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Later Period[edit]

In the Assyrian and Hellenistic periods, cuneiform texts continue to use (or revive) old place names - giving a sense of continuity

between contemporary events and events of the distant past.[6]

For example,Mediais referred to as "the land of theGutians",[7]

a

people who had disappeared from history around 2000 BC.

Meluhha also appears in these texts, in contexts which suggest that "Meluhha" and "Magan" were kingdoms adjacent to Egypt.

Assurbanipal writes about his first march against Egypt, "In my first campaign I marched against Magan, Meluhha,Tarka, king of

Egypt and Ethiopia, whomEsarhaddon, king of Assyria, the father who begot me, had defeated, and whose land he brought under

his way." In theHellenistic period, the term is sometimes used to refer toPtolemaic Egypt, as in its account of a festival celebrating

the conclusion of theSixth Syrian War.[8]

These references do not necessarily mean that early references to Meluhha also referred to Egypt. Direct contacts between

Sumeria and the Indus Valley had ceased even during theMature Harappanphase when Oman and Bahrain (Magan and Dilmun)

became intermediaries. After the sack of Ur by the Elamites and subsequent invasions in Sumeria, its trade and contacts shifted

west and Meluhha passed almost into mythological memory. The resurfacing of the name could simply reflect cultural memory of a

rich and distant land, its use in records ofAchaemenidandSeleukidmilitary expeditions serving to aggrandise those kings

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