.. ( )4 2015 . LINGUISTIC AREAS.SAE, () (-) (?) ( )

Campbell, Lyle. 2006. Areal linguistics: a closer scrutiny. In: Matras, Y., McMahon, A. and Vincent, N. Linguistic Areas: Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 1-31.SPRACHBUND(. , . , .-. j j, . unie linguistique)LINGUISTIC AREACONVERGENCE AREA (Sprachbund). . (1890 1938) // . , 1923. . . . 118.1928 .

(Sprachgruppe) (Sprachfamilie) (Sprachbund) (Sprachbund) , , , , , .

Balkan Sprachbund ()

jjuneutitujaiajo eleanenoijuvoi ataato eiele(3) - , , . (. . ., 1998.)Convergence area vs. Linguistic area Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language Contact. Cambridge: CUP.Matras, Yaron. 2011. Explaining Convergence and the Formation of Linguistic Areas. In: Hieda, Osamu et al. (eds.). Geographical Typology and Linguistic Areas. Amsterdam Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 143-160.

Convergence areaGeographical zones in which convergent development are widespread among a group of languages are referred to as convergence areas.

Weinreich, Uriel. 1958. On the compatibility of genetic relationship and convergent development. In: Word 14. 374-379.

Linguistic areaA linguistic area can be recognized when a number of geographically contiguous languages share structural features which cannot be due to retention from a common protolanguage and which give these languages a profile that makes them stand out among the surrounding languages.

Haspelmath, Martin. 2001. The European linguistic area: Standard Average European. In: Haspelmath, M. et al. (eds.). Language Typology and Language Universals (Handbcher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft vol. 20.2). Berlin: De Gruyter. Pp. 14921510. (.. ) () (.. ): (-) () (.. ):, , - .

(?) (.. ) (?) (.. ) - (Mesoamerican linguistic area) (South Asian linguistic area)

Standard Average European (European linguistic area)

(Balkan Sprachbund)

(gjuha shqipe) ( ) : (limba romn) =- / (limba armneasc) (limba vleasc) (vlskl, rumni) ( ) ( )

( ) (hrvatski jezik) (bosanski jezik/ ) (crnogorski jezik/ ) (Trkdili) (?)

BCS

- Hinrichs, Uwe.Die sogenannten 'Balkanismen' als Problem der Sdosteuropa-Linguistik und der Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft. In: Handbuch der Sdosteuropa-Linguistik. Hrsg. von Uwe Hinrichs. Wiesbaden, 1999. S. 429-462.1) 2) 3)

, ,

. li dzku ali muleari . (. )

? = ?. Ku po shkon? ?Ku sht shtpia jote? ?. ? j j ? + + . skam kur. . . > . ard >

( )- . . cart > cri . sht () 11 19. ( + + ()). ( + + ).doisprezece (doi + spre + zece < *doi supre dece). dymbdhjet (dy + mb + dhjet). (++()())

. - -. --. orau-lcas-a. qytet-ishtpi-a.-- ( , ).

(DAT) (GEN). j j. .

(DAT) (GEN). i-ddui cartea Marie-icarteaMarie-i.ia dhash librin Mari-slibri i Mari-s. (DAT) (GEN). u-ded vivlia pi Mariavivlia aliMarie. (1) (2) - -., . !. Mario!. -. !

., .- . mai bine .(ca)ma bune . m mir .

. (= ). . . pru mi.

. . .l vd pe George. e shoh Gjergjin.

. + .: . 1) + .: 2) (.) + -: . 1) (.) (.) + : / 2) (.) (.) + : . (.) a voi + : voi vedea. va+ : va s-ved. (.) do + : do t shoh. + : . ka + : ka dikhav . . . vreau s scriu (. vreau a scrie).dua t shkruaj (. . . dua me shkru:). (. .-. ). (. . elimpisati). me kamavte xramosarav

. (.). (.). coas daskl. kos dhaskal. (< .. )

. , .. . (!), .

, .

European Linguistic Area

Standard Average European (SAE)Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1941. The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language. In: Leslie Spier (ed.). Language, culture and personality: Essays in memory of Edward Sapir. Menasha, Wis.: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund. Pp. 7593.Dahl, sten. 1990. Standard Average European as an exotic language. In: Johannes Bechert, Giuliano Bernini, & Claude Buridant (eds.) 1990. Toward a typology of European languages. (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, 8.) Berlin: Mouton: De Gruyter. Pp. 38.Inversion as an expression for direct interrogative sentences (SVO vs. VSO)Word order used to distinguish between main and subordinate clauses (Continental Scandinavian and some other Germanic languages)Use of formal and impersonal subjects (non-Pro-Drop languages): Germ. Es regnet, Eng. It is raining.Expressing possession using a transitive verb havePossessive-based Perfect of have-type: Eng. I have run.(Dahl 1990)Haspelmath, Martin. 1998. How young is Standard Average European? // In: Language Sciences 20. Pp. 271287.Haspelmath, Martin. 2001. The European linguistic area: Standard Average European. In: Haspelmath, M. et al. (eds.). Language Typology and Language Universals (Handbcher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft vol. 20.2). Berlin: De Gruyter. Pp. 14921510.van der Auwera, Johan (ed.). 1998. Adverbial constructions in the languages of Europe. (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology-EUROTYP, 20-3.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.van der Auwera, Johan. 2011. Standard Average European. In: B. Kortmann & J. van der Auwera (eds.). The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. Pp. 291306.The European linguistic area: Standard Average EuropeanSAE a linguistic area (or Sprachbund) in Europe that comprises the Romance, Germanic and Balto-Slavic languages, the Balkan languages and more marginally also the westernmost Finno-Ugrian languages

most of the characteristic SAE features (also called Europeanisms) are not Indo-Europeanisms but later common innovations(Haspelmath 2001)STANDARD AVERAGE EUROPEAN () (, )- ( .)- (-, -, , ) (, ) (, , ) (, ) CHARLEMAGNE SPRACHBUND Definite and indefinite articles. : , , Relative clauses with relative pronouns. (. . who whose, . ).'Have'-perfect. : + (. . I have said, . Jai dit, . Un kam thn): , , , SAE ()Nominative experiencers. (. I like music, . Un plqej muzikn / M plqen muzika):, , (., .-.)Participial passive. ( ): , , , Anticausative Prominence. (anticausative-prominent languages):, , , , , Dative external possessors. (. . Die Mutter wusch dem Kind die Haare ):, , -, , (, )Negative pronouns and lack of verbal negation. (. . Nobody listened , . ):, , , () - -Particles in comparative constructions. ( . than, . ) :, , (, ), , , ,

Relative-based equative constructions. (. . grand comme un lephant ):, , , , , , , , , .Intensifier-reflexive differentiation. (. . selbst - vs. . sich - ). SAE1. ;2. , ;3. ;4. ;5. , ;6. ;7. ;8. , ;9. .Standard Average European Who borrowed from whom? ? ?

contacts during the great transformations at the transition from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages in Europe;Of course, we must always reckon with the possibility (or even likelihood) that different SAE features are due to different historical circumstance(Haspelmath 2001)

SPRACHBUND LINGUISTIC AREA - Faleminderit pr vmendjen!Mulumesc pentru atenie! !Hvala na pozornosti! ! ! !

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