,mnlohohol

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Steam 41 / Symbols, Acronyms and Abbreviations S-1

SymbolsSymbols used in Steam are defined within the chap-

ters. The following is a summary of those that arecommonly used. Specialized symbols are not repeatedhere. Symbols for chemical elements appear in Appen-dix 1, Table 3.3. The frequently used units are listedfor each parameter, for illustration purposes. Otherunits used are defined in the chapter text.

a crack size, ft or in. (m or mm)a inside radius, ft or in. (m or mm)a major axis of an ellipsoid, ft or in. (m or mm)a, b, c general coefficientsA area, cross-sectional area or surface area,

ft2 (m2)A mass number (total number of protons

plus neutrons)An cross-sectional area of nozzles, ft2 (m2)

b minor axis of an ellipsoid, ft or in. (m ormm)

b outside radius, ft or in. (m or mm)B barometric pressure, in. HgB ratio of throat diameter to pipe diameter,

dimensionlessBw moisture fraction, lb/lb (kg/kg)

c distance, ft (m)c speed of lightcp specific heat at constant pressure, Btu/lb

F (J/kg K)cpa specific heat of air, Btu/lb F (J/kg K)cpg specific heat of gas, Btu/lb F (J/kg K)cv specific heat at constant volume, Btu/lb F

(J/kg K)C crack geometry factor, dimensionlessC or c coefficientCa concentration of specie at duct conditions,

lb/lb (kg/kg)

Ceff collection/removal efficiency,dimensionless or percent

Cf cleanliness factor, dimensionlessCi concentration of specie in the impinger, lb/

lb (kg/kg)Cin concentration at inlet, lb/lb (kg/kg)Cm mass flow of specie, lb/h (kg/s)Cout concentration at outlet, lb/lb (kg/kg)Cp pitot tube correction factor, dimensionlessCppm,d concentration of specie on a dry basis,

ppmCppm,w concentration of specie on a wet basis,

ppmCq coefficient of discharge, dimensionlessCs concentration of specie at standard

conditions, lb/lb (kg/kg)Ct energy release rate (power) parameter, in.

lb/in.2 h (J/m2 s)Ct thermal capacitance, Btu/ft3 F (J/m3 K)CV valve flow coefficient

d diameter, ft or in. (m or mm)da percent reduction in areaD diameter, ft or in. (m or mm)D or d displacement, ft (m)De or DH equivalent or hydraulic diameter = 4A/

Per, ft or in. (m or mm)Di internal stack diameter, ftDsm diameter, Sauter meanDL dead load, psi (Pa)

e available energy, Btu/lb (J/kg)E emission rate, dry, at 0% O2, lb/h (kg/s)E energy, Btu (J)E weld joint efficiency or ligament efficiency,

dimensionlessE Youngs modulus of elasticity, psi (Pa)E change in energyEb blackbody emissive power, Btu/h ft2 (W/m2)

Symbols, Acronyms and Abbreviations


S-2 Steam 41 / Symbols, Acronyms and Abbreviations

EQ seismic loading, psi (Pa)Eu Euler number = P/V2, dimensionless

f friction factor, dimensionlessfx body forceF geometry correction factor, dimensionlessF heat exchanger arrangement factor,

dimensionlessF peak stressesF radiation configuration factor,

dimensionlessF total radiation exchange factor,

dimensionlessFa crossflow arrangement factor,

dimensionlessFA allowable axial compressive stress, psi (Pa)Fd F-factor, dry, at 0% O2, dimensionlessFd tube bundle depth factor, dimensionlessFe effectiveness factor, dimensionlessFpp fluid property factorFT fluid temperature factor, dimensionlessFS factor of safety, dimensionlessFV future value

g acceleration of gravity, 32.17 ft/s2 (9.8 m/s2)g Gibbs free energy, Btu/lb (J/kg)gc proportionality factor, 32.17 lbm ft/lbf s2

(1 kg m/N s2)G incident thermal radiation, Btu/h ft2 (W/m2)G mass flux or mass velocity, lb/h ft2 (kg/m2 s)Gmax critical flow mass flux, lb/h ft2 (kg/m2 s)

Gr Grashof number =( )

g T T Ls

2 3

2,

dimensionless

h heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h ft2 F (W/m2 K)h thickness, ft or in. (m or mm)hct contact coefficient, Btu/h ft2 F (W/m2 K)hc crossflow heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h

ft2 F (W/m2 K)hc crossflow velocity and geometry factor

hl longitudinal heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h ft2 F (W/m2 K)

hl longitudinal flow velocity and geometry

factorH enthalpy, Btu/lb (J/kg)Hf enthalpy of saturated water, Btu/lb (J/kg)Hfg enthalpy of vaporization, Btu/lb (J/kg)Hfw enthalpy of feedwater, Btu/lb (J/kg)Hg enthalpy of saturated steam, Btu/lb (J/kg)

I electrical current, amperesI intensityI moment of inertia, in.4 (m4)

J mechanical equivalent of heat, 778.17 ftlbf/Btu (1 N m/J)

J radiosity, Btu/h ft2 (W/m2)

JI J-integral, in. lb/in.2 (J/m2)JIC J-integral, critical, in. lb/in.2 (J/m2)JR material crack growth resistance, in. lb/

in.2 (J/m2)

k coefficient or parameterk specific heat ratio compressibility factor,

dimensionlessk thermal conductivity, Btu/h ft F (W/m K)kc insulation thermal conductivity, Btu/h ft F

(W/m K)kT isothermal compressibilityK discharge coefficient, dimensionlessK factor or coefficientK thermal conductance, Btu/h F (W/K)Keg equilibrium constant, dimensionlessKI stress intensity factor, ksi in.1/2 (MPa m1/2)KIC critical stress intensity factor or fracture

toughness, ksi in.1/2 (MPa m1/2)Kr stress intensity factor/toughness ratio,

dimensionlessKy mass transfer coefficient, lb/ft2 s (kg/m2 s)K stress intensity range

l tube centerline spacing parallel to flow, ft (m)l tube centerline spacing transverse to flow,

ft (m)le equivalent plate thickness, ft or in. (m or mm)L or l length or dimension, ft or in. (m or mm)Lh fin height, ft or in. (m or mm)LMTD log mean temperature difference, F (C)LS limestone consumption, lb/h (kg/s)Lt fin spacing, ft or in. (m or mm)

m mass, lb (kg)m mass flow rate, lb/h (kg/s)

ms mass of steam, lb (kg)mw mass of water, lb (kg)M moisture in steam sample, percentM molecular weight, lb/lb-mole (kg/kg-mole)Md molecular weight of gas, dry basisMo redundant bending moment, lb ft (N m)Mw molecular weight of gas, wet basis

n parameter, coefficient or number of cyclesN coefficient, number of cycles or number of

concentric thermocouple shieldsNu Nusselt number = h L/k, dimensionlessNv or N number of velocity heads, dimensionless

p particle size, in. (mm)pr partial pressure, atmP parameterP pressure or partial pressure, psi (Pa)P primary stressP temperature ratio for surface

arrangement factor, dimensionlessPb primary bending stress



Pe Peclet number = RePr, dimensionlessPer perimeter, ft or in. (m or mm)PL local primary membrane stressPL furnace gas pressure loading, psi (Pa)Pm pressure at meter, psi (Pa)Pm general primary membrane stress

Pr Prandtl number = c

kp , dimensionless

Ps absolute pressure at duct, psi (Pa)Ptotal total pressure, lb/ft2 (N/m2)Pv total vertical design loadPV present valuePVF present value factorP pressure differential, psi (Pa)Pl stack flow loss, in. of waterPSE stack effect driving pressure, lb/ft2 (N/m2)

q heat flow rate, Btu/h (W)q heat flux, Btu/h ft2 (W/m2)qCHF heat flux at CHF conditions, Btu/h ft2 (W/m2)q volumetric heat generation rate, Btu/h ft3

(W/m3)qrel heat release rate, Btu/h ft3 (W/m3)qrev reversible heat input per unit mass, Btu/

lb (J/kg)Q or q heat input, Btu (J), or heat input per unit

mass, Btu/lb (J/kg)Q gas flow rate, lb/h (kg/s)Q heat absorption or heat added to system,

Btu (J)Q secondary stressesQac actual volumetric flow rate, ft3/h (m3/s)Qsd dry volumetric flow rate at standard

conditions, ft3/h (m3/s)

r radius or inside radius, ft or in. (m or mm)R constant or coefficientR forcing functionR radius or outside radius, ft or in. (m or

mm)R specific gas constant R/M, lbf ft/lbm R

(J/kg K)R temperature ratio for surface

arrangement factor, dimensionlessR thermal resistance, h ft2 F/Btu (m2 K/W)R universal gas constant, 1545 ft lb/lb-mole

R (8.3143 kJ/kg-mole K)Ra Rayleigh number = GrPr, dimensionless

Re Reynolds number = V L GL

= ,

dimensionlessRf fouling index bituminous ashRs slagging index bituminous ashRs

slagging index lignitic ashRvs slagging index viscosity

s specific entropy, Btu/lb F (J/kg K)

sf entropy of water, Btu/lb F (J/kg K)sfg entropy of evaporation, Btu/lb F (J/kg K)sg entropy of steam, Btu/lb F (J/kg K)S allowable stressS entropy, Btu/F (J/K)S surface area, or total exposed surface area

for a finned surface, ft2 (m2)S general source termS quantity of entropy, Btu/F (J/K)S steam-water slip ratio, dimensionlessSE stack effect, in. wg/ftSf fin surface area; sides plus peripheral

area, ft2 (m2)SL longitudinal (parallel) spacing, ft or in. (m

or mm)Sm allowable stress intensity, psi (Pa)Sr applied stress/net section plastic collapse

stress ratio, dimensionlessST transverse (side) spacing, ft (m)St Stanton number = Nu/(RePr),

dimensionlessSu material tensile strength, psi (Pa)Sy material yield strength, psi (Pa)SPVF series present value factor

t thickness, ft or in. (m or mm)t time, h or stc current wall thickness, in. (mm)te time at end of lifetp present timeT temperature, F or R (C or K)Tcv temperature at critical viscosity, F (C)Tsat saturation temperature, F (C)Tw wall temperature, F (C)T250 temperature at 250 poise viscosity, FT o temperature at initial time, F (C)To sink temperature, F or R (C or K)TD terminal temperature difference, F (C)TS tensile strength at temperature, psi (Pa)t time interval, h or sT temperature difference, F (C)TLMTD log mean temperature difference, F (C)Tsat Tsat Tw, F (C)

u internal stored energy, Btu/lb (J/kg)u, v, w velocity in x, y, z coordinates respectively,

ft/s (m/s)U overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h ft2

F (W/m2 K) specific volume, ft3/lb (m3/kg)va specific volume, airf specific volume, waterfg specific volume, evaporationg specific volume, steam

V electrical voltage, voltsV velocity, ft/s (m/s)V volume, ft3 (m3)



Vd dry gas volume, ft3 (m3)Vm dry gas volume at meter conditions, ft3 (m3)Vn sample gas velocity through the nozzle,

ft/s (m/s)Vo redundant shear force, psi (Pa)Vs velocity of the flue gas, ft/s (m/s)

w work per unit mass, ft-lb/lbm (J/kg)wrev reversible work per unit mass, ft-lb/lbm

(J/kg)W width, ft or in. (m or mm)W work, ft-lb (J)W1 leakage flow rate, lb/h (kg/s)WL wind loading, psi (Pa)

x dimension, ft or in. (m or mm)x steam quality, mass fraction steamxCHF steam quality at CHF conditions, mass

fraction steamx, y, z dimensions in Cartesian coordinate

system, ft or in. (m or mm)x change in length, ft or in. (m or mm)X weight fraction, dimensionless

Y compressibility factor, dimensionlessY Schmidt fin geometry factor,

dimensionlessYg concentration in bulk fluid, lb/lb (kg/kg)Yi concentration at condensate interface,

lb/lb (kg/kg)

Z or z elevation or length, ft or in. (m or mm)Z atomic number (number of protons in the

nucleus)Z Schmidt fin geometry factor,

dimensionless

Greek symbols absorptivity, dimensionless angle, deg (rad) coefficient of thermal expansion, ft/ft (m/m) thermal diffusivity = k/cp, ft2/s (m2/s) void fraction, dimensionless deflection or rotation influence coefficients volume coefficient of expansion, 1/R (1/K) effective diffusion coefficient diameter or film thickness, ft or in. (m or mm) emissivity, dimensionless roughness, in. (mm) strain, ft/ft (m/m) efficiency as a fraction or percentage Schmidt fin efficiency, dimensionlessnet net efficiency, dimensionlessth thermal efficiency, dimensionless angle, deg (rad) dynamic viscosity, lbm/ft s (kg/m s) Poissons ratio, dimensionless kinetic viscosity, ft2/s (m2/s)

3.1415926 density, lb/ft3 (kg/m3) reflectivity, dimensionlessd average downcomer density, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)

homhomogenous density, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)

(z) local density, lb/ft3 (kg/m3) atomic cross-section, barns standard deviation Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 0.1713 x 10-8

Btu/h ft2 R4 (5.669 x 10-8 W/m2 K4) stress, psi (Pa)a allowable alternating stress, psi (Pa)r, t, z radial, tangential and axial stress, psi (Pa)t thermal stress, psi (Pa)y.p. yield point stress, psi (Pa)1 longitudinal stress, psi (Pa)2 hoop stress, psi (Pa) shear stress, psi (Pa) transmissivity, dimensionlessLO2 two-phase friction multiplier, all fluid as a

liquid, dimensionless general dependent variable two-phase multiplier for a steam-water

separator, dimensionless

Subscripts1 initial or inlet condition2 final or outlet conditiona airamb ambientaux auxiliary component or systemb bulk fluidc contact or conductioncg convection, gas-sidecv convectionclean unfouled or clean conditione node point eastecon economizereq or e equivalentf fluid, fin or saturated waterg gas or saturated steami inside or ith parameter or initial conditionin entering a systemj jth parameterl liquidmax maximummin minimumo outside or final conditionout leaving a systemp node point under evaluationP productsr radiationref referencerg radiation, gas-sideR reactantss steamsg surface-to-gasSE stack effect



t thermalw node point westw wall liquid film surface (gas liquid interface)

Acronyms and AbbreviationsAA atomic absorptionABMA American Boiler Manufacturers

Associationabs absoluteABS American Bureau of ShippingA/C air/clothAC alternating currentACF actual cubic feetACFM actual cubic feet per minuteADS air density separatorAE acoustic emissionsAEC Atomic Energy Commission, U.S.AECL Atomic Energy of Canada LimitedAFBC atmospheric pressure fluidized-bed

combustionAFS atomic fluorescence spectroscopyAFW auxiliary feedwaterAGR advanced gas-cooled reactorAH air heaterAIB auxiliary input burnerAIG ammonia injection gridAISC American Institute of Steel ConstructionALARA as low as reasonably achievableamb ambientAMU atomic mass unitsANSI American National Standards InstituteAPI American Petroleum Instituteapprox approximateARIS Automated Reactor Inspection SystemARTS Anticipatory Reactor Trip SystemASD allowable stress designASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersASTM American Society for Testing and Materialsattemp attemperatoratm atmosphereATOG abnormal transient operating guidelinesavg averageAVT all-volatile treatmentAZS air zone swirler

B/A base-to-acid ratioB&W The Babcock & Wilcox CompanyBAC boiler as calorimeterBACT best available control technologyBAT best available technologybbl barrelBCC body-centered cubicBCCW boiler chemical cleaning wasteBCM boiler condenser modeBCT body-centered tetragonalBCTMP bleached chemical thermomechanical pulp

BFB bubbling fluidized bedBFP boiler feed pumpBFW boiler feed waterBGC British Gas CorporationBH baghousebit or bitum bituminousBLESS Boiler Life Evaluation and Simulation

SystemBLG black liquor gasificationBLRBAC Black Liquor Recovery Boiler Advisory

CommitteeBOF basic oxygen furnaceBOL beginning of lifeBOOS burners out of serviceBPVC Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME)BRC below regulatory concernBSW bottom sediment and waterBtu British thermal unitBWCC Babcock & Wilcox Construction Co., Inc.BWR boiling water reactorBWST borated water storage tank

C Celsius or centigrade degreesCAA Clean Air Act, U.S.CAD computer-assisted design/draftingCANDU Canada Deuterium UraniumCAP curved arm primaryCBI curved backward inclinedCBK carbon burnout kineticcc cubic centimeterCC combined cycleCCZ Controlled Combustion ZoneCE collecting electrodeCEMS continuous emissions monitoring systemCFB circulating fluidized bedCFCC continuous fiber ceramic compositeCFD computational fluid dynamicscfm cubic feet per minuteCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCGA crack growth analysisCHF critical heat fluxCHP combined heat and powerCII Construction Industry InstituteC.I.S. Confederation of Independent Statescm centimeterCNC computer numerical controlCNCG concentrated noncondensable gasCNSG consolidated nuclear steam generatorCOE Corps of Engineers, U.S. Armycoef coefficientcol columncond condenserCOG coke oven gascP centipoiseCRDM control rod drive mechanismCVD chemical vapor depositionCWA Clean Water Act



d dayDAF dry ash-freedB decibelsDC direct currentDC drain coolerDCS distributed control systemDCS digital control systemDE destructive examinationDE discharge electrodedeg degreeDESAH dual economizer steam air heaterDGV sampled dry gas volumeDHRS decay heat removal systemDNB departure from nucleate boilingDNBR DNB ratioDNC distributed numerical controlDNCG dilute noncondensable gasDOD Department of Defense, U.S.DOE Department of Energy, U.S.DPFAD deformation plasticity failure assessment

diagramDRB dual register burnerDRE destruction and removal efficiencyDSCF(M) dry standard cubic feet (per minute)DSCM dry standard cubic meter

EAR estimated additional resourcesEBW electron beam weldingEC European CommunityECCS emergency core cooling systemECON economizerECP electrochemical potentialECS environmental control systemsECT eddy current testingEDC eddy dissipation concept modelEDM eddy dissipation combustion modelEDM electrical discharge machiningEDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acideff efficiencyEI enhanced ignition (burner)EIA Energy Information AdministrationEMAT electromagnetic acoustic transduceremf electromotive forceEMF electromagnetic filterEOR enhanced oil recoveryEPA Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.EPFM elastic-plastic fracture mechanicsEPRI Electric Power Research InstituteERW electric resistance weldedESP electrostatic precipitatorESS enhanced service structureESW electroslag weldingEU European Unionevap evaporation

F Fahrenheit degreesFAC flow accelerated corrosionFB firebrick

FBC fluidized-bed combustionFBR fast breeder reactorFC feedwater control subsystemFC fixed carbonFC/VM fixed carbon/volatile matter ratioFCAW flux core arc weldingFCC face-centered cubicFCC fluid catalytic crackingFD forced draftFEA finite element analysisFEGT furnace exit gas temperatureFERC Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionFES finite element systemFGD flue gas desulfurizationFGR flue gas recirculationFHyNES furnace hydrogen damage nondestructive

examination systemFIV flow-induced vibrationFMB marine package boilersFMEC failure mode evaluation chartFOSAR foreign object search and retrievalFPS Fossil Power SystemsFRP fiberglass reinforced plasticFS factor of safetyFSS flame safety systemFST-GAGE Fast-Scanning Thickness GageFSU former Soviet Unionft foot/feetFT fluid temperatureFURNIS furnace inspection systemFW field weld

g gramGa gaugegal gallonGCR gas-cooled reactorgen generatorGGH gas-to-gas heatersGJ giga jouleGMAW gas metal arc weldingGPM gallons per minutegr grainsGR gas recirculationGT gas turbineGTAW gas tungsten arc weldingGTCC gas turbine combined cycle

h hourHAP hazardous air pollutantHAZ heat-affected zoneHCGE high capacity gas elementHFRW high frequency resistance weldingHFT hot function testingHGI Hardgrove Grindability IndexHHV higher heating valueHLW high level wastehp horsepowerHP high pressure (turbine)



HPI high pressure injectionHRSG heat recovery steam generatorHT hemispherical temperatureHTM Heat Transfer ManagerHTW high temperature WinklerHV high volatileHVOF high-velocity oxy-fuelHVT high velocity thermocoupleHZP hot zero power

IAPS International Association for theProperties of Steam

IAWPS International Association of WoodProducts Societies

IC Instrument and ControlsIC ion chromatographyICPAES inductive coupled plasma atomic emission

spectrometric (analysis)ICR Information Collection RequestICS integrated control systemID induced draftID inside diameterID initial deformation (temperature)IEOTSG integral economizer once-through steam

generator (nuclear)IFGR induced flue gas recirculationIGA intergranular attackIGCC integrated gasification combined cycleIGSCC intergranular stress corrosion crackingIMC integrated master control subsystemin. inchin. Hg inches of mercuryin. wg inches water gaugeINPO Institute of Nuclear Power OperationsIP intermediate pressure (turbine)IPP independent power producerIR infrared radiationIR-CFB internal recirculation circulating

fluidized-bedISO International Standards OrganizationISP intermediate size particlesIT initial deformation temperature

J joule

K Kelvin degreeskcal kilocalorieskg kilogramkHz kilohertzkJ kilojoulekm kilometerkmole or kg-mole kilogram-molekPa kilopascalksi 1000 pounds per square inchkV kilovoltkW kilowattkWh kilowatt hour

l literLAER lowest achievable emission rateLAF laboratory ashing furnacelb poundLBBA leak before break analysislbf pound forceLBLOCA large break loss of coolant accidentlbm pound masslb-mole pound-moleLBW laser beam weldingLEA low excess airLEFM linear elastic fracture mechanicsLEL lower explosion limitLFA life fraction analysisLFE life fraction expendedL/G liquid to gas ratio (FGD)LHV lower heating valueLLW low level wasteLMP Larson-Miller parameterLMTD log mean temperature differenceLNB low NOx burnerLNCB low NOx cell burnerLNG liquefied natural gasLOCA loss of coolant accidentLP low pressure (turbine)LPG liquefied petroleum gasLPI low pressure injectionLPMS loose parts monitoring systemLSD Lagrangian stochastic deterministic (model)LVS limited vertical sweepLWR light water reactor

m meterMA mill-annealedMACT maximum achievable control technologyMAF moisture and ash freeMARAD Maritime Administration, U.S.MAWP maximum allowable working pressuremax maximumMCR maximum continuous ratingMD mass defectMDC multi-cyclone dust collectormed mediumMeV million electron voltsMFR mass flow rateMFT master fuel tripmg milligramMHVT multiple shield high velocity thermocouplemi mileMIC microbial induced corrosionMIG metal inert gasmin minimum or minuteMIST multiple loop integral systems testMJ megajouleml milliliterMLR multi-lead ribbedmm millimeterMMP managed maintenance program



MMT minimum metal temperaturemol molecularMOV motor operated valvemPa millipascalMPa megapascalmph miles per hourMRPC motorized rotating pancake coilMRS monitored retrievable storageMSDS material safety data sheetsMSW municipal solid wasteMT magnetic particle testingMTD mean temperature differencemV millivoltMV medium volatileMW megawatt, megawatts-electricMWd megawatt-dayMWt megawatts-thermalS microSiemens

N NewtonN2a atmospheric nitrogenNAAQS National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNAPAP National Acid Precipitation Assessment

ProgramNBIC National Board Inspection CodeNC numerical controlNCG noncondensable gasNDE nondestructive examinationNDTT nil-ductility transition temperatureNEI National Emissions InventoryNFPA National Fire Protection AssociationNIST National Institute of Science &

TechnologyNm3 Normal cubic meterNMVOC nonmethane volatile organic compoundsNNI non-nuclear instrumentationNOTIS nondestructive oxide thickness inspection

systemNPD nuclear power demonstrationNPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

SystemNPHR net plant heat rateNPSH net positive suction headNRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S.N.S. nuclear shipNSAC Nuclear Safety Analysis CenterNSCW nuclear service cooling waterNSFO Navy special fuel oilNSPS New Source Performance StandardsNSR New Source ReviewNSSS nuclear steam supply systemNTU net transfer unitNUG nonutility generatorNWMS nuclear waste management systemNWPA Nuclear Waste Policy Act

O/G oil and gasOBW oversize bulky waste

OD outside diameterODE ordinary differential equationsOEM original equipment manufacturerOFA overfire airOMLR optimized multi-lead ribbedOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting

CountriesOSHA Occupational Safety & Health

AdministrationOT oxygen treatmentOTSG once-through steam generatoroz ounce

Pa pascalPA primary airPA/PC primary air and pulverized coal mixturePAC powdered activated carbonPAW plasma arc weldingPAX primary air exchange (burner)PC pulverized coalPCB polychlorinated biphenylPCDD polychlorinated dibenzoparadioxinPCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuransPCFAD computer-based failure analysis diagramPDE partial differential equationsPDVSA Petroleos de Venezuela South AmericaPFBC pressurized fluidized-bed combustionPFI Power for Industry (boiler)PFM Power for Manufacturing (boiler)PFT Power for Turbine (boiler)pH negative log of hydrogen ion

concentrationPHWR pressurized heavy water reactorP&ID process and instrumentation diagramPIP peak impact pressurePM particulate matterPOHC principal organic hazardous constituentPORV power (pilot) operated relief valveppb parts per billion (mass)ppm parts per million (mass)ppmv parts per million by volumePPS polyphenylene sulfidePR process recoveryPRB Powder River Basinpress. pressurepri primaryprox proximatePRV pressure reducing valvePSD prevention of significant deteriorationPSDF Power Systems Development FacilityPSH primary superheaterpsi pounds per square inch (absolute or

difference)psia pounds per square inch absolutepsig pounds per square inch gaugeP/T pressure/temperaturePT penetrant testing (liquid/dye)PTC Performance Test Code



PUC Public Utilities Commissionpulv pulverizerPURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies ActPVC polyvinyl chloridePWHT post weld heat treatmentPWR pressurized water reactorPWSCC primary water stress corrosion cracking

R Rankine degreesR&D research and developmentrad radianRAR reasonably assured resourcesRB Radiant boilerRBC Radiant boiler Carolina-typeRBE Radiant boiler El Paso-typeRBT Radiant boiler Tower-typeRBW Radiant boiler W-typeRC reactor coolantRCM reliability centered maintenanceRCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery ActRCS reactor coolant systemRDF refuse-derived fuelrecirc recirculationred. reducing atmosphererem roentgen equivalent manrev revolutionsRH reheaterRHAS radiant heat absorbing surfaceRHSH reheat superheaterRH-TRU remote handled transuranic wasteRO reverse osmosisROTSG replacement once-through steam

generatorrpm revolutions per minuteRPS reactor protection systemRRSG replacement recirculating steam generatorRSG recirculating steam generatorRT radiography testingRVCH reactor vessel closure headRWP radiation work permit

s second(s)SA secondary airSAE Society of Automotive Engineerssat. saturatedSAW submerged arc weldingSBLOCA small break loss of coolant accidentSBW steam by weightSCC stress corrosion crackingSCC submerged chain conveyorSCFM standard cubic feet per minuteSCR selective catalytic reductionSD stack draftSDA spray dryer absorberSE stack effectsec second(s)SFAS safety features actuation systemSFS Saybolt Furol Seconds

SG steam generatorSGTR steam generator tube ruptureSH superheaterSI international system of unitsSIP state implementation planSLR single-lead ribbedSMAW shielded metal arc weldingSMD Sauter mean diameterSNAME Society of Naval Architects and Marine

EngineersSNCR selective non-catalytic reductionSNG synthetic natural gasSOG stripper off gasSPB Stirling power boilersp gr specific gravitySR stoichiometric ratioSS stainless steelS.S. steam shipSSH secondary superheaterST softening temperaturesubbitum subbituminousSUS Saybolt Universal SecondsSWUP spiral wound Universal Pressure (boiler)

t ton (English units)tm metric tonT250 viscosity at 250 centipoiseTBS turbine bypass systemTC thermocoupleTD terminal temperature differenceTDF tire-derived fuelTDFM time dependent fracture mechanicsTDS total dissolved solidsTEG turbine exhaust gastemp temperaturetheo theoreticalTIG tungsten inert gasthk thickTLD thermoluminescent dosimeterTOC total organic carbonTOFD time of flight defractionTR set transformer rectifier setTRC total residual chlorineTRS total reduced sulfurTRU transuranicTS tensile strengthTSC two-stage combustionTSP total suspended particulateTSP tube support platesTSS total suspended solidsTSV turbine stop valveTTT time-temperature-transformationTTV turbine throttle valvetyp typical

UBC Uniform Building CodeUBC unburned carbonUBCL unburned carbon loss



UCL unburned carbon lossUEL upper explosion limitUGA undergrate airUIC uncompensated ion chamber counterU.K. United KingdomULD unit load demand subsystemUP Universal Pressure (boiler)UPC Universal Pressure Carolina-type (boiler)UPC Universal Pressure coal-fired (boiler)U.S. United StatesUSCG United States Coast GuardUSD United States dollarU.S.S. United States shipUT ultrasonic testingUTT ultrasonic thickness testingUV ultraviolet

V voltsVAC volts alternating currentVIV variable inlet vanes

VM volatile matterVOC volatile organic compoundsvol volumevs versusVSS vertical steam separator

W wattWCT water collecting tankWESP wet electrostatic precipitatorWFGD wet flue gas desulfurizationwg water gaugeWHRB waste heat recovery boilerWPS welding procedure specificationsWRC Welding Research Councilwt weightWTE waste-to-energy boiler

YP yield pointyr yearYS yield strength

Steam 41 Main ContentsSymbols, Acronyms and AbbreviationsSymbolsGreek symbolsSubscripts

Acronyms and Abbreviations

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