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International Standards of Testing Methods in Food Microbiology & Validated Alternative Methods Nuno Reis - bioMerieux Asia Pacific Regional Business Manager 14 th November 2013

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International Standards of Testing Methods in Food Microbiology & Validated Alternative MethodsNuno Reis - bioMerieux Asia Pacific Regional Business Manager

14th November 2013

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Agenda 本日の講演内容

Reference Method/Microbiological criteria 標準法(参照法)/微生物規格基準

EU, USA and Asia Pacific countries 欧州、米国、アジアパシフィック地区

Alternative Methods 簡易代替試験法

EU/USA/Asian countries 欧州、米国、アジア諸国

Acceptance/conversion from conventional methods 従来試験法からの切替と採用

International Validations インターナショナルバリデーション

Validations 妥当性確認(バリデーション)

EU/USA/Asian countries 欧州/米国/アジア諸国

Examples 実例

VIDAS/TEMPO Customers VIDAS/TEMPO 採用施設

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Reference Method/Microbiological criteria標準法(参照法)/微生物規格

Standardization標準化: methods, guides or rules elaborated by independent organisations 独立した機関で策定された手法、ガイド、ルール(e.g., in food microbiology)

Of Methods = Norms = Text of reference = Reference Methods = Standard Methods

By standardization bodies標準化関連機関により策定(ISO, CEN, AOAC, AFNOR Normalisation, ...)

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Standardization bodies and related Organizations標準化関連機関

International Organization for Standardization 国際標準化機構(ISO)

ISO TC34/SC9 : structure in charge of Food microbiology食品微生物関連規格の策定

European Committee for Standardization 欧州標準化委員会(CEN)

EN TC275/WG6 : structure in charge of Food microbiology食品微生物関連規格の策定

National Committees in European states (AFNOR Normalisation, BSI, DIN, UNI, AENOR, IBN, NEN, SNV…) 欧州各国の国家機関

Endorse most ISO Standards as National Standards殆どのISO規格が各国の国家規格として認められている。

Mandatorily endorse CEN Standards as National StandardsCEN規格は自動的に各国の国家規格となる。

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Standardization bodies and related Organizations標準化関連機関

15 countries (European + Australia, Egypt, Thailand…) participate actively to ISO TC34/SC9 ISO TC34/SC9には15カ国が正式参加(欧州、オーストラリア、エジプト、タイ……)

Related organizations: 関連組織

US FDA BAM, USDA MLG 米国 FDA/BAM, USDA/MLGStandard Method for Examination of dairy products (US/APHA, IDF,…)乳製品の検査における標準法(米国/APHA, IDF,…….)

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ISO Standard (Reference Method) for testing method ISO 規格における試験法(標準法(参照法))

Examples 例:

In food microbiology食品微生物: Method of Analysis (Salmonella)サルモネラ試験法

ISO 6579:2002 “Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp.”

In food microbiology食品微生物: Method of Analysis (Listeria)リステリア・モノサイトゲネス試験法

ISO 11290 “Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes”

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Example of Microbiological criteria in EUEUにおける微生物規格例

Criteria for Salmonella サルモネラの場合

Absence in 25 g. 25g中陰性

Food products :食品検体Meat : ground beef, poultry,….Meat products ready-to-eat,Cheese, butter,Dairy products prepared with raw milk or pasteurized milk,…Milk powder and whey powder,Ice cream,Egg products,Cooked seafoods,Molluscean eated raw,Sprouts,Fruits, vegetables,…Milk powder for babies or for medical purpose.

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Microbiological criteria in EUEUにおける微生物規格例

Criteria for Listeria monocytogenes リステリア・モノサイトゲネスの場合

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Foodstuffs食品 Criterion規格

Ready to eat food intended for infants and ready toeat foods for special medical purposes. 乳幼児向け調理済食品、特殊医療用調理済み食品

Absence in 25 g25g中 陰性

Ready to eat food able to support the growth of L.monocytogenes, other than those intended for infantsand for special medical purpose 乳幼児および特殊医

療用以外で、製品中でリステリアモノサイトゲネスが増殖する調理済み食品

Absence in 25 gAnd <100 ufc/g duringshelf life25g中 陰性および消費期限まで<100

Ready to eat foods unable to support the growth of L.monocytogenes, other than those intended for infantsand for special medical purposes (*) 乳幼児および特殊

医療用以外で、製品中でリステリアモノサイトゲネスが増殖しない調理済み食品

< 1 0 0 ufc/g duringshelf life消費期限まで<100

(*) : products unable to support the growth of L mono : acid products (ph <4.4), dehydrated products (aw <0.92) or products with shelf life <5 days.リステリア・モノサイトゲネスが増殖しない製品: 酸性食品(pH <4.4), 乾燥品Z(aw<0.92)もしくは消費期限が5日未満のもの

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Microbiological criteria in EUEUにおける微生物規格例

Criteria for pathogens食中毒菌の規格

Cronobacter sakazakii :Absence in 30 x 10 g for « dried infant formula and dried dietary foods forspecial medical purposes intended for infant below 6 months of age ».

Enterotoxins of Staphylococci :Absence in 25 g for cheeses, powder milk, whey powder when the resultin coagulase positive Staphylococci is > 10 5 cfu/g.

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Standardization: Regulatory (US)標準化:規制(米国)

USDA/FSIS米国農務省/FSIS Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG)

United States Department of Agriculture / Food Safety and Inspection Service

Methods for Meat, Poultry and egg products 食肉,食鳥,卵製品の試験法

FDA/CFSAN 米国食品医薬品局 Bacteriological Analytical Method (BAM)

US Department of Health and Human service Food and Drug Administration / Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionMethods for other food products 他の食品の試験法

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Reference Method in USA米国での標準法(参照法)

BAM: Bacteriological Analytical ManualFDA’s preferred laboratory procedures for microbiological analyses of foods and cosmetics. FDAによる食品および化粧品の

微生物検査のための試験手順

General Guidelines / ProceduresFood Sampling and Preparation of Sample Homogenate検体のサンプリングおよび調製

Microscopic Examination of Foods, and Care and Use of the Microscope食品の顕微鏡による検査および顕微鏡のケアと使用

Aerobic Plate Count 一般生菌

Investigation of Food Implicated in Illness 疾病における食品調査

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Reference Method in USA米国での標準法(参照法)

Methods for Specific Pathogen病原微生物の試験法

Enumeration of E.coli and ColiformBacteria

SalmonellaShigellaCampylobacterYersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia

pseudotuberculosisVibrioDetection of Entertoxigenic Vibrio

cholerae in Foods by the PolymeraseChain Reaction

Listeria monocytogenesStaphylococcus aureusBacillus cereusYeasts, Molds, and Mycotoxins…

Methods for Microbial Toxins微生物毒素の試験法

Staphylococcal Entertoxins: Micro-slideDouble Diffusion and ELISA-basedMethods

Additional Methods その他試験法

Microbiological Methods for Cosmetics…

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Example of Microbiological criteria in the US米国での微生物規格例

Information are spread in different regulatory organization : 複数の規制機関で規定

USDA / MLG for poultry, eggs and meat food 食鳥、卵、食肉製品⇒USDA/MLGe.g : limit of detection for the method MLG 4.04 Salmonella : less than 1 CFU/g in a 25 g sample 例:MLG4.04 サルモネラ:検体25g中1CFU未満

FDA / BAM for all for others products 他の食品 ⇒FDA/BAMe.g : Zero tolerance policy of no detectable L mono in 2X 25g analytical portions of food or beverage 例:リステリア・モノサイトゲネス:食品、飲料における2×25g 採取部分における非検出

Compendium :e.g : Compendium of fish and Fishery Product Process, Hazard control 例:魚介・水産品製造工程、ハザード制御e.g : Aerobic Plate Count (ACT) Dried and frozen whole egg maximum of 50000 ACP/g 例:一般生菌 乾燥および冷凍全卵 大50000ACP/g

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Example of Microbiological criteria in the US米国での微生物規格例

Information are spread in different regulatory organization : 複数の規制機関で規定

Codex alimentarius committeee.g : determined criteria for pathogenic microorganisms or powdered Infant Formulae, formula for special medical purposes and human milk fortifiers , E sakasaki 0/10 g and Salmonella 0/25g 例:病原微生物および乳幼児粉乳、特殊医療用ミルクおよびミルク添加剤 ⇒ E. sakazakii 0/10 g、サルモネラ 0/25ge.g : determined criteria for process hygiene 例:工程衛生管理のため

の規格 : - Mesophilic aerobic bacteria 中温性好気生菌: m= 500/g and M=5000/g

- Enterobacteriaceae腸内細菌科菌群0 /10g

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Reference Method/Microbiological criteria in Thailandタイにおける標準法(参照法)/微生物規格基準

The norms applied in Thailand can be classified into 2 types: タイで適用されている用語は2タイプに類別される。

1. Local consumption or imported food will follow the National Food Standards regulated by Ministry of Public Health. However, Thai National food standards and detection methods have applied from International Standards e.g. Codex , BAM US FDA and ISO methods国内消費または輸入食品はタイ厚生省の国家食品規格に従うが、この国家規格および検出試験法は国際規格から適用されたものである(Codex, FDA/BAM, ISO)

2. Exported food will follow the responsible government organization: 輸出食品は管轄の政府機関に従っている。

1. Seafood are under supervision of Fish Inspection and Quality Control, Department of Fishery.水産物:漁業局の水産検疫および品質管理所

2. Poultry are under supervision of Bureau of Quality Control of Livestock Products, Livestock Department. 食鳥:畜産局の畜産物品質管理所

3. Fruit and Vegetable are under supervision of National Bureau of Agricultural and food standards 野菜および果物:国家農産品・食品規格事務局

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Thai National Food Microbiology Standards by Ministry of Public Health タイの微生物規格

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Trends in Thailandタイでのトレンド

In the past the AOAC and BAM methods were the widely accepted methods. For example, the National Food Standards regulated by Ministry of Public Health mentioned the AOAC Number in each methods 過去はAOACおよびBAM法が広く用いられていた。例えば、タイ厚生省の規格には各試験法にはAOACの試験法番号が記載されていた。

Recently, ISO methods has become well-known and used as reference methods as they are more practical than BAM or AOAC methods and their European customers’ require ISO validated methods. しかし近年ではISO法が普及し、標準法(参照法)として使用されてきている。これはISO法がBAMもしくはAOAC法よりも実用的であり、また、ヨーロッパの顧客がISO承認法による検査を要望するため。

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Microbial Standards in Southeast Asia東南アジア諸国の微生物規格例

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乳製品

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Microbial Standards in Southeast Asia東南アジア諸国の微生物規格例

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食肉/肉含有製品

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Reference Method/Microbiological criteria in Asian/ASPAC countriesアジア/ASPAC諸国での標準法(参照法)と微生物規格

China 中国GB StandardsSN Standards

GuÓ Biaõ国 标National Standards

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GB/T 4789-Microbiological examination of Food Hygiene食品衛生の微生物検査(中国)

GB/T 4789 is the national standards for Microbiological examination of Food Hygiene食品衛生の微生物検査ではGB/T 4789が国家標準First appeared in 1984 1984年初版Modified in 1994, 2003 1994年、2003年改定

Widely used in all Chinese food microbiological laboratories including CIQ, CDC, QIB, food company etc. CIQ, CDC, QIBを含む試験機関で広く用いられている

Version 2003 lags behind the International Standards (US FDA BAM, ISO, etc.) 2003年版は国際標準からは遅れている

SN-method is introduced by the CIQ system and take some functions of GB Standards… SN-methodはCIQにより導入されいくつかのGBの機能を含む

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Reference Method in Australiaオーストラリアにおける標準法(参照法)

Standards Australia and ISO - methodsFSANZ – food standards and limits

AQIS – import/exportFSIS/USDA – import /export

AOAC - validationAFNOR – validation

NATA - accreditation

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Reference Method in Australiaオーストラリアにおける標準法(参照法) 例

リステリア・モノサイトゲネスの菌数測定法

発酵挽肉の大腸菌試験法

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Microbiological criteria in Australiaオーストラリアにおける微生物規格

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Microbiological criteria in Australiaオーストラリアにおける微生物規格

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Alternative Methods in EU/USA/Asia欧米/アジアにおける簡易代替試験法

Consequences about Analysis Methods 試験法の概念

2 kinds of Methods are recognized: Reference methodsand Alternative validated methods 標準法(参照法)と妥当性確

認された簡易代替法が認められている

Europe 欧州 :Reference methods 標準法(参照法)= ISOAlternative methods must be validated according to ISO16140 and certified 簡易代替試験法はISO 16140に基づき妥当性確

認され承認を受けていなければならない

USA 米国:Reference methods 標準法(参照法) = BAM and MLGAlternative methods must be validated by AOAC 簡易代替試験

法はAOACによる妥当性確認を受けていなければならない26

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Alternative Methods in EU/USA/Asia欧米/アジアにおける簡易代替試験法

AFNOR (Association Francaise de Normalisation)AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) International

EMMAS Assessment (UK)Health Protection Branch of CanadaDIN Committee (Germany)

Chinese Government (SN & GB)…

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Reason why they can use Alternative Methods 簡易代替試験法が使用可能な理由

Definition定義: Commercial methods adapted to the requirements of an industrial production工業的製造の要求事項に適応した市販キット

Simpler (facility of execution and/or automation), faster (greater speed of analysis and/or answer) and/or additional analytical characteristics (limit of detection, specificity), and/or more economic than the traditional reference methods 簡易(使用が容易および/または自動化されたもの)、迅速(試験のスピードが速い、および/または結果判定が早い)

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Reason why they can use Alternative Methods 簡易代替試験法が使用可能な理由

Acceptability of alternative methods 簡易代替法の使用: 3 different approaches depending on countries 国により3つのアポローチに分かれる:

No specific requirement 特別な申請は不要

Specific registration申請が必要なケース(e.g., India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico …)Third party validation and bodies in charge 独立した第三者機関による妥当性確認のシステム:

USA and others (AOAC International / AOAC RI)Canada (MFHBP Santé Canada)Europe: AFNOR, Microval, NordVal (ISO 16140に基づく妥当性確認)

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Alternative Methods in Europe欧州における簡易代替試験法

According to the European Regulation (EC 2073/2005), an Alternative Method must be:欧州の微生物規格(EC2073/2005)における簡易代替試験法の必須

条件:

1. Certified by third party (Certification body)第三者機関(認証機関)による承認

2. Validated according to ISO 16140 guidelinesISO 16140に基づく妥当性確認

3. Validated in comparison with an international reference method国際標準法(参照法)との比較による妥当性確認

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Validation of Alternative Methods簡易代替試験法の妥当性確認

Objective目的: To demonstrate the equivalence between the alternative method and the reference method 簡易代替試験法と標準法(参照法)の同等性を実証する

According to International rules (ISO 16140) 国際規格(ISO 16140)に基づく妥当性確認:

AFNOR Certification (Validation) MicrovalNordVal

According to other rules その他:AOACHealth Canada

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Reason why they can use Alternative Methods簡易代替試験法が使用可能な理由

The procedure is based on three core principles3つの中核となる原理に基づいた手順:

1. Perform the validation as described e.g., in EN ISO 16140EN ISO 16140のような規格に基づいて妥当性確認が遂行される

2. Manufacturer shall apply a quality system covering the production line of the product for which the certification is sought (ex ISO 9001, ISO 13485)メーカーは認証(ISO 9001, ISO 13485等)を必要とする品質システムを適用

3. Regular verification of the quality of the certified methods, which is made after the certification is granted (regular audit, updated documentation with any modification)承認を受けた試験法の品質を定期的に検証(定期的な査察、変更があった場合の必要書類のアップデート)

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Reason why they can use Alternative Methods簡易代替試験法が使用可能な理由

ISO 16140: 2003 “(Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Protocol for the Validation of alternative methods)” ISO 16140(2003): 簡易代替試験法の妥当性確認のためのプロトコール

Published in May 2003 2003年に発行

Followed by AFNOR Validation Certification since 20042004年以降AFNORによる妥当性確認と認証

Followed by Microval since 2006 2006年以降Microvalでも実施

Under revision 現在改定作業中

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International Validations: AFNOR ValidationインターナショナルバリデーションAFNORでの妥当性確認

AFNOR CERTIFICATION validation AFNORでの妥当性確認(認証システム):

Managed by a Technical Board of approximately 20 people約20名の専門家委員会で運営される

Consisting of representatives of all the parties concerned 全ての関連機関の代表から構成

Divided into the following groups 以下のグループに類別:users 使用者(public and private laboratories 公的および民間の試験機関)technical organisations技術組織(laboratory accreditation organisation試験所認証機関, technical centre of industries concerned関連産業の技術機関, health safety agency健康安全,…)authorities 関連当局(agriculture, health, environment, …depending on application)kit manufacturers worldwide キットメーカー

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International Validations: AFNOR Validationインターナショナルバリデーション:AFNORでの妥当性確認

AFNOR VALIDATION mark :

First on the European and world market ISO 16140に基づき欧州および世界市場で 初にスタート

More than 60 methods validated according to the EN ISO 16140 protocol at the end of 2007 60以上の試験法をISO 16140に基づき妥当性確認(2007年末)

For both qualitative and quantitative methods定性試験法および定量試験法

Methods validated according to a protocol prior to EN ISO 16140 are currently being studied to bring them into line with the new protocolISO 16140発行以前にAFNORで妥当性確認された試験法については、このプロトコールに基づくようにスタディー中

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International Validations: AOAC Internationalインターナショナルバリデーション:AOACインターナショナルでの妥当性

確認

AOAC Official Method validation ensures that AOAC approved microbiology methods are equivalent to the “Gold Standard” reference methods AOACオフィシャルメソッドバリデーションにより“ゴールデンスタンダード”である標準法(参照法)との同等性

AOAC International AOACインターナショナル

Review, validation and publication of analytical methods 試験法のレビュー、妥当性確認、発行

AOAC Research Institute AOAC RISubsidiary of AOAC INTERNATIONAL AOACインターナショナルの支部機関

Provides an independent third-party review of test kit performance claims 独立した第三者機関へ試験キットの性能要求を提供

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International Validations: AOAC Internationalインターナショナルバリデーション:AOACインターナショナルでの妥当性確認

AOAC Validation Programs バリデーションプログラム

AOAC International- Official Methods of Analysis – オフィシャルメソッドアナリシス(

OMA)

- 1.5-2 yrs from validation to approval 承認まで1.5-2年程度を要

する

AOAC Research Institute AOAC RI- Performance Tested Methods – PTM- 0.5 yrs from validation to approval 承認まで0.5年程度を要する

Harmonized Program ハーモナイズプログラム

- PTM → OMA – 1-1.5 yrs PTM⇒OMAを一連で承認を受けるプログ

ラム 1-1.5年程度

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International Validations: AOAC Internationalインターナショナルバリデーション:AOACインターナショナルでの妥当性確認

Official Methods of Analysis (OMA) オフィシャルメソッドオブアナリシス

(OMA)Provides confidence to product users 使用者での信頼

Recognized worldwideワールドワイドでの認知

Written in government regulations, product specifications, product Acceptance政府機関での規制への記載他

Adopted by other national andinternational standards Organizations国家、国際機関での適用

Third party “multi-lab” validation複数の第三者機関での妥当性確認

Performance Tested Methods (PTM)PTM-Approval has gained wide acceptance in the US, Europe, and globally.欧米他多くの国でPTMの

承認を受けた試験法が増えている- Monitored by the Research

InstituteThird Party validation

第三者機関での妥当性確認

Independent “single” Lab Validation独立した第三者機関

1施設での妥当性確認

Certification Mark 承認ロゴ

Annual Review 1年ごとにレビュー

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Products validated for ISO (AFNOR)ISO承認(AFNOR)試験法の関連製品

VIDAS: ISO/AFNORTEMPO: ISO/AFNOR

Chromogenic media酵素其質培地: ISO/AFNOR

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Products validated for AOAC ApprovalAOAC承認試験法の関連製品

VIDAS: RI/OMA

VITEK 2 Compact: RI/OMA

TEMPO: RI/OMA

Chromogenic media酵素其質培地: RI

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

VIDAS関連ISO承認(AFNOR)

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

VIDAS関連ISO承認(AFNOR)

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

VIDAS関連AOAC承認

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

VIDAS関連AOAC承認

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

酵素其質培地関連ISO承認(AFNOR)

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

TEMPO関連ISO承認(AFNOR)

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

TEMPO関連AOAC承認

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bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

TEMPO関連AOAC承認

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AOAC VITEK 2 Validations for Identification parameters: Harmonized RI/OMA

- VITEK 2 GN - Identification of Gram-Negative organisms AOAC OMA approved

- VITEK 2 GP - Identification of Gram-Positive organisms AOAC OMA approved

- VITEK 2 BCL - Identification of Bacillus organisms AOAC RI approved

bioMérieux International Approvals承認試験法(ビオメリュー製品関連)

VITEK 2 コンパクト関連AOAC承認

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GB/T 22429-Focus on VIDAS methodVIDAS を用いた試験法 GN/T 22429への収載

Rapid Screening for Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in foods-Enzyme-linked immunoassay method サルモネラ、大腸菌

O157、リステリア・モノサイトゲネス

Through Fast –Track Program

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FDA BAM Standard Methods - bioMerieux VIDAS SET2 (Staph enterotoxin)

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FDA BAM Standard Methods - bioMerieux AES BACARA culture media (Bacillus cereus)

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Example of labs using VIDAS/TEMPOVIDAS/TEMPO 導入施設 一例

VIDAS (>4,250)US FDAUSDANestle FoodsNestle PurinaAbbott NutritionBristol MyersCargillGuittard ChocolateBlue Diamond GrowersGerberTyson FoodsMead Johnson NutritionalsUnilever BestfoodsMARS Snackfoods…

VIDAS (con’t)McCormick SpicesGeneral Mills/PillsburyConagra FoodsHeinzEurofinsPepsicoKraft Foods

TEMPO (>750)US FDAUSDAUnilever BestfoodsCosto WholesaleConagra FoodsPfizer NutritionUnilever BestfoodsTyson…

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Conclusion まとめ

Reference Methods: Standardization標準化された主な標準法(参照法)

ISO, US FDA BAMMicrobiological criteria 微生物規格

Pathogens: zero tolerance 病原微生物:ゼロ管理の考えが主流

Enumeration: specification limits 菌数管理(指標菌など)

Alternative Validated Methods: 妥当性確認された簡易代替試験法

ISO 16140AOAC

Reason: simpler, faster, LOD, specificity, more economic妥当性確認された簡易代替試験法が使用される理由:簡便、迅速、感度、特異性に優れ、経済面でもメリットあり

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