organization and environment chapter 3 mary jo hatch

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ORGANIZATION AND ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

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Page 1: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

ORGANIZATION AND ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Mary Jo Hatch

Page 2: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

ORG

ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.1 The Organization in its EnvironmentThe Organization in its Environment

Inputs Outputs

Page 3: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Organizational EnvironmentOrganizational Environment

Modernist theory, the environment …

lies outside the boundary of the organization. (در بیرون از مرز های سازمان قرار دارد)

provides the organization with resources and absorbs its products and services.

imposes constraints upon and demands adaptation from the organization.

Page 4: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Organizational EnvironmentOrganizational Environment

Symbolic-Interpretivists suggest environments …

are social constructions (ساختار های اجتماعی هستند).

بر مبنای تصور مدیریت ساخته می شوند

organizational members construct environmental features they think are significant.

different organizations construct their environments differently based on management’s interpretation.

Page 5: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Organizational EnvironmentOrganizational Environment

Postmodernists see environment as…

Fragmented (تکه تکه)

Boundaryless (بدون مرز)

image-driven (مبتنی بر تصویر)

Page 6: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Modernist Levels of the EnvironmentModernist Levels of the Environment

Interorganizational network

(شبکه بین سازمانی)

General environment

(عمومی)

International environment

(بین المللی)

Page 7: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

ORG

Regulatory

Agencies

Special interests

Suppliers Customers

Competitors

Unions

Partners

Figure 3.2

NETWORK

Interorganizational network (شبکه بین سازمانی)

Page 8: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Managing the EnvironmentManaging the Environment

Buffering (ضربه گیری)

Protecting the internal organizational environment

from environmental shocks.

Example: Material, labour, or capital shortages.

Page 9: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Managing the EnvironmentManaging the Environment

Boundary Spanning (دیده بانی)

– Environmental monitoring activities.– Representing the organizational interests to the

environment.• Public relations• Advertising• Sales• Recruiting efforts

Page 10: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Stakeholder theoryStakeholder theoryذی نفعانذی نفعان

Organizations operate under a social contract that guarantees certain rights to those who have a stake in the organization’s activities or outcomes. Those attending to stakeholder demands will be more successful.

Page 11: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Interorganizational NetworkInterorganizational Network

Stakeholders: Any actor that affects or is affected by the organization.

هر فرد یا گروهی که روی سازمان تاثیر گذار بوده و یا سازمان بر آن تاثیر می

گذارد

Network actors:

Investors, competitors, employees, media, suppliers, distributors, government, the physical environment, etc.

Page 12: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Figure 3.3 Figure 3.3 Interorganizational NetworkInterorganizational Network

Page 13: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

ORG

Culture

Social

Legal

Political

Economy

Technology

Physical

Network

Figure 3.4

GENERAL

ENVIRONMENT

General Environment

Page 14: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

ORG

Culture

Social

Legal

Political

Economy

Technology

PhysicalTASK ENV

Terrorismتروریسم

Pluralismجمع گرایی

Diversityتنوع

Broadbandپهنای باند

Globalizationجهانی سازی

global warmingگرمایش جهانی

Surveillanceنظارت

Some trends in the General Environment

Page 15: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

ORG

GENERAL

TASK

ORG

GENERAL

TASK

ORG

GENERAL

TASK

ORG

GENERAL

TASK

ORG

GENERAL

TASKORG

GENERAL

TASK

ORG

GENERAL

TASK

Figure 3.5

INTERNATIONAL

ENVIRONMENT

Page 16: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

International EnvironmentInternational Environment

The economic, political, socio-cultural, legal, technological, and physical interconnections that allow for permeable borders between nations.

Page 17: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Table 3.1 Table 3.1 Contribution of Environmental Contribution of Environmental SectorsSectors

Sector Contribution to Global Change

Technology Personal computers, internet, digital cameras, cell phones, etc.

Economic Global capital markets, technology exchanges, worldwide trade, etc.

Political/Legal Breakdown of nation-state authority, erosion of territorial borders (تضعیف مرزهای سیاسی), etc.

Social/Cultural Global media coverage, popular culture, consumerism (مصرف گرایی), etc

Physical Population growth, loss of biodiversity ( از دست رفتن.global warming, etc ,(تنوع زیستی

Page 18: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Network

Figure 3.6

GLOBAL

ENVIRONMENT

Culture

Political

Social

Technology

Economy

Physical

Legal

Page 19: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

مسائلي كه مديريت سازمان در جهانی مسائلي كه مديريت سازمان در جهانی سازی با آن مواجه است:سازی با آن مواجه است:

ظهور منابع انساني به عنوان عامل حياتي موفقيت - 1مهار تواناييهاي بالقوه انساني - 2

مشتريان خواهان خدمات بيشتر و بهتر - 3افزايش نمايي در نرخ تغيير - 4

دل مشغولي براي مسائل محيط زيست - 5سرعت انتقال و پردازش اطالعات - 6

بازتر شدن بازارها - 7جهاني شدن كسب و كار - 8

همكاريهاي منطقه اي ميان دولتها - 9كاربرد فناوري - 10

روندهاي جمعيتي - 11تغيير انتظارات - 12

نگراني نسبت به ارزشها - 13تطبيق نيازهاي كاركنان و سازمان با يكديگر - 14

ايجاد تنوع - 15معرفي چشم اندازها و ماموريتهاي مشخص - 16

Page 20: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

مهمترين انگيزه هامهمترين انگيزه ها

الف( توانايي كسب درآمد بيشتر با استفاده از فناوري موجود

ب( دسترسي به فناوري فرامرزي، مهارتها، دانش، سرمايه، نيروي انساني و منابع طبيعي

ساير كشورهاج( افزايش مشتريان

د( افزايش امكان جبران كمبود فصلي مشتري در داخل كشور

ه( افزايش سيكل حيات خدمات و كاالها. و( كاهش زمان عرضه كاالها و كاهش هزينه هاي

محلز( فرصتهاي كسب سود باال با استفاده از بازده ناشي از مقياس در توليد، پشتيباني و بازاريابي

ح( فرصتهاي كسب اعتبار

Page 21: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Environmental Contingency Theory

Resource Dependence Theory

Population Ecology

Page 22: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Environmental Contingency TheoryEnvironmental Contingency Theory((تئوری اقتضاییتئوری اقتضایی))

Successful organizations match their internal structure to environmental characteristics (dynamic or stable).

سازمان های موفق ساختار داخلی خود را با ویژگی های محیط وفق می دهند.

(Burns & Stalker, Lawrence & Lorsch)

Page 23: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Environmental Contingency TheoryEnvironmental Contingency Theory

Stable Environments• Routine activities (فعالیتهای معمول)• Strict lines of authority (خطوط دقیق قدرت)• Distinct areas of responsibility• (مناطق متمایز مسئولیت)

Rapidly Changing Environments • Flexibility (انعطاف پذیری)• Application of skill where needed(استفاده از مهارت های که در مکان مورد نیاز)•• Changing work patterns (تغییر الگوهای کار)

Page 24: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch
Page 25: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Environmental Contingency TheoryEnvironmental Contingency Theory

Information Perspective on Uncertainty

Uncertainty is experienced by individuals when they make decisions, rather than in the environment itself.

عدم اطمینان ناشی از محیط است یا فرد؟

Page 26: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Fig. 3.7 Fig. 3.7 Environmental UncertaintyEnvironmental Uncertainty

Lowuncertainty

Moderate uncertainty

Moderateuncertainty

High uncertainty

low

high

high

low

Complexity

)پیچیدگی)

Rate of change

درجه )(تغییرات

Page 27: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Fig. 3.8 Fig. 3.8 Links Between ConditionsLinks Between Conditions

Needed information is known and

Available.

Constant need for new information.

Information Overload.

Not known what information

is needed.

low

high

high

low

Complexity

Rate of change

Page 28: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Responding to UncertaintyResponding to Uncertainty

The Law of Requisite Variety ( وعXتن قXانون (الزم(General Systems Theory)

For one system to deal effectively with another it must be of the same or greater complexity.

برای ارتباط موثر بین یک سیستم با سیستمی دیگر الزم است تا هر دو سیستم از پیچیدگی تقریبا یکسانی برخوردار باشند

Isomorphism (همریختی)The organization takes on the same formas its environment.

Page 29: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Resource Dependence TheoryResource Dependence Theory((تئوری وابستگی به منابعتئوری وابستگی به منابع))

Analysis of the interorganizational network can help the organization understand the power/dependence relationships that exist between it and other network actors.

Page 30: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Power and DependencePower and Dependenceقدرت و وابستگیقدرت و وابستگی

An organization depends on resources controlled by the environment.

The environment therefore has power over an organization and can influence decision

making.

Page 31: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Fig. 3.9 Fig. 3.9 Applying Resource Dependence TheoryApplying Resource Dependence Theory

OrgRaw material inputs

(مواد اولیه)(suppliers)

Labor inputs

نیروی )(انسانی(employees)

Outputs

کاال یا )(خدمات(customers)

Knowledge & equipment inputs

(دانش و ابزار)

(technology sector)

Capital inputs

(سرمایه) (investors)

Page 32: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Managing Power/DependenceManaging Power/Dependence

Pfeffer and Salancik suggest prioritizing dependence elements according to :

Criticality (بحرانی)

The estimate of the importance

of a particular resource

Scarcity (کمیابی)

The estimate of resource availability

Page 33: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Other Dependence Management StrategiesOther Dependence Management Strategiesاستراتژی های مدیریت وابستگیاستراتژی های مدیریت وابستگی

• Vertical integration (یکپارچگی عمودی)

• Horizontal integration ( یکپارچگی(افقی

• Developing personal relationships

• (توسعه روابط شخصی)

• Establishing formal ties with other firms ( تشکیل گروه های رسمی با دیگر(سازمان ها

• Lobbying (البی)

• Marketing (بازاریابی)

*Your job as a manager: find the right mix of counter-dependencies you can create with those on whom you depend for critical, scarce, non-substitutable resources.

Page 34: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Population EcologyPopulation Ecologyبوم شناسی جمعیتبوم شناسی جمعیت

Organizations within an ecological niche are competitivelyinterdependent and compete for survival. Study how & why some organizations survive.چرا در بعضی از محیط های خاص بعضی از سازمان هانسبت

به دیگران موفقترند

• Variation (تنوع – شکل گیری)

• Selection (گزینش)

• Retention (بقاء)

• Operation at the level of the environment

Page 35: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

تئوری بوم شناسی جمعیتتئوری بوم شناسی جمعیترح • مط دگاه هاي دي ازمان س ت مدرنيس وري تئ در

ورد م در دهايشده و فرآين زينش گ »شكل گيري« بقا شالوده ي تئوري بوم شناسي جمعيت سازماني را شكل مي دهند. در حالي كه تئوري وابستگي به منابع نوعي نگاه از سازمان به محيط بود. تئوري ه ب از منظر محيط سازماني بوم شناسي جمعيت سازمان نگاه مي كند. الگوهاي موفقيت و شكست مجم^وعه ي ك ي در ك^ه س^ازمان هايي همه ي بين مشخص از منابع با هم رقابت مي كنند، مورد توجه

اين تئوري است.

Page 36: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

تئوری بوم شناسی جمعیتتئوری بوم شناسی جمعیته محيط سازمان داراي • ك وري فرض مي شود تئ اين در

قدرتي است كه مي تواند از ميان گروهي از سازمان هاي به رقيب، سازمان هايي را انتخاب كند كه نياز محيط را

رآورده مي سازند . در اين تئوري محيط به بهترين وجه بعنوان يك كل مطالعه نمي شود، بلكه در عوض حوزه هاي

ناميده جايگاه محيطي اكولوژيك خاصي درون محيط كه ش^امل ك اكولوژي جايگ^اه مي گ^ردد. بررس^ي مي ش^ود، آن ب^ه گ^روهي ^از ^رقب^ا من^ابعي ^اس^ت ^ك^ه مجموع^ه س^ازمان ها از روهي گ ر ب آن ز تمرك انون ك وابس^ته اند. در ^ ابع من از وعه اي مجم از يري بهره گ راي ب ه ك اس^ت

جايگاه اكولوژيك رقابت مي كنند.

Page 37: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Population EcologyPopulation Ecology

The portion of the environment studied by population ecology is an ecological niche. Consisting of the resource pool upon which a group of competitors depends.

*Your job as a manager is to help your firm find a pool of resources over which it can compete successfully with other firms for its survival.

Page 38: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Darwin and OrganizationsDarwin and Organizations

Variation: Entrepreneurial innovation that gives birth to new organizations as well as adaptation of existing firms.

Selection: Organizations that best fit the needs and demands of their niche are supported with resources.

Retention: Organizational survival and fitness are maintained through the flow of resources.

Darwin’s survival of the fittest principle helps to explain the dynamics of populations of

organizations:

Page 39: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Cultural

Social

Legal

Political

Economic

Technological

PhysicalTASK ENV

Domain of Institutional Theory

Domain of Pop Ecology

Theory

Domain of Resource Dependence Theory

Page 40: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Institutional Theory

(تئوری نهادی)The Enacted Environment

(محیط وضع شده)

Ambiguity Theory

(تئوری ابهام)

Page 41: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Institutional Theory Institutional Theory (Selznick)(Selznick)

Organizations adapt to both the values of the internal groups and external society

Page 42: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Institutional Theory Institutional Theory (DiMaggio & Powell)(DiMaggio & Powell)

An organization is institutionalized by the following contexts:

1. Technical, Economic, or Physicale.g. production and exchange of

goods in a market

2. Social, Cultural, Legal, or Politicale.g. conforming to norms, values, rules, and beliefs upheld by society.

Page 43: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

فشارهاي نهاديزماني كه فشار براي سازگاري از قوانين و مقررات دولتي •

روبه رو هستيم.فشارهاي نهادي اجباري نشأت مي گيرد با

ناشي مي شود، • رهنگي ف انتظارات از ار ه فش ك اني * زما ب ازمان س اي اعض رفه اي ح وزش آم ق طري از ال مث راي ب

« مواجهيم.فشارهاي نهادي هنجاري»

•« را س^ازمان ها« ش^دن ر ديگ ش^بيه راي ب فش^ارهاي »آرزو دي تقلي ادي واكنش نه وان عن ه ب ا آن ه و ود ش ده می نامي »

مس^تلزم ه ك ش^وند مي يين تب ان اطمين ع^دم ه ب س^ازمان ^اي ^خروجي ه ^ا ي ^ا عمل ه ط^رز ^س^اختارها، ^پي برداري ك

سازمان هاي ديگر است.

Page 44: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Institutional PressuresInstitutional Pressures

Coercive: Pressure to conform that comes from the government in the form of rules or laws.

Normative: Pressure from cultural expectations.

Mimetic: The desire of one organization to look like another. Usually used as a response to uncertainty.

Page 45: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Social LegitimacySocial Legitimacy((مشروعیت اجتماعیمشروعیت اجتماعی))

Institutional environments reward organizations for adopting acceptable practices and structures. Without this acceptance,

organizations can be driven out of business.

Your job as a manager is to to help your firm mimic practices indicated by the institutional environment through coercion or normative expectation in order to ensure its social legitimacy.

Page 46: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Fig. 3.10 Fig. 3.10 Social Legitimacy as an Social Legitimacy as an

Organizational ResourceOrganizational Resource

Transformation Process

Inputs Outputs

• raw materials

• labor

• capital

• equipment

• social legitimacy

Page 47: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Enacted Environment Enacted Environment (Weick)(Weick)

((محیط وضع شدهمحیط وضع شده))

The conditions of the environment cannot be separated from managers perceptions of those conditions.

When decision makers respond to their perceptions they enact the environment they anticipated.

Page 48: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch
Page 49: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Ambiguity TheoryAmbiguity Theory((تئوری ابهامتئوری ابهام))

Encouraging multiple interpretations of goals, vision, and actions to produce different

strategies.

Page 50: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

شالوده شکنیضد طبیعت بودن تئوری های مدرنتوجیه بهره برداری از منابع محیطیقرار دادن طبیعت در مرکز توجه

ارزش برای سالمتی به جای ارزش برای ثروت

Page 51: ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT Chapter 3 Mary Jo Hatch

Avoiding HegemonyAvoiding Hegemony (جلوگیری از استیال)

Hegemony is the practice of interpreting the interests of the ruling class as universal.

- Surface language that implies the dominance of one group over others.

- Give voice to others.