introduction: statistics in geography module 02. reading read chapters 1 & 2read chapters 1...
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Introduction:Introduction:Statistics in GeographyStatistics in Geography
module 02module 02
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ReadingReading
• read Chapters 1 & 2read Chapters 1 & 2
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Introduction:Introduction:Statistics in GeographyStatistics in Geography
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Why Use Statistics?Why Use Statistics?
• help explainhelp explain• takes us beyond descriptiontakes us beyond description– idiographic vs nomotheticidiographic vs nomothetic• idiographicidiographic: relating to, involving or dealing : relating to, involving or dealing
with the individual or uniquewith the individual or unique• nomotheticnomothetic: formulating general statements or : formulating general statements or
scientific lawsscientific laws
• symbiotic relationship of the 2symbiotic relationship of the 2• nomothetic nomothetic ––>––> scientific method scientific method
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Scientific MethodScientific Method
• modelmodel
• theorytheory
• laws & paradigmslaws & paradigms
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Basic Terms & ConceptsBasic Terms & Concepts
• datadata
• data setdata set
• observationsobservations
• data valuedata value
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Basic Terms & ConceptsBasic Terms & Concepts
• descriptivedescriptive– qualitativequalitative
• inferentialinferential– test hypothesestest hypotheses
– based on probabilities of outcomesbased on probabilities of outcomes
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Basic Terms & ConceptsBasic Terms & Concepts
• statistical populationstatistical population
• samplesample
• estimationestimation
• hypothesis testinghypothesis testing
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal
• ordinalordinal
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal
• ordinalordinal
• intervalinterval
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal
• ordinalordinal
• intervalinterval
• ratioratio
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal least powerfulleast powerful
• ordinalordinal
• intervalinterval
• ratioratio
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal
• ordinalordinal
• intervalinterval most powerfulmost powerful
• ratioratio
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal least powerfulleast powerful
• ordinalordinal
• intervalinterval most powerfulmost powerful
• ratioratio
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Levels of MeasurementLevels of Measurement
• nominalnominal least powerfulleast powerful
• ordinalordinal
• intervalinterval most powerfulmost powerful
• ratioratio
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General Requirements for a General Requirements for a Statistical TestStatistical Test
• availabilityavailability
• reliabilityreliability
• sufficiencysufficiency
• definitiondefinition
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Parametric Test or Parametric Test or Nonparametric Test?Nonparametric Test?
• parametricparametric–makes assumptionsmakes assumptions
• nonparametricnonparametric– no assumptionsno assumptions
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Advantages of NonparametricAdvantages of Nonparametric
• distribution freedistribution free• works on ordinal works on ordinal (sometimes nominal)(sometimes nominal)
• easily computedeasily computed
• works on small samplesworks on small samples
• many are exact testsmany are exact tests
• generally easier to understandgenerally easier to understand
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The Power of a TestThe Power of a Test
• so why use parametric?so why use parametric?–more powerfulmore powerful
• size of sample increases powersize of sample increases power
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Huge Number of TestsHuge Number of Tests
• which one?which one?
• usually an easy selection processusually an easy selection process– based on nature of data, problem, based on nature of data, problem,
hypothesishypothesis
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Geographic DataGeographic Data
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Discussion of Geographic DataDiscussion of Geographic Data
• questionsquestions
• sourcessources
• methodmethod
• typetype
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TypeType
• primaryprimary
• secondarysecondary
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PrimaryPrimary
• fieldfield
• timetime
• sample designsample design
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Secondary (Archival)Secondary (Archival)
• other usesother uses
• government or other government or other organizationorganization
• convenienceconvenience
• paper/CD/DVD/floppy/computer paper/CD/DVD/floppy/computer filefile
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Advantages of SecondaryAdvantages of Secondary
• costcost
• timetime
• sample designsample design
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Disadvantages of SecondaryDisadvantages of Secondary
• dependencedependence
• errorserrors