factors influencing job satisfaction,

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andworkingconditionsshouldbephysicallyappropriateforthestaff.

The staff’s physiological, psychological andsocialneedsshouldbesupported.

Secondmentsfornursesandmidwiveswork-inginPHCsshouldbeomitted,theirworkinghoursshouldbearranged,theirsafetyshouldbe guaranteed and more efficient and satis-factorywork performance of healthworkersshouldbeensured.

Thisstudyissuggestedasasourceofdataforother similar studies aiming to evaluate thefactorsaffectingjobsatisfactionlevelsofstaff.

REFERENCES

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DURMUŞ, S., GÜNAY, O., (2007). Hemşirelerde iş doyumu ve anksiyetedüzeyini etkileyen faktörler. ErciyesTıpDergisi,29(2).139-146

KAHRAMAN, G., ESRA, ENGIN, E., DÜL-GERLER, Ş., ÖZTÜRK, E., (2011). Yoğunbakımhemşirelerininişdoyumlarıveetkileyen faktörler.DokuzEylülÜni-

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ÇETIN, H., AYGEN, ZETTER, Z., TAŞ, S., ÇAYLAK, M., (2013). İş doyumuve çalışanların demografik özellikleriarasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi:Anta-lyaAtatürkDevletHastanesiÖrneği.Ak-denizİktisadiveİdariBilimlerFakültesiDergisi,(26):145-163

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Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 7(3):1-11

KAYA, N.T., BILGIN, S., (2015). Çankırıil merkezinde birinci basamaksağlık kuruluşlarında çalışan ebe vehemşirelerde iş doyumu düzeyi ve et-kileyen faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi.Hacettepe University Faculty of HealthSciences,1(1):1-24

AYDIN, M., AKAN, N., (2010). MersinBüyükşehir Belediyesi sınırları içindeçalışan ebelerin mesleki doyumu. Mer-sinÜniversitesiSağlıkBilimleriDergisi,3(1)

HAMPTON, G.M.., PETERSON, R.T., (2012).Jobsatisfactionofcertifiednursemidwives: an examination.Administra-tive Issues Journal:Education,Practice,andResearch,2(2):112-126

SENBOUNSOU, KHAMLUB, S., OR-RASHID, M.H., SARKER, M.A.B., HI-ROSAWA, T., OUTAVONG, P., et. al., (2013). Job satısfactıon of health-careworkers at health centers in VıentıaneCapital and Bolikhamsai Province, LaoPDR. Nagoya Journal of Medical Sci-ence,75(3-4):233-241

TEKIN, Ç., BOZKIR, Ç., SAZAK, Y., ÖZER, A., (2014). Malatya il merkez-indeçalışanailehekimleriileailesağlığı

elemanlarının,ailehekimliğiuygulamasıhakkındaki görüşleri, iş doyumudüzey-leriveetkileyenfaktörler.FıratTıpDer-gisi,19(3):135-139

ERAT, Ş., KORKMAZ, M., ÇIMEN, M., YAHYAOĞLU, G., (2011).Hemşireleriniş yaşamkalitesininmotivasyona etkisi.Uluslararasi Hakemli Akademik SporSağlikveTıpBilimleriDergisi,1(1):48-77

KORKMAZ, M., YILMAZTÜRK, A., (2011). Sağlık harcamalarının yıllara görekarşılaştırılması ve sağlık harcamalarınıetkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Ulus-lararasiHakemliAkademikSporSağlikveTıpBilimleriDergisi,1(1):77-96

DOĞAN, N., ŞENSOY, N., MARDIN, E.E., UÇUR, İ., ÖZBALCI, T., (2013). Theprospects of family health center per-sonnelabout familypractice. JournalofClinical andAnalytical Medicine, 4(2):112-115

MERCANLIOĞLU, Ç., (2012).Demografikdeğişkenler bazinda iş tatmini boyut-larinda oluşan farkliliklar: OkmeydaniEğitimveAraştirmaHastanesi persone-lineyönelikbiraraştırma.ÖneriDergisi,10(37):121-138

BAYCAN, A., (1985).AnAnalysisofthesev-eral aspects of job satisfaction between

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different occupational groups. DoktoraTezi,BoğaziçiÜniversitesiSosyalBilim-lerEnstitüsü,İstanbul

DERIN, N., (2007). Devlet hastanelerindeçalışan sağlık personelinin iş doyumdüzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörler. YüksekLisansTezi,EskişehirOsmangaziÜniver-sitesiSağlıkBilimleriEnstitüsü,Eskişehir

INTERNET SOURCES

Http://ailehekimligi.gov.tr/toplum-sal-merkezi.html accessed 12.02.2016

Http://ailehekimligi.gov.tr/component/con-tent/article/102-gorusler/2372-aile-he-kimlii-uygulama-yoenetmelii.html ac-cessed 12.02.2016

Author’s Note: This study has been present-ed at “3rd World Conference on Health Sciences” on 28-30 April 2016, in İzmir as an oral presentation.

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AN EXAMINATION OF YOUTH ATHLETES’ PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN TERMS OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND

BIOLOGICAL MATURITY 1

YILDIZLAR SEVİYESİNDEKİ ATLETLERİN PERFORMANS GÖSTERGELERİNİN KRONOLOJİK YAŞ VE BİYOLOJİK OLGUNLUK

AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Isik BAYRAKTAR

General Directorate of Sport, Department of Sport Education, Ankara / Turkey

ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1001-5348

Öz:Buçalışmanınamacı,yıldızlarseviyesindekisporcularınseçilmişantropometriközellikleriveperformansdeğişkenle-rindeki farklılıkları ve ilişkileri takvimyaşı vebiyolojikol-gunluk açısından incelemektir.Araştırma grubu, atlama (er-kek=18,kadın=19)vesprintbranşındaki(erkek=17,kadın=22)toplam76yıldızatlettenoluşmuştur.Takvimyaşı,müsa-bakaperformansı,boyuzunluğu,vücutağırlığı,oturmaboyu,bacakboyuuzunluğu,30metresürat,kavramakuvveti,bacakkuvveti,dikeysıçramaveesneklikyetilerineaitdeğerlerde-neklerdeneldeedilmiştir.Ayrıcavücutkütle indeksi (BMI),zirvehızlıboyuzamayaşı(PHV),anaerobikgüç(AP)değer-lerihesaplanmış,müsabakasonuçdeğerleriIAAFpuanlamasistemine dönüştürülmüştür. Branş ve cinsiyet gruplarınınistatistikselanalizleriMannWhitney-Utestikullanılarakger-çekleştirilmiştir.Spearmankorelasyonkatsayıları(rho),para-metreler arasındaki ilişkileri ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır.Esneklikdeğerleridışındaatlamavesprintbranşındakispor-cularıncinsiyetlerinegöreantropometriközelliklerive seçi-lenperformansdeğerlerindefarklılıklarolduğubulunmuştur.Ayrıca,değişkenlerileatletlerinyaşlarıvebiyolojikolgunlukseviyeleri arasındaki ilişkilergözlendi.Aynıyaşgrubundakisporcular,yaşlarınavePHV’yegörefarklıkorelasyondeğer-lerigösterdiler.Bunoktada,yıldızsporcularınınantrenörleri,sporyaralanmalarındankaçınarak,sporcularabireyselantren-manprogramıhazırlamakveuygulamakistiyorsa,sporcularınolgunlukseviyesinibelirlemelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:IAAFPuan,Olgunluk,PHV,TakvimYaşı,Yıldız,Atlama,Sprint

Abstract:Thepurposeof thisstudywas to examinediffer-encesandrelationshipsbetweenselectedanthropometricfea-turesandperformancevariablesofyouthathletesintermsofchronologicalageandbiologicalmaturity.Theresearchgroupwas composed of total 76 track and field athletes, jumpingevents (male=18, female=19) and sprint events (male=17,female=22). Chronological age, competition performance,bodyheight,bodyweight,sittingheight,leglength,30metersspeed, hand grip, leg strength, vertical jump and flexibilityability valueswere obtained from athletes.Also bodymassindex (BMI), age of peakheight velocity (PHV), anaerobicpower(AP)valuesof theathleteswerecalculated,andtheircompetition resultswere converted to IAAFscoring systempoint.StatisticalcomparisonoftheeventsandgendergroupswascarriedoutusingMannWhitney-Utest.Spearman’scor-relationcoefficients (rho)wereused toexpress the relation-shipsbetweenparameters.Itwasfoundthattherearediffer-encesinselectedanthropometricandperformancevalueswithregardtogenderforjumpingandsprinteventathletes,exceptthevaluesofflexibilityability.Furthermore,therelationshipsbetweenvariablesandathletes’ageaswellasbiologicalma-turitylevelswereobserved.TheathleteswhoareinthesameagegrouphavedifferentcorrelationvaluesaccordingtotheirageandPHVbetweenthevariables.Inthispoint,thecoachesofyouthathletesshouldbeidentifymaturityleveloftheirath-letes, if theywould like to prepare and to apply individualtrainingprogramtothem,withrefrainfrominjury.

Key Words:IAAFScore,Maturity,PHV,ChronologicalAge,Youth,Jump,Sprint

(1)Corresponding Author: Isik BAYRAKTAR, General Directorate of Sport, Department of Sport Education, Ankara / Turkey, [email protected], Received: 01.03.2017, Accepted: 15.06.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.2.01



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JEL CODE: I12-I19-I20-I21 ID:336 K:427ISSN Print: 2146-8508 Online 2147-1711


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INTRODUCTION

Inrecentyears, researchershavefocusedonthebiologicalmaturity level of childrenbe-cause growth and maturation levels do notoccur toa linear increasingby theyears foreachperson.Inotherwords,thechildrenwhoareatthesamechronologicalagemayobvi-ouslydifferintheirlevelofbiologicalmatu-rity(Armstrong,2007:2).Thereisadilemmaatthispointowingtothefactthatthegeneralapproachoftalentidentification,trainingpro-gramsandnationalorinternationalcompeti-tionswhichhavebeenarrangedaccordingtochronologicalageofathletes.Thusmaturitylevels are unfortunately neglected for youthathletes.

Chronological age gives poor informationin the evaluation of growth andmaturation.There are several methods for assessmentof maturation.Age of peak height velocity(PHV) is the most frequently employed in-dicatorof thebiologicalmaturity(Malinaetal., 2015: 854, Cossio-Bolaños et al. 2015:12086).GirlsordinarilyattainPHVabout12yearsandboysaround14yearsofage.But,thetimingofthiseventinrelationtochrono-logicalageshowsgreatvariance.WhenPHVhas been identified, children can be rankedbybiologicalmaturityage(yearsfromPHV)rather than chronological age (Armstrong,2007:11).

Thecurrentstudywasapplied toyouthath-letes of the sprinting and jumping events.Sprinters have moderate stature, generallypossess a low relative lower limb length.Whereas jumpers are among the tallest ofeliteathletes,withahighrelativelowerlimblength.Becausebotheventsarepowereventsand require rapid power generation, theyshouldhavenaturallywithahighproportionof fast-twitchmuscle fibres (Ackland et al.,2009:259).

Themovementsinthesesportsareexplosiveandof shortdurationandusehigh loads; inotherwords,theyrequiremaximumstrengthandpower.Ahighlevelofrelativestrengthisimportantintrack-and-fieldsprintsandjumps(Bompa and Buzzichelli, 2015: 40). Sincethesprintingandjumpingeventsoftrackandfield are anaerobic system-dominant sports,thetrainingmethodsaresimilar(BompaandBuzzichelli,2015:160).

Flexibilityiscrucialtosprintingandhurdling,as well as to jumping. Good technique insprinteventsdependsonexcellentflexibilityability.Also in the jumping events, jumpersshouldhavesuperiorlevelofflexibilityinallpartofbodytoshowgoodperformance(Ack-landetal.,2009:262–263).

Inthecurrentstudy,chronologicalage,com-petition performance, body height, bodyweight, sitting height, leg length, 30meters

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speed,handgrip,legstrength,verticaljumpand flexibility ability values were obtainedfromsprintersandjumpers.AlsoBMI,PHV,AP values of the athletes were calculated.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminedif-ferences and relationships between selectedanthropometric features and performancevariablesofyouthathletesintermsofchron-ologicalageandbiologicalmaturity.

METHODS

The research group was composed of total76 track and field athletes, jumping events(male=18, female=19) and sprint events(male=17 , female=22). The measurementsandtestswereappliedduringtheTurkishU18NationalTeamtrainingcampin2015indoorseason.Athleteshavecompetedintwocon-secutivecompetitionsoneweekinbetween,and the tests were applied on Wednesdaybetween the competitions. The best perfor-mancesofathletesfromthetwocompetitionswereevaluatedinthestudy.ThecompetitionresultswereconvertedtoIAAFscoringsys-tem point (Spiriev, 2017) for each athlete.The anthropometrics values which are thestature (BH)andbodymass (BM)were as-sessedusingaSecastadiometerandweight-ingscales(SecaInstrumentsLtd.,Hamburg,Germany).Sittingheight(SH)wasmeasuredusing a Holtain stadiometer (Holtain Ltd.,Crosswell,Wales,U.K.).TheBMIwascal-culatedasaratiooftheBM(kg)andsquared

BH (m).Right-left handgripstrength (HG)and leg strength (LS) tests were performedby dynamometers (Baseline dynamometer,FabricationEnterprises,USA).TheHGtotalvaluewasobtainedwithsumoftherightandlefthandresults.Allstrengthtestresultswerecalculatedas relativestrengthvalues,divid-ingthetestperformancebytheathlete’sbodyweight. In order to determine the subjects’sprintability,runningtestsof30meterswereperformed.All results were recorded usingphotoelectric timing gates (Smartspeed, Fu-sionsport,Australia). Flexibility of the ath-letes were determined with using modifiedsit-and-reach test by normalized arm length(Baseline sit-reach scale, FabricationEnter-prises,USA).Jumpingmatdeviceforcoun-termovement jump (CMJ) testwasutilized(Smartjump, Fusionsport,Australia). In de-termininganaerobicpower(AP)withLewisnomogram,thesubjects’CMJheights(d)andbody weight were calculated by using thejumpformula(givenbelow).

AP=[(√4,9xWeight)x√d]

The PHV was calculated by the predictiveequationsofMirwaldetal.(2002:691-692)foreachgender.Theequations requiresuchdata as the chronological age (Chr-Age),

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body mass (BM), standing height, seatedheightandleglengthofsubjects.

Statistical Analysis

General characteristics of the participantswere presented as means and standard de-viations(±SD).Statisticalcomparisonoftheeventsandgendergroupswascarriedoutus-ingMannWhitney-U test. Spearman’s cor-relation coefficients (rho) were used to ex-press the relationships between parameters.Interpretationofcorrelationcoefficientswasasfollows:r≤0.49weakrelationship;0.50≤r ≤ 0.74moderate relationship; and r≥ 0.75strong relationship (Portney and Watkins,2015:524-525).Apvaluelessthan0.05wasconsideredstatisticallysignificant.

RESULTS

ThevariablesofthejumpingeventsathleteswerecomparedtogenderinTable1,theath-letesofsprinteventswereinTable2,aswell.The IAAF-score of athletes and their agesmeanvalueshaveshownsimilaritiesbothbygenderandevents.Itwasfoundthattherearedifferences in selected anthropometric andperformancevalueswithregardtogenderforjumpingandsprinteventathletes,exceptthevaluesofflexibilityability.

Thiscomparisonswerealsoutilizedbetweeneventsformale(Table3)andfemale(Table4)athletes.Itwasfounddifferencesbetweenmale jumpers and sprinters for the sittingheight values. Besides that it was observedthattherearedifferencesintermsofbiologi-calmaturity,leglengthandhandgripvaluesbetweenfemalejumpersandsprinters.

Spearman’s correlation coefficients wereusedtoexpresstherelationshipsbetweentheselected variables and Chr-Age as well asPHV for the athletes by gender and events.TheseresultswerepresentedinTable5.Ac-cordingtothefindings,therewerefoundthemoderate significant relationships betweenIAAF-score,AP andboth age andPVH formale jumpers, it is likewise found betweenrelativeHGandChr-AgeaswellasPHVformale sprinters. It was found that there is amoderate relationbetweenChr-AgeandAPfor sprinters both gender, but this relation-ship was not found for PHV. For the malesprinters, thereweremoderate relationshipsbetweenPHVand IAAFpoint, relativeLS,whereas the same relationwasnot found intermsofChr-Age.Theweaksignificantrela-tionshipsbetweenChr-Ageand IAAF-scorewereshownwithreferencetofemalejumpers(rho=0.47,p<0.05).

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Table 1. Comparison of Jumping Event Athletes’ Variables by Gender

JumpingEvents

Gender n Mean SD MeanRank SumofRanks p

IAAF-score M 18 759,6 88,3 18,25 328,5 0,68

F 19 770,2 102,4 19,71 374,5

Chr-Age(year) M 18 15,8 0,7 21,06 379,0 0,26

F 19 15,4 1,0 17,05 324,0

PHV(year) M 18 1,1 0,7 18,92 340,5 0,96

F 19 1,0 1,2 19,08 362,5

BodyMass(kg) M 18 62,3 6,3 28,08 505,5 0,00

F 19 51,4 3,2 10,39 197,5

Height(cm) M 18 174,4 5,7 27,67 498,0 0,00

F 19 163,4 4,0 10,79 205,0

SittingHeight(cm) M 18 91,5 3,5 27,11 488,0 0,00

F 19 85,8 2,2 11,32 215,0

LegLenght(cm) M 18 82,7 3,3 26,00 468,0 0,00

F 19 77,7 2,9 12,37 235,0

BMI(kg/m^2) M 18 20,5 1,6 22,94 413,0 0,03

F 19 19,2 1,1 15,26 290,0

Flexibility(cm) M 18 49,7 5,9 19,11 344,0 0,95

F 19 49,3 5,1 18,89 359,0

RelativeHG M 18 1,3 0,2 26,28 473,0 0,00

F 19 1,0 0,1 12,11 230,0

RelativeLS M 18 2,4 0,3 26,36 474,5 0,00

F 19 1,8 0,3 12,03 228,5

CMJ(cm) M 18 50,5 4,8 28,44 512,0 0,00

F 19 37,5 3,3 10,05 191,0

AP(kgm/s) M 18 98,2 13,5 28,39 511,0 0,00

F 19 69,5 5,0 10,11 192,0

0-30m(s) M 18 4,03 0,16 9,67 174,0 0,00

F 19 4,50 0,14 27,84 529,0

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Table 2. Comparison of Sprint Event Athletes’ Variables by Gender

SprintEvents

Gender n Mean SD MeanRank SumofRanks p

IAAF-scoreM 17 783,8 65,3 18,79 319,5 0,56

F 22 799,9 54,8 20,93 460,5

Chr-Age(year)M 17 15,6 1,0 23,62 401,5 0,08

F 22 15,1 1,0 17,20 378,5

PHV(year)M 17 1,2 0,6 27,21 462,5 0,00

F 22 0,2 0,7 14,43 317,5

BodyMass(kg)M 17 64,7 4,1 30,88 525,0 0,00

F 22 48,9 5,1 11,59 255,0

Height(cm)M 17 175,5 3,0 30,85 524,5 0,00

F 22 160,7 5,7 11,61 255,5

SittingHeight(cm)M 17 92,8 2,2 30,38 516,5 0,00

F 22 85,1 2,8 11,98 263,5

LegLenght(cm)M 17 82,8 1,8 29,97 509,5 0,00

F 22 75,6 4,0 12,30 270,5

BMI(kg/m^2)M 17 21,0 1,3 27,26 463,5 0,00

F 22 18,9 1,8 14,39 316,5

Flexibility(cm)M 17 48,0 5,6 18,44 313,5 0,45

F 22 48,8 4,9 21,20 466,5

RelativeHGM 17 1,3 0,1 27,71 471,0 0,00

F 22 1,1 0,1 14,05 309,0

RelativeLSM 17 2,4 0,6 26,71 454,0 0,00

F 22 1,8 0,4 14,82 326,0

CMJ(cm)M 17 51,0 5,5 31,00 527,0 0,00

F 22 37,6 3,4 11,50 253,0

AP(kgm/s)M 17 102,1 8,2 31,00 527,0 0,00

F 22 66,3 7,6 11,50 253,0

0-30m(s) M 17 3,93 0,14 9,12 155,0 0,00

F 22 4,45 0,18 28,41 625,0

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Table 3. Comparison of Male Athletes’ Variables by Events

Male

Event n Mean SD MeanRank SumofRanks p

IAAF-scoreJ 18 759,6 88,3 17,47 314,5 0,75

S 17 783,8 65,3 18,56 315,5

Chr-Age(year)J 18 15,8 0,7 19,33 348,0 0,43

S 17 15,6 1,0 16,59 282,0

PHV(year)J 18 1,1 0,7 17,39 313,0 0,72

S 17 1,2 0,6 18,65 317,0

BodyMass(kg)J 18 62,3 6,3 15,14 272,5 0,09

S 17 64,7 4,1 21,03 357,5

Height(cm)J 18 174,4 5,7 15,58 280,5 0,15

S 17 175,5 3,0 20,56 349,5

SittingHeight(cm)J 18 91,5 3,5 14,75 265,5 0,04

S 17 92,8 2,2 21,44 364,5

LegLenght(cm)J 18 82,7 3,3 18,00 324,0 1,00

S 17 82,8 1,8 18,00 306,0

BMI(kg/m^2)J 18 20,5 1,6 16,28 293,0 0,31

S 17 21,0 1,3 19,82 337,0

Flexibility(cm)J 18 49,7 5,9 19,72 355,0 0,31

S 17 48,0 5,6 16,18 275,0

RelativeHGJ 18 1,3 0,2 17,53 315,5 0,77

S 17 1,3 0,1 18,50 314,5

RelativeLSJ 18 2,4 0,3 18,61 335,0 0,72

S 17 2,4 0,6 17,35 295,0

CMJ(cm)J 18 50,5 4,8 17,97 323,5 0,99

S 17 51,0 5,5 18,03 306,5

AP(kgm/s)J 18 98,2 13,5 15,11 272,0 0,09

S 17 102,1 8,2 21,06 358,0

0-30m(s)J 18 4,03 0,16 20,92 376,5 0,08

S 17 3,93 0,14 14,91 253,5

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Table 4. Comparison of Female Athletes’ Variables by Events

Female

Event n Mean SD MeanRank SumofRanks p

IAAF-scoreJ 19 770,2 102,4 19,92 378,5 0,59

S 22 799,9 54,8 21,93 482,5

Chr-Age(year)J 19 15,4 1,0 23,63 449,0 0,19

S 22 15,1 1,0 18,73 412,0

PHV(year)J 19 1,0 1,2 25,47 484,0 0,03

S 22 0,2 0,7 17,14 377,0

BodyMass(kg)J 19 51,4 3,2 24,37 463,0 0,09

S 22 48,9 5,1 18,09 398,0

Height(cm)J 19 163,4 4,0 23,84 453,0 0,16

S 22 160,7 5,7 18,55 408,0

SittingHeight(cm)J 19 85,8 2,2 22,79 433,0 0,37

S 22 85,1 2,8 19,45 428,0

LegLenght(cm)J 19 77,7 2,9 25,05 476,0 0,04

S 22 75,6 4,0 17,50 385,0

BMI(kg/m^2)J 19 19,2 1,1 22,29 423,5 0,52

S 22 18,9 1,8 19,89 437,5

Flexibility(cm)J 19 49,3 5,1 21,29 404,5 0,89

S 22 48,8 4,9 20,75 456,5

RelativeHGJ 19 1,0 0,1 16,32 310,0 0,02

S 22 1,1 0,1 25,05 551,0

RelativeLSJ 19 1,8 0,3 20,66 392,5 0,86

S 22 1,8 0,4 21,30 468,5

CMJ(cm)J 19 37,5 3,3 20,03 380,5 0,63

S 22 37,6 3,4 21,84 480,5

AP(kgm/s)J 19 69,5 5,0 24,26 461,0 0,10

S 22 66,3 7,6 18,18 400,0

0-30m(s)J 19 4,50 0,14 23,79 452,0 0,17

S 22 4,45 0,18 18,59 409,0

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Table 5. The Correlations Between Variables and Chr-Age as Well as Biological Maturity for the Athletes

IAAF-score

Flexibility RelativeHG

RelativeLS

CMJ AP 0-30m

MaleJumper (n=18)

Chr-Age rho 0,67* 0,05 0,28 0,43 0,45 0,58* -0,26

p 0,00 0,84 0,25 0,08 0,06 0,01 0,30

PHV rho 0,61* 0,30 0,23 0,27 0,33 0,62* -0,22

p 0,01 0,24 0,36 0,29 0,19 0,01 0,39

MaleSprinter n=17)

Chr-Age rho 0,41 0,06 0,56* 0,30 0,33 0,52* -0,33

p 0,11 0,81 0,02 0,24 0,20 0,03 0,20

PHV rho 0,73* 0,06 0,57* 0,52* -0,05 0,28 -0,04

p 0,00 0,83 0,02 0,03 0,85 0,28 0,87

FemaleJumper (n=19)

Chr-Age rho 0,47* 0,07 -0,25 -0,29 0,34 0,33 -0,42

p 0,04 0,79 0,31 0,23 0,16 0,17 0,07

PHV rho 0,36 0,15 0,00 -0,10 0,37 0,41 -0,44

p 0,13 0,54 0,99 0,70 0,12 0,08 0,06

FemaleSprinter (n=22)

Chr-Age rho 0,42 0,23 -0,10 0,31 0,25 0,50* 0,03

p 0,05 0,30 0,67 0,16 0,27 0,02 0,89

PHV rho -0,11 0,27 0,19 0,08 -0,16 -0,14 -0,01

p 0,63 0,23 0,39 0,71 0,48 0,53 0,95

DISCUSSION

The study compares the selected variableswhichareage,PHV,anthropometricfeatures,strength, jump, anaerobic power, speed andflexibility abilities by gender and events intrackandfieldsathletes.Besidesthatthere-lationships between selected variables andChr-Ageaswellasbiologicalmaturityfortheathleteswereexamined.

TheIAAF-score,whichisanindicatorofath-letes’performance,andtheiragesmeanval-ues have shown similarities both by genderandevents.Itmayshowthatthestudygroupis homogeneous in terms of athlete perfor-mancelevelsandtheirages.Itwasobservedthatthereweredifferencesinanthropometricfeatures and biomotoric performance abili-tiesintermsofgenderforjumpingandsprinteventathletesasexpected,exceptflexibilityability sincemenandwomendifferphysio-

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logically.Theaveragemaleisapproximately13 cm higher and 15 kg heavier than aver-agefemale.Likewise,therearestrengthdif-ferencesbetweengender due tohigher pro-ductionofthehormonetestosteroneinmales(Acklandetal.,2009:129).

In the comparison of events by gender, thesittingheightvalueshaveshowndifferencesformalejumpersandsprinters.Additionally,thereweredifferencesinbiologicalmaturity,leglengthandhandgripvaluesbetweenfe-male jumpers and sprinters. Ackland et al.(2009:95–96)havedeclaredthatthejumpersshouldhaveahighlowerlimb/trunkratiobuta low lower limb/trunk ratio for the sprint-ers.Thefindingsofcurrentstudyarecoher-entwiththem.

TherelationshipsbetweenselectedvariablesandChr-Agefortheyouthathletesbygenderandeventswereexaminedinthisstudy.Alsothesamecorrelationcoefficientwasused toexpressrelationsbetweenthesevariablesandPHVvaluesoftheathletes.Accordingtothestudyfindings, thecompetitionperformancelevelsofmalesprintershavecorrelatedwiththeir PHVvalues (rho=0.73, p<0.05), but arelation between their Chr-age and perfor-mancevalueswasnot found.Also thissitu-ation is likewise for legstrength ability formalesprinters(rho=0.52,p<0.05).Whereas,statistically significant moderate relation-ships between AP and Chr-age (not with

PHV) for male and female sprinters werefound(rho=0.50-0.52,p<0.05,respectively).

Thefindingsofthecurrentstudyhavedem-onstratedthatyouthathletes’performancein-dicatorshavenotthesamecorrelationswiththeirageandPHV,especiallyforsprinteventathletes.Theliteraturereviewonthismatterhasclearlyshownthatthesamechronologi-calagemaybeconspicuouslydifferentcon-cerningbiologicalmaturity(Bayraktaretal.,2016:1894–1902;Jonesetal.,2000:57-65;Lloydetal.,2014:1454;Yamanetal.,2016:94–108). The athlete who is less maturewhentheyhavecompetedwiththesameagegrouppeerswillbedisadvantageous,eveniftheathleteistechnicallytalentedthanothers(Malinaetal.,2012:1715).Becausethelevelofstrength,power, speedand jumpabilitiesare identified in accordance with maturitystatusofyouthathletes(Malinaetal.,2004:556-61).

Inthiscase,earlymaturedathleteseemssu-pertalentedandlatematuredathletewillbe-ing early sport specialized because of sametraining program with the same age group.Thereforeearlysportspecializationcanleadto be expose to higher volumes of trainingandoveruseinjuryaswellasburnout(Lloydetal.,2014:1462).

Inconclusion,thepresentstudyhasfounddif-ferences in selectedanthropometric features

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values and selected performance indicatorsofathletesbetweengendersandevents.Fur-thermore,therelationshipsbetweenvariablesandathletes’ageaswellasbiologicalmatu-ritylevelswereobserved.Theathletesinthesame age group have different correlationvalues according to their age and PHV be-tweenthevariables.Inthispoint,thecoachesofyouthathletesshouldbeidentifymaturitylevel of their athletes, if theywould like toprepareandtoapplyindividualtrainingpro-gramtothem,withrefrainfrominjury.

REFERENCES

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ARMSTRONG, N., (2007). Paediatric ex-ercise physiology [electronic resource]/ edited by Neil Armstrong; forewordby N.C. Craig Sharp. Edinburgh; NewYork:ChurchillLivingstone,10–25

BAYRAKTAR, I., YAMAN, N., ZORBA, E., YAMAN, M., GÜNAY, M., (2016).TheAnalysisofCertainDifferencesinMotorSkillsofSedentaryMaleChildreninthe9-14AgeGroupBasedontheBiologicalMaturity. Universal Journal of Educa-tionalResearch,4(8),1894–1902.https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040820

BOMPA, T. O., BUZZICHELLI, C., (2015). Periodization Training for Sports (3rded.).HumanKinetics

COSSIO-BOLAÑOS, M., CAMPOS, R. G., ANDRUSKE, C. L., FLORES, A. V., LUARTE-ROCHA, C., OLIVARES, P. R., GARCIA-RUBIO, J., DE ARRUDA, M., (2015).PhysicalGrowth,BiologicalAge,andNutritionalTransitionsofAdo-lescentsLivingatModerateAltitudesinPeru.Int.J.Environ.Res.PublicHealth2015, 12, 12082-12094; doi:10.3390/ijerph121012082

JONES, M. A., HITCHEN, P. J., STRAT-TON, G., (2000).Theimportanceofcon-sideringbiologicalmaturitywhenassess-ingphysicalfitnessmeasuresingirlsandboysaged10to16years.AnnalsofHu-manBiology,27(1),57–65;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/030144600282389

LLOYD, R. S., OLIVER, J. L., FAIGEN-BAUM, A. D., MYER, G. D., CROIX, M. B. A. D. S., (2014). Chronologicalagevs. biological maturation: implicationsforexerciseprogramminginyouth.TheJournalofStrength&ConditioningRe-search, 28(5), 1454–1464; doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000391

MALINA, R., EISENMANN, J., CUM-MING, S., RIBEIRO, B., AROSO, J., (2004). Maturity-associated variation

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in the growth and functional capacitiesof youth football (soccer) players 13-15years.EuropeanJournalofAppliedPhys-iology, 91(5–6), 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0995-z

MALINA, R. M., COELHO E SILVA, M. J., FIGUEIREDO, A. J., CARLING, C., BEUNEN, G. P., (2012). Interrelation-ships among invasive and non-invasiveindicators of biological maturation inadolescent male soccer players. Journalof Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1705–1717.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.639382

MALINA, R., ROGOL, A., CUMMING, S., COELHOESILVA, M., FIGUEIREDO, A., (2015).Biologicalmaturationofyouthathletes:assessmentandimplications.BrJSportsMed, (49),852–859.https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094623

MIRWALD, R. L., BAXTER-JONES, A. D., BAILEY, D. A., BEUNEN, G. P., (2002).

An assessment ofmaturity from anthro-pometric measurements. Medicine andScience in Sports and Exercise, 34(4),689–94

PORTNEY, L. G., WATKINS, M. P., (2015). Foundations of clinical research. Appli-cations topractice (3rded.).F.A.DavisCompany,Philadelphia

SPIRIEV, B., (2017).IAAFScoringTablesofAthletics.(A.Spiriev,Ed.)(2017Revis).InternationalAssociationofAthleticsFed-erations.Retrievedfromhttps://www.iaaf.org/news/iaaf-news/scoring-tables-2017 E.T.11.12.2016

YAMAN, N., ZORBA, E., (2016).TheEffectofBiologicalMaturityonGender-Relat-edMotorSkillsatTalentSelectionThatIsMadeAccordingToChronologicalAgeinSports.SSTBInternationalRefereedAca-demic Journal of Sports, (21), 94–108;doi:10.17363/SSTB.20162124011

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EFFECTS OF PREPARATORY PERIOD TRAININGS ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOTORIC FEATURES OF U19 SOCCER

PLAYERS 1

U19 FUTBOLCULARDA HAZIRLIK DÖNEMİ ANTRENMANLARININ BAZI FİZYOLOJİK VE MOTORİK ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Barış BAYDEMİR1, Gürhan SUNA2, Mahmut ALP3

1 Celal Bayar University, High School of Physical Education and Sports, Coaching Training Dep. Manisa / Turkey

2-3Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sport Sciences Dep. Isparta / Turkey

ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8653-06641, 0000-0002-2125-91052, 0000-0002-1263-26333

Öz: Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, U19 profesyonelfutbolcularda hazırlık dönemi antrenmanlarının bazıfizyolojikvemotoriközellikleriüzerineetkisiniince-lemektir. Yöntem: Araştırmaya Çanakkale DardanelSporA.Ş.U19 takımı sporcuları toplamda32 futbol-cuçalışmayagönüllüolarakkatıldı.Futbolcularınyaşortalamaları18.5±.5yıl,boyortalamaları179.5±4cm,vücutağırlıklarıortalamalarıise70.1±3.9kgolaraktes-pitedildi.Hazırlıkdönemiantrenmanları8hafta,hafta-da4gün,gündeenaz120dkuygulandı.Araştırmadabirmaksimalkuvvet(1RM),Yo-YoİntermittentKoşutestiveçeviklik testiuygulandı.Eldeedilenverilerinistatistiksel analizinde istatistikpaketprogramıkulla-nılarak,bağımlıgruplararası“Pairedttesti”uygulandı.Bulgular: Antrenmandönemiöncesivesonrasıspor-cuların bir maksimal kuvvet, dinlenik ve maksimumkalpatımsayısı,Yo-Yokoşutestindekatedilenmesa-fe,MAXVO2veçevikliktestlerideğerlerininkarşılaş-tırılmasındabütünölçümlerarasındaistatistikselolarakanlamlı farkbulundu(p<0.05).Sonuç: Sonuçolarak,hazırlıkdönemiiçerisindeuygulananantrenmanprog-ramınınU19kategorisi futbolcularınbazımotorikvefizyolojiközellikleriniolumluetkilediğisöylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:Futbol,Oyuncu,Motorik,Fiz-yoloijk

Abstract: Aim: ThisstudyaimstoexaminetheeffectofpreparatoryperiodtrainingsonsomephysiologicalandmotoricfeaturesofU19soccerplayers.Method: A total of 32 players fromÇanakkaleDardanel SporA.Ş.U19teamvolunteeredtoparticipateinthestudy.Themeanageoftheplayerswas18.5±5years;meanheight,179.5±4cms;andmeanbodyweight,70.1±3.9kgs. Preparatory practicesweremade for 8weeks, 4days aweek, at least 120minutes a day.Amaximalforce (1RM), aYo-Yo IntermittentRunning testandanagilitytestwereappliedinthestudy.Inthestatisti-cal analysisof theobtaineddata, “Paired t-Test”wasapplied between dependent groups using a statisticalpackageprogram.Findings:Astatisticallysignificantdifference (p<0.05)was foundbetween all themea-surementsinthecomparisonofmaximalforce,restingand maximum heart rate, distance covered inYo-Yorunning test,MAXVO2andagility testvaluesof thesoccerplayersbeforeandaftertheperiodofpractice.Conclusion:Asaresult,itcanbesaidthatthepracticeprogram applied during the preparatory period posi-tivelyaffectedsomemotoricandphysiologicalcharac-teristicsofU19soccerplayers.

Key Words:Soccer,Player,Motoric,Physiological

(1)Corresponding Author: Mahmut ALP, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sport Sciences Dep. Isparta / Turkey, [email protected], Received: 21.02.2017, Accepted: 17.06.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.2.04



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INTRODUCTION

Soccer is one of the most popular sportsbranchesintheworldandwhenplayedattheelite level, the physical sanctions expectedfrom the athletes are high.The success andefficiency of players depend on many fac-tors. In order to improve performance, soc-cerskills,tacticsandtopreventinjury;soccertraining isessential (Gümüşdağetal.,2013:1). Soccer is a sports branch that involveshigh intensity, intermittent loads, durability,quicksprints,ballskills,coordination,stabledecisionmakingandbalance(UğraşandÖz-kan,2002:242).

Inorderforathletestoadapttotheconditionsof longandhigh-temposoccergames,bodycompositionistriedtobeperfectedwhileim-provingstrength,endurance,speed,coordina-tionandflexibilitythroughtrainingprogramsappliedduringthepreparatoryperiod(Albayetal.,2008:12).

Itisclearthatallmotorskillsshoulddevelopwellconsideringthatelite-levelsoccerplay-ers run at a density close to the anaerobicthreshold for approximately 10 kms at 80-90%heartrateduringthematch,andthattheyusespeed,ballkickingandpowerfactorsfre-quentlyinthisrunningdistance(Stolenetal.,2005:503).Additionally,agilityisaphysicalcomponentnecessaryforasuccessfulperfor-manceinateamsportlikesoccer.Agilityisa

controlandcoordinationskillthatallowsthebodyandjointstobeintherightpositioninspace during very fast changes of directionduringaseriesofmovements(ShephardandYoung,2006:920).Agilitycanbeseeninat-temptstoescapefromtheopponent,orduringthemovementreactiontotheball(Youngetal.,2001:315).

A number of field and laboratory tests usedtodeterminethephysiologicalcharacteristicsofathletesinteamsports,suchassoccer,as-sistcoachesandsportsscientistsinidentify-ing the athletes’ abilities, providingstrengthdevelopment, providing information for thepractice program, and determining changesin physiological and physical characteristicsthatareaconsequenceofthetrainingsessions(Yilmazetal.,2012:96).

Thisstudy, in linewith the information ob-tainedfromtheliterature,aimstoexaminetheeffectofpreparatorystagetrainingsonanum-berofphysiologicalandmotorcharacteristicsofU19soccerplayers.

MATERIALS and METHODS

Atotalof32playersfromÇanakkaleDarda-nelSporA.Ş.U19teamvolunteeredtopartic-ipateinthestudy.Itwasexplainedthatthepersonal information and findings obtainedduringandafter the researchwouldbekeptstrictly confidential. An “informed Consent

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Form”wastakenfromtheathleteswhovol-unteeredtoparticipateintheresearch.

Height and Body Weight:Thevaluesofath-letesweremeasuredwithbarefeetandonlyshorts on them using a SECA brand heightandweightscalehavinganaccuracyof1minand20gr.Heightwasrecordedin“cm”,andbodyweightin“kg”.

Maximal Force Measurements (1 RM): 1maximalforcesweretakenonPrecor(USA)brandBicepsCurl,TricepsCurl,VerticalRow,BenchPress,Squat,LegPressandLegCurlfitnessequipment.Theathletespracticedfor15minuteswithanergometricbicyclebeforestrengthmeasurements.Aftertheathletesgotaproper sittingandholdingpositionon thefitness tool, themaximumweight liftedwasrecordedin“kg”followingthedeterminationof estimated maximum weight to be liftedthroughapreliminarytestwithoutweight.

Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery 2 Test:Thetestwas carried out on a 20-mstraight track inÇanakkale Dardanel Spor facilities, withmarkingsplacedat thebeginningandat theendofthetrack,andtheathletesweregivenaudio signals from a signaling device. Theathletes were asked to be within the areain frontof thestartandfinish linesoneachsignal.Therunsweredesigned to include6athletesatthesametime.Thespeedwasin-creasedgraduallyinaccordancewiththetest

protocol.Eachsignalcaughtby theathleteswasrecordedasarun,andeveryruninwhichtheycouldnotcatchthesignalwasregardedasanerror.Thetestwasterminatedwhentheathletemadetwoerrorsconsecutively.

Number of heartbeats: The heart rate wasrecordedwithaPolarbrandheartratemoni-torwhenrestingandmaximalvalueswereonstablelevel.

MaxVO2 Formula: This formula was esti-matedusingtheestimatedformuladevelopedbyBangsboetal.accordingtotheYo-YoIR2testprotocol(Bangsboetal.,2008:48).

VO2max (ml//min/kg) = IR2 distance (m) x 0.0136 + 45.3

Agility Test:ThetestwascarriedoutonthetraininggroundofÇanakkaleDardanelSporfacilities. The athletes were tested with thesoccer boots worn during the match. Thetimes were measured by aVoit 8073 chro-nometer. 4 cones were placed on the trackfor the“T test”as follows.Theathletes ranstraightfromconeAtoconeBandtouchedthe conewith their right hands. Then, theytouchedconeContheleftwithasiderun.Af-terthat,theytouchedconeDontherightwithrighthand;andthentouchedconeBwithlefthand,andfinishedthetestwithabackward-runtoconeB.Eachathletemade3trialsandtheirbestscoreswererecorded.

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Data Analysis:Astatisticalpackageprogramwas implemented fordataanalysis.Thede-pendentwithin-group“Pairedt-Test”wasap-pliedinordertodeterminewhethertherewasany difference before and after preparatory

training sessions in the athletes.The resultswere evaluated according to a significancelevelof“0.05”.

FINDINGS

Table 1. Physical Characteristics of Soccer Players

N Minimum Maximum Mean ± SS

Age (year) 32 18.00 19.00 18.50±.50

Height (cm) 174.00 190.00 179.50±4

Weight (kg) 63.00 80.00 70.10±3.90

Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 19.90 23.90 21.70±.80

Players’ mean of age was 18.50±.50 years,meanofheightwas179.50±4cmandmean

ofweight 70.10±3.90kg andmeanofBMIwas21.70±.80kg/m2.

Table 2. Paired Samples t-Test Results of Players’ Agility Pre and Post Test Means

AGILITY TEST Test Sequence Mean ± SS t p

T Test (sec) PreTest 8±,4 10,63 ,000*

PostTest 7,50±,4

Differences found to be statistically signifi-cant as a result of comparison of players’agilitypreandposttestvalues(p<0.05)*.

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Table 3.Paired Samples t-Test Results of Players’ 1 RM Pre and Post Test Means

1 Repetation of Maximum Test Sequence Mean ± SS t p

BicepsCurl PreTest 19.80±3.8 -23.67 .000*

PostTest 25.50±3.5

TricepsCurl PreTest 14.90±1.7 -19.39 .000*

PostTest 21.10±2.3

BenchPress PreTest 48±6.6 -10.41 .000*

PostTest 54.60±7.8

VerticalRow PreTest 47±3.9 -18.16 .000*

PostTest 52.20±3

Squat PreTest 96.50±8.8 -16.21 .000*

PostTest 103.70±8.3

LegPress PreTest 80.40±14.9 -17.57 .000*


LegCurl PreTest 37.50±4.2 -24.67 .000*

PostTest 42.40±4

Therewerefoundsignificantdifferencesasaresultofcomparisonofplayers’1repetition

ofmaximumstrengthpreandposttestvalues(p<0.05)*.

Table 4.Paired Samples t-Test Results of Players’ Yo-Yo Pre and Post Test Means

ENDURANCE TEST Test Sequence Mean ± SS t p

Resting Heart Rate (beat/min) PreTest 69.50±10.5 8.52 .000*


Maximum Heart Rate (beat/min) PreTest 194.30±5.7 18.28 .000*

PostTest 186.30±6

Yo-Yo IR2 Test (m) PreTest 1109±300.2 -12.07 .000*

PostTest 1286.8±263

MaxVO2 (ml/kg/dk) PreTest 60.30±4 -6.82 .000*

PostTest 63.10±3.7

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Differences found to be statistically signifi-cant as a result of comparison of players’resting and maximum heart rate, distanceandMaxVO2 values inYo-Yo pre and posttestvalues(p<0.05)*.

DISCUSSION

Thisstudyaimstoexaminetheeffectofpre-paratorystagetrainingsonanumberofphys-iological and motor characteristics of U19soccer players. A total of 32 players fromÇanakkaleDardanelSporA.Ş.U19teamvol-unteeredtoparticipateinthestudy.

Inourstudy,theagilitypre-testvaluesofthesoccerplayerswere8±4sec,andthefinaltestvalueswere7.5±4sec.Therewasastatistical-lysignificantdifferenceinthecomparisonofagilitytestbeforeandaftertraining(p<0.05).Itwasclearlyindicatedthattheimprovementofagilitywillcomeoutasafactorthatdistin-guishes theperformance in termsofqualityofthemovementssuchasdirectionchangesathighspeeds,suddenaccelerationandstop-pingmovements.

Inourstudy,astatisticallysignificantdiffer-encewas foundwhen comparing themaxi-malstrengthpre-andpost-testvaluesofsoc-cerplayers(p<0.05).Webelievethattheim-provementofmaximalstrengthparametersinsoccer players is due to the involvement ofstrengthexercisesinthetrainingprogramap-plied.We think that the increase instrength

values will provide a significant benefit inperforming stronger technical shots and intackles.

Inastudyinvestigatingtherelativestrengthvalues in some team and individual sports,the biceps curl of the soccerers was foundas47.8±6.6kg, benchpress as 75±15.9kg,squatas98.3±22.8kg.Wethinkthatthefactthatsomeofthestrengthvaluesinthisstudyaredifferentthanthoseinoursisduetothehigher average ageof the athletes and theirhaving higher level of physical characteris-tics.

Özcan(2011),inhisstudyinwhichheinves-tigatedtheeffectoftwodifferentmethodsoftraininginbasictechnicaltennistrainingontechnicalbiomotoricandphysiologicalprop-erties,foundsignificantdifferencesinvaluesinthecomparisonofstrengthtestsofinduc-tion (Staged Technical Instructional Train-ing) and deduction groups (Holistic Tech-nical InstructionalTraining) (p<0.05). Al-thoughthereisaninterdisciplinarydifferencebetween thisstudyandourstudy, there is asimilarityintermsofasignificantincreaseinthestrengthvaluesinthetrainingpractices.

Alpetal.(2016)examinedthepreparationpe-riodtrainings’effectsonbiomotoricfeaturesof10-12agemaletennisplayers.Asaresultof comparison of physiologic and motoricfeatures, they found significant differences

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(p<0,05).Theystatedthattechnicandcoordi-nationimprovementtrainingdrillsappliedtoplayersandcontained true loadingdensitiesincreasedthebiomotoricperformance.

InAzizetal. (2005)’sstudy,coachesopt toimplement field tests that they canmeasureindirectlywithoutusinganoxygenanalyzerinthelaboratorytodeterminethemaximumoxygen consumption.To this end, themostcommontestusedinsoccertodeterminethemaximumoxygenconsumptionistheYo-Yoendurance test.TheYo-Yo test is a test thatcoversgoingandcomingmovementsatvari-ous speeds and sudden turns. Gümüşdağ etal. (2013) examined theYo-Yo intermittentrecoverytestasanassessesmentofaerobic-anaerobicfitnessandgame-relatedenduranceinsoccer.TheyfoundthatYo-Yointermittenttestperformance also had significantlyVO-2max,andbettersoccerdribblingendurance(Hofftest)and30msprint times.Azizetal.(2005) examined the movements includedin soccer, and thesemovements are consid-eredtobesoccer-specificmovementsandarealsoused in thedeterminationofmaximumoxygenconsumption. Inthisstudy,whichwasconducted in thiscontext,wenoticedastatistically significant difference (p <0.05)inthecomparisonofYo-Yointermittentrun-ning pre- and post-test resting heart rate,maximumheartrate,Yo-YorunningdistanceandMaxVO2 values.After the training ses-

sionsconducted,wecansaythatthepositivechanges in the Yo-Yo intermittent runningperformancevalueshave improved the soc-cerplayers’durabilityandmaximumoxygenconsumptioncapacity.

Saygınetal.(2016)aimedtoexaminetheef-fects of 8-week Zumba and Step-Aerobicsexercises on the health-related physical fit-nesscomponents,bloodpressureandrestingheartrate.TheyfoundsignificantdifferencesofMaxVO2valuesofbothexercises.

Alemdaroğlu(2012),inhisstudyconductedon soccer players, reported that the maxi-mumnumberofheartbeatswas196,69±4,70bpm, MaxVO2 was 58,65±2,40 ml/kg/min,thedistancecoveredwas2649,23±288,9m.Intheirstudyofsoccerinwhichtheyinves-tigated the relationship between 35-metermaximal anaerobic sprint and vertical jumpandstandingjumpscores.

Kamaretal.(2003)foundthatMaxVO2was53,03±4,57ml/kg/minafterashuttlerun.

In a study conducted byAkcakaya (2009),comparing some motoric and anthropomet-ric characteristics of athletes from differ-ent branches, the values were calculatedas 46.1±5.7 ml/kg/min for basketballers,55.3±3.3ml/kg/min for soccer players, and50.9±4.2ml/kg/min for track and field ath-letes.WethinkthatthelowMaxVO2valuesare due to the shuttle run testperformedor

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the fact that the athleteswerenot subjectedtoanytrainingprogram.Astheliteraturere-viewsuggests,therearesimilaranddissimi-larstudiestoours.

RESULTS

In the light of thedata obtained, itwas de-terminedthatthepreparatoryperiodtrainingsessionsapplied to the soccerplayershadapositive effect on strength and some physi-ological characteristics and thus improvingtheperformance.

Considering thecharacteristic featureof thegameofsoccer,andthefactthatitcontinuesthroughouttheyear; it issuggestedthat thistype of research should be done more fre-quentlyindifferentstagesoftheyearsothatthestructuralandconditioningpropertiesoftheathletescanbeobservedmoreclearly.Itis thought that our studymay contribute tothesportsscientistsandtrainersinthefuturewhopractisepreparatoryperiod trainings insoccergameintermsoftheoptimumperfor-manceasareferencevalue.

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3737

THE INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAME SKILLS AND ATTENTION OF THE KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 1

ANAOKULU ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN OYUN BECERİLERİ İLE DİKKATLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Meryem ALTUN

Ömer Halisdemir University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Niğde / Turkey

ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1224-7927

Öz: Amaç: Bu araştırmada, anaokulu öğrencilerinin oyunbecerileriiledikkatleriarasındakiilişkininincelenmesiamaç-lanmıştır.Yöntem:Buaraştırmanınmodeli,ilişkiseltaramamodelidir.Araştırmaya,Kırşehir80.YılAnaokulunda2016-2017eğitimöğretimdönemindeöğrenimgören6yaşgrubu50kız,50erkekolmaküzeretoplam100öğrencigönüllüolarakkatılmıştır.ÖlçmearacıolarakOyunBecerileriDeğerlendir-meÖlçeğiveFrankfurterDikkatTestikullanılmıştır.Verile-rinanalizinde;SPSS21paketprogramıkullanılmıştır.Oyunbecerileri puanları vehesaplanandikkatpuanları veri setinegirilip ölçek puanlarının normal dağılıma uygunluğunu testetmekiçinKolmogrow-Smirnovtestikullanılmıştır.CinsiyetdeğişkeniiçinIndependentSamplest-testi, ikideğişkenara-sındakiilişkininincelenmesindedePearsonKorelasyontestikullanılmıştır.Demografiközelliklerdeiseyüzde,frekansvearitmetikortalamalarabakılmıştır.Bulgular:Yapılananaliz-lersonucundaçocuklarınOyunBecerileriileDikkatpuanor-talamalarıcinsiyetdeğişkeninegöreanlamlıfarklılıkgöster-mektedir.Bufarklılıkbayanlarınlehinegörülmektedir.OyunBecerileripuanlarıileDikkatpuanlarıarasındapozitifyöndeanlamlıbirilişkininolduğubulunmuştur.Sonuç: Okulöncesiöğrencilerininoyunbecerileriiledikkatleriarasındagüçlübirilişkiolduğusöylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:Anaokulu,AltıYaş,Dikkat,OyunBecerileri

Abstract: Aim: In this research, it isaimed toexamine therelationshipbetweenplayskillsandattentionofkindergartenstudents.Method:Themodel of thisstudy is the relationalsearchmodel.Atotalof100students(50girls,50boys)par-ticipatedintheresearchasavolunteerinthe6thyeargroupoftheKırşehir80thYearNurserySchoolduringthe2016-2017education period. The GameAbilityAssessment Scale andtheFrankfurterAttentionTestwereusedasthemeasurementtools.Intheanalysisofthedata;SPSS21packageprogramwasused.TheKolmogrow-Smirnovtestwasusedtotestthegameperformancescoresandthecalculatedattentionscoresintothedatasetandtotestthesuitabilityofthenormaldistri-butionofscalescores.İtwasusedIndependentSamplest-testforgendervariables,PearsonCorrelationtestfortherelation-shipbetweentwovariables.In thedemographiccharacteris-tics,thepercentages,frequenciesandarithmeticaveragesareexamined.Results:Theresultsoftheanalysesshowthat,themeanscoresofthechildren’sgameskillsandAttentionscoreare significantly different according to the gender variable.Thisdifferenceisfavoredbyladies.AsaresultoftheanalysismadetodeterminewhetherthereisameaningfulrelationshipbetweenthegameskillsscoresandtheAttentionscores,itwasfoundthatthereisameaningfulrelationshipbetweentheminthepositivedirection.Conclusion:According to this, itcanbesaidthatthereisastrongrelationbetweenplayskillsandattentionofpre-schoolstudents.

Key Words:Kindergarten,SixAge,Attention,PlayingSkills

(1)Corresponding Author: Meryem ALTUN, Ömer Halisdemir University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Niğde / Turkey, [email protected], Received: 18.02.2017, Accepted: 23.06.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.2.02



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JEL CODE: I2-I12-I20-I21-I29 ID:339 K:377ISSN Print: 2146-8508 Online 2147-1711


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lNTRODUCTlON

Attention,whichhasanimportantplaceinallaspectsofhumandevelopmentandlearning,isparticularlynecessaryforthecontinuationof the learning process.Careful attention todetailcanbekeptintheindividual’smemory(Frommer, 1993: 7). It is seen that the con-ceptsofcollectingattentionandattentionareusedsynonymouslyindailyliteratureaswellas scientific literature.Thegeneral tendencyistoacceptattentionasanupperformofat-tention.Attention collecting is “the skill ofconsciouslycollectingtheattentionofthein-dividualtoacertainpoint”andinthisprocesstheindividual’smentaldevelopment,age,in-dividualcharacteristicsplayanimportantrole(Özdoğan,2004:24).

Aydın (1999: 49) Some negative variablesthataffectattentioninschoolareasfollows:Problems in the functioning of intelligence,perceptionandmemoryprocesses,thecogni-tive skillsof thestudentand thepsychomo-torskillsarenotattheappropriatelevel,theinternal (lack of nutrition and sleep, fatigueetc.) and external (heat, light, sound etc.)physicalstimulithattheorganismisin,exces-siveorinsufficientmotivation,inadequacyoffeedback,worryaboutfailure,extremeanxi-ety and tension, teacher-centered teachingstrategiesdominateeducation,empathicper-ceptiondeprivationinclassroominteraction,over-standardized success measures and an

understandingofstudentperformanceevalua-tion,failuretomeetthestudent’sintegrityandautonomyrequirementsinteaching,lackofademocratic, participatory andflexible teach-ingapproachineducation.

Therearesome techniques toget ridof thisdeprivation.At the beginning of these tech-niquesisthegame.AstheGreekshavesaidabout2500yearsago:“Mens sano in corpore sano” - “ A healthy mind in a healthy body.” Theyhaverevealedthiscloserelationshiptothe extent that they can observe what theyaredoing. In recentstudies; thatgymnasticsexercisesnotonlyallowyoutorecoverfromexcesspounds,correctyourbodylines,makeyoufeelgood,butatthesametimeyoucanthink healthier and more importantly, delayaginginyourbrain(McCleary,2009:145).

In theChinese people’s community, partici-pating in activities such as reading,writing,puzzle-solving, playing cards, playing cardgames,participatingingroupdiscussionsandplayingmusical instruments, participated intheseactivities, 5%reduction in the riskoflossoccurrences.Themajorityof theactivi-tiesthatincreasethescoreinthepositivedi-rectionareduetothehabitofreadingbooksandaChineseDominoscalledmahjong(Mc-Cleary,2009:161).

Young children are faced with new infor-mationeverydayandassociating themwith

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concepts that theyhave already acquiredordevelopingnewconcepts. It is necessary tosupportthemulti-faceteddevelopmentofthekindergarten (6 years old) children and topresentthemwithasystematicandconsciouseducationprocesswhichisthefoundationofthe life-long learning.Beginning tostudy isone of the most important steps that affectfamilies,especially in their lives.Many im-portantstepshavebeentakeninthisperiod,especially in thementaldevelopmentof thechild, and theeducationhasbeen shifted toamoresystematic,moreconcreteandneces-sarystage.Ifthechildhasnotreceivedpre-school education; to move away from thefamily, to adapt to the neworientation, andto become academicly adept. Problems andlevel differences at the attention levels areevident in this period. Attention problems,whichisanimportantissuetolearn,emergefromthebeginningofthisperiod.Theseprob-lems,whichareknowntobeoverahundredyearsold,havebeguntobediscussedinten-sively in our country in recent years.Thereare educational games to support attention

development thatallowchildren to learnbyplaying.Itisensuredthatthebehaviorofthechildplayingwiththeselectedgamescontin-uestobeactiveinacertainperiodoftimeinlinewiththedirectionsforthepurposeofthegame.Thegameon thiscounts; Itcancon-tributetochildren’sperception,attentionandsolutiontoproblems.

METHOD

This study was done at the request of theschoolmaster.Inthisstudy,arelationalsearchmodelwasused toexamine therelationshipbetweenplay skills and attentionof kinder-gartenstudents.Relational searchmodel; Isa research model aimed at determining thepresenceand/orextentofexchangebetweentwoormorevariables(Karasar,2014:77). Atotalof100students (50girls and50boys)participatedinthestudyintheKırşehir80thYear Nursery School during the 2016-2017educationperiod.

The demographic characteristics of the par-ticipantsaregivenintable1.

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Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Students

Frequency(N) Percentage%

Class

DaisiesSmurfsLadybirdsStarsStrawberriesTotal

2119231522100

21,019,023,015,022,0100,0

GenderFameleMaleTotal

505098

50,050,0100,0

Age 6 100 100,0

Whentheabovefrequencytableisexamined,itisseenthat50%ofmenand50%ofwomenareintermsofsexchange.

Data Collection Tools

ThedatawerecollectedusingtheGameAbil-ityAssessmentScaleandtheFrankfurterAt-tentionTest.

Game Skills Assessment Scale: The SkillsAssessment Scale developed by Fazlıoğlu,IlgazandPapatağa(2013)iscomposedof27itemsusinga5-pointLikert-typeratinginor-der todeterminewhatkindofplayful skillsthe6yearoldchildrenhaveduringthegameand to ensure that these skills are revealedbytheparents.TheCronbachAlphainternalconsistencycoefficientofthescalewas.93.

Frankfurter Attention Test. (FTF–K) (Con-centration-AttentionCollectingTestforchil-dren5-6yearsold):DevelopedbyRaatzand

Möhling (1971) and intended to measurechildren’sattention-gatheringskills,childrenarerequiredtofindandmarkpearswithin90seconds ofmixed apples and pears (Kuscu,2010). InTurkey, this testhas been appliedto30childrenagedfivetosixyearsintermsof understanding and applying the tests inClinical Psychology Practice course by theseniorstudentsofAnkaraUniversityFacultyofEducationalSciences.ThereliabilityoftheFTF-Ktestwasdeterminedbythetest-retestmethod.The correlation between test 1 andtest2isr=0.79.Thescalewasadministeredindividuallybyeachresearchertoeachchild(Kaymak,1995).TheFTF-KAttentionCol-lectingTestisadministeredbytheresearchertoeachchildindividuallyorinsmallgroups.In the test, the pears drawn by the child in90secondsformtherawscore.AtthesametimethisscalehasbeenusedinmanystudiesinTurkey(Kaymak,1995;Koçyiğit,Kayılı

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andErbay,2010; KayılıandArı,2011;Er-bay,2013).

Data Collection and Analysis

The Game Skills Assessment Scale, whichwasusedasadatacollectiontoolinthestudy,wasevaluatedbytheparentsofthestudents.TheFrankfurterAttentionTestwasadminis-teredtostudents.

Intheanalysisofthedata;SPSS21packageprogramisused.Gameskillsscoresandcal-culatedattentionscoreswereenteredintothe

datasetandthefitnessofnormaldistributionofscalescoreswastestedbytheKolmogrow-Smirnov test. Büyüköztürk (2012) recom-mendstheuseofthe“Kolmogorov-Smirnov”testifthenumber“n”isover50andabove.Independent Samples t-test for gender vari-ablesandPearsonCorrelationwereusedfortherelationshipbetweentwovariables.Inthedemographiccharacteristics,thepercentages,frequencies and arithmetic averages are ex-amined.

FINDlNGS

Table 2. Results of Tests of Children According to the Genders of Game Skills and Atten-tion Levels

Gender N X S F P

GameSkillsMale 50 2914,60 887,41

3,912,014 Famele 50 34,29,66 1150,34

Total 100

AttentionMale 50 26,36 6,34

2,028,002 Famele 50 30,90 7,88

Total 100

According toTable2, itwas found that thedifferencebetweentheresultsofthettestforthe independent samplesmade todeterminewhether the level of attention and gaming

skills of the children differ significantly ac-cordingtothegendervariable.Thisdifferenceseemstobeinfavoroftheladies(p<.05).

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Table 3. Results of Relative Correlation Analysis between Children’s Play Skills and Their Attention

GameSkills

Attentionr 856**p ,000n 100

**.Correlationissignificantatthe0.01level(2-tailed).

Accordingto3APearsoncorrelationanalysiswasconductedtodeterminewhetherthereisasignificantrelationshipbetweenPlaySkillsscoresandAttentionscoresandfoundasig-nificant positive correlation between them(r=.856,p<.01).Accordingto this, itcanbesaid that there is a strong relation betweenplay skills and attention of pre-school stu-dents.

DISCUSSION

Inthisstudy,therelationshipbetweentheat-tentionofkindergartenstudentsandplayskillswasinvestigated.Accordingtotheresultsoftheresearch,thechildren‘sgameskillsandattentivenesslevelsaresignificantlydifferentaccordingtogender.Thisdifferenceseemstobeinfavoroftheladies.

As a result of numerous researches, chil-dren’sgendersaffecttheirgamingbehaviors,that the gender variable is even effective inselectingaplaymate, itwasdeterminedthatboys preferred physical games more and

girlsmorepreferred“playlike”(ColwellandLindsey,2005;ConnellandPrinz,2002;Ger-rits,GoudenaandvanAken,2005;Gleason,2005;LindseyandMize,2001a;Zachopou-lou, Trevlas and Tsikriki, 2004). In addi-tion,Uylaş,Yalçın,PandaSariandScarboro(2014) The gender variable determines theplaceofplay, thesizeof theplaygroup, thelevelofcontrol,conflictresolutionstrategiesandthejusticestandardsappliedtotheseso-lutions.

Asaresultoftheanalysismadetodeterminewhether there is a meaningful relation be-tweenthegameskillscoresandtheattentionscores, itwas found that therewasamean-ingful relationbetween themin thepositivedirection.Accordingtothis,itcanbesaidthatthereisastrongrelationbetweenplayskillsandattentionofpre-schoolstudents.

According to Mackey, Hill, Stone, Bunge(2011);andthatthecognitiveprocessessuchas reasoning and processing speed can bechangedandimprovedbygametrainingareconsistentwith the results of thestudy.Be-nignoveFarrar(2012),accordingtoresearch

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findingson32siblingsofthegamethegameplayed through siblings reached the conclu-sion that it affected the attention develop-ment.

According to the results of the research bySeçer and Özmen (2015) on the effects ofattention-gatheringactivitiesonthethinkingand attention-gathering skills of pretextualpreschoolchildren;ithasbeensaidthattheactivitiesof improving theattentioncollect-ingskill(play,etc.)appliedtothechildrenoftheexperimentalgroupreducethenumberoferrorsofthechildrenandincreasetheatten-tioncollectingability.aydınet.al.(2016)intheZekaInvestigationoftheeffectsofbrainteaserson attention spans of pre-schoolchildrenofstudy;itwasnotedthattherewasasignificantdifference in the levelofatten-tionamongthesix-year-oldswhowerestudy-ing intelligence games and the six-year-oldchildrenwhowereeducatedaccordingtotheMinistry of Education Preschool EducationPrograminfavoroftheexperimentalgroup.

CONCLUSION

Asa result of the analyzesmade, themeanscoresof the children’sgame skills andAt-tention score are significantly different ac-cording to the gender variable. This differ-ence is favoredby ladies.Asa resultof theanalysismadetodeterminewhetherthereisameaningfulrelationshipbetweenthegame

skillsscoresandtheAttentionscores,itwasfoundthatthereisameaningfulrelationshipbetween them in the positive direction.Ac-cordingto this, itcanbesaid that there isastrongrelationbetweenplayskillsandatten-tionofpre-schoolstudents.

REFERENCES

ALTUN, M., HAZAR, M., HAZAR, Z., (2016). Investigation of the effects ofbrain teasers on attention spans of pre-schoolchildren.Internatıonal Journal Of Envıronmental and Scıence Educatıon, 11(15); 8112-8119

AYDIN, A. (1999). Gelişim ve Öğrenme Psikolojisi. Ankara:Anı

BENIGNO, J. P., FARRAR, M. J., (2012). DeterminantsofJointAttentioninYoungSiblings’Play,InfantandChildDevelop-ment Inf.Child.Dev.21,Published on-line 31 August 2016 in Wiley On-line Library

COL, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri ana-lizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, spss uygulamaları ve yorum. (16.Baskı).Anakara:Pegem

COLWELL, M. J., LİNDSEY, E. W., (2005). Preschool children’s pretend and physi-calplayandsex of play partner: Con-nectionstopeercompetence.Sex Roles,

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52(7-8), 497-509. Doi: 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 /s11199-005-3716-8

CONNELL, C. M., PRİNZ, R. J., (2002). Theimpactofchildcareandparent–childinteractionsonschool readinessandso-cial skills development for low-incomeAfrican American children. Journal of School Psychology,40(2),177-193.Doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(02)00090-0

ERBAY, F., (2013).Dikkattoplamaveoku-ma olgunluğu değişkenlerinin altı yaşçocuklarının işitselmuhakeme ve işlembecerilerini yordama gücü. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(1),422-429

FAZLIOĞLU, Y., ILGAZ, G., PAPATĞA, E., (2013). Oyun becerileri değerlendirmeölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlikçalışması. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1),239-250

FROMMER, W., (1993). Yönlendirilmeden düşünerek yaşama. (E.Duygulu,Çev.).İstanbul:DüşünenAdam

GERRİTS, M. H., GOUDENA, P. P., VAN AKEN, M. A., (2005). Child–par-entandchild–peer i n t e r a c t i o n :Observational similarities and differ-ences at age seven. Infant and Child Development, 14(3), 229-241. Doi:10.1080/0300443011660108

GLEASON, T. R., (2005).Mothers’and fa-thers’ attitudes regarding pretend playin thecontextof imaginarycompanionsand of child gender. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,51(4),412-436.Doi:10.1353/mpq.2005.0022

KARASAR, N., (2014). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. (26.Basım).Ankara:Nobel

KAYILI, G., ARI, R., (2011).ExaminationoftheeffectsoftheMontessoriMethodonpreschoolchildren’sreadinesstoprimaryeducation.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice,11(4),2104-2109

KAYMAK, S., (1995). Yuvaya giden beşyaşındaki çocuklarla dikkat toplamaçalışmaları.YüksekLisansTezi.AnkaraÜniversitesiSosyalBilimlerEnstitüsü, Ankara

KOÇYİĞİT, S., KAYILI, G., ERBAY, F., (2010).Montessorri yönteminin beş-altıyaşçocuklarının dikkat becerilerine et-kisininincelenmesi.Çağdas Eğitim Der-gisi,35(371),16-21

KUSCU, Ö., ( 2010). Orff-Schulwerkyaklaşımıileyapılanmüziketkinliklerininokulöncesidönemdekiçocuklarınındik-katbecerilerineetkisi.YüksekLisansTezi.SelçukÜniversitesiSosyalBilimlerEnstitüsü,Konya

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LİNDSEY, E. W., MİZE, J., (2001).Contex-tualdifferencesinparent–childplay:Im-plicationsforchildren’sgender rolede-velopment.Sex Roles,44(3-4),155-176.Doi:10.1023/A:1010950919451

MACKEY, A. P., HİLL, S. S., STONE, S. I. BUNGE, S. A., (2011). Differential ef-fectsof

reasoningandspeedtraininginchildren.De-velopmental Science, 14(3),582-590

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01005.x,sayfasındanerişilmiştir.

MCCLEARY, L., (2009). Beyin geliştirme programı. (A. Durmuş, Çev.). İstanbul:Crea

ÖZDOĞAN, B., (2004). Çocuk ve oyun: Çocuğa oyunla yardım. Ankara:Anı

SEÇER, Z., ÖZMEN, S. K., (2015).Dikkattoplamayı geliştirici etkinliklerin içt-episelokulöncesi ç o c u k l a r ı ndüşünmevedikkat toplamabecerilerineetkisi.K. Ü. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi 23(4), 1803-1816

UYLAŞ, S., YALÇIN, H., PANDAMSARİ, A., SCARBORO, A., (2014).“Canfatmacomeoutandplay?”genderandplayinIstanbul.International Journal of Global Education,3(1),25-30

ZACHOPOULOU, E., TREVLAS, E., TSİKRİKİ, G., (2004). Perceptions ofgenderdifferencesin playful behav-iouramongkindergartenchildren.Euro-pean Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 12(1), 43-53. Doi:10.1080/1350293048520930

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REFERENCES WITHIN PAPER

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• Onlythesourcescitedinthetextmustbeincludedinthereferencesandthosesourcesmustbeputinorderalphabeticallybythesurnamesofauthors.Ifmorethanonestudybelongingtothesameauthorisincludedinthereferences,itmustbesortedbythedateofpublication(fromoldtonew).

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* BOOKS

SEVİL, Ü., YANIKKEREM, E., (2006).Kadınayönelikaileiçişiddet.İzmir,Türkiye:İzmirGüvenKitabevi,ss.36-66

*CHAPTERS IN A BOOK

TAŞKIN, L., YANIKKEREM, E., (2014).Aileplanlaması.İçindeKadınSağlığıHemşireliği,12.Baskı,Ankara,Türkiye:ÖzyurtMatbaacılık,ss.527-545

SEVİL, Ü., YANIKKEREM, E., (2008).Adölesandönemi.İçindeA.Şirin(Ed.),KadınSağlığı,İstanbul,Türkiye:BedrayBasınYayıncılık,ss.57-90

BAYIK, A., SEVİL, Ü., (2004).Hemşirelikdisiplinivearaştırma.İçindeİ.Erefe(Ed.),Hemşi-relikteAraştırmaİlkeSüreçveYöntemleri,3.Baskı,İstanbul,Türkiye:OdakBaskıOfset,ss.13-26

* ARTICLES

EGELİOĞLU, N., MUSLU, G.K., ŞEN, S., GÜNERİ, S.E., BOLIŞIK, B., SARUHAN, A., (2014). EgeBölgesindedoğumsonudönemdeuygulanangelenekseluygulamalar.Ulus-lararası Hakemli HemşirelikAraştırmaları Dergisi (UHD), 1(1):22-35. Doi: 10.17371/UHD.2014018935

ÖZCAN, B., KOCAMAN, H., (2016). EşlerArasındakiYaşFarkınınBoşanmalarÜzerindekiEtkisi,ACEDDergisi,10:1-17Doi:10.17359/ACED.20161024262

ŞEN, E., GÜNERİ, S.E., YANIKKEREM, E., HADIMLI, A., KAVLAK, O., ŞİRİN, A., et, al., (2012). Determinationofknowledgerequirementsandhealthpracticesofadolescentpregnantwomen.InternationalJournalofCaringSciences,5(2):171-178

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7. Sourcesusedintheworksmustbepreparedaccordingtotheappropriatetemplateofthejo-urnal.Thistemplateispresentedtoallauthor(s)asaWordfileonourwebsite.Besides,thelastvolumeofourjournalshouldalwaysbetakenintoaccount.Ourjournalandmanage-mentunilaterallybelongstherighttochangethesecriteriainlinewiththeirowndemands.

8. Everypaperevaluatedshouldgettheapprovaloftworeferees.Ifoneoftherefereeshasrejectedandtheotheronehasapproved,theeditorsendsthepapertothethirdreferee.In

linewiththeopinionsandsuggestionsofthethirdreferee,editoractsinaccordancewithher/hisownauthority.ChiefEditorofthejournalunilaterallyreservestherighttoREJECTevenifthepaperhasbeenapprovedbyreferees.Inthiscase,noneoftheauthor(s)cancla-imarightordemand.Allkindsofmanagement,practiceandprocedurebelongtothechiefeditorofthejournal.TherelevantpaperpreparedinEnglishisevaluatedbytheEnglishlanguageeditor.Also,everypaperisevaluatedintermsofthewritingrulesofourjournalbythetechnicaleditor.IftheEnglishlanguageeditordecidesthatthepaperisinappropriateforourjournal,theauthorizedpersonwhowillREJECToramendthisdecisionisthechiefeditor.Languageeditorandtechnicaleditordon’thavetherighttoREJECT.Theytransmittheirsuggestionstothechiefeditorandthechiefeditorunilaterallyappliesthedecisioninlinewiththedemandsandsuggestions.Fieldeditorstransmittheiropinionsregardingeva-luationandpublicationofthepapersuploadedtothesystemtothechiefeditor.Thechiefeditoractswithher/hisownauthority in linewith theopinionsandsuggestionsof fieldeditors.Majororminorcorrectionscanbemadeaftertheevaluationofpapers.Author(s)arerequestedforcorrectionsTHREEtimes.Ifthecorrectionsaren’tmadeafterthreede-mands,thearticleisrejectedafterthechiefeditorisinformedbythesystemeditor.Themanuscriptsuploadedtothewebsitearefirstanalyzedbysystemeditorortechnicaleditorbeforesendingtothereferee.Thisanalysisisperformedwithintheframeworkofspellingrules.Systemortechnicaleditorinformsauthor(s)aboutthenecessarydemands.Ifthesedemandsaren’tsatisfied,thechiefeditorisinformedabouttheresult.ChiefEditormakesthefinaldecisionaccordingtotheinformation.Thisdecisionisunilaterallyuptothechiefeditoreitherinanegativeorpositiveway.Noneoftheinstitutionsandindividualshastherighttoimposesanctiononthedecisionmade.

9. English andTurkish abstracts should bewritten inTimesNewRomanwith 12 pt.Allauthor(s)areobligedtoactandarrangetheirpapersinaccordancewiththesamplearticleformatonourwebsite.

10. Thenamesoftheinstitutionsofauthor(s)shouldbewrittenin12pt.anditalicwithTimesNewRoman.Itisstatedinthesamplearticleformat.

11. Theparagraphspacingofthewholemanuscriptshouldbesinglespaced.

12. Thereferencesshouldbestatedinawaythatthereferenceisitalicandthenameandauthor’ssurname rankat the firstplace just like in the sample article.For example;Yılmaz, A., Güven, M., (2017). İşletmelerde Sağlık Yönetiminin Önemi, …………………………… Dergisi, Sayı: 1, Cilt: 1, ss.1-2.Thereferencesshouldbeindicatedwithinthetextas(Yıl-maz,2017:1-2)or(Yılmaz,vediğ.,2017:1-2).Internetresourcesareneverusedwithinthetext.Thesesourcesarenumberedandindicatedatthebottomofthepage.Thecitations

madefromsuchinternetresourcesasWikipediashouldneverbeused.Ifsuchuseofreso-urcesisdetermined,themanuscriptisunilaterallyREJECTED.Noneoftheauthor(s)canimposeasanctionandraiseademandonourjournalinthismatter.

13. Theinternetresourcesshouldbeindicatedinthereferencespartunderthetitleof“INTER-NETRESOURCES”.The link shouldbe included in the resourcesand theAccessdateshouldbeafterthelinklike“E.T.01.01.2017).

14. Typesettingandeditingofthepapershouldbeinaccordancewiththesamplearticleformatonthewebsiteandthereferenceswithinthetextmustbepreparedasperthesamplearticle.

15. The current papers are uploaded to the system by the author being themember of thesystemstepbystep.Thepaperuploadedissenttotherelevantfieldeditorbythesystemmanagerandaskedforapprovalforrefereeevaluation.Iftherearemorethanoneauthornameinthepaper,thisinformationshouldbeinsertedinthesystemtogetherwiththena-mesandinstitutionsofauthor(s)whileuploadingthepapertothesystem.Ourjournalandmanagementneveracceptsresponsibilityregardingtheproblemsthatmayariseaboutthenamesandinstitutionsofauthorsrelatedtothearticle.Thisinformationmustbeunilate-rallyinsertedinthesystembyauthor(s).Ourjournalandmanagementaren’tresponsibletoinsertthisinformationtothesystem.Ourjournalandmanagementonlytakeintoaccounttheinformationuploadedtothesystembyauthor(s).

16. ThelanguageofourjournalisEnglish.However,thepaperspreparedindifferentsituationsandprinciplesareacceptedinotherlanguages.Inthiscase,thepublicationboardunilate-rallyreservestherighttouseinitiativeorreject.Relevantauthor(s)cannotbeeffectiveorimposesanctiononourjournalinthismatter.

17. Theauthorcannotdecideonwhichrefereewillevaluatethepaperandwon’tknowthein-formationoftherefereemakingtheevaluation.Aftertherefereeevaluationoftherelevantpaper,thecorrespondentauthorwhoacceptstheresponsibilityinuploadingthepapertothesystemisinformedviathewebsystem.Thee-mailaddressinthejournalsystemshouldbevalidandcorrect.Thememberauthorisunilaterallyresponsibleforanydelayandproblemthatmayariseabouttheauthorswhosemembershipinformationisn’tvalidandcorrectinthesystem.Ourjournaldoesn’taddresscommentstootherauthors.Thememberauthorwhouploadsthepapertothesystemistheaddresseeandtheresponsibilitybelongstotherelevantauthor.Ifthepaperisuploadedtothesystembysomeoneelsewhosenameisn’tinthepaper,therelevantmemberbecomesresponsibleforthissituation.Ourjournalandmanagement arenever responsible for possibleproblems.All kindsof correspondencesandinformationrelatedtothearticlearedirectedtothememberauthor.Ourjournalisn’tsupposedtoinformotherauthor(s).

18. Informationabouttheauthorsandthematerialsofcommunicationareconfidentialanditisonlyknownbysystemmanagerandtheeditor.Therefore,authorsdon’thavesucharighttoaskforrefereeevaluationoranyotherdemand.Informationonrefereesandauthorsareonlysharedwiththesystemeditor,technicaleditor,chiefeditorandthefieldeditor.

19. Thenumberofpagesuploadedtothesystemis20.Thisnumbercanincreaseaccordingtothesubjectofthepaper.Annexesandtablescanbeexcludedfromthisnumber.However,publicationboard,fieldeditorandthechiefeditorunilaterallyreservetheirrighttomakeapositiveornegativeevaluation.Author(s)cannotclaimarightinthismatter.

20. Ourjournalisan“e”electronicjournalbutisalsopublishedinpaperversion.Individualswhowouldliketogetprintedversionofthejournalcanobtainitbypayingthenecessaryfeetotherelevantprintingcompany.Ourjournaldoesnothavetoprovideprintedversionofthejournaltoanyauthororindividual.Annualmembershipfeeshouldalsobesenttore-levantprintingcompanyforworkssenttoourjournal.Areasonableamountoffeeisreques-tedfromtheauthorofthepaperapprovedforpublicationconsideringthejournalexpensesandaccordingtotheconditionsofthattime.Therelevantauthororthepersonwhomakesthepaymentissentareceiptaboutthepaymentbythebeneficiarycompany.

21. Evaluationprocessofworksuploadedtothesystemistwomonths.Workswhicharenotevaluatedwithinthisperiodoftimeandaboutwhichinformationreportisnotreceivedaresenttoadifferentreferee.Author(s)cannotclaimarightonourjournalandmanagementbecauseof thisdelay.It isoutofquestionfor thepapersbeingintherefereeevaluationprocesstobewithdrawnfromthejournalunderanycircumstances.

22. Ourjournalpublishesfourtimesayear.Thejournalandpublicationboardhasarighttopublishspecialissues.Thisisuptotheinitiativeofjournalmanagement.

23. Publicationandcopyrightofpublishedpapersbelongtoourjournal.Publicationrightofeverypaperuploadedtothesystemisautomaticallytransferredtothejournal.Therespon-sibleauthorapprovesthetransfercontractcreatedatthesametimewiththebuttononthewebsitewhileuploadingthepapertothesystem.Noneoftheauthorsarerequestedtosignthecopyrightagreementforthisprocedure.Journalmanagementhastherighttodemandtransferagreementwithwetsignatureifrequired.Thepapersbeingintherefereeevalua-tionprocesscannotbewithdrawnfromthepublication.Avalidreasonshouldbeindicatedforthepapersthatarewithdrawn.Otherwise,legalactionisunilaterallytakenagainsttherelevantauthor(s).Author(s)approvetheseconditionsinadvanceforthepaperuploadedtothesystem.Noneoftheauthor(s)havearighttoobject.

24. Relevantauthor(s)aresupposed to insert theethicsboardor institutionalapprovalwhi-le uploading the paper to the system if necessary.Thewhole responsibility unilaterallybelongstoauthor(s)incaseofapossibleproblemiftheinformationofpapersforwhichethicsboardorinstitutionalapprovalisrequiredisn’tinsertedinthesystemorthejournalmanagementisn’tinformed.Ourjournalisneveraskedtoacceptsucharesponsibility.Ourjournalandmanagementdoesn’thavetoaskormonitorthisinformation.

ITISCONSIDEREDTHATABOVEMENTIONED24ITEMSOFPUBLICATIONPRINCIP-LESGUIDELINEAREACCEPTEDBYAUTHORORAUTHORSWHOAREINVOL-VEDINTHESYSTEM.NOAUTHORHASTHERIGHTTOOBJECTTOTHESEPRIN-CIPLES.OURJOURNALHASUNILATERALRIGHTINTERMSOFPUBLICATIONPRINCIPLES,ANDPUBLISHING,EVALUATIONORREFUSALOFWORKS.THISRIGHTCANNOTBECHANGEDUNDERANYCIRCUMSTANCESANDCONDITI-ONS.OURJOURNALHASTHERIGHTTOUSEITSLEGALRIGHTSWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFRELEVANTLAWSANDLIABILITIES INCASEOFAUTHOR/AUTHORSWHODONOTACTINACCORDANCEWITHRELEVANTPRINCIPLESANDRULES.EVERYBODYWHOISINVOLVEDINTHESYSTEMHASAUTOMA-TICALLYAGREEDONTHESEPOINTSINADVANCE.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1. Is your journal a refereed and international journal?Ourjournalisarefereed,scientificandinternationaljournal.Itisindexedbymanyinter-nationalindices.

2. Which fields are accepted in your journal?Onlythepapersinthefieldsacceptedbythejournalareapproved.

3. Does your journal charge any publication fee?Acertainamountoffeeisrequestedperthemanuscriptacceptedforpublicationinreturnforsomeexpenses.Thereisnosuchdemandfortherejectedpapers.

4. Are the readers allowed to access to the volumes and the articles without being a mem-ber of the journal?Allthevolumescanbedownloadedfromourwebsiteinpdfformatwithoutbeingamem-ber.

5. What is the publication frequency of the journal?Thejournalpublishesthreetimesayear;thevolumeswithfulltextsareuploadedtothesystemattheendofApril,AugustandDecember.However,somespecialissuescanbepublishedinsomecases.

6. Are the authors informed about the evaluation process of the submissions?Thejournalisweb-based,andtheauthorscanfollowallkindsofinformationconcerningtheirsubmissionsfromthemembershippanelofthesystem.Theauthorswillalsobepro-videdwiththenecessaryinformationabouttheprocessandprocedure.

7. How many referees evaluate a manuscript?Manuscriptsarefirstlyevaluatedbythefieldeditorsandthentheonesfoundappropriatearesenttotherefereesbythefieldeditors.Fieldeditorssendtheapprovedpaperstotwofield referees and referee evaluation process begins.This process takes twomonths atmostaccordingtotherefereeevaluation.Ifevaluationreportsarenotreceivedwithinthreemonths,thearticleissenttothethirdreferee.Ifthereisstillnotanyprogress,fieldreferee,andtheeditorialboarddecideonthepublicationprocess.

8. Is any information concerning “the author and authors” confidential?In this journal and all the international refereed journals, information, concerning theauthor(s)isknownonlybythesystemeditors,fieldeditors,chiefeditorandassistantchief

editors.Thisinformationiscompletelykeptconfidential.Therefereesormembersofthejournalarenotallowedtoaccesstotherelevantinformation.

9. Are there a certain number of articles to be published in the journal?Therearenotacertainnumberofarticlesinthejournal.Eacharticle,approvedbythere-fereesandtheeditorialboard,isacceptedtobepublishedinthejournalwithoutdelayandsentforthelayoutprocesswhichisthefinalstage.

10. Is an author allowed to submit more than one paper in the same issue?Itisoutofthequestionintermsofethics.However,morethanonemanuscriptofthesameauthorcanbepublishedinthesamejournalorthefollowingissuesifthepublicationandeditorialboardapprovethearticles.Butthissituationisonlyvalidforspecificcasesandthoserequiringinitiative.Thiscaseisonlyvalidforspecialconditionsandthoserequiringinitiative.

11. Is there sufficient number of referees in all the fields that the journal accepts articles?Allthesubmissionssenttoourjournalaresubjectedtoevaluationbyexpertacademiciansandscientistsandrefereesarenotgettingpaidfortheevaluationtheymake.Evaluationandreportsareonlyonavolunteerbasis.

12. What is the duty of the science and advisory board?Thescienceandadvisoryboard is responsible forsolving the incompatibilityproblemsthattherefereesexperience;theboardgivesthefinaldecisionindependently,andtheyactactivelytosolvesuchproblems.Thedecisionsofthescienceandadvisoryboardareac-ceptedwithoutquestioning.Thedecisionsareappliedaccordingly.Theirdecisionscannotbechangedandofferedtobechanged.

13. Is an author allowed to submit his/her paper to the science and advisory board in a negative situation?Thissituationisoutofthequestion.Functionalityofscienceandadvisoryboardoccursonlywiththeapprovaloftheeditor-in-chief.

14. If an author submits her/his paper simultaneously to another journal for considera-tion, and the paper is accepted in that journal too, what kind of procedures is taken?Theexecutiveboardandeditorialboardgivethefinaldecisioninsuchcases.Asthepubli-cationboarddoesnotregardsuchattitudesasethical,evenifthepaperhasbeenpublished,itisremovedfromthesystemonconditionthatrefutationispublished,necessaryinstitu-tionsareinformed,andtherightsarereserved.However,inordertoavoidsuchproblems,theguidelinesfortheauthorsshouldbereadcarefullyandtheappropriatepapersshouldbe submitted.Our journal’s all rights arekept reservedunder theguidanceof journal’s

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legaladvisorswithintheframeworkofTurkishCommercialLawandLawonIntellectualandIndustrialRightsinsuchnegativeconditions.ItdefendsitsmaterialandmoralrightswithintheframeworkofLawsofTurkishRepublic.

15. Does your journal accept papers from other languages?Currently,thelanguageofourjournalisTurkishandEnglish.However,studiesinEnglishandotherlanguagesarealsoaccepted.

16. Is an author allowed to get information about referees evaluating her/his paper?Itisoutofquestion.Thenamesoftherefereeswillneverberevealedtotheauthorseveniftheywanttolearn.Theauthorcannotrecommendarefereeforthepapers/hesent.Onlytheeditor-in-chief,assistanteditors,fieldeditorandsystemeditorcandecideonthis.Itisalsooutofthequestiontoassignarefereeoutsidethoseboardsandtogiveinformation.

17. Is an author allowed to give a name of a referee that s/he does not want her/his paper to be evaluated by?Ifsuchaproblemoccurs,andtherefereeisinthejournallist,onconditionthattheprocessisconfidential,theauthorshouldsubmitthenecessaryexplanationsandreasonsinanoffi-cialdocumenttotheeditor-in-chief.Ifthisisapprovedbythechiefeditor,necessarystepsaretaken;otherwise,commonproceduresandstandardworkingarecarriedout.

18. Is an author allowed to suggest a referee to contribute to the evaluation process?Itisoutofquestion.Thefieldandsystemeditorsdecideontheissue.Authorscannotin-terfereinthisprocess.

19. Are the authors to sign the transfer agreement or publishing transfer contract?Thissituation isstatedon themainpageof the journal in thesection titledpublicationprinciples.Allthesubmittedpapersareacceptedtobetransferredtothejournalwithexc-lusiverights.Theauthorisnotaskedtosign the documentconcerningthesubmission.However,insomecasestheauthorshouldsignthecontract,requiredbythefieldeditorsoradministrativeboardandsubmitittothechiefeditorofficially.Otherwisethepaperwillnotbepublished.

20. Is an author allowed to withdraw his/her paper when desired?Iftheevaluationprocesshasstarted,paperscannotbewithdrawn.Thepapercanonlybewithdrawnincaseofplagiarismandscientificdisqualityandiftheauthorsendsanofficialletter,explainingthesituationtothechiefeditor.Thejournalactsunilaterallyinthisissue.

21. What is the process in papers requiring the approval and report of ETHICS BOARD?Asin“MediaOrgans”ofNationalandInternationaljournals,author(s)hastoupload“DateofReport”,“ReportInformation-ReportNumber”to“EthicsBoardReportInformation”

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partof thepublication submission systemof the journal in “EXPERIMENTAL,CASESTUDYandINSTITUTIONAL”worksrequiringETHICSBOARDapprovalandreport.Thechiefeditorhastherighttoaskfortheoriginalreportifdeemednecessarywithanofficialapprovaloftheinstitution.Insuchcases,ifthechiefeditordoesn’tgettheethicsboardreportdespitetherequestmade, themanuscriptcannotbeincludedinthesystemandpublishedevenifithasobtainedrefereeapprovalandcompletedthepublicationpro-cess.Thepaperisrejectedwiththedecisionofchiefeditorandothereditors.Inthiscase,author(s)cannotmakeademandforright.Thisinformationisn’tnecessaryforthepapersnotrequestingethicsboardreportorbeinglackofthisreport.However,thisinformationshouldbeuploadedtothesystembyauthor(s)forthepapersrequestingandhavingtheethicsboardreport.Author(s)areheldresponsibleforthissituation.Ourjournaldoesn’tacceptanyliabilityandresponsibilityregardingthismatter.Thewholeresponsibilityinle-galprocessbelongstoauthor(s).Otherwise,ourjournalcannotbearanylegal,spiritualandmaterialresponsibility.Journalmanagementandrefereescannotbeimposedanyliabilityinthismatter.Incaseofapossiblenegativecondition,ourjournalunilaterallyreservesitslegalrights.

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SSTB - Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Spor Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri DergisiKayabaşı Mh. Evliya Çelebi Cd.Emlakkonut Başakşehir Evleri 1/A D BlokKat: 4 Daire: 29 Başakşehir, İstanbul, TürkiyeTel: +90 212 801 40 63

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