ladle refining process

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Ladle refining Vacuum ladle degassing 1. Recirculation Degassing (RH) 2. Recirculation Degassing with oxygen top lance (RH-OB) 3. Ladle Degassing (VD, Tank Degassing) 4. Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD) Ladle Furnace (LF) Ladle desulfurization by injection of active agents a) Powder injection b) Cored wire injection Ladle-to-mold degassing Vacuum ladle degassing Methods of vacuum ladle degassing utilize the reaction of deoxidation by carbon dissolved in steel according to the equation: [C] + [O] = {CO} where: [C] and [O] - carbon and ox ygen dissolved in liquid steel; {CO} - gaseous carbon monoxide. Vacuum treatment of molten steel decreases the partial pressure of CO, which results in shifting equilibrium of the reaction of carbon oxidation. Bubbles of carbon monoxide form in the liquid steel, float up and then they are removed by the vacuum system. In addition to deoxidation vacuum treatment helps to remove Hydrogen dissolved in liquid steel. Hydrogen diffuses into the CO bubbles and the gas is then evacuated by the vacuum pump.

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