Introduction to

1. Nguyễn Ngọc Phương Vy 1057010283 2. Trần Thị Thanh Hoa 1057010067 3. Bùi Xuân Trang 1157010255 4. Dương Thị Hiền 1157010066 5. Nguyễn Phương Vi 1057010275

Group 2

Agenda

Word & Word formation processes

Morphology

Words -

Word formation process

Word-formation processses

• Coinage

• Borrowing

• Blending

• Clipping

• Backformation

• Conversion

• Acronyms

• Derivation

• Affixes

Word-formation

In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.

Credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_formation

One of the least common processes of word formation in English

The invention of totally new terms. Ex: Google, nylon ,etc.

New products and concepts and new activities are usual sources of coinage

Note: new words base on the name of a person or place are called eponyms. Ex : sandwich , jeans, fahrenheit

Coinage

One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing - the taking over of words from other language

Ex: croissant (French), piano (Italian), pretzel (German), sofa (Arabic)... Note: other languages borrow terms from English. Ex: supermarket = suupaamaaketto (Japanese) le stress & weekend (French)

Borrowing

There is joining of two separate words to produce a single form Ex: N+N : bookcase, fingerprint, wallpaper, waterbed Ad + N :fast-food, full-time Ad + Ad : good-looking, low-paid Note: this is very common in languages such as German and English but much

less common in languages such as French and Spanish.

Compounding

The process that is combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term

Ex: alcopop (alcohol + pop) bash (bat + mash) motel (hotel + motor)

Blending

The element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process

Ex: gas (gasoline), ad (advertisement), fan (fanatic)

Occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form Usually in casual speech

Clipping

Note: favored in Australian and British English produces forms technically

known as hypocorisms. -y or -ie added to the end Ex: movie (moving pictures), brekky (breakfast)

Clipping

Hippo - Hippopotamus

Gas - Gasoline

A word of one type is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a noun

a verb

Ex: Work Worker, Babysit Babysitter, Sculpt Sculptor

Backformation

A change in the function of a word

Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category

Ex: dirty (adj) to dirty (v), see through (v) see-through (adj), up (prep) the ups (n) My grandmother put the juice in a bottle (N) and the pickles in a can (N)

My grandmother bottled (V) the juice and canned (V) the pickles.

Conversion

New words formed from initial letters of a set of other words

Acronyms

Prefixes and suffixes

Infixes

Kamhmu

Derivation

Prefixes and suffixes

• Prefixes: affixes is added to the beginning of the word

Ex: misrepresent, prejudge, impossible

• Suffixes: affixes is added to the end of the word

Ex: joyful, careless, foolishness

• Both: disrespectful

Derivation

Derivation

Infixes: affixes that is incorporated inside another word

Ex: Hallebloodylujah!, Absogoddamlutely!

The creation of particular word involves more than one process

Ex: Problems with the project have snowballed

snow + ball compound

snowball (N) (V) conversion

Multiple processes

Morphology

• Morphology • Morphemes • Free and bound morphemes • Derivational and inflectional morphemes • Morphological description • Morphs and allomorphs

Morphology

Morphology is the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs ), and the way they combine in word formation

Ex: unhappy

The negative prefix un- + free morpheme happy

Morphemes

A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning

or grammatical function. The symbol of morphemes : { }

A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria:

1. It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning.

2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders.

3. It occurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.

Ex: happy; happiness; un-do; un-reason-able

Free morphemes: morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words Bound morphemes: morphemes that cannot normally stand alone, but which

are typically attacked to another forms Ex: tables -> {table} +{-s} playing -> {play} + {-ing} happier -> {happy} + {-er}

Free & bound morphemes

Stem: the basic word forms to which bound morphemes can be attacked Root: the original word. Ex: make is the root makes : {make} is the stem

Stem & Root

Lexical morphemes: The set of ordinary nouns, verbs, adjectives - which are carry the 'content' of the message we convey. They are considered as the 'open' class of words

Funtional morphemes: The functional words in the language such as

conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. They are considered as the 'closed' class of words.

Lexical & functional

morphemes

Lexical morphemes vs functional morphemes?

and she do make beautiful university to him house green

Lexical & functional

morphemes

Derivational morphemes / affixes , which may be prefixes or suffixes in English, have a lexical function; they create out of existing words morphemes by their addition.

Derivational morphemes can be the affixes we put into the stem. Ex: recall, undo, powerful, international, ..... Class - maintaining derivational affixes Class - changing derivational affxes recall : {re-} is the class- maintaining derivational morpheme. beautify: {-y} is the class- changing derivational morpheme.

Ex: unhappy

Derivational & inflectional morphemes

happy

un-

Free morpheme

Bound morpheme, a derivational prefix meaning “not”

Inflectional morphemes are forms of words, typically by means of affixes, that express grammatical contrast

Ex: pianist -> pianists (plural) big -> bigger ( comparative) want -> wanted ( simple past, past participle)

Derivational & inflectional morphemes

{-s}, {-er}, {-ed} are the inflectional morphemes

Derivational & inflectional morphemes

Inflectional morphemes

Examples: Name

1.{-s}

2.{-'s}

1.pencils, pens, cats,....

2.Mary's, children's, ....

1.noun plural

2.noun possessive

3.{ -s}

4.{-ing}

5.{-ed}

6.{-en}

3.jumps, watches, .....

4.planning, playing, doing, ..

5.played, discussed,....

6.eaten, ....

3.present 3rd person

4.present participle

5.past tense

6.past participle

7.{-er}

8.{-est}

7.greener, stronger, ....

8.biggest, smallest, ....

7.comparative

8.superlative

Morphological description

An inflectional morpheme never change the grammatical category of a word. Ex: old- older, teach- teacher

ENGLISH (MORPHEME)

FREE BOUND

AFFIX ROOT

- ceive

- mit

- fer

OPEN CLASS

(CONTENT OR

LEXICAL)

WORDS

Nouns (girl)

Adjectives

(pretty)

Verbs (love)

Adverbs (away)

CLOSED CLASS

FUNCTION OR

GRAMMATICAL)

WORDS

Conjunctions (and)

Prepositions (in)

Articles (the)

Pronouns (she)

Auxiliary verbs (is)

DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL

SUFFIX

-ing – er – s

s- est- ‘s

-en

-ed

SUFFIX

-ly

-ist

-ment

PREFIX

pre-

un-

con-

Morphs & allomorphs

Morphs: The smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole

A morph: A realization of a morpheme. The basic example of it is the plural „s‟ Ex: Bus – Buses, Girl - Girls, Baby - babies, Sheep - sheep

Allomorphs: Variants of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation but are

semantically identical An allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same

morpheme Ex: in English, the plural marker -(e)s of regular nouns can be pronounced /-z/, /-s/, or /-iz/, depending on the final sound of the noun's singular form.

Morphs & allomorphs

Zero- allomorph: An inflection on nouns or verbs presumed to be present

although invisible

Ex: In “three sheep” and “He hit a home run,” the plural of sheep and

the past tense of hit are said to be realized as zeros ({sheep} + {∅} ; {hit} + {∅})

Ex: “younger”: • 2 morphemes {young} (free) and {-er} (bound) • 2 morphs “young” and “er” • “better” • 2 morphemes {good} and {-er}

Quiz

Examination – exam PianoDope Zebra faction Alcopop laboratory – lab Angelfish Airport Aspirin mathematics – math telephone – phone emoticon Bedroom Armchair gymnasium – gym Bathroom Vaseline Zipper

Define the word formation processes???

Clipping

Examination – exam gymnasium – gym

laboratory – lab mathematics – math telephone – phone

Blending

Emoticon (emote + icon)

Faction (fact + fiction)

Alcopop (alcohol + pop)

Compounding

Airport Angelfish Bathroom Bedroom Armchair

Coinage

Aspirin Vaseline Zipper

Borrowing

Piano (ITALIAN} Dope( Dutch) Zebra( bantu)