portafolio de evidencias (luis armando becerra romero)

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PORTAFOLIO DE EVIDENCIAS

Advancde Manual English IVa

Antonio Daniel Garcia Gutiérrez

11/01/11

Luis Armando Becerra Romero

5° Ingeniería Industrial



THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “MUST &HAVE TO”

Make a reservation, take off, board, book, in advance, by the time, jet lag, landing, flight, airhostess, airline counter, international airport, airport, aisle seat, arrivals, arrivals are delayed,arrivals are on time, baggage claim, baggage limitation, boarding pass, bumpy eight, carryon

luggage, cockpit, connecting flight, control tower.GRAMMAR STRUCTURE.

The auxiliaries must and have to expresses a need or an obligation.

A CONSTRUCTION OF MUST

The auxiliary must is conjugated in the some way for all persons: it does not take

an-s in the 3 rd person singular.

Must is followed by the infinitive without to.

Must is only used in the simple present.

Example: you must wash your hands before eating .

Note: With must question and negations are formed without “do”

Example: Must we bring sleeping bugs?

You mustn ’ t open the door to anyone.

Must expresses an obligation

Mustn ’t is used to express the banning for something.

FORMATION OF HAVE TO

The auxiliary have to is followed by the infinitive

Example: I have to go to the dentist’s.

Have is conjugated as follows:

I have we have

You have you have

He/she/it has they have

Note : Questions and negations are formed with do .Example: Do you have to go this way? I don’t have to listen to your advice.



The difference between “should & ought to”

Copilot, crew, customs, customs official, delayed, departure, departure lounge, departures aredelayed, departures are on schedule, direct flight / non-stop flight, duty free, emergency exit,emergency landing, excess baggage, excess charge, final destination, flight number, gate,

immigration official, over booked, metal detector, passenger screening, cab, escalator,passport, loading zone, tow away zone.

GRAMMAR STRUCTURE:“Should” and “ought to” often express probability bath forms introduce infinitives and, usually,refer to the present.

“Should” describes even ts that are desirable or probable.

Example: The train should arrive very soon.

Note: The train should arrive very soon.

The negative of “should” is “shouldn’t”

Example: they shouldn’t be hard to find

“Ought to” implies an expectation or assumption

Example : He is intelligent. He ought to pass the exam.

Note: use for “ought not (to)” negative of “ought to”, is exceed ingle rare.

Example : They ought not to drive on the main road.

The distinction between “should” (the more common of the two) and “ought to”

is often ignored.

The auxiliary have to be followed by the infinitive.

Example : I have to go to the dentist’s

Have is conjugated as follows: I have we haveYou have they haveHe/she/it has you have

Example : Do you have to go this way?

I do n’t have to listen to your advice .

Use of have to

The auxiliary have to be used when the obligation comes from the exterior.



UNITE 2- PLANE RESERVATIONS

WHEN AND WHILE +PRESENT

AsAfterBeforeForSinceUntilWhileAs long asAs soon asWhen

Conjugations of time are always used in the present when the verb of the main clause is inthe future.

Example:

They´ll eat as soon as they arrive.

I won’t continue my class until you are finished talki ng.

Before we leave, you´ll organize and clean the classroom.

When he comes back, he´ll call you.

THE USE OF “ELSE” Grammar Structure:“Else” may follow compound forms of “some” “any” “no” and “every”. Example: You should ask someone else.

I have nothing else to tell you.Is there anything else you´d like?

Example : I took somebody else’s coat “Else” con also follow “mush” “little” and the interrogative pronouns “what” “who” and“where”. Example: there was little else to be said.What else could I do? “Or else” is often used as a linking adverb like otherwise.The passive is used to describe an event happening to the subject.

The passive verb can be followed an agent introduced by “by”. This is, in fact, thesubject of the active sentence.

Example:The thief was caught by the police.(Active sentence: The police caught the thief)

Some verb is the passive are never followed by an agent, such as to be barn and

to be left.



NOTE: The subject of the passive sentence is in general the direct object in the active sentence.Example:Passive sentence: The pointing was signed by Dali.(Active sentence: Dali signed the pointing)However, the indirect object of an active sentence can also become the subject in the passive.

Example: Passive sentence: She was told the truth.(Active sentence: Somebody told her the truth)

The agent introduced by “by” can be an indirect interrogative (or e xclamatory)

clause.

The table is set by us.

The money is paid by her.

The picture is drawn by me.

I was hit by somebody.

The bus was topped by us.

My car was stolen by a thief.

It will be installed by her boyfriend

An in personal structure, used to talk about people in general, is constructed as follows.

A. - the passive form without the agent. This is only possible if the active sentence contains adirect object.

Example:

The castle was built in 1478(Active sentence. Someone built the castle in 1478)

We are expected at 7 o`clock

(Active sentence. Someone expects us at 7 o`clock)

B. – the personal pronouns we, you, they.

We when the speaker is included in the group of people in question.

Example:

We drive on the left side of the road.

(In this case, the speaker is British)

You when the listener is included in the group of people I question, but the

Speaker, in general isn`t.



Example:

You drink a lot of tea in Britain.

(In this case, the listener is British)

They when neither the speaker nor listeners are included in the group of people in question.

Example:

They are very friendly in Ireland.

C. – People (plural meaning), somebody / someone (singular meaning)

Example:

People think he`s funny.

Someone`s on the phone for you.D. – The indefinite pronoun one in proverbs or ether expressions of type.

Example:

On ever know.

(More familiars: you never know)

E. – There is + noun with a verbal meaning

Example:

There is a ring at the door.



Unit 6 Job promotions

The used of “had better” and “would rather”

“Had better” and “would rather” precede infinitives without to and may refer to the future.

*”Had better” (` -`d better; contracted) expresses a firm suggestion or an order.

Example:

You had better tell her the bad news.

You`d better accept it for your career`s sake.

Neg. You`d better not target my birthday, it`s an July 27.

NOTE: had (`d) is often omitted, particularly in speech .

Example: You better not copy .

*would rather

* would rather conveys preference.

Example: Would you rather stay inside or go for a walk?

I`d rather go for a swim.

Neg. I’d rather not go anywhere.



Homework cardinal numbers1 One 1st First

2 Two 2nd second

3 Three 3rd third

4 Four 4th fourth5 Five 5th fifth

6 Six 6th sixth

7 Seven 7th seventh

8 Eight 8th eighth

9 Nine 9th ninth

10 Ten 10th tenth

11 Eleven 11th eleventh

12 Twelve 12th twelfth

13 Thirteen 13th thirteenth

14 Fourteen 14th fourteenth

15 Fifteen 15th fifteenth

16 Sixteen 16th sixteenth

17 Seventeen 17th seventeenth

18 Eighteen 18th eighteenth

19 Nineteen 19th nineteenth

20 Twenty 20th twentieth

21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second

30 Thirty 30th thirtieth

40 Forty 40th fortieth

50 Fifty 50th fiftieth

60 Sixty 60th sixtieth

70 Seventy 70th seventieth

80 Eighty 80th eightieth

90 Ninety 90th ninetieth100 a/one hundred 100th hundredth

101 a/one hundred and one 101st hundred and first

200 two hundred 200th two hundredth

1.000 a/one thousand 1.000th thousandth

10.000 ten thousand 10.000th ten thousandth

100.000 a/one hundred thousand 100.000th one hundred thousandth

1.000.000 a/one million 1.000.000th



Hear -HeardFeel – FeelListen to - is listeningLook – Look

Seem – seemSmell – smellsSound – SoundsSee – sawTaste – TasteWatch – Watched ACTIVITY 5 sentences with “must”

1.

I must get home early.2.

I must approve my class.

3.

I must quit eating.4.

I must be responsible.

5.

You must reach on time you date. 5 sentences with “have to”

1.

I have to do my homework.2.

I have to see my boyfriend.

3. I have cleaned my room.4.

Pato has to leave of speak.

5.

I have to practice English. 5 sentence with “should”

1.

I should drink coffee in the morning.2.

Eduardo should leave drive his car slow.

3.

You should go with the doctor.4.

You shouldn´t eat must.

5. I should work for earn money. 5 sentence with “ought to”

1.

Sergio ought to enter the class.2.

I ought to speak with my father.

3.

I ought to have more obligations.4.

You ought to sing very nice.

5.

I ought to driving classes.



EXAMPLES TEST

Net Systems is having serious financial problems.

Their advertising costs have triple.

Sales are way below last year`s figures.

Costumers are unhappy with after-sales services.

Something has to be done quickly or else there`ll be layoffs.

The manager should call a meeting and pinpoint the problem.

Hey, Bob, how are you?

Fine, Jackie, how about yourself?

Great, I`m a sales manager at Andrew and company.

Really, how do you like it?

Wonderful, I work with a team at motivated sales people.

I`m looking for a job, are you hiring right now?

$4.78

$199.99

$.14

98%

50%

4%

___________________________________________________________________________

The technical team didn`t solve the problem.

The management transferred him to our Chicago office.

Mr. Crowley fully trained them.

___________________________________________________________________________

The seminar began at ten (nine)

o

It should have begun at nine

This class started at 9:00 (8:50)

o

It should have started at 8:50

We went to the park (church)

o

We should have gone to the church

___________________________________________________________________________

How late was it?

My wife is beautiful?

How beautiful is she?

This classroom is too noisy

How noisy is it?



People built San Jo sé’s temple in 1900 A

San Jose`s temple was built in 1900 P

Deli signed the printing A

The painting was signed by Dolly P

Fixed salaries were proposed (management)

o

Management proposed fixed salaries.

Compute are fixed (engineers)

o

Engineers fix compute.

Classroom was cleaned ( maintenance)

o

Maintenance cleaned classroom.

______________________________________________________________________________

Someone evaluated the budget.o

The budget is evaluated.

Someone by fixed the projectors.

o

The projectors were fixed.

Someone is cleaning the classroom.

o

The classroom is being cleaned.

______________________________________________________________________________

Mike builds a house.

o

A house is builds by Mike.

I watched the TV.o

The TV was watched by my.

She is writing a book.

o

A book is being writing by her.

They have beaten the other team.

o

The other team has been beat by them.



Reformulate as in the example.

Example:

I`d prefer to postpone the meeting.

I`d rather postpone the meeting.

1.

She`d prefer to study the product list.2.

They`d prefer to advertise more.

3.

We`d prefer to try direct sales.4.

Would you prefer ho nice more sales people.

5.

She`d prefer to offer incentive.

Reformulate as in the example:

Example:

You should after a percentage off.

You`d better after a percentage off.

1.

We should use the other slogan.2.

They should pinpoint the technical problems.

3.

It should stop raining soon.4.

You should accept the offer.

5.

We should fire everyone.

Fill the goops witch had/`d better or would rather.

1.

It`s getting dark. We _________ go back now.2.

A: Can I borrow your car?B: You ___________ not.

3.

A: Can I borrow you camera?B: I ______________ you didn`t.

4.

You know, I ______________ you didn’t smoke in here. 5.

You ___________ take insect repellant if you go camping.

6.

I ____________ go to Tepa that Gdl.7.

We __________ you didn’t h ang out with her.

8.

They __________ have everything ready.9.

I ___________ not drink on Friday.

10. You ___________ take a bit to time to think this one very carefully.

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