linguistic area.pptx

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Linguistic Area



India represents six distinct language familiesspread over a large region and spoken by morethan one billion speakers. The language familiesare:

1. Indo-Aryan 2.Indo-Iranian .!ravidian ".Austro- Asiatic #. $ino- Tibetan %. Tibeto-&urman

India as a Linguistic area



There are more than 1%'' languagesspoken in the present India.

The government of India reports only 122

languages and recogni(es as )scheduled oro*cial+



Typologically distinct languages add to thediversity scene.

Indo-Aryan is highly in,ecting

!ravidian is both agglutinative andin,ecting Austro-Asiatic language is highly

polysynthetic and incorporating and Tibeto-&urman is analytic.



The term inguistic Area /as made popularby 0.&. meneau 13#%4 : 5anguage andinguistic area6

7e !e8ned inguistic area as 5an area/hich includes languages belonging tomore than one family but sho/ing traits incommon /hich are found not to belong to

other members of at least4 one of thefamilies6.

Linguistic Area



inguistics Area may be de8ned as ageographically contiguous area /hich ischaracteri(ed by the existence of commonlinguistic features shared by genetically non-

related language. 7ence a inguistic Area is marked by the

5convergence6 of linguistic features ofvarious languages spoken in a particularregion regardless of the fact that theselanguages may belong to di9erent families orsub families

Linguistic area



or example India represents a classicexample of linguistic area

as the languages of the mainland India

belonging to four di9erent language familiesi.e. Indo Aryan Indo-Iranian !ravidianAustro-Asiatic and Tibeto-&urman shareseveral linguistic traits among themselves.



India is kno/n for its multiplicity anddiversity of languages it is because of ourtribal languages. The rate of bilingualism as/ell as the numerical strength of thedistinct varieties of languages is highestamong tribal population.

Tibeto-&urman and Austro-Asiatic language

family are represented by 1''; tribalpopulation



Indian linguistic area is characteri(ed bycommon linguistic traits such as

retro,ex sounds $<= /ord order absence

of prepositions morphological reduplicationexpressive4 echo formationsetc.

Features of Indian Linguisticarea



>etro,ex and voiceless aspirated soundsare /idely spread even in those languagesthat /ere isolated for thousands of years

eg. Andamanees ?entral vo/el @B is also /idely present in

Indian languages.

Phonological



Almost all languages o9er morphologically

derivable pairs of transitive and causative verbs. $ome languages have double causatives.

g. 7indi pina )drink+@T>B pIalana )drink@?AC$1B+

pIl/ana )drink@?AC$2B+0alayalam.

tinnu )ate+ T>4 ti>>iccu )ate+?A$C14 ti>>ippiccu)ate+ ?AC$24

Morphological



cho ormations is a concatenation of a base /ord follo/edby an echo /ord. It is partially repeated form of the base/ord such that the initial sound @=o/elD?onsonantB or theinitial syllable of the base /ord is replaced by another soundor another syllable.

The echo /ord does not change the canonical shape of thebase /ord . A repetition of a part of a lexical item carrying asemantic modi8cation

e.g. 7indi gharE ghar var Fhouse etcF. partial reduplication4 puli-gili )tiger etc.+ are examples of echo formations

/here the second morpheme has rigid replacerphonemeDlexeme uniGue to each language.

Echo Formations



This refers to a complete or partial repetition of a/ordDlexeme.?omplete /ord reduplication is constituted of

t/o identical bimodal4 /ords. That is bothform and meaning are repeated once. Thecombined meaning give various modi8edmeanings

The repetition of the entire lexical item e.g.

7indi ghar )house+ E ghar ghar )househouse+ )each and every houseF completereduplication4

Word Reduplication



The $<= order and implicational ordering elements existin all Indian languages.

xceptions are Hhasi icobarese Austro-Asiatic4 andHashmiri Indo-Aryan4 /hich maintain $=<.

Hhasi is a proto typical example of $=< ordering. 7indi >am-ne sohan ko kitab di >am- sohan- book give. 0.J$T

)>am gave a book to $ohan+ The sentence above sho/s postpositions such as ne and

ko attached to nouns a typical characteristic feature of$<= language.

Syntax



Apart from areal features there are also those features thatidentify a micro-area.

1 asalisation orthern India4 7indi: hK )plural+ 2. Aspiration orthern India4 7indi: bharat )India+ . Lender agreement Mestern India4 cNgi @A!OB kuPi @B

)good girl+ ". >ight hand is )eating hand+ #. >elative-correlative pronoun orthern India4. 7indi: Qo kitab aQ khridi vo kl paPega > book today buy.J$T.0$L ?<>> tomorro/

read.CT.0$L )The book I 4 bought today that book4 I 4 /ill read tomorro/.+



$ince inguistic Areas are result of convergence ofinguistic features it implies a simultaneous process ofdivergence of the languages.

Mhen a language )A+ becomes a like a language )&+because of the in,uence of the mutual contact it also stats

deviating from the other genetically related languages ofits stock. This is inevitable in the process of languagechange as /ell as in the emergence of linguistic area.

It is the multilingualism /hich is responsible for the genesisof )$outh Asia+ or )India as a linguistic area+. $uch areas are

actually cultural areas and should interest culturalanthropologists and ethnographers.

linguistic area.pptx

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