AGUSTIN,JudithAndreaR. TTh,9:0010:30,S

IIIBSBAMM March23,2015

1. Why are standards provided to the information processor in the general systems model of thefirm?

Based on Business Dictionary, Standards are defined intowritten definition, limit, orrule, approved and monitored for compliance by an authoritative agency or professional or recognized body as a minimum acceptable benchmark. Standards may be classified as government or statutory agency standards and specifications enforced by law, proprietary standards developed by a firm ororganization and placed in public domain to encourage their widespread use, and voluntary standards established by consultation and consensus and available for use by any person, organization, or industry. Once established, standardsareverydifficulttochangeordislodge.

Meanwhile, according to GATT, margin is a technical specifications contained in adocument that lays characteristics of a product such as levels ofquality,performance,safety, ordimensions. Standards may include or deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, testing and methods, packaging, or labeling requirementsastheyapplytoaproduct."According to ETSI, setting standards is very essential in the firm. Below are the special significance of standards:

They address especially the needs for interconnection and interoperability. This is particularly important for open markets, where users, who are increasingly mobile, can mix and match equipmentandservices,andwheresupplierscanbenefitfromeconomiesofscale.

Standardsareequallyimportantforensuringsafety,reliabilityandenvironmentalcare. They are also frequently referenced byregulators and legislators for protecting user and business

interests,andinsupportofgovernmentpolicies.

Therefore, management is guided in its decision making by the firms performance standards. These performance standards can also be used by the information processor to determine when the firm is not performingasplanned.

2. Whataretheeightenvironmentalelements?

Every firm and organizations consider these eight environmental elements in establishing their business.Theseeightelementsarethefollowing:

Suppliers These are individuals or businesses that provide raw materials, goods or services to firms in exchange of an agreed compensation. Suppliers do not directly interact with consumers, they distribute their products to vendors, selling firms or shop owners. Firms that have a longterm contracts or ordered large quantities are given volume discounts buy suppliers as it is part of their marketing strategies. Often times, suppliers offer wholesale distribution of their products to the retail industry, this is where they manufacture and deliver large quantities of their goods to their clients. Supply companies also work in niche markets such as importing and exporting packaged goods, ethnic or cultural goods, or any other range of products that have smallbutreliabledemand.

Customers An individual or business that a marketer believes will benefit from the goods or services produced by a business. The customer is the end goal of businesses, since it is the customer who pays for supply and creates demand. Businesses will often compete through advertisements or sales in order to attract a larger customer base. However, customers are not necessarily someone who is currently purchasing from the marketer. In fact, there are three types

of customers: the existing customer, former customer, and potential customer. Existing customers are customers who have purchased or availed a firms goods or services, within a designated span of time. For some firms, the time frame is short, like for example, a bakery would consider someone as existing customer if he had purchased within the last three weeks. Existing Customers are by far the most important of the three customer groups since they have a current relationship with a company and, consequently, they give a company a reason to remain in contact with them. Existing customers represent the best market for future sales, especially if they are satisfied with the relationship they presently have with their marketer. Next is former customers, this type is consists of those who have formerly relations with the marketing organization most likely, through a previous purchase. However, the firm may no longer feels the customer as an existing customer either because they have not purchased from the firm within a certain time frame or purchased the same product to the firms competitors. The value or significance of this group depends on the customers previous relationship with the firms, whether the customer felt satisfied to the product/services offered by the firm. Lastly, the potential customers, these are customers who have yet to purchase but possess what the marketer believes are the qualifications to eventually become an existing customer. The qualifications include the following: issues as having a need to buy for a product, has the financialmeanstobuy,andhavingtheauthoritytomakeabuyingdecisions.

Labor unions An organization intended to represent the collective interests of workers in negotiations with employers over wages, hours and working conditions. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. Labor unions are often industryspecific and tend to be more common in manufacturing, mining, construction, transportation and the public sector. Workers employed by transportation, shipping and manufacturing companies typically maintain contracts with labor unions. The unions agree to engage employers in collective bargaining in return for union dues withheld from payroll. The purpose of these unions is to look into the grievances of wagers and present a collective voice in front of the management. Hence, it acts as the medium of communication between the workers and management. Labor unions are specified in the Labor Code of the Philippines. Here in the country, the labor union covers 38 million Filipinos that belong to the labor force and to some extent, also the overseas workers. There is a sector that is assigned to this field, this is the DepartmentofLaborandEmployment.

Financial Community It consists of institutions such as banks and other lending institutions that influence the financial resources that are available to the firm. The industry of helping private and business clients manage revenues and investments Finance professionals research the marketplace for suitable products and services. They subsequently advise their clients of which products and services are available and make recommendations based on their clients' needs at any particular time. The role involves a substantial amount of marketing as well as providing advice. Finance professionals promote and sell products and negotiate with product providers to obtain the most competitive rate for their clients. Some finance professionals focus on specific areas such as mortgages or pensions, while others provide advice on the whole spectrum of financial products and services. Finance professionals must also comply with strict government legislation. They frequently contact their clients to keep them informed of any changes to legislationthatmayaffecttheirsavingsandinvestments.

Stockholders and Owners According toInvestopedia.com, an online dictionary, stockholders are any person, company or other institution that owns at least one share of a companys stock. Shareholders are a company's owners. They have the potential to profit if the company does well, but that comes with the potential to lose if the company does poorly. A shareholder may also be referred to as a "stockholder". Unlike the owners of sole proprietorships or partnerships, corporate shareholders are not personally liable for the companys debts and other obligations. Also, corporate shareholders do not play a major role in running the company. The board of

directors and executive management perform that function. Common stockholders are, however, able to vote on corporate matters, such as who sits on the board of directors and whether a proposed merger should go through. They also benefit when the company performs well and its share price increases, and they have the right to trade their shares on a stock exchange, which makes stock a highly liquid investment. Shareholders do have rights, which are defined in the corporations charter and bylaws. They can inspect the companys books and records, sue the corporation for misdeeds of the directors and officers, and if the company liquidates, they have a right to a share of the proceeds. However, creditors, bondholders and preferred stockholders have precedence over common stockholders in a liquidation. Shareholders also have a right to receive aportionofanydividendsthecompanydeclares.

Competitors These are all of the organizations that compete with the firm in its marketplace. Many companies spend a lot of time focusing on similar companies in their industry, ignoring alternatives in other industries. This is a waste of time, effort and resource. It is also likely to result in the alternatives stealing market share from the company. Part of any competitor intelligence system should be a process for monitoring major competitors and the overall competitive environment. The decision on who is a major competitor should be based on who competes for YOUR customers. The industry is irrelevant. Meanwhile, according to Marketing ManagementbyPhilipKotler,therearefourdefinitionsofcompetitors,thesearethefollowing:

1. A company offering a similar product and services to the same customers at similar prices e.g. Ford,Toyota,HondabutnotSkodaorRollsRoyce.

2. A company making the same product or class of products e.g. all car/automobile manufacturers.

3. A company making products that supply the same service e.g. car, truck, motorcycle manufacturers.

4. A company competing for the same customer's available money e.g. any product or service that a customer could spend money on instead of a new car. Holidays, home repairs, consumer durables,etc.

However, professionals seemed to have problems with Kotlers definitions of competitors that is why another definition has been given. According to the book,Coopetition byBrandenburger and Nalebuff competitor is defined as this, A company is your competitor if customers value your product less when they have the other company's product than when they have your product alone.

Government According to Amosweb Encyclonomic, government sector is the aggregate macroeconomic sector that includes all levels of government, including federal, state, and local. The primary function of the government sector, also termed the public sector, is to impose resource allocation decisions on the rest of the economy that might not be made otherwise. This is one of the four macroeconomic sectors. The other three are household sector, business sector, and foreign sector. The government sector includes all levels of government: national, state, and local. These three levels intervene in the economy by collecting and spending tax revenue and by establishing and enforcing laws, rules, and other regulations. The government sector undertakes this intervention because society has deemed that the provision of some goods and services are better handled by the imposition of government than by voluntary market decisions. The spending side of the government sector suggests two related conceptsgovernment spending and governmentpurchases.

1. Government Spending: This is the generic term for all spending by the government sector. It includes spending for the purchase of goods and services which falls under the title of government purchases. It also includes expenditures that are not for goods and services, which aretermedtransferpayments.

2. Government Purchases: This is a more specific term meaning actual expenditures by the government sector on final goods and services. These expenditures are used to purchase a share ofgrossdomesticproduct.

Global Community It is the geographic area where the firm performs its operations. The firm demonstrates its responsibility to the global community by respecting the natural environment, providing products and services that contribute to quality of life, and conducting its operations in an ethical manner. Meanwhile, according to Collins English Dictionary, global community are people or nations of the world, considered as being closely connected by modern telecommunicationsandasbeingeconomically,socially,andpoliticallyinterdependent.

Figure1.1EightEnvironmentalElements

3. Whatprovidestheconnectionsbetweenthefirmanditsenvironment?The firm is connected to its environmental elements by the socalled environmental resource flows. According to Instrumental change, environmental resource flow involves business, government, communities and households contributing to environmental quality through the efficient production and useofnaturalresources,theminimizationofwastes,andtheoptimizationofproductsandservices.Meanwhile, according to Nick Robins, ERP the emphasis of sustainable production is on the supply side of the equation, focusing on improving environmental performance in key economic sectors, such as agriculture, energy, industry, tourism and transport. Sustainable consumption addresses the demand side, looking at how the goods and services required to meet basic needs and improve quality of life such as food and health, shelter, clothing, leisure and mobility can be delivered in ways that reduce the burden ontheEarth'scarryingcapacity.

4. Whatismargin?Howdoesitrelatetocompetitiveadvantage?

Margin, according to Solution Matrix Limited, was defined into three different ways. First, in an investment term, margin refers to buying shares of stock or other securities with a combination of the investor's own funds and borrowed funds. If the stock price changes between its purchase and sale, the result for the investor is leverage: the investor's percentage gain or loss is magnified, compared to the percentage gain or loss had the investor purchased shares without borrowing.While the second definition is the general term in business and commerce,where margin refers to the difference between selling price and the seller's costs for the goods or services being sold. Margin includes only the seller's direct cost for the item or services, but not the costs of selling them, like store leasing fees or marketing costs, and not business overhead costs such as computer systems for the business or management salaries. Lastly, for the finance approach, margin refers to three specific income statement results, compared as a percentage of sales revenues: gross, operating, and net profit margins. Analysts and management look to thesemarginsasmeasuresofthecompany'searningperformance.

Meanwhile, Competitive Advantage, according to Investopedia.com, is an advantage that a firm has over its competitors, allowing it to generate greater sales or margins and/or retain more customers than its competition. There can be many types of competitive advantages including the firm's cost structure, product offerings, distribution network and customer support. Competitive advantages give a company an edge over its rivals and an ability to generate greater value for the firm and its shareholders. The more sustainable the competitive advantage, the more difficult it is for competitors to neutralize the advantage.

There were two types of competitive advantage: comparative advantage, or cost advantage, is a firm's ability to produce a good or service at a lower cost than its competitors, which gives the firm the ability sell its goods or services at a lower price than its competition or to generate a larger margin on sales, and differential advantage is created when a firm's products or services differ from its competitors and areseenasbetterthanacompetitor'sproductsbycustomers.

According to Generic Competitive Strategies from the website, Reference for Business, margin and competitive advantage are related to each other according to the overall cost leadership approach, a genericstrategywhichlowersthepriceofahighqualityproduct/service.The implementation of an overall cost leadership approach requires firms to develop policies aimed at becoming and remaining the lowestcost producer and/or distributor in the industry. Company strategies aimed at controlling costs include construction of efficientscale facilities, tight control of costs and overhead, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, minimization of operating expenses, reduction of input costs, tight control of labor costs, and lower distribution costs. The lowcost leader gains competitive advantage by getting its costs of production or distribution lower than those of the other firms in its market. The strategy is especially important for firms selling unbranded commodities such as beeforsteel.CompetitiveAdvantageThroughLowCostLeadershipTherearetwochoicesastohowtotakeadvantageofafirmsreducedcosts.

First, department stores and other highmargin firms often leave their selling price as SP, the original selling price. This allows the lowcost leader to obtain a higher profit margin than they received before the reduction in costs. Since the competition was unable to lower their costs, they are receiving the original, smaller profit margin. The cost leader gains competitive advantageoverthecompetitionbyearningmoreprofitforeachunitsold.

Meanwhile, discount stores such as WalMart are more likely to pass the savings from the lower costs on to customers in the form of lower prices. These discounters retain the original profit margin, which is the same margin as their competitors. However, they are able to lower their selling price due to their lower costs. They gain competitive advantage by being able to underpricethecompetitionwhilemaintainingthesameprofitmargin.

Overall cost leadership is not without potential problems. Two or more firms competing for cost leadership may engage in price wars that drive profits to very low levels. Ideally, a firm using a cost leader strategy will develop an advantage that is not easily copied by others. Cost leaders also must maintain their investment in stateoftheart equipment or face the possible entry of more costeffective competitors. Major changes in technology may drastically change production processes so that previous investments in production technology are no longer advantageous. Finally, firms may become so concerned with maintaining low costs that needed changes in production or marketing are overlooked. The strategy may be more difficult in a dynamic environment because some of the expenses that firms may seek to minimize are research and development costs or marketing research costs, yet these are expensesthefirmmayneedtoincurinordertoremaincompetitive.

To summarize, firms goal is to have a competitive advantage over their competitors, and to gain a broaderandwidermargin.

Figure 1 shows the competitive advantage firms may achieve through cost leadership.Cis the original cost of production.Cis the new cost of production.SPis the original selling price.SPis the new selling price. P is the original profit margin. P is the newprofitmargin.If we assume our firm and the other competitors are producing the product for a cost of C and selling it at SP, we are all receiving a profit of P. As cost leader, we are able to lower our

costtoCwhilethecompetitorsremainatC.

5. WhatarePortersprimaryvalueactivities?Whatarehissupportvalueactivities?

Michael Porter, a Harvard Professor, introduced the value chain analysis concept in his 1985 book The Competitive Advantage . Porter suggested that activities within an organization add value to the service and products that the organisation produces, and all these activities should be run at optimum level if the organisation is to gain any real competitive advantage. If they are run efficiently the value obtained should exceed the costs of running them i.e. customers should return to the organisation and transact freely and willingly. Michael Porter suggested that the organization is split into primary activities andsupportactivities.

Porter distinguishes between primary activities and support activities. Primary activities are directly concerned with the creation or delivery of a product or service. They can be grouped into five main areas: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. (The following arePortersprimaryactivitiesinthevaluechain):

The primary activities of Porters value chain was categorized into to two according to its functions: theproductrelatedactivitiesandthemarketrelatedactivities.

Product related activities Activities that the organization performs to add value to the products and servicesitself.1. Inbound logistics: These are all the processes related to receiving, storing, and distributing inputs internally. Your supplier relationships are a key factor in creating value here. For the production and development activities, organizations need inputs as goods which are received from the suppliers. Inbound logistics refer to all the activities related to receive goods from the suppliers, decision about the transportation scheduling, storing the goods as inventory, managing the inventory, and make the inputs readytousefortheproductionofendproducts.2. Operations: These are the transformation activities that change inputs into outputs that are sold to customers. These include the production process, development activities, testing, packaging, maintenance,andallotheractivitiesthattransformtheinputsintofinishedproduct.3. Services: These are the activities related to maintaining the value of your product or service to your customers, once it's been purchased. Organization offers the services after the products and/or services have been sold. These service activities enhance the products value in the form of after sales guarantees,warranties,sparepartsmanagement,repairservices,installation,updating,trainings,etc.

Market related activities Activities that the organization performs to transfer the finished products or servicestothecustomers.1. Outbound Logistics These activities deliver your product or service to your customer. These are things like collection, storage, and distribution systems, and they may be internal or external to your organization. The finished products are developed using the product related activities. Now activities are required to transfer the finished products to the customers via warehousing, order fulfillment, transportation,anddistributionmanagement.2. Marketing and Sales These are the processes you use to persuade clients to purchase from you instead of your competitors. The benefits you offer, and how well you communicate them, are sources of value here. These activities include the advertising, channel selection, product promotion, selling, product pricing, retail management, etc. The activities are performed to make sure that the products are transferred to the targeted customer groups. Marketing mix can be an instrument to take the competitive advantagetothetargetcustomers.Each of these primary activities is linked to support activities which help to improve their effectiveness or efficiency. There are four main areas of support activities: procurement, technology development, human resource management, and infrastructure. The following are the support activities of Porter accordingtothevaluechain:1. Procurement This is the purchasing activity of the inputs to transform these into finished products or services. Procurement adds value by the acquisition of appropriate goods or services at the best price, at the right time, and in the desired place with the desired quality and quantity. This includes finding vendorsandnegotiatingbestprices.2. Technology Management These activities relate to managing and processing information, as well as protecting a company's knowledge base. Minimizing information technology costs, staying current with technological advances, and maintaining technical excellence are sources of value creation.This is very important in todays technologically driven environment. Technology can be used in production to reduce cost, to develop new products, increase customer service facility, build up cost effective process, etc. It supports the value chain activities such as research and development, process automation, process design,etc.3. Human Resource Management The key roles of HR are to support the attainment of the overall strategic business plan and the objectives. As a strategic business partner HR designs the work positions by hiring, recognition, reward, appraisal systems, carrier planning, and employee development. They act as an advocate of the employees to motivate them and create a happy working environment. For the organizational changing situation, HR executes the strategic needs of the organization with minimum employeedissatisfactionandresistancetochange.4. Infrastructure These are a company's support systems, and the functions that allow it to maintain daily operations. Accounting, legal, administrative, and general management are examples of necessary infrastructure that businesses can use to their advantage. These are required to perform the value added activitiesefficientlytodrivetheorganizationforwardtomeetthestrategicplanandtheobjectives.

6. Whatisavaluechain?

Value Chain, according to Investopedia.com, is a highlevel model of how businesses receive raw materials as input, add value to the raw materials through various processes, and sell finished products to customers. It looks at every step a business goes through, from raw materials to the eventual enduser. Thegoalistodelivermaximumvaluefortheleastpossibletotalcost.

Meanwhile, according to Management Innovation Exchange, Michael Porter discussed this in his influential 1985 book "Competitive Advantage," in which he first introduced the concept of the value chain.

According to him, value is the chain of activities for a company that operates in a specific industry. For gaining the competitive advantages, Porter suggested that going through the chain of organization activities will add more value to the product and services than the sum of added cost of these activities. And thus, the company will gain marginal value for that product or service. If these activities run efficiently the company gains competitive advantage on the product or service. For this case the customers should transact the product or services willingly and provide return on value to the organization.The value chain framework can be used as powerful analysis tool for the strategic planning and to build the organizational model ensuring an effective leadership model. The value chain concept can be applied also in the individual business unit and can be extended to the whole supply chains and distribution networks. To form a successful product for an organization it is important to add value in each activity that the product goes through during the life cycle. The best possible value can be achieved in the product development process by adding value in each stage. For that it needs all, or a combination of, value chain activities and a proper synchronization among all the related activities. A proper organization is required that contains all the required functional departments to perform these activities and a proper communication approach is required to synchronize the activities of these functional units efficiently.According to LearnMarketing, Porter suggests that activities within an organization add value to the service and products that the company produces, and that all of these activities should be run at optimum level if the organization is to gain any real competitive advantage. If they are run efficiently, the value obtained should exceed the costs of running them for example, customers should return to the companyandtransactfreelyandwillingly.

In addition, the value chain model is a useful analysis tool for defining a firms core competencies and theactivitiesinwhichitcanpursueacompetitiveadvantageasfollows:

Cost Advantage It is understanding the costs and squeezing them out of the valueadding activities.

Differentiation It is focusing on those activities associated with core competencies and capabilitiesinordertoperformthembetterthandocompetitors.

Porterhaveidentifiedthe10costdriversthatarerelatedtothevaluechainactivities:

1. EconomiesofScale2. Learning3. CapacityUtilization4. Linkagesamongactivities5. Interrelationshipsamongbusinessunits6. Degreeofverticalintegration7. Timingofmarketentry8. Firmspolicyofcostordifferentiation9. Geographiclocation10. Institutionalfactors

Based on Mind Tools, to identify and understand your company's value chain, firms must follow these steps:

Step1IdentifysubactivitiesforeachprimaryactivityFor each primary activity, the firm must determine which specific subactivities create value. There are threedifferenttypesofsubactivities:

Direct activities create value by themselves. For example, in a book publisher's marketing and sales activity, direct subactivities include making sales calls to bookstores, advertising,andsellingonline.

Indirect activities allow direct activities to run smoothly. For the book publisher's sales and marketing activity, indirect subactivities include managing the sales force and keepingcustomerrecords.

Quality assurance activities ensure that direct and indirect activities meet the necessary standards. For the book publisher's sales and marketing activity, this might include proofreadingandeditingadvertisements.

Step2Identifysubactivitiesforeachsupportactivity.For each of the Human Resource Management, Technology Development and Procurement support activities,thefirmshoulddeterminethesubactivitiesthatcreatevaluewithineachprimaryactivity.

Then it has to identify the various valuecreating subactivities in the company's infrastructure. These willgenerallybecrossfunctionalinnature,ratherthanspecifictoeachprimaryactivity.

Step3Identifylinks

The firm must find the connections between all of the value activities it had identified. This will take time,butthelinksarekeytoincreasingcompetitiveadvantagefromthevaluechainframework.

Step4Lookforopportunitiestoincreasevalue

Review each of the subactivities and links that the firm have identified, and think about how the organizationcanchangeorenhanceittomaximizethevaluethefirmsoffertocustomers.

Figure1: Porters Value Chain Activities

7. Whatisavaluesystem?

According to Guide to Business Planning, value system or industry value chain extends the value chain beyond the boundaries of the business and recognises that a business is dependent on relationships with suppliers and buyers. The term value system underlines the fact that activities are not necessarily organised in a linear fashion, but viewing the activities that make up the final product as a chain is also usefulandunderlinesthelinkagebetweentheconceptofthevaluechainandthevaluesystem.

Competitors may have organized their value chain differently. For example, a mobile phone operator may have its own retail outlets, thus ensuring that the services can be sold directly to consumer. A competing operator without its own retail outlets will have to ensure adequate levels commission are paid in order to ensure that independent retailers sell its service. In the first case costs are fixed whereas in the latter case costs are variable but there is lack of control. In formulating your companys strategy, thecosts,rewardsandrisksofdifferentstrategiesshouldbeanalysedcarefully.

Analysis of the value system may reveal that a source of competitive advantage for your business could be a better selection of suppliers, for example suppliers that have a labour cost advantage. Make or buy decisions are also affected by a downstream analysis of the value system, and the distribution strategy can be optimised by understanding the distribution value chain. For example, some manufacturers have their own retail outlets but also supply competing retailers. The question is whether or not such an arrangement produces competitive advantage. The decision as to what of the industry value chain you would operate in would also be affected by scale economies in the different parts of the value system. The industry supply chain is a related concept which focuses on the flow or raw materials to the finished product.

According to Create Advantage, value system have five dimensions. The following explain the five approachesofvaluesystem:

Value system and competitive advantage Value activities are the discrete building blocks of competitive advantage. How each activity is performed with its economics will determine if a firm is high or low cost relative to its competitors. The firm's competitive advantage comes from the way activities fit and reinforce one another. By seeing the company's value chain and its value system as a whole, the firm can tailor its competencies to fit together to provide a superior valuepropositiontothecustomer.

Value system, strategy, and business design Value chain formulation focuses on how these activities create value and what determines their cost, giving the firm considerable latitude in determininghowactivitiesareconfigured.

Value system architecture As in all 'architecture,' a style or method of design and construction should become evident, as well as opportunities to better design the system. There should be a thematic and complementary arrangement of the activities first followed by forming the activities into a structure. A value system design with gaps, without a defined flow, or unidentified and unaligned value propositions of the players raises a red flag for the possibility of an incomplete orineffectivestrategy.

Value system and strategy formation The value system design occurs early on in the strategy creation processes. This activity produces strategic insights. For example, the incorporation of substitute offerings and competitors into a value system view is a means for developing insights into strategic opportunities. As specific strategic alternatives are developed and assessed, definingeachalternative'svaluesystemservestorevealanyweaklinksinthesystem.

Value system and strategy deployment As for defining the business model in preparation for deployment, the value system becomes a clear representation of what you want the process battlefield to look like at the end of deployment. As such, it serves as a guide to those involved with the ongoing dynamics of strategy deployment where twists and turns are an everyday occurrence as the processes, functions, and business relationships are further refined. Referring to the value system design during the heat of battle can insure that the achievement of the overall value proposition as defined in the strategy and that the hypothesis of the strategy is in fact being tested.

8. How can a firm achieve strategic from an information system that processor customer sales

orders?

According to Harvard Business Review, information technology is transfusing the value chain at every point, transforming the way value activities are performed and the nature of the linkages among them. It also is affecting competitive scope and reshaping the way products meet buyer needs. These basic effects explain why information technology has acquired strategic significance and is different from the manyothertechnologiesbusinessesuse.

Every value activity has both a physical and an informationprocessing component. The physical component includes all the physical tasks required to perform the activity. The informationprocessing component encompasses the steps required to capture, manipulate, and channel the data necessary to performtheactivity.

Every value activity creates and uses information of some kind. A logistics activity, for example, uses information like scheduling promises, transportation rates, and production plans to ensure timely and costeffective delivery. A service activity uses information about service requests to schedule calls and order parts, and generates information on product failures that a company can use to revise product designsandmanufacturingmethods.

An activitys physical and informationprocessing components may be simple or quite complex. Different activities require a different mix of the two components. For instance, metal stamping uses more physical processing than information processing processing of insurance claims requires just the oppositebalance.

For most of industrial history, technological progress principally affected the physical component of what businesses do. During the Industrial Revolution, companies achieved competitive advantage by

substituting machines for human labor. Information processing at that time was mostly the result of humaneffort.

This technological transformation is expanding the limits of what companies can do faster than managers can explore the opportunities. The information revolution affects all nine categories of value activity, from allowing computeraided design in technology development to incorporating automation in warehouses. The new technology substitutes machines for human effort in information processing. Paperledgersandrulesofthumbhavegivenwaytocomputers.

Initially, companies used information technology mainly for accounting and recordkeeping functions. In these applications, the computers automated repetitive clerical functions such as order processing. Today information technology is spreading throughout the value chain and is performing optimization and control functions as well as more judgmental executive functions. General Electric, for instance, uses a database that includes the accumulated experience and knowledge of its appliance service engineerstoprovidesupporttocustomersbyphone.

Information technology is generating more data as a company performs its activities and is permitting it to collect or capture information that was not available before. Such technology also makes room for a more comprehensive analysis and use of the expanded data. The number of variables that a company can analyze or control has grown dramatically. HuntWesson, for example, developed a computer model to aid it in studying distributioncenter expansion and relocation issues. The model enabled the company to evaluate many more different variables, scenarios, and alternative strategies than had been possible before. Similarly, information technology helped Sulzer Brothers engineers improve the design of dieselenginesinwaysthatmanualcalculationscouldnot.

Information technology is also transforming the physical processing component of activities. Computercontrolled machine tools are faster, more accurate, and more flexible in manufacturing than the older, manually operated machines. Information technology not only affects how individual activities are performed but, through new information flows, it is also greatly enhancing a companys ability to exploit linkages between activities, both within and outside the company. The technology is creating new linkages between activities, and companies can now coordinate their actions more closely with those of their buyers and suppliers. For example, McKesson, the nations largest drug distributor, provides its drugstore customers with terminals. The company makes it so easy for clients to order, receive, and prepare invoices that the customers, in return, are willing to place larger orders. At the same time,McKessonhasstreamlineditsorderprocessing.

Finally, the new technology has a powerful effect on competitive scope. Information systems allow companies to coordinate value activities in farflung geographic locations. Information technology is also creating many new interrelationships among businesses, expanding the scope of industries in which acompanymustcompetetoachievecompetitiveadvantage.

So pervasive is the impact of information technology that it confronts executives with a tough problem: too much information. This problem creates new uses of information technology to store and analyze the floodofinformationavailabletoexecutives.

information technology is changing the rules of competition in three ways. First, advances in information technology are changing the industry structure. Second, information technology is an increasingly important lever that companies can use to create competitive advantage. A companys search for competitive advantage through information technology often also spreads to affect industry structure as competitors imitate the leaders strategic innovations. Finally, the information revolution is spawning completely new businesses. These three effects are critical for understanding the impact of informationtechnologyonaparticularindustryandforformulatingeffectivestrategicresponses.

Figure: Information Technologypermeates the value chain

9. Explain how you would achieve a tactical advantage by tying a sales order system to a customerservicesystem.

According to CRM Trends, CRM or customer relationship management is putting your customer at the heart of your business. Today it is more important than ever to build better relationships with your customers as, in this day and age of social media, they now talk to 130+ people at a time. They have a megaphone,makingiteasierforpositiveandnegativemessagestospreadfastandwide.Meanwhile, according to One Strategy, tactics are the specific actions that lead to implementing your strategies. The tactics are broken down into four areas (product, price, promotion, distribution) and will provide the framework for creating action items to accomplish your strategic market objectives of reaching your target market. Together, they are a set of tools that the firm blends to produce a response it wants in the target market. There are different tactical positions for each functional area based on the selectedstrategy.Thetacticalpositionsreinforceyourstrategy.

Fromaproductfocusedapproach,thefourareasaredefinedas:

Product:Theproductorserviceyouareofferingtoyourtargetmarket Price:Theamountofmoneycustomershavetopaytoobtainyourproduct. Promotion: The activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target

customers. Distribution: The companys activities that make the product available to target

consumers.

Fromacustomerfocusedapproach,thefourareasaredefinedas:

CustomerNeed CustomerCost Communication Convenience

Each tactical area contains numerous considerations and issues firms need to be aware of, and sometimesaddress,whenimplementingstrategies.

Given that customer loyalty is directly correlated to the customer's brand experience, having authentic personal interactions both before and after a purchase has been made will be the number one priority of all customerfacing companies. Tactics like content creation, loyalty programs and gamification will continue to play an integral role in the customer experience development, but so will initiatives that enableaholisticexperience.Retailers, that in the past have tended to tie their loyalty programs to a private label or general purpose credit card, will begin to experiment with multitender loyalty programs. As a result of the Great Recession and legal requirements, the cold hard truth is that twothirds of adults under age 30 currently have no credit cards at all. Retailers wanting to capture the Millennial market will have to become more inventive in order to capture this shopper. Using cash or debit will no longer preclude consumers from participatinginaretailer'sloyaltyprogramefforts.According to Michael Porter, "It's incredibly arrogant for a company to believe it can deliver the same sort of product that its rivals do and actually do better for very long. That's especially true today, when theflowofinformationandcapitalisincrediblyfast."Also, firms should consider the checklist below. It is proven that these strategies will enhance the firms likelihoodoflongtermCRMsuccess.1:Getsponsorshipfromthetopbrass2:Buildateam3:Defineyourbusinessobjectives4:Identifywhoyourcustomeris5:Differentiate6:UnderstandyourCustomers7:Agreeondesiredcustomerbehaviors8:Definecustomerexperiencegoals9:Haveanintegratedcustomerstrategy10:Defineandmapdatarequirements 11:Standardizedata12:Dialoguewithyourcustomers13:Getpersonal14:Developsuccessmetrics15:Createcustomerengagementprograms16:CollectData17:Testthetargetcustomer18:Monitor19:Automateprocesses20:Empowerstaff21:Keepthesystemsimple22:Communicate

10. How would you design an information system to take advantage of operational opportunities?

The way to fruitful data frameworks is great configuration. Anyway what makes a decent outline? Various controls say something regarding this theme. We will take a gander at configuration from various alternate points of view. At whatever point conceivable we will differentiate great and terrible plans.

Distinctive individuals utilize the expression plan as a part of diverse settings. At the point when IS experts discuss outline, they are alluding to business forms. Issues must be investigated and necessities recorded before arrangements are planned, created, and actualized. After all if the configuration does not fulfill the business need, then what's the point? Then again, fulfilling the business need is truly a benchmark standard. The attacked doctor's facility framework depicted prior meets the business need of enlisting patients. But then its outline is in different ways lacking. Likewise, fast food addresses the issue for bolstering one's yearning. In any case, we need to be allegorically superior to fast food in our plans.

Ease of use depicts how simple the framework is to explore. The simpler the framework is to explore, the less time a client will need to spend figuring out how to utilize the framework. A more usable framework additionally leaves less space for slip. Convenience hypothesis gives dependable guidelines (heuristics) that record best practice traditions for planning a client interface. Amazon.com has a standout amongst the most usable online frameworks in light of the fact that they take after settled traditions. Taking after traditions enormously builds the potential acknowledgement of your site or application.

Visual communication alludes to the visual advance and association of the client interface. There is clearly some cover here with convenience. Usable frameworks commonly stick to at any rate some visual computerization rules. On the other hand, a usable framework could be flat and uninteresting. Utilizing visual communication standards aides guarantee that the framework will have visual advance. Plans likewise need to fit with the general brand of the customer. Existing hues, text styles, and logos areeveryoneoftheapieceofthebrandforwhichtheframeworkisbeingmade.

Scientific Design portrays how to best speak to data particularly quantitative data to impart plainly and truthfully. Each data frameworks venture has quantitative measurements connected with undertaking administration.Theseincorporateassessingexpenses,timecalendarsandsoon.

What are the profits of innovation for a business? There are numerous, yet most fall under a couple of classifications:

Reachmorepotentialclients,buildupabusinessassociationwithpotentialclients Streamline operations, decrease expenses, enhance effectiveness, expand benefit, minimize

waste,giveabilitytocenterbusinessratherthanoverhead Givebetteradministrationtoclients Bolsterbetterassociationswithkeyaccomplices Permitclientstobetterguidethebusiness

11. Whatarethefeaturesthatdistinguishamultinationalcompany(MNC)?

Let us first define Multinational Company or MNC. According to David E. Liliental, considering a wider parameter, MNC is a "corporations which have their home in one country but operate and live under the laws and customs of other countries as well." While for brevity, MNC refers to the business enterprise operating in more than one nation. In addition, according to GKSPRED.com, MNC from the two words multi and national, means a company which operates in more than one country or which has accesstoInternationalmarkets.

BelowarethekeyfeaturesofMultinationalCompanyaccordingtoGkSpread.com:

Giant Size : The assets and sale of Multinational corporations are quite large . These companies operate on large scale as they trade in more than one companies. These

companies generate large wealth.Their operations are so huge that sometimes their sales turnover exceeds the gross national product (GNP) of a developing Countries. By this we can imagine about the powers and calibre of a multinational company. Example of MNCs are,ThephysicalassetsofIBMexceeds8billiondollars.

International Operation : A multinational corporation operates in more than one country . It has branches , factories , offices in several countries. It operates through a network of branches and subsidiaries in host countries. They sell their products in different countries . Forexample:CocaColaandapple.

Professional Management : A Multinational corporation employs professional experts , specialised people. MNCS Try to keep their employees updated by imparting them training from time to time. It employs professionals to handle the advance in technology effectively.

Centralized Control : The branches of Multinational companies spread in different countries are controlled and managed from the headquarters situated in the home country. headquarters in the home country is the is the main branch. All branches operate within the policyframeworkformedbyheadquarters.

Oligopolistic Powers : Oligopoly means power in the hands of few companies only . Due to their giant size , the multinational companies occupy dominating position in the market .They join hands with big business houses and give rise to monopoly. They also take over otherfirmstoacquirehugepowerandimprovemarketshare

Sophisticated Technology : Multinational companies make use of latest and advanced technology to supply world class products . They use capitalintensive technology and innovativetechniquesofproduction.

12. WhatisasourceofuncertaintyforanMNC?

According to the Wikipedia, uncertainty is defined as the lack of certainty or state of having limited knowledge where it is impossible to exactly describe the existing state, a future outcome, or more than onepossibleoutcome.MultinationalCorporationsreceiveuncertaintyfromthefollowingsources:

TheSpecialNeedforInformationProcessinginanMNCAlbeit all organizations have a requirement for data preparing and coordination, these needs are particularly vital for the MNC. The MNC is an open framework that tries to minimize instability in its surroundings. In this connection, vulnerability is "the contrast between the measure of data needed to performundertakingandthemeasureofdataofficiallycontrolledbytheassociation.

13. HowdotheexecutivesofanMNCrespondtouncertainty?

According to, Overcoming the Problems of Cultural Differences, executives must be able to handle uncertainties properly. In a worldwide connection the administration and advancement of individuals inexorably prompts contemplations of assorted qualities and related difficulties. Bartlett and Goshal talk about the difficulties confronting associations which are meaning to work adequately crosswise over fringes. They recognize the significant difficulties as having the capacity to create rehearses which adjust worldwide intensity, multinational adaptability and the building of an overall learning ability. They keep up that accomplishing this offset will oblige associations to add to the social affectability and capacitytooverseeandinfluencefiguringouthowtomanufacturefuturecapacities.Turning to the point of teamworking there is mounting proof and assessment that this speaks to the best system for attaining to execution objectives in associations obliging more prominent smoothness and

adaptability in reacting quickly to market difficulties and opportunities. Senge in taking a gander at the progress included in authoritative learning and focused achievement highlights the key part of powerful team working. All the more as of late Fisher et al. have delivered proof which illustrated, in a business instead of "classroom" setting, that differing qualities of group sorts inside a group prompts more successfulexecution.For worldwide associations there is an expanding need to get gatherings of supervisors from distinctive nationalities to cooperate viably either as persisting administration groups or to asset particular activities tending to key business issues. Numerous associations have observed that bringing such gatherings of supervisors together can be dangerous and execution is not generally at the level obliged or anticipated. In tending to the issues identifying with creating successful global administration groups it appears that theaccompanyingterritoriesoughttobeconsidered:

Recognizingthenatureandramificationsofnationalsocialcontrastsinsidethegroup. Making a premise for building comprehension and attention to social contrasts and how they

maybeoverseen. Figuring a structure for building up a high performing group which makes note of social

contrastsandinfluencesthedifferingqualitiesdisplayinaworldwidegroup.Aside from that, the need for coordination in an MNC was called out. Coordination is critical to attaining to upper hand in the worldwide commercial center. Organizations that are not able to increase key control of their overall operations and oversee them in an all inclusive composed way won't succeed intheglobaleconomy.

14. WhatsingleworddescribesthekeytoachievingcompetitiveadvantageforanMNC?Coordination is the best adjective that would best describe the key in achieving competitive advantage for MNC. According to Management Study Guide, coordination is the unification, integration, synchronization of the efforts of group members so as to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals. It is a hidden force which binds all the other functions of management. While according to Mooney and Reelay, coordination is orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action inthepursuitofcommongoals.Management looks to accomplish coappointment through its essential capacities of arranging, sorting out, staffing, coordinating and controlling. That is the reason, coappointment is not a different capacity of administration on the grounds that attaining to of agreement between people endeavors towards accomplishment of gathering objectives is a key to achievement of administration. Coordination is the embodimentofadministrationandisimpliedandnaturalinallcapacitiesofadministration.An administrator can be contrasted with an ensemble conductor since them two need to make mood and solidarity in the exercises of gathering individuals. Coordination is a vital component or fixing of all the administrativecapacitiesastalkedaboutbeneath:

Coordination through Planning Planning encourages coappointment by incorporating the different plans through common dialog, trade of thoughts. e.g. coappointment between fund planandbuysplan.

Coordination through Organizing Mooney considers coappointment as the very pith of

arranging. Actually when an administrator aggregates and appoints different exercises to subordinates,andwhenhemakesdivision'scoappointmenthighestinhisbrain.

Coordination through Staffing A chief ought to tolerate at the top of the priority list that the right no. of staff in different positions with right sort of instruction and abilities are taken which willguaranteerightmenontherightoccupation.

Coordination through Directing The reason for giving requests, guidelines & direction to the

subordinatesisservedjustwhenthereisaconcordancebetweenbosses&subordinates.

Coordination through Controlling Manager guarantees that there ought to be coappointment betweengenuineexecution&standardexecutiontoaccomplishauthoritativeobjectives.

Meanwhile, according to Smriti Chand, coordination in business have 6 features, these are the following:

Coordination Integrates Group efforts: The idea of coordination dependably applies to gathering endeavors. There is no requirement for coordination when just single individual is working. The requirement for deliberateness, joining emerges just when more people are filling in as diverse people originate from distinctive foundations, have diverse styles of working so thereishavetobringtogethertheirendeavorsinlikemannerbearing.

Ensure Unity of Efforts: Coordination dependably accentuates on binding together the endeavors of distinctive people on the grounds that clashing endeavors may cause harm to association. The primary point of each director is to arrange the exercises and capacities of all peopletoregularobjective.

Continuous Process: Coordination is a nonclosure capacity. It is a constant capacity in spite of the fact that its degree may shift. The administrators work persistently to accomplish coordination and keep up coordination in light of the fact that without coordination organizations can'tworkeffectively.

Coordination is a pervasive function: Coordination is a general capacity it is needed at all the levels, in all the divisions and to perform all the capacities because of association of different exercises on one another. For instance if low quality inputs are bought by buy division, it will bringaboutgenerationoflowqualityitemwhichfurtherresultinlowdeal,lowincomeetc.

Coordination is the responsibility of all managers: Coordination is not the assignment of just top level administrators however supervisors working at distinctive levels attempt to facilitate the exercises of association. The top level attempt to arrange the general arrangements and approaches of association, center level attempt to facilitate departmental exercises and lower levelorganizetheexercisesoflaborers.

Coordination is a deliberate function: Each administrator tries to arrange the exercises of association to evade perplexity and disorder. Without coordination endeavors of people can't be united and coordinated that is the reason while performing different exercises in the association administratorsdeliberatelyperformcoordinationcapacity.

Expanding coordination inside can be fulfilled by keeping all moving parts of the association in agreement. There are various approaches to enhance the coordination of diverse divisions, work gatherings, groups, or utilitarian experts. These incorporate making a decently imparted and exact statement of purpose unmistakably characterizing key destinations checking and assessing every utilitarian gathering giving vast redesigns and interchanges from every office and, wherever conceivable, advancing crossdepartmental gatherings and ventures. While this rundown is long and complex, the fundamental idea is moderately basic: supervisors ought to reinforce correspondence over allfeaturesoftheassociationtoexpandthelevelofcombinationbetweeneverymovingpart.

15. Identify three ways that cultural and communication barriers can pose challenges in developingaglobalinformationsystem.

According to Sharon Penn, in the multicultural working environment ordinary of working together in a worldwide economy, social hindrances to correspondence flourish. Other than the conspicuous trouble in comprehension individuals whose dialect is distinctive, there are different variables that test individuals who are attempting to work concordantly with others of an alternate foundation. Individuals from distinctive parts of the world have an alternate edge of reference, and they may show feelings distinctivelyandshowdiversepractices.For organizations included in worldwide business operations the relationship of chiefs and subordinates in multinational firms is critical. In exploration directed by Thomas and Ravlin it was observed that members to whom nationality was more critical demonstrated lower view of similitude with the chief, lower plans to partner, and lower impression of administrative viability. The consequences of the study unequivocally show that showing individuals from diverse societies to carry on like one another is an insufficient way to enhancing intercultural communications in business settings. Center ought to be set on utilizing individual contrasts to make development. Preparing and improvement of people included in interculturalassociationsoughttoincludemorethanbasicallyadvancingsocialadjustment.Meanwhile, the three ways that cultural and communication barriers can create problems in developing a globalinformationsystemareasfollow:

Restrictions on Hardware Purchases and Imports National government look to ensure nearby makers and invigorate outside interest in neighborhood fabricating by determining that just gear created or collected in that nation is to be utilized. This necessity can influence interoperabilityofdiverseequipmentandprogrammingframeworks.

Restrictions on Data Processing National approach may direct that information be handled insidethenation,asopposedtotransmittedoutofthenationandtransformedsomewhereelse.

Restrictions on Data Communications The most advertised information correspondences limitation is that put on transborder information streams. Transborder information data flow or TDF, is the development of machineintelligible information crosswise over national limits. TDF enactment, which started in the 1970s has been instituted by numerous nations as an approach to securetheindividualprotectionoftheirnational.

16. List seven types of information resources. Place an asterisk next to those that are always

locatedininformationservices.

Afirmsinformationresourcesconsistof:

*Computer Hardware Hardware, in the computer world, refers to the physical components that make up a computer system.The PC equipment in your business has a tremendous effect on how you function. Having the right PCs, servers, printers, fax machines can help move your organizationinthecourseyouseek.

*Computer Software Programming is a program that empowers a PC to perform a particular errand, rather than the physical parts of the framework. This incorporates application programming, for example, a statement processor, which empowers a client to perform an assignment, and framework programming, for example, a working framework, which empowers other programming to run appropriately, by interfacing with equipment and with other programming. Pragmatic PC frameworks isolate programming into three noteworthy classes: framework programming, programming and application programming, in spite of the fact that the qualification is discretionary, and regularly obscured. PC programming must be "stacked" intothePC'scapacity.

*Information Specialists PC data masters oversee PC frameworks for organizations. They are generally in charge of programming, information investigation and specialized backing in

different limits, for different customers. PC data experts oversee PC frameworks for organizations. They are normally in charge of programming, information examination and specializedbackingindifferentlimits,fordifferentcustomers.

Users A person who utilizes a PC. This incorporates master software engineers and in addition amateurs.Anendclientisanypersonwhorunsanapplicationprogram.

Facilities It is something designed, built, installed, for the purpose to serve a specific function affordingaconvenienceorservice.

*Databases It is fundamentally a gathering of data sorted out in such a route, to the point that a PC system can rapidly choose fancied bits of information. You can think about a database as an electronic documenting framework. Customary databases are composed by fields, records, and documents. A field is a solitary bit of data a record is one complete situated of fields and a document is a gathering of records. For instance, a phone directory is practically equivalent to a record. It contains a rundown of records, each of which comprises of three fields: name, address, andphonenumber.

*Information It is boosts that has significance in some setting for its collector. At the point when data is gone into and put away in a PC, it is by and large alluded to as information. In the wake of preparing, (for example, organizing and printing), yield information can again be seen as information.

17. Identifyfourdimensionsofinformationthatamanagershouldconsider.

The following are the four dimensions of information, according to The Multiple Dimensions of InformationQuality,thatamanagershouldconsider:

Relevancy The key part for data quality is whether the data addresses its client's necessities. If not, that client will discover the data deficient paying little mind to how well the data rates along different measurements examined beneath. This does not imply that immaterial data to a data client is of "low quality". It simply shows that the data is an individual from an alternate data class much in the same way that an extravagance auto and a games auto are both individuals from diverse classes of cars. Sometimes "low quality" data might really be great what is requiredistoinstructthedata'sclientsotheycancomprehenditandutilizationit.

Accuracy Precise data mirrors the basic reality. That quality data ought to be exact appears glaringly evident. By and by, data utilized for diverse purposes obliges different levels of exactness and it is even workable for data to be excessively precise in the feeling of being excessively exact. Data error and related issues happens in numerous data frameworks. The issue is remarkable and is tended to by data frameworks experts through the cycle from frameworks outline to execution to upkeep. Less well comprehended is that data can be excessively exact when its level of accuracy surpasses its client's transforming ability. This can expand data frameworks expense, turn into a channel on framework validity and even, through the perplexity broughtabout,resultinabuseordeserting.

Timeliness Auspicious data is still present. Verifiable in this definition is an element process where new data emerges to supplant the old. Data has a process duration which relies on upon how rapidly new data can be prepared and imparted to its client. Data convenience runs as an inseparable unit with data exactness. The idea of what is auspicious is itself continually changing and being reclassified, because of changes in client recognitions brought on by innovation and the focused environment. Today, time based rivalry and the associative lessening in operations processdurationshasenergizedaninterestforevergreendata.

Completeness Fragmented data can lead its client adrift. A sample of this is the old story of visually impaired voyagers experiencing an elephant in the street with each, in the wake of analyzing a little area, reaching an alternate conclusion in regards to the object's personality. On the other hand, complete data for one individual may be fragmented for an alternate. For instance, the advertising VP and the executive of innovative work for a pharmaceutical

organization may be both be occupied with the clinical trials tests for another medication, yet every may oblige distinctive levels of point of interest. Generally as data whose accuracy surpasses a client's handling capacity may be excessively exact, data might likewise be excessively finish. The fantastic illustration is the lawyer dumping boxes of material on an enemy's work area, realizing that it will be difficult to uncover the few applicable certainties covered inside. The peril in business, are data frameworks that create so much data that clients can'thandleitallinanauspiciousmanner.

18. Whatisknowledgemanagement?

According to Michael Koenig, knowledge management, (KM) is a concept and a term that arose approximately two decades ago, roughly in 1990. Quite simply one might say that it means organizing an organization's information and knowledge holistically, but that sounds a bit wooly, and surprisingly enough, even though it sounds overbroad, it is not the whole picture. Knowledge management is a train that elevates an incorporated way to distinguishing, catching, assessing, recovering, and offering the greater part of a venture's data resources. These benefits may incorporate databases, archives, strategies, techniques,andbeforehanduncaughtskillandinvolvementinindividuallaborers.

KM consequently infers an in number attach to authoritative objectives and procedure, and it includes the administration of learning that is helpful for some reason and which makes esteem for the association.

Knowledge management is basically about getting the right information to one side individual at the opportune time. This in itself may not appear to be so perplexing, yet it suggests an in number attach to corporate methodology, comprehension of where and in what structures information exists, making methods that compass authoritative capacities, and guaranteeing that activities are acknowledged and upheld by hierarchical individuals. Learning administration might likewise incorporate new information creation,oritmightsingularlyconcentrateoninformationimparting,stockpiling,andrefinement.

The general target is to make esteem and to influence, enhance, and refine the company's skills and learning resources for meet hierarchical objectives and targets. Actualizing information administration in thismannerhasafewmeasurementsincluding:

KM Strategy Learning administration procedure must be subject to corporate technique. The goal is to oversee, impart, and make important learning resources that will help meet strategic andvitalnecessities.

Organizational Culture The authoritative society impacts the way individuals cooperate, the connection inside which information is made, the resistance they will have towards certain progressions,andeventuallythewaytheyimpartlearning.

Organizational Process The right courses of action, situations, and frameworks that empower KMtobeactualizedintheassociation.

Management & Leadership KM requires skillful and experienced initiative at all levels. There are a wide mixture of KMrelated parts that an association could possibly need to execute, includingaCKO,informationadministrators,learningmerchantsetc.

Technology The frameworks, instruments, and innovations that fit the association's prerequisiteslegitimatelycomposedandexecuted.

Politics The long haul backing to actualize and support activities that include practically all hierarchical capacities, which may be exorbitant to execute (both from the viewpoint of time and cash),andwhichfrequentlydon'thaveastraightforwardlyobviousrateofprofitability.

19. Commentonthefollowingstatements:a. Informationproducedbytheinformationprocessorshouldbefreeoferrors.

Not necessarily free of errors but rather, accurate and precise. The nonspatial information connected to area might likewise be erroneous or uncertain. Mistakes may come about because

of missteps of numerous sorts. Nonspatial information can likewise shift incredibly in exactness. Exact property data depicts phenomena in extraordinary subtle element. Case in point, an exact portrayal of a man living at a specific location may incorporate sex, age, pay, occupation, level of instruction, and numerous different qualities. An uncertain depiction may incorporate simply wage,orsimplysex.b. An information processor should provide the manager with as much information as

possible. Information is a basic asset in the operation and administration of associations. Opportune

accessibility of important data is key for viable execution of administrative capacities, for example, arranging, sorting out, driving, and control. An information framework in an association is similar to the sensory system in the human body: it is the connection that unites all the association's parts together and accommodates better operation and survival in a focused situation. Surely, today's associations run on data. Information comprises of information that have been handled and are significant to a client. A framework is a situated of segments that work together to attain to a typical reason. In this manner an administration data framework gathers, transmits, procedures, and stores information on an association's assets, projects, and achievements. The framework makes conceivable the transformation of these information into administration data for utilization by leaders inside the association. An administration data framework, in this way, delivers data that backings the administration capacities of an association.

20. Whyshouldanorganizationcapturedatafromitslegacysystem?

In numerous commercial enterprises, business basic frameworks dwell on legacy stages and legacy applications. One advantage of these frameworks is their unwavering quality and elite. Thus, associations are hesitant to relinquish them for new advancements. What's more, the information dwelling in legacy frameworks is to a great degree significant to the business, utilized as a part of fundamental activities including business intelligence (BI) and investigation to bolster advertising, client bolster,account,logistics,andthat'sonlythetipoftheiceberg.In spite of the fact that legacy information is a basic asset, IT groups battle to discover productive and financially savvy approaches to get to and influence it for business purposes. Consider the accompanyingdifficulties:

The expense and unpredictability of moving to more current stages is restrictive. In a period where IT groups must accomplish more with less, modernizing the IT framework and relocating legacystagesanddatabasestofresherinnovationsmightjustnotbeconceivable.

Getting to information in legacy frameworks is testing. IT groups perceive that opportune access

to information in legacy frameworks is vital for inside clients, yet getting to that data and incorporatingitwithotherdatabaseframeworkscanbeextremelytroublesome.

Information revives from legacy frameworks may be too moderate for BI and investigation

purposes. Long postpones in legacy framework information invigorates have a negative effect on the lines of business. Investigators must work with obsolete data or hold up for inadmissibly drawnoutstretchesoftimetogetupgradedinformation.

Getting to information in legacy frameworks is regularly a weight for IT groups. In numerous

associations, business clients send the IT division their data demands for BI and investigation errands. Getting to legacy framework information to address these issues can take quite a while becauseofrestrictedhumanassetsandanabsenceofapparatuses.

21. How has the increased use of Web sites by forms increased the importance of image management?

It's insufficient to "oversee" content. The capacity to get to the right form of a record or record is critical. Contentmustbeoverseensoitisutilizedtoattaintobusinessobjectives.Enterprise Content Management is the deliberate accumulation and association of data that is to be utilized by an assigned gathering of people business officials, clients, and so forth. Neither a solitary innovation nor a strategy nor a methodology, it is an element blend of methods, strategies, and devices used to catch, oversee, store, protect, and convey data supporting key hierarchical techniques through its wholelifecycle.

Catchcomesdowntoenteringsubstanceintotheframework. Oversee is your main thing beside it, so it can be discovered and utilized by whomever it is

plannedfor. Putting away it means discovering it a proper home in your base, be it a formal substance

administrationframeworkorotherdataarrangement. Safeguard alludes to long haul care filing, maybe the act of ensuring it so it can be used

howeverfarintothefuturetheassociationneedsittobeaccessible. What's more, convey is about putting the data in the right individuals' hands right when they

requireittobethere.Report administration in the long run was subsumed into substance administration in no little measure in light of the fact that there is more data accessible to us today than any time in recent memory, and the greater part of it is not being made by us. On account of the mainstreaming of an entire scope of sources like the Web, thumb drives, cell phones, cloud, and so on., the need has quickened to manage data of numerous sorts: not simply as far as more media sorts like content versus pictures versus voice records, additionallyasfarashoworganizedandconsequentlyhowpromptlyoversaw.Below is an accurate statistics about the Search Engine Optimization Stats: (This is how websites ctreate hugeimpactsonafirm)

61% of global Internet users research products online. (Interconnected World: Shopping and PersonalFinance,2012)

44% of online shoppers begin by using a search engine. (Interconnected World: Shopping and PersonalFinance,2012)

On average, we conduct 12 billion searches per month on the web in the United States. (Comscore,July2014)

The average clickthrough rate for paid search in 2010 (worldwide) was 2%. (Convario, January 2011)

Businesses with websites of 4011000 pages get 6x more leads than those with 51100 pages. (HubSpotLeadGenerationLessonsfrom4,000Businesses,2011)

86% of consumers stated that using a search engine allowed them to learn something new or important that helped him/her increase his/her knowledge. (Pew Research Center, Search Engine Use2012)

The average content length for a web page that ranks in the top 10 results for any keyword on Google has at least 2,000 words. The higher up you go on the search listings page, the more contenteachwebpagehas.(QuickSprout)

If a post is greater than 1,500 words, on average it receives 68.1% more tweets and 22.6% more Facebooklikesthanapostthatisunder1,500words.(QuickSprout)

60%ofallorganicclicksgototheorganictop3searchresults.(Business2Community) YouTube has become the 2nd Largest Search Engine bigger than Bing, Yahoo, Ask & AOL

combined.(SocialMediaToday) 50% of all mobile searches are conducted in hopes of finding local results, and 61% of those

searchesresultinapurchase.(SearchEngineWatch) SEO leads have a 14.6% close rate, while outbound leads (such as direct mail or print

advertising)havea1.7%closerate.(SearchEngineJournal)

22. CouldamanagerbeaCIOeventhoughheorshedoesnothavethattitle?Explain.YES,amanagercanbeaCIOevenifhe/shedoesnothaveatitle.WilliamR.SynnottandWilliamH.Gruberin1981,suggestedthattheCIOshouldbe:

amemberofthesenioradministrativeteam, amanagerofthetechnologyandotherinformationresources, theindividualresponsibleforITplanning, theindividualresponsibleforthedevelopmentofnewsystems, theindividualresponsibleforpolicydevelopment,and aparticipantintheoverallinstitutionalstrategicplanningprocesses.

The center of a CTO, a position likened to periodically still alluded to as "VP of designing," is ordinarily to create and execute new advances. A CIO, conversely, is inclined to tackle issues through looking into andexecutinginstantadvances.ACTObyandlargeattemptstogrownewinnovationarrangements.

Tofurtherjustifytheanswerabove,hereisanexample:

In 2008, as per a study by CIO magazine called "Condition of the CIO," 60 percent of U.S. leaders of their organization's IT office overviewed had the title CIO. That is the most noteworthy percent in the overviewhistory.Relatively,11percenthadaVPtitle,and4percentwereCTOs.

Along these lines, parts change a bit thus do real titles. A VP of designing or a VP of innovation is a CTO/CIO without the official level title and, trul