1

Iphepha elethulwa ku-

Ngqongqoshe WeMfundo Ephakeme Nokuqeqeshwa

Dkt. Blade Nzimande

Ukugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi eNingizimu Afrika

uFebruwari 2011

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Okuphakathi

1. Isingeniso

2. Lapho umthetho umi khona ngendaba yemfundo yolimi

lwebele

3. Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele esimweni esingokoqobo

4. Ukusekelwa ngemali kwemfundo yolimi lwebele

5. Iziphetho

6. Amapulani ezinyathelo ngemfundo yolimi lwebele

7. Uhla lwemithombo

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1. Isingeniso

Lesi sethulo (presentation) siwumphumela womhlangano i-AfriForum Jeug

(Intsha ye-AfriForum) eyayiwubambe noNgqongqoshe WeMfundo

Ephakeme Nokuqeqeshwa, uDkt. Blade Nzimande ngomhla ka-15 Okthoba

2010. Lapho kwaxoxwa ngokugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele

nobundiminingi (multilinguallism) ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme

eNingizimu Afrika.

Iqiniso elidabukisayo liwukuthi cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila

komphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika sekusetshenziswa isiNgisi bese

kunyathelwa izilimi zomdabu zakuleli.1 Loku kubadalela izinkinga abafundi

abangakhulumi isiNgisi ekhaya. Kunjalo-nje kubhebhezela nombono wokuthi

izakhamuzi nabafundi abangasikhulumi isiNgisi bangabezinga eliphansi futhi

abanalungelo lokunikwa impatho elinganayo neyabanye.2

Kule ngxoxo nongqogqoshe kwabhekwa kafuphi ukuthi umthetho wona

umiphi endabeni yokugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele, yokuntuleka

kwezimali zokusekela izinyuvesi ezindiminingi, kanye nezizathu zokuthi kungani

imfundo yolimi lwebele kanye nobundiminingi kumelwe kugqugquzelwe.

Kwabhekwa futhi nezithiyo ezithile okumelwe zigudluzwe ukuze buchume

ubundiminingi. Ezinkulukazi kulezi wukuba ulimi lungasetshenziselwa

ukubandlulula nanoma ubani, inselele engokoqobo yokuthuthukisa izilimi

eziyishumi nanye zifinyelele iqophelo elilinganayo, iqiniso lokuthi

eziyisishiyagalolunye zalezi zilimi zezwe ezisemthethweni eziyishumi nanye

azikathuthukiselwa ezingeni lolimi lwemfundo ephakeme, ingcindezi phezu

kwezinyuvesi yokuba zibonise umumo wokwakheka komphakathi kanye

nezinsiza ezintulekayo, konke okubizela ukuthi kube nokulinganiswa okuhle

(balance) phakathi kwezimali ezikhokhelwa imfundo yolimi lwebele nalezo

ezikhokhelwa ezinye izidingo-ngqangi njengemifundaze, indawo yokuhlala

yabafundi, njalonjalo.

Ungqongqoshe wabe esebeka isicelo ku-AfriForum Jeug sokuba yenabe

ngalezi zingqinamba bese izethula kuMnyango ukuze uMnyango WeMfundo

1Uma kuthiwa “izilimi zomdabu” kushiwo isiSuthu, isiTswana, isiSwazi, isiVenda, isiTsonga, isiBhunu,

isiNdebele, isiXhosa nesiZulu. Kubalulekile ukuliqaphela iqiniso lokuthi isiBhunu naso siwulimi lomdabu (noma-ke “lwase-Afrika”) nokuthi naso kumelwe sisingathwe kanjalo. 2I-article 6(4) yoMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ubalula ukuthi zonke izilimi ezisemthethweni kumelwe

zinikwe isithunzi esilinganayo futhi ziphathwe ngokufanele. I-article 9(3) yoMthetho-sisekelo ibalula ukuthi, phakathi kokunye, leli zwe akumelwe libandlulule noma yisiphi isakhamuzi ngesisekelo solimi. Bheka ingxenye 3 lapha ngezansi ukuze uthole okunye mayelana nokuthi umiphi umthetho ngendaba yolimi.

4

Ephakeme ukwazi ukuzicabangela ngenjongo yokuba mhlawumbe kube

khona ushintsho kunqubo-mgomo.

Ngakho-ke lesi sethulo siwumphumela walo mhlangano osushiwo futhi inhloso

yaso iwukunika ungqongqoshe ucubungulo olufishane olunohlonze lokuthi

kungaziphi izizathu kumelwe kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa izilimi

zendabuko zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngakho-ke lapha kuhlaziywa ukuthi

umthetho umiphi kanye nezizathu zokuba kugqugquzelwe imfundo yolimi

lwebele, kanti futhi kubekwa iziphakamiso ezinokwenzeka zezinyathelo

ezingase zithathwe ukuqinisekisa ukusekelwa okuthe xaxa kokugqugquzelwa

kwezilimi zomdabu. Futhi kudonselwa ukunakekela ngokukhethekile endleleni

yokulandelwa (formula) lapho kusekelwa ngezimali izikhungo zemfundo

ephakeme njengesinyathelo esibaluleke kunazo zonke okumelwe sithathwe

ukuze kugqugquzelwe imfundo yolimi lwebele kanye nobundiminingi.

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2. Lapho uMthetho umi khona ngendaba

yeMfundo Yolimi Lwebele

Kule ngxenye yesethulo kuzoqala kugxilwe ezibalulweni (stipulations) ezithile

ezikuMthetho-sisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika.3 UMthetho-

sisekelo uzosetshenziswa njengozime lokubambelela, njengoba wona

uwumthetho ophakeme kunayo yonke weRiphabhuliki kanti futhi noma

yisiphi isiyalelo somthetho noma isinyathelo esingqubuzana nawo siyinto

engenakusebenza nezibopho ezibekwa ngawo kumelwe ukuba zigcinwe.4

Njengoba leli phepha (document) limayelana ngokuyinhloko nendaba

yobundiminingi emfundweni ephakeme kuzoqashelwa nokunye ukubalula

okukuMthetho WeMfundo Ephakeme. 5

Ngokwe-article 6(1) yoMthetho-sisekelo WeRiphabhuliki YaseNingizimu Afrika

iNingizimu Afrika inezilimi zezwe ezisemthethweni eziyi-11, okungukuthi isiSuthu,

isiTswana, isiSwazi, isiVenda, isiTsonga, isiBhunu, isiNgisi, isiNdebele, isiXhosa,

nesiZulu. Isigatshana 2 sibeka isibopho phezu koMbuso (futhi ngokugudlisela

naphezu kweMinyango YeMfundo Eyisisekelo Nephakeme) ukuba, lapho

kubhekwa ukusilela kokusetshenziswa nesithunzi (status) sezilimi zomdabu

zaseNingizimu Afrika, uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo nezinokwenzeka

zokuphakamisa isithunzi salezi zilimi futhi ugqugquzele ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

Isigaba 7 soMthetho-sisekelo sibalula ukuthi uMqulu Wamalungelo usekwe

ezimisweni (principles) ezintathu, okungukuthi, isithunzi sokuba wumuntu,

ukulingana kanye nenkululeko bese sibeka isibopho phezu koMbuso

sokuhlonipha, ukuvikela, ukugquguzela nokufezekisa la malungelo.

Isigaba 9(3) soMthetho-sisekelo sibalula ukuthi ngokuqondile noma

ngokungaqondile uMbuso ungebandlulule ngokungenabulungiswa nanoma

ubani ngesisekelo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu okuhlanganisa uhlanga,

ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwana (ethnic) noma yezenhlalo, isiko-mpilo nolimi.

Ngokwenjongo yalesi sethulo kuzogxilwa ngokukhethekile kusigaba 29,

izigatshana 1 no-2, zoMthetho-sisekelo, zona ezibalula kanje:

“(1) Yilowo nalowo muntu unelungelo –

3 UMthetho 108 ka-1996.

4 Isigaba 2 soMthetho-sisekelo.

5 UMthetho 101 ka-1997.

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(a) lokuthola imfundo eyisisekelo, kuhlanganisa imfundo eyisisekelo yabantu

abadala ezikhungweni zombuso noma ezikhungweni ezithola usizo

embusweni; futhi

(b) lemfundo engaphezu kweyisisekelo, sokuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala,

kufanele wenze intuthuko ibe khona kunoma ngubani. (sic)

(2) Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthola imfundo ngolimi alukhethayo esakhiweni

semfundo somphakathi lapho leyo mfundo [inokunikezwa khona]. Ukuze

kuqinisekiswe ukuthi leli lungelo kuyafinyelelwa kulona ngempela, nokuphoqelelwa

kwaleli lungelo, umbuso kufanele uhlolisise yonke imigudu efanele yemfundo,

kubandakanya nezakhiwo zemfundo ezifundisa ngolimi olulodwa, kube kunakekelwe

okulandelayo –

(a) lokho okugculisayo [kumuntu] wonke othintekile [fairness];

(b) ukuthi kungenzeka yini; [kanye]

(c) [ne]sidingo sokulungisa imiphumela yemithetho nenqubo eyedlule

eyayibandlulula ngokobuzwe.”

Isigaba 27(2) soMthetho WeMfundo Ephakeme ubalula ukuthi inqubo-

mgomo yolimi yesikhungo semfundo ephakeme kumelwe imiswe yiBhodi

ngokuvumelana ne-Senate ngaphandle kwenqubo-mgomo emiswe

wuNgqongqoshe. Kunemibono ehlukene yokuthi kushiwoni ngalo mbandela

wokuba leyo nqubo-mgomo ihambisane nenqubo-mgomo

kaNgqongqoshe, kodwa ngokwesimo kuthathwa ngokuthi le nqubo-mgomo

kumelwe ihambisane nako konke okubalulwe ngenhla ngokomthetho-

sisekelo. Inqubo-mgomo ephumela ekunyathelweni kwezilimi zomdabu

ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika ingebe ngokomthetho-sisekelo futhi

ngokunjalo iyongqubuzana nalezo zibopho ezibekwe phezu koMbuso

ngokwezigaba 6(2) no-29(2) zoMthetho-sisekelo. Ngisho neNkantolo

YoMthetho-sisekelo yanquma ngo-2010 ukuthi isigaba 29(2) soMthetho-

sisekelo asilivumi nje kuphela ilungelo lokuthola imfundo ngolimi

olusemthethweni lokuzikhethela, kodwa lesi sigaba sibeka isibopho phezu

koMbuso sokubs uqinisekise ukufinyeleleka okungokoqobo kwaleli lungelo.6

Esinqumweni sakhe uMoseneke DCJ wathi:

“Isig 29(1) siyalishayelela ilungelo lokuthola imfundo eyisisekelo kanye nelungelo

lemfundo eqhubekayo lawo, ngezinyathelo ezisesilinganisweni sokucabanga okuhle

(reasonable), uMbuso okufanele uqhubeke uwenza atholakale kuye wonke

umuntu.”7

Ngokuphathelene nesigatshana 2, uMoseneke DCJ ukhipha isinqumo esithi:

“Leli lungiselelo lakhiwe yizingxenye ezimbili ezicacile kodwa eziqinisanayo. ingxenye

yokuqala ibeka imfuneko esobala yokuthola imfundo esikoleni sikawonkewonke

ngolimi lokuzikhethela. Nokho lelo lungelo lihleleka busha (modified) ngaphakathi

ngoba loko kukhetha kutholakala kuphela uma „kunokwenzeka

ngokusesilinganisweni‟. Ukuthi kunini lapho ukuthola ukufundiswa ngolimi

6 Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 (2) SA 415 (CC), at 416 C – D

7 Supra, 431, at para [47]

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lokuzikhethela „kunokwenzeka ngokusesilinganisweni' kuncike kuzo zonke izimo

eziphathelene zodaba ngalunye8

Ngokusebenza kwesigatshana 2 kuchazwa kanje:

“Kuyisiyalelo phezu koMbuso ukuba ucabangele konke okungase kwenziwe

ngokusesilinganisweni mayelana nemfundo, loko okuhlanganisa izikhungo zalulimi-

lunye, kodwa kungagcini lapho. Ukunquma loko okukhethwayo, njengokuthi

ukufundisa ngalulimi lunye noma ngezilimi elinganisene uMbuso kumelwe

ucabangele loko okunobulungiswa kubo bonke, okuyinto engenzeka futhi

okuvumelana nesidingo sokulungisa imiphumela yemithetho nezinkambiso

kwesikhathi esidlule okubandlulula ngobuhlanga.”9

Mayelana nendaba yezibopho ezibekwa wuMthetho-sisekelo phezu

koMbuso kubalulekile ukuqaphela isigaba 237 soMthetho-sisekelo:

“[Z]onke [izibopho] e[zi]bekwe ngokomthethosisekelo kufanele [z]enziwe

ngokukhuthala futhi ngokungachithi sikhathi.”

Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka uMthetho WeMfundo Ephakeme uqhubeka

ngokubalula kusigaba 37 ukuthi izimfuneko zokungenisa abafundi zesikhungo

semfundo ephakeme kumelwe zibe nenjongo yokulungisa ukungalingani

kwesikhathi esedlule ukuze kungabikho muntu obandlululeka

ngokungenabulungiswa. Ngokwesigaba 39(2) salo mthetho uNgqongqoshe

unegunya lokunquma ngokwabiwa kwezimali zezikhungo zemfundo

ephakeme. UNgqongoshe unako ukubeka imibandela eseslinganisweni

afake nemitheshwana efanelekile, ngombandela wokuthi inqubo ibe

ngenobulungiswa futhi ibonakale nakubani.

Silimisa ngesihloko lapha elokuthi ukwabiwa kwezimali ezikhungweni

zemfundo ephakeme kufeza indima ngqangi ekusebenzeni kwaleso sikhungo

nanokuthi, ngenxa yezibopho ezithintwe ngenhla lezo ezibekwe phezu

koMbuso, akufanele kusetshenziswe nqubo thile yokusekela imfundo

ephakeme ngezimali kungazange kuhlanganiswe nezindleko ezihambisana

nokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi zomdabu zaseNingizimu Afrika.

8 Supra, 433, at para [52]

9 Supra, 434, at para [53]. Lolu daba lwaluphathelene nempikiswano phakathi koMnyango WeMfundo

Eyisisekelo eMpumalanga kanye nebhodi elilawulayo lase-Hoërskool Ermelo kulesi sifundazwe. Ngokuphathelene noMnyango WeMfundo Eyisisekelo inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi, ngokukhanyisa kwesigaba- 29(2) soMthetho-sisekelo, uMnyango WeMfundo Eyisisekelo ubophekile ukuba uthathe izinyathelo ezingokomthetho zokupha loku indlebe (at para [101]).

8

3. Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele esimweni

esingokoqobo

Luninigi ucwaningo olubonisa igalelo elihle ukufundiswa ngolimi lwebele

okunalo emfundweni ngisho nasenhlakahleni yezwe. Naphezu kwale

mpicabadala edabukisayo okuhambisana nayo, kukhona ingcindezi

eyandayo phezu kwalabo abakhuluma izilimi zomdabu yokuba bafundiswe

ngalolo okuwukuphela kwalo ezilimini ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika

okungelona lwendabuko.10 I-Afrika iwukuphela kwezwekazi lapho iningi

lezingane ziqala khona isikole ngolimi okungelona lwakubo. Loku kuholela

emfundweni yezinga eliphansi nanokubukelwa phansi kwaleli zwekazi. 11

Inkinyankiya eqhubekayo iwukuthi amazwe athuthukile agcizelela imfundo

yolimi lwebele bese kuthi lawo asathuthuka, nakuba emelene

ngokunamandla nobukholoniyali, wona alokhu enombono wokuthi ukuze

abantu bakwazi kangcono “ukuncintisana ezingeni lomhlaba” kudingeke

ukuba bafunde ngezilimi zobukholoniyali. Konke loku phezu kokuba

kunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezindinganiso (standards)

zemfundo ephakeme zezikhungo ezifundisa ngolimi lwebele nalezo

ezisebenzisa ulimi lokwethekelwa. Makuphawuleke futhi ukuthi lo mbono

wokuthi imfundo ngesiNgisi idingekile ukuze kwazeke ukuncintisana ezingeni

lomhlaba uyinto engashaywa mkhuba kuyaphi ngaphandle kwemingcele

yala mazwe asathuthuka. Kunalokho, uma kuthathwa i-website ethi

www.topuniversities.com njengothi lokulinganisa lapho kukalwa iqophelo

lezinyuvesi zomhlaba eziphuma phambili, kuyabonakala ukuthi cishe zonke

lezi zinyuvesi zigcizelela imfundo yolimi lwebele. Cishe okuwukuphela

kwezinyuvesi ezigxile ekufundiseni ngesiNgisi ngezase-USA, United Kingdom,

Australia, njalonjalo, lapho kufundiswa khona ngesiNgisi ngenxa yokuthi

kakade siwulimi lwasekhaya kubafundi. Ngokwalo lonke ulwazi oluye

lwatholakala, zonke lezi zinyuvesi zigxile emfundweni yolimi lwebele,

okungaba yimfundo ngesiJapane, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiDashi, noma

olunye ulimi.

Emhlabeni jikelele kusobala ukuhlobana okuphakathi kokugqugquzelwa

kwemfundo yolimi lwebele nokuqina kwezomnotho kwalelo zwe, njengoba

kucace bha kula mashadi alapha ngezansi. Isizathu saloko siwukuthi imfundo

yolimi lwebele iyayikhuphula impumelelo yemfundo kanti iqophelo

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UMoseneke DCJ uyayiphawula futhi le mpicabadala esinqumweni seNkantolo YoMthetho-sisekelo ku-Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 (2) SA 415. 11

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages and multilingual education, kk. 4 – 5.

9

eliphakeme lemfundo liphakamisa isimo sokukwazi ukuthuthukisa umnotho

kubantu abasebenzayo, okuthi kona kukhuphule ingeniso jikelele lezwe.

Kumelwe kuthintwe futhi ukuthi kuludlana ngamazwe athuthukile ukuqhuba

imfundo yolimi lwebele ngesizathu sokuthi wona anezinsiza ezithe xaxa

ngobuningi. Loku akulishintshi nokho iqiniso lokuthi lezi zindleko ezithe xaxa

okumelwe kubhekanwe nazo ekugqugquzeleni imfundo yolimi lwebele

enkathini ende kubonakala zizoletha umvuzo omuhle ozoba ngesimo

sabantu abasebenzayo abakwazi ukuletha umsebenzi omuhle ngenxa

yokuthi imfundo yolimi lwebele yabangela ukuba ukuqeqesheka kwabo

kushaye emhloleni kakhudlwana kunalapho befundiswe khona ngenye

indlela. La mashadi alapha ngezansi abonisa ukuhlobana okuphakathi

kwemfundo yolimi lwebele namangeniso ala mazwe athintekile.

Amazwe lapho imfundo yolimi lwebele inikwa khona kuze kube seqophelweni lesikole

sesekhondari12

12

Amashadi ahlanganiswe yi-Solidariteit (2008).

10

Ukulinganiswa kwengeniso ngezigaba ngokweBhange Lomhlaba (izibalo zika-2008)

INhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezemfundo, Ezesayensi Nezamasiko-mpilo

(UNESCO) ilinganisa ukuthi cishe ziyi-5 – 15% ezinganeni zase-Afrika ezilwaziyo

lolo limi lokwethekelwa ezifundiswa ngalo lapho ziya esikoleni. Loku

okungenhla kwathola nokuthi akulona iqiniso ukuthi ukufundiswa ngezilimi

zase-Afrika kubambezela ukuqondwa kahle kwesayensi, ithekinoloji nolunye

ulwazi lukawonkewonke.13

Ngaphezu kwaloko ucwaningo lomhlaba lubonise ukuthi abafundi bakwazi

ukufunda amakhono okuxoxa okujwayelekile ngolimi olusha esikhathini

esingangonyaka kuye kwemibili, kanti endaweni lapho ekhona kahle onke

amathuluzi kuthatha okungenani iminyaka eyisithupha ukufunda amakhono

olimi lwemfundo ephakeme yezinto ezingenakubonwa kodwa eziqondakala

ngolimi lwemfundo.14

EMali kwatholakala ukuthi cishe yi-10% yezingane zesikole samabanga

aphansi ezisemakilasini okufundwa kuwo ngolimi lwebele nanokuthi ithuba

lokuthi lezi zingane ziphinde unyaka lincane ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunalelo

lezingane ezingozakwabo ezifunda ngolunye ulimi.15 EJalimane

kwatholakala ukuthi iqembu lezingane ezenza kabi kakhulu esikoleni

liphakathi kwezifiki ezikhuluma olunye ulimi ekhaya kunalolo ezifundiswa

ngalo.16

13

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k9. 14

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k28. 15

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k30. 16

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k30.

11

ENingizimu Afrika, phakathi kuka-1955 no-1976 izingane zesikole ezimnyama

zazifunda ngolimi lwebele iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Phakathi nale nkathi

izinga lokuphasa laba wu-83.7% ngo-1976. Emva kwaloko kwashintshwa

uhlelo okwaholela ekuthini inkathi yokuthola imfundo yolimi lwebele

incishiselwe eminyakeni emine. Kule nkathi izinga lokuphasa lawa kakhulu

laya ku-44% ngo-1992.17

I-Systematic Evaluation National Report yaseNingizimu Afrika ka-2005

yabonisa ukuthi abafundi abafunda ngolimi lwabo lwebele bathola

isilinganiso (average) sikazwelonke sika-69%. Labo abangafundi ngolimi

lwabo lwasekhaya ngokwesilinganiso bathola i-32% kuphela.18

Ama-case study

Burkina Faso

EBurkina Faso kwasungulwa umkhankaso wokuthuthukisa imfundo yolimi

lwebele emfundweni eyisisekelo esemthethweni. Njengoba yayiyikoloni

laseFransi ulimi lwemfundo eBurkina Faso kwakuwulimi lwezwe

olusemthethweni, isiFulentshi. Nokho, leli zwe linamaqembu ezizwana (ethnic

groups) nezilimi okucishe kube ama-60. I-17% yabantu bakulelo zwe

bakhuluma isiFulentshi bese kuthi zonke lezi ezinye izilimi zendawo ziqashelwe

njenge„zilimi zezwe‟. Imfundo esemthethweni eBurkina Faso iqhutshwa

ngesiFulentshi ukusuka ngosuku lokuqala esikoleni kuye kolokugcina enyuvesi.

Nokho uhlaziyo lokubukisisa (critical evaluation) lwesimiso semfundo

esisemthethweni eBurkina Faso lwabonisa ukuthi bangama-22 kuphela

kwabayi-100 abafundi besikole abaqalisa isikole sabaqalayo bese besiqeda

phakathi neminyaka eyisithupha (okuyinkathi evamile yesikole sabaqalayo)

futhi bayi-17 kuphela kubo abaphasa isitifiketi sokuqeda esikoleni. Ngakho-ke

kulesi simiso kwakuvame kakhulu ukushiya phansi isikole nokuphinda

amakilasi.19 Ngo-1994 kwamiselwa abafundi bangama-55 isikole sokuzwa

amanzi ngobhoko semfundo yolimi lwebele kwathi isiFulentshi saba wulimi

lwesibili. Loku kwaphumela ekuncipheni kwenkathi yokufunda (ngeminyaka

emibili). Izinga lokuphasa ukuhlolwa okufanayo nokwabafundi abasesikoleni

17

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k33. 18

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages and multilingual education, p33. 19

Lezi zibalo zifana kakhulu nalezo zemfundo eyisisekelo eNingizimu Afrika. Ngo-1999 kwabhaliswa ingqikithi ye-1 318 932 yabafundi baka-Grade 1, iningi labo elalingafundi ngolimi lwasekhaya. Lapho ekugcineni lona leli qembu selibhala ukuhlolwa kwalo kwe-natonal senior certificate , kwaba yingqikithi engama-559 166 eyabhalisela ukuhlolwa kwathi kuyo kwaphasa kuphela ama-27,6% kuleliya qembu le-1,3 izigidi.

12

sabaqalayo esijwayelekile laba wu-52.83% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga

lokuphasa likazwelonke lika-40% kuya ku-42%. 20

Peru

Ngo-1952 ePeru kwethulwa imfundo esekelwe olimini lwebele ukuze

kuhlangatshezanwe nezidingo zemfundo zabantu bomdabu basemahlathini

emvula asePeru. Ngo-1972 kwenziwa izinguquko zokumisa umphakathi

omasiko-mpilo maningi kwafakwa nolimi lwesiKetshu (Quechua) lona oluze

lwaqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengolimi ngo-1975. Ngo-1994 umthetho-

sisekelo waqaphela amalungelo abantu bomdabu olimi nemfundo

ngokuqaphela ukwehlukahlukana ngokobuzwana namasiko-mpilo. Loku

kwaphumela ekusetshenzisweni kolimi lwendabuko kanye nolimi lwesiPanishi.

Abafundi baqala ukufunda nokubhala ngolimi lwebele, okwakuwukuphela

kolimi lokufundisa eminyakeni yokuqala yesikole. Ekuqaleni isiPanishi

sifundiswa njengolimi lwesibili. Ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo endimimbili (bilingual)

kuye kwabonisa igalelo elihle kubafundi bomdabu. Lezi zinzuzo zihlanganisa:

Umsebenzi wemfundo ephakeme othuthukile jikelele

Ikhono elithe xaxa lokusebenza izinkinga ze-mathematics

Ukuqiniseka okuthe xaxa ekukhulumeni isiPanishi

Ukuzethemba okuthe xaxa

Ukubamba iqhaza kwabafundi okwengeziwe

Enye yezinto ezinhle zesimiso semfundo esindimimbili sasePeru

wukuthuthukiswa okukhudlwana kokuqashelwa kanye nokuhlonishwa

kwamaqembu ehlukene kanye namalungelo awo.21

Mali

Ngo-1979 ulimi lwemfundo esemthethweni eMali lwashintshwa ekubeni

yisiFulentshi kwayiwa ekusebenziseni izilimi zezwe ngenkathi kuzanywa

ukuxazulula isibalo sabashiya phansi isikole, ukufeyila okuningi nokuphinda

amakilasi. Imfundo endimimbili yaqala kuzwiwa amanzi ngobhoko kwathi

izilimi zezwe zafakwa njengolimi lokufundisa emabangeni 1 ukuya ku-6. Ulimi

lwengane lwasekhaya lusetshenziswa njengolimi lokufundisa bese kuthi

phakathi naso sonke isikole sabaqalayo ulimi lwesibili lufundiswe ukuze

ingane ikwazi ukuqonda kahle izilimi ezimbili. Izingane zifundiswa ukufunda

nokubhala ngolimi lwazo lwasekhaya zingakaqali ukufunda isiFulentshi, bese

kuthi ebangeni lesihlanu nelesithupha uhhafu wezifundo zengane zinikwa

ngesiFulentshi. Iqembu lokuqala (elahlolwa edolobheni laseSegou)

20

Umbiko we-UNESCO (2008) Improving the Quality of Mother Tongue-based Literacy and Learning: Case Studies from Asia, Africa and South America, p119. 21

Local Language as a Key to Effective Learning, kk 23 – 27.

13

laphothula ukuhlolwa kokungena ebangeni lesikhombisa ngezinga

lokuphasa lika-77% uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sezinga likazwelonke

sika-66%. Lolu phando (study) lwabonisa ukuthi impumelelo yabafundi

iphakeme ngokuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezikole zesiFulentshi

sodwa.22

Bangladesh

EBangladesh umphakathi wakhiwe yizizwana zamasiko-mpilo nezilimi

okuhlukahlukene. Kukhona imindeni yezilimi emithathu ekhethekile

engasikwa izigaba ezisabalele eBangladesh. Lena ngamaTibet-Burma, ama-

Austro-Asiatic/Mon-Khmer, amaDravidi. Ngaphakathi kwalezi zigaba ezinkulu

ezintathu kukhona izilimi ezizimele nezendawo. Ngo-1952 i-East Bengal

Education System Reconstruction Committee yokuqala yethula umbiko othi

imfundo yolimi lwebele izoba yindinganiso ezingeni labaqalayo. I-Ashrai‟s

Action Research Project yayihlose ukwenza ngcono iqophelo lempumelelo

yabafundi ngemfundo yolimi lwebele emazingeni abasaqala. Inkolelo-

mbono (hypothesis) yayiwukuthi uma kukhona izinto ezifanele zokufunda

bese kufundiswa ngolimi lwebele impumelelo yabafundi yayizoya

ngokwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isilinganiso samamaki abafundi kule

Ashrai‟s Action Research Project abe eseqhathaniswa nawabafundi

basesikoleni sikahulumeni ababengalibambanga iqhaza kuleli projeke.

Imikhakha yokuqhathanisa emithathu kwakuyile: i-Mathematics, Amasayensi

Ezenhlalo noLimi. (Bheka igrafu engezansi):

22

14

Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele olimini, isayensi yezenhlalo kanye ne-maths eBangladesh23

I-Series 1 yisilinganio somphumela wensebenzo yezingane ezathola imfundo yolimi lwebele

kuqhathaniswa ne-Series 2 okuyisilinganiso somphumela wensebenzo emfundweni

kawonkewonke.

ENingizimu Afrika sinenhlanhla yokuba neplatifomu yokwakhela kuyo futhi

sinwebe imfundo yolimi lwebele. Uma ucwaningo lusibonisile ukuthi imfundo

yolimi lwebele iyazuzisa ekusebenzeni kahle komuntu emfundweni

ephakeme, thina njengesizwe siphoqelekile ukuba siqiniseke ukuthi iyafakwa

esimisweni sethu semfundo. Ezweni eliphonsa esivivaneni kuphela i-0.36%

yezindleko zokucwaninga nomkhiqizo kwanjalo ngonyaka emhlabeni,

kufanele siphishekele ukukhuthaza imfundo yeqophelo ezingeni lemfundo

ephakeme. Loku kungenzeka kahle kuphela uma sitshala imali nokunye

emfundweni yolimi lwebele. INingizimu Afrika inalo ulwazi nobuchule loko

engakunika umhlaba, kuphela kumelwe sithole izindlela zokukhuthaza intsha

yethu ukuba ilwabe lolo lwazi.

23

Mother Tongue-based Literacy Programmes, Case Studies of Good Practice in Africa, k46. Igrafu isekelwe kokutholwe yi-Asrai Action Research Projects

0

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40

Language Social Science Maths

Series 1

Series 2

15

4. Ukusekelwa ngezimali kwemfundo yolimi

lwebele

Uma kucatshangelwa ithonya elikhulukazi lelo imfundo yolimi lwebele

emhlabeni jikelele eyaba nalo ezikoleni nezinyuvesi, nanomyalezo

owuphawu lokuqashelwa nokuhloniphana kwanhlangothi zonke okulethwa

yizinguquko ezinhle zenqubo-mgomo kule ndaba, izindleko zokuthuthukisa

imfundo yolimi lwebele ziphansi ngendlela emangazayo. Nokho kumelwe

kuqondwe ukuhlobana okuphakathi kwaloko okutshalwayo (inputs) naloko

okuvunwayo (outputs). Okutshalwayo kubalwa ngemali, kanti isivuno

(umphumela) siba yiqophelo (quality) lemfundo elithe xaxa nokukhuphuka

kokuqashelwa nokuhloniphana okuvela nhlangothi zonke.

Uma kufikwa endabeni yezimali, ngenxa yesimo izindleko zezikhungo

zemfundo ephakeme ezindiminingi ziphezulu kunalezo zezikhungo zalulimi

lunye. Ngenxa yokwehlukahluka kwezenhlalo emphakathini waseNingizimu

Afrika kanye nelungelo elingokomthetho-sisekelo lokulingana nemfundo

yolimi lwebele, nokho uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika unesibopho

sokuthatha izinyathelo eziphathekayo zenqubo-mgomo evuna

ubundiminingi. Khona lapho kukhona nezinye izizathu eziqinile zokuba

kunyakazwe ezingokwenhlalo nezingokwepolitiki ezenza isidingo sokuba

izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezindiminingi zabelwe izimali ezengeziwe.

Le formula yokwaba izimali zezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ekhona

njengamanje ayibucabangeli nakancane ubundiminingi. Kuphumela

ekuthini isamba esibekelwa isikhungo semfundo ephakeme salulimi lunye

esinjengeNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand sifane ncimishi nesamba esibekelwa

izikhungo ezinjengeNyuvesi yasePitoli neNyuvesi iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga

lapho kuphokophelelwe khona ukuthuthukiswa kwezintathu zezilimi zezwe

ezisemthethweni. Ngakho-ke isinyathelo sokuqala okumelwe sithathwe

ukuxazulula le nkinga siwukuba ubundiminingi bufakwe ku-formula yokwaba

izimali njengento edala ukufanelekela ukuthola imali eyengeziwe.

Izindleko zobundiminingi emazweni angaphandle naseNingizimu Afrika

Emhlabeni jikelele kulandelwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze ngokwezimali

lesi simiso (principle) sibe yinto esebenzayo. ENyuvesi yase-Ottawa

kunesibonelelo (allowance) sikahulumeni sika-8% kubhajethi yesikhungo.

Ngasekuqaleni iNyuvesi yase Maastricht yémukela utshalo-mali luka-10% kuya

16

ku-15% webhajethi yalesi sikhungo okwathi ngayo kwakwazeka ukuba

kwenezelwe ulimi olulodwa kuphela.

Ucwaningo olwénziwa yiNyuvesi iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga lubonisa ukuthi

izindleko ezihambisana nokugqugquzelwa kobundiminingi eNingizimu Afrika

zincane kunaloko ezingase zibe yiko. Nakuba i-Emzantsi Assocaites yathola

ngo-2003 ukuthi kungadla kuphela phakathi kuka-1 ukuya ku-2% wezindleko

zikazwelonke ezibalelwe inkathi emaphakathi ukwenza yonke iminyango

kahulumeni isebenze ngobundiminingi, iNyuvesi iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga

isebenzisa ngisho nangaphansi kuka-1% webhajethi yayo njengesikhungo

ukuze ifezekise inqubo-mgomo wayo wobundiminingi. Kunalokho, ngo-2009

balinganisa ukuthi kudingeka isamba esengeziwe sika-R148,48 kuphela

ngomfundi ngamunye obhalisiwe kule nyuvesi ukuze bahlangabezane

nezindleko zobundiminingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi

ukwenezela olunye ulimi lokusebenza kuwandisa ngo-30% kuphela umthamo

wezinto okumelwe zifakwe (inputs) nobuningi bazo, nanokuthi akuholeli

ekuphindeni kabili zonke izinto okumelwe zifakwe.

Ucubungulo lwale formula yamanje

Le formula yamanje ikala izinto ezihlukahlukene okuyizo ezinquma ukuthi

zingakanani izimali okumelwe zinikwe izinyuvesi ngokwehlukahluka kwazo.

Izinto ezibhekwayo okwamanje zihlanganisa phakathi kokunye loku

okulandelayo:

inani labafundi bebonke abemukelwe;

inani labaphothulayo nohlobo lweziqu abazitholayo; kanye

nobungako bocwaningo olufezwayo ngokubheka phakathi kokunye

inani leziqu zobudokotela kanye nama-article ocwaningo unyaka

ngamunye.

Ngaphandle kwale mikhakha i-formula yokwaba izimali icabangela nezinye

izinto njengobukhulu besikhungo, inani lamakhempasi aso nokuletha kwaso

izinguquko (okukalwa ngomumo womphakathi ngokohlanga)

Ngokubheka iqiniso lokuthi ubundiminingi abucatshangelwe kule formula,

umuntu angalimisa ngesihloko elokuthi lezo zikhungo ezifeza isibopho sazo

esingokomthetho-sisekelo wokuphakamisa izilimi ezisemthethweni

zaseNingizimu Afrika “ziyajeziswa” ngokuba zingatholi mali eyengeziwe

yaloku, okwenza ukuba izindleko zibe sezisikwa kwenye indawo nanokuthi

izilimi zomdabu zingakwazi ukusebenziseka ngendlela ephilayo.

17

Ezinye zezinto ezibhekwayo kule formula yokwabiwa kwezimali yamanje

zigxile ekuklomeliseni imfundo yeqophelo elihle noma ukuyikhuthaza

nanokwandisa ukufinyeleleka kwezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, ikakhulu

kulabo bafundi abazimo zabo zimi kabi. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuphawula

ukuthi ukugqugquzelwa kobundiminingi nako kuzokhuthaza ukufinyeleleka

kwezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kubafundi bazo zonke izilimi nanokuthi

kuzosiza futhi ekulikhuphuleni izinga lemfundo. Kunombono oyiphutha

wokuthi ukugqgquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele kuzokhiphela abafundi

abathile ngaphandle, ekubeni okuyiqiniso yiloko okuphambene naloko.

Esinye isizathu sokukhathazeka ngokuphathelene nobundiminingi, siwukuthi

ingabe buzoba negalelo elibi yini ekulethweni kwezinguquko. Ekuphenduleni

lo mbuzo kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi inqubo yezinguquko yokuphoqelelwa,

ebangela abafundi bavinjelwe ukufunda ngolimi abazikhethele lona,

akukona nje kuphela ukuthi imelene nomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa futhi idala

izinkinga ezengeziwe kunokuletha izixazululo, okokuqala ngoba ithiya

imfundo yeqophelo elihle nanokuthi okwesibili ibanga isimo lapho abafundi

abathile abanenhlanhla benikwa khona okungcono kunabanye ngokuthi

bona bafundiswa ngolimi lwakubo ekubeni abanye bengalitholi ilungelo

elifanayo. Lesi simo siholela ekushubeni komoya ekilasini, okuthi ekugcineni

kube nomthelela omubi ebudlelwaneni babafundi.

Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba le formula yokwabiwa kwezimali

ilungiswe ukuze ihlanganise nokugqugquzelwa kobundiminingi.

I-formula ehlongozwayo

Uma kukhulunywa ngokwabiwa kwezimali, okokuqala kufanele kunakwe

ukuthi ukusekela imfundo yolimi lwebele ngezimali eqinisweni kuyinto

yezindleko eziphansi kakhulu, ikakhulu uma kucatshangwa ngokuthi

umphumela wako ungahamba ibanga elingakanani ekubeni

unokufinyelelwa ngokukhokhelwa imali ephansi ngokulinganiswa.

Ngokuvumelana nezinyathelo ezisunguliwe (iniatives) lezo eziqondiswa

yiHhovisi likaNgqongqoshe WeMfundo Ephakeme mayelana

nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi zase-Afrika njengezilimi zemfundo ephakeme,

kuphakanyiswa lapha ukuthi kwakhiwe i-formula okuzolawulwa ngayo lesi

simiso (principle) nokusetshenziswa kobundiminingi. Kulokhu kutuswa ukuba

kusetshenzwe ngombiko owaziwayo kaNdebele wangonyaka ka-2005

kodwa ushintshwe kancane ukuze ukwazi ukuhlanganisa lo mqondo

wezikhungo eziwuzime nezisekelayo.

18

Ngokokuhlukahluka ngezilimi nangokuhambisana neziphakamiso zombiko

kaNdebele izinyuvesi ezithile noma amakhempasi ezinyuvesi kuzozenza

kutholakalele ukuba ngabathuthukisi abawuzime nabasebenzisi bezilimi

ezithile njengezilimi zokusebenza nezokufundisa kulezo zikhungo. Lezi zilimi

zizoqokwa ngesisekelo somumo womphakathi, ulwazi olukhona kulezo

zinyuvesi kanye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNyuvesi

YaKwaZulu-Natali (UKZN) ingase isebenze njengekhempasi ewuzime yolimi

lwesiZulu, bese kuthi i-UNIZUL ingene njengekhempasi esekelayo. Ndawonye

nangokwesivumelwano sokubambisana esisemthethweni phakathi kwazo,

lezi zikhungo zingaphonsa itshe esivivaneni sokuthuthukisa isiZulu ngendlela

ehlelekile sibe wulimi lwemfundo ephakeme.

Njengekhempasi ewuzime yesiZulu i-UKZN izobe isiba yiziko lokuthuthukisa

nobuciko ngolimi lwesiZulu futhi iqikelele ukuthi lolu limi luthuthukiselwa

ekubeni wulimi lwemfundo ephakeme – lube wulimi lokufundisa

nolokuqondisa umsebenzi – bese kuthi i-UNIZUL yona isekele leli projeke ifake

nesandla kuloku kuthuthukiswa futhi kwayona isebenzise isiZulu njengolimi

lokufundisa nolokusebenza.

Ukwabiwa kwezimali kukazwelonke

Ukusetshenziswa kwale formula ephakanyiswayo kuxhomeke ekwabiweni

kwezimali kukazwelonke.

IHhovisi likaNgqogqoshe licelwa ukuba, njengoba kufaniswa nenkambiso

emiyo njalo yezimali ezibekelwa eceleni (ngokwesibonelo njengoba

kwenzelwa isikhungo ezimakhempasi maningi) lenze kutholakale isibonelelo

esiqondene ngqo nobundiminingi sika-2% wezindleko ezibalelwe inkathi

emaphakathi ukuze le formula ehlongozwayo ikwazi ukusebenza.

19

5. Isiphetho

Kuningi okungase kushiwo ngemfundo yolimi lwebele, ubuhle nobubi bayo.

Nokho, okubalulekile wukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi imfundo yolimi lwebele

kumelwe ibhekwe kucatshangwa ngemfundo yeqophelo, loko ekwenza

enhlalweni yomphakathi kanye neziyalelo zomthetho ezimayelana nayo.

Iningi labantu liyavumelana nokuthi imfundo yolimi lwebele inomphumela

omuhle emfundweni yeqophelo, njengoba kuhlaluke ngokusobala kuleli

phepha.

Ngenkathi i-AfriForum Jeug (intsha ye-AfriForum) ixoxa noNgqongqoshe

WeMfundo Ephakeme, uDkt. Blade Nzimande, ngomhla ka-15 Okthoba 2010,

uNgqongqoshe wathinta ngokufanelekile ezinye zezithiyo mayelana

nokusetshenziswa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele. Ngokuyinhloko lezi zithiyo

zithinta loko okufanele kwenzeke ngayo ngokoqobo nangokwezimali.

Isigaba 6(2) soMthetho-sisekelo sibeka isibopho phezu koMbuso sokuba

uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo ezisemandleni ukukhuphula isithunzi sezilimi

zezwe ezisemthethweni futhi ugqugquzele ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

Ukwedlula lapho, isigaba 29(2) sibalula ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo

lokuthi ezikhungweni zemfundo zomphakathi athole imfundo ngolimi noma

izilimi ezisemthethweni zokuzikhethela uma leyo mfundo kulindeleke

ngokusesilinganisweni ukuthi ingenzeka lapho. UMthetho WeMfundo

Ephakeme wona ubalula ukuthi inqubo-mgomo yolimi yesikhungo semfundo

ephakeme kumelwe imiswe yiBhodi ngokuvumelana ne-Senate nokuthi leyo

nqubo-mgomo kumelwe ihambisane naleyo emiswe wuNgqongqoshe.

Nakuba kunemibono ehlukene yokuthi le nqubo-mgomo emiswe

wungqongqoshe ihamba ibanga elingakanani, ngokwesimo

ayinakungqubuzana nalezi zibopho ezithintwe ngenhla uMthetho-sisekelo

ozibeka phezu koMbuso.

Kuleli phepha thina simi kwelokuthi ukwabiwa kwezimali zezikhungo

zemfundo ephakeme kufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu endleleni leso

sikhungo esisebenza ngayo, nanokuthi ngenxa yalezi zibopho ezithintwe

ngenhla ezibekwe phezu koMbuso, inqubo-mgomo yokwabiwa kwezimali

zezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ayinakwenziwa isebenze ngaphandle

kokuba ihlanganise nezindleko ezihambisana nokuthuthukisa izilimi zomdabu

zaseNingizimu Afrika. Leli zwi lokuphikelela liqina nakakhulu uma kuqashelwa

ubuhle obulindeleke eqophelweni lemfundo ngokusebenzisa imfundo yolimi

lwebele.

20

Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele kuxoxwe ngalo kabanzi engxenyeni 3 yaleli

phepha. Iziphetho ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu okunokufinyelelwa kuzo

lapha, yilezi:

1. Ukuthi emhlabeni jikelele ukusebenzisa imfundo yolimi lwebele

kwaletha ubungcono obukhulu kakhulu ensebenzweni yalabo bafundi

abathintekile; nokuthi

2. Alikho nhlobo iqiniso kulo mbono wokuthi kuyamzuzisa umfundi

ukufunda ngesiNgisi ukuze akwazi “ukuncintisana ezingeni lomhlaba”.

Ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene ukugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi

lwebele kunomthelela othe xaxa ekukwazini komfundi ukuncintisana

ezingeni lomhlaba. Izizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu wukuwuqonda

kangcono lowo mkhakha wezifundo nanokuqina kokuzethemba

komfundi, kona ngokwemvelo okuphumela ekusebenzeni kangcono.

Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu siwukuthi le formula yokwaba izimali

uMnyango WeMfundo Ephakeme oyikhiphela izikhungo zemfundo

ephakeme, ilungiswe (ichitshiyelwe) ukuze ihlanganise ukugqugquzelwa

kwemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi. Kumelwe kuqashelwe ukuthi,

nakuba loko okutshalwayo (input) kule ndaba kubalwa ngemali, umphumela

wona uba wukuthuthuka kwemfundo yeqophelo nanokuphakama

kokuqaphelana nokuhloniphana kwanhlangothi zonke phakathi

kwamaqembu olimi ahlukene eNingizimu Afrika.

Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene mayelana nobundiminingi ezilandelwa

emhlabeni jikelele. ENyuvesi yase-Ottawa kunesibonelelo (allowance)

sikahulumeni sika-8% kubhajethi yesikhungo. Ekuqaleni iNyuvesi

yaseMaastricht yemukela utshalo-mali luka-10% kuya ku-15% webhajethi

yalesi sikhungo okwathi ngayo kwakwazeka ukuba kufakwe ulimi olulodwa

kuphela. ENinginzimu Afrika akudingeki ukuba uxhaso lube phezulu kangako.

Uma nje kungase kwenezelwe isamba cishe sika-R150,00 ngomfundi

ngamunye obhalisiwe, bukhulu kakhulu ubungcono obungenziwa

ngokuphathelene nemfundo yolimi lwebele.

Isiphakamiso sesimiso sokuba kube khona uzime nesisekelo ngokuphathelene

nemfundo ephakeme yiso esibonakala siyinto enokusebenza ukwedlula

konke. Ngokuqondene nalokhu izinyuvesi ezithile noma amakhempasi

ezinyuvesi kuzijuba ukuba kutholakalele ukuba ngabathuthukisi (developers)

nabasebenzisi (implementers) bezilimi ezithile njengezilimi zokusebenza

nokufundisa kulawo makhempasi. Lezi zilimi ziqokwa ngesisekelo

21

samaphethini omumo womphakathi ngolimi nezinye izinto eziguqugukayo.

Kulo mzamo izinyuvesi eziluzime zisebenzisana nezinyuvesi ezisekelayo, bese

kuthi njengomfelandawonye zisebenzele ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa

kwalezo zilimi eziqokiwe. Lo mqondo uchazwe kabanzi engxenyeni 4 yaleli

phepha.

Ukuze loku kukwazi ukwenzeka okokuqala kubalulekile ukuba ubundiminingi

besikhungo semfundo ephakeme bufakwe ku-formula yokwaba imali

njengento eyenza isikhungo sifanelekele ukuthola ukwesekwa ngezimali

okwengeziwe. Kulokhu kuzokwanela uma izinyuvesi ezindiminingi zingase

zinikwe isamba esengeziwe sika-2% wezindleko ezibalelwe inkathi

emaphakathi bese sibekelwa eceleni ukuze kugqugquzelwe ubunduminingi.

Ukwedlula lapho kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi endabeni enjengale

akwenele ukumane kukhishwe imibiko kwenziwe nezethulo – kumelwe

kwedlulelwe ezinyathelweni eziphathekayo. Nakuba ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-

formula okwenziwa wungqongqoshe wemfundo ephakeme kufeza indima

ebaluleke kakhulu kule ndaba, loko kuchibiyela kukodwa angeke kwenze

mehluko ophikelelayo uma ababambi-qhaza bengangeni shi bebonke

endabeni. Ngaleso sizathu i-AfriForum Jeug iye yabeka phansi amapulani

ezinyathelo ezingase zithathwe yibo bonke ababambi-qhaza.

Ngaphansi kobuholi obuqinile nokuzimisela nakanjani ikusasa lezilimi

zomdabu zaseNingizimu Afrika lingaqinisekiswa.

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6. Ipulani Lezinyathelo Ngemfundo Yolimi

Lwebele

Leli phepha ligcizelela igalelo elihle ukugqugquzelwa kwemfundo olimi

lwebele okuzoba nayo kubafundi neNingizimu Afrika. Nokho kubalulekile

ukuba indaba yemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi (multilingualism)

ingagcini nje emaphepheni nemibiko kodwa kudlulelwe emapulanini

ezinyathelo ukuze yenzeke. Icala lokuthi buntuleke ubundiminingi

alinakubekwa phezu kwento ethile eyodwa futhi kanjalo kungabhekanwa

nale ndaba ngokuphumelelayo uma kusetshenzwa ngepulani elihlanganisa

konke ngale ndaba. Ababambi-qhaza ababaluleke kunabo bonke kule

ndaba yilaba:

Uhulumeni (kuhlanganise le minyango emibili yemfundo);

Izinyuvesi (kuhlanganise abaqondisi abaphezulu namabhodi

ezinyuvesi);

Abafundi bemfundo ephakeme (kuhlanganise Imikhandlu Emelele

Abafundi); kanye

Nabazali (kuhlanganise izindikimba ezilawulayo ezikoleni).

Lapha kuhlaziywa izinyathelo lezo ngamunye wababambi-qhaza

angazithatha ukuze aqinisekise ikusasa lezilimi zomdabu zaseNingizimu Afrika.

Kuloyo naloyo wabongqongqoshe bemfundo ababili kucelwa esisodwa

kuphela isinyathelo, nakuba zinhlanu izinyathelo ezihlaziyelwa imikhandlu

yezinyuvesi, abazali nabafundi. Nokho, ngaloku, i-AfriForum Jeug (intsha ye-

AfriForum) yona izibophezela epulanini emaphuzu ayishumi leyo

ezolandelelwa ukuba isebenze emva kokwethulwa kwalo mbiko.

ONgqongqoahe beMfundo Eyisisekelo Nephakeme

Nakuba lo mbiko ugxile ikakhulu esimweni semfundo ephakeme,

awunakubhekwa njengozimele wodwa wahlukanisiwe nemfundo eyisisekelo.

Bobabili ongqongqoshe owemfundo ephakeme noweyisisekelo basanda

kuphumisela izinkulumo ezinhle ngokugqugquzelwa kwezilimi zomdabu.

Nokho la mazwi sekufanele afakwe kunqubo-mgomo. Ngakho-ke kucelwa

ungqongqoshe wemfundo eyisisekelo ukuba:

kubanjwe imbizo ngezinselele ezingokoqobo ngokuqondene

nokufundiswa ngolimi lwebele emfundweni eyisisekelo eNingizimu

Afrika.

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Kungqongqoshe wemfundo ephakeme kucelwa ukuba:

kuhlelwe busha i-formula yokusekela imfundo ephakeme ngezimali,

njengoba kuchazwe engxenyeni 4 yaleli phepha.

Ipulani Elimaphuzu Mahlanu Leziphathimandla Zezinyuvesi

1. Singatha ngokushesha izikhalo zabafundi zolimi futhi uwathathele

izinyathelo lawo malungu esitafu (staff) anyathela amalungelo

abafundi olimi;

2. Qikelela ukuthi yonke imisebenzi yenyuvesi yenzeka ngazo zonke izilimi

zaleyo nyuvesi, hhayi ngolimi olulodwa kuphela;

3. Yakha ikhodi yenkambiso (code of practice) ekahle yezinguquko,

ukuze izinyuvesi zingalethi izinguquko ezibeka engozini imfundo yolimi

lwebele nobundiminingi;

4. Qasha isitafu (abasebenzi) esikwazi kahle ukufundisa ngezilimi

ezingaphezulu kolulodwa noma unike izifundo (courses) zokuqeqesha

abasebenzayo ukuba bakwazi;

5. Misa umqaphi wezolimi bese udala ihhovisi lolimi elifinyelelekayo lapho

amakhono olimi abafundi engathuthukiswa khona futhi kusingathwe

khona izikhalo zabo;

Ipulani Elimaphuzu Mahlanu Labazali Bezingane Zesikole Nabafundi

Bemfundo Ephakeme

1. Kuqaphele ukuthi ukuntuleka kwemfundo yolimi lwebele

nobundiminingi eNingizimu Afrika kuyinkinga engenakuxazululwa

yiziphathimandla zizodwa;

2. Faka izingane zakho kulezo zikole nezinyuvesi lapho zizofundiswa khona

ngolimi lwazo lwebele;

3. Fundisa izingane zakho ukuthi kungani kuyinzuzo kuzo ukufunda ngolimi

lwazo;

4. Faka ingcindezi kulezo zikole nezinyuvesi ezingawashayi mkhuba

amalungelo olimi ezingane zakho;

5. Khuthaza izingane zakho ukuba zibe nesithakazelo neqholo olimini

lwazo futhi zilusebenzise emphakathini.

Ipulani Elimaphuzu Mahlanu Labafundi Bemfundo Ephakeme

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1. Bhalisela ukwenza amamojuli akho ngolimi lwakho lwebele futhi

uphakamise umhlwenga uma kungatholakali;

2. Yazi amalungelo akho olimi kanye nezinqubo zezikhalo zokulandelwa

lapho kunyathelwa amalungelo akho;

3. Phila impilo yakho njengomfundi ngolimi lwakho futhi wenze umzamo

wokufunda ezinye izilimi;

4. Yenza ucwaningo futhi ugcwalise amaphepha akho, ama-eseyi

nezivivinyo ngolimi lwakho. Unelungelo lokukwenza loko; futhi

5. Babike labo abafundisayo noma abanye abasebenzayo abanyathela

amalungelo akho olimi.

Umkhankaso Kazwelonke We-AfriForum Jeug Wemfundo Yolimi Lwebele

I-AfriForum Jeug iye yanquma ukubeka isibonelo ngokulandelela ukuba

kusebenze ipulani elimaphuzu ayishumi kanti kwabanye ababambi-qhaza

kulindeleke ukuba bathathe izinyathello ezingeqi kwezinhlanu. Leli pulani

lamaphuzu ayishumi limi kanje:

1. Nika lo mbika kongqongqoshe bemfunso ephakeme neyisisekelo

mathupha;

2. Nika lo mbiko kubo bonke abayizinhloko zezikhungo zemfundo

ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika;

3. Nika lo mbiko kuMikhandlu Emelela Abafundi kuzo zonke izinyuvesi

zaseNingizimu Afrika futhi uxoxe nayo ngaloko okuqukethe;

4. Hola umkhankaso wokwazisa abazali ngokubaluleka kwemfundo yolimi

lwebele;

5. Hola umkhankaso wokwazisa abafundi ngokubaluleka kwemfundo

yolimi lwebele;

6. Hola umkhankaso wokwazisa izikole ikakhulu izindikimba ezilawulayo

zezikole ezihlukahlukene ngokubaluleka kwemfundo yolimi lwebele;

7. Hola umkhankaso kawonkewonke wezenzo zokuqwashisa

ngokubaluleka kwemfundo yolimi lwebele. Loku kuzohlanganisa

nevidiyo yokuzithokozisa eyidokumentari encane leyo ezosakazwa

kumanethweki obungane (social networks);

8. Vula umgudu wezikhalo welektroniki lapho abafundi baseNingizimu

Afrika yonkana bengafaka khona izikhalo lapho amalungelo abo olimi

enyathelwa;

9. Phakamisa indaba yemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi

kunkulumo-mpikiswano kawonkewonke nalapho kuxhunyenwe

nezinhlangano zakuleli, zamazwe angaphandle nezamazwe omhlaba;

25

10. Nweba izinhlaka zakuleli futhi ugqugquzele nokumelelwa kumikhandlu

emelela abafundi ukuze nalapha lo mkhankaso wenzeke.

26

7. Uhla lwemithombo

Umthetho wezwe

Umthetho-sisekelo waseRiphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika, umthetho

108 ka-1996

UMthetho WEMfundo Ephakeme, 101 ka-1997

Isinqumo somthetho

Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 (2) SA

415 (CC)

Imibiko

UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages

an multilingual education

UNESCO (2008) Improving the Quality of Mother Tongue-based

Literacy and Learning: Case Studies from Asia, Africa and South

America

UNESCO (2008) Mother Tongue Matters: Local Language as a Key to

Effective Learning

UNESCO (2007) Mother Tongue-based Literacy Programmes, Case

Studies of Good Practice in Africa

The development of indigenous African languages as mediums of

instruction in higher education, 2005 (umbiko ngesiNdebele)

Amakhasi e-website

www.topuniversities.com