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Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI + CHI 2016 - Matthew Kay, Gregory L. Nelson, Eric B. Hekler / ๊น€๊น€๊น€

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Page 1: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI+ CHI 2016- Matthew Kay, Gregory L. Nelson, Eric B. Hekler/๊น€์œ ์ •x 2016 Spring

Page 2: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics:Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

CHI2016 - UX and Usability Methods

2016. 6. 9.์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ๊น€์œ ์ •

[ ]Matthew Kay, Gregory L. Nelson, Eric B. Hekler

Page 3: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

โœ“ 2015 ๋…„ ์ดˆ <Basic and Applied Social Psychology> ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์„ ์–ธโœ“ ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™ํšŒ (ASA) ๊ฐ€ p-value ์™€ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ๊ฒ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹ ํ•ด๋ช…์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€โ€ฆ

* ๋ฐ•์†Œ์˜ , 3 ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ €๋„์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ , 100 ๊ฑด ์ค‘ 62 ๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ž…์ฆ์— ์‹คํŒจ , ํ•œ๊ตญ์ผ๋ณด , 2015-08-28. (http://www.hankookilbo.com/v/a0438094c3cb454d895939754759b6ed)** ๋ฐ•์ค€์„ ( ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • , ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ https://m.facebook.com/joonsuk.park.5/posts/1282611928419264)

์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์‹ฌโœ“ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ €๋„์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ž…์ฆ์— ์‹คํŒจ

๋„ค์ด์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž 1500 ๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ !๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 1500 ๋ช… ๊ณผํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋‹ค (http://photohistory.tistory.com/16472)

Page 4: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ• ๊นŒ ?

* ๋ฐ•์ค€์„ , ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์œ ์˜ํ• ๊นŒ , ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค์˜จ , 2016-05-20. (http://scienceon.hani.co.kr/402347)

โœ“ ๋ณ„์ด ๋–ด๋‹ค ? ์•ˆ๋–ด๋‹ค ?: p ๊ฐ’ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๊ธฐโœ“ โ€˜ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ๊ฒ€์ •โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด 20 ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ํ•™๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ

โœ“ ์˜ํ•™ / ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œโญ๏ธโญ๏ธโญ๏ธ๋ณ„์ด๋–ด๋‹ค !!!โญ๏ธโญ๏ธโญ๏ธ

์˜๋„์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•œp ๊ฐ’ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋„ !

Page 5: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

HCI ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ โ€œ๋‚จ์ผ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”โ€โœ“ RepliCHI: ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” HCI ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค

โœ“ NHST ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ !

Honorable Mention (Top 5%)

โœ“ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜์ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ , ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์—ญ์‹œ honorable mention!

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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €์ž๋“ค

* http://www.mjskay.com

โ€ข University of Washington Ph.D. candidateโ€ข 1 ์ €์ž๋Š” When (ish) is my bus? ์ €์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จโ€ข ์š”๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ€์„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฑด iSchool ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž„์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Œโ€ข personal data, statisitics ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํ† ํ”ฝ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค

Page 7: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €์ž๋“ค

* http://www.greglnelson.info** http://www.designinghealth.org/about.html

โ€ข 2 ์ €์ž๋Š” UW ์˜ Ph.D. student

โ€ข 3 ์ €์ž๋Š” ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜

Page 8: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

HCI ์—์„œ Frequentist statistics ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ 

Bayesian statistics is better for HCI community,helping knowledge accrual and small-n studies

ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ,

โ€œ โ€

NEW OLDvs.

p < .05 *

>

๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์‹ ์ถ•์  ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ HCI ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Œ !

small-n study ๋ถ„์„์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ HCI ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ํ•จ !๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ํ† ํ”ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด (1) frequentist (2) bayesian ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ,์—ญ์‹œ bayesian ์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ผ ! ์ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ researcher-centered ํ†ต๊ณ„๋‹ค !

Page 9: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

โ€ข NHST ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘๋ถ€์ • ์ดํ•ดํ™” ํ•ด์„์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•โ€ข ์—ฐ ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ ์ œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ ์ˆœ ํ•œ binary

question ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ โ€ข p-value ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ

Frequentist Statistics Bayesian Statistics

โ€ข ๋ฒ  ์ด ์ฆˆ ์ • ๋ฆฌ ์— ๋”ฐ ๋ผ ์‚ฌ ์ „ ์ง€ ์‹ ์„ ํ™• ๋ฅ  ๋กœ ํ™œ ์šฉ ํ•˜ ๋ฉฐ , ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ ์— ๋”ฐ ๋ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •โ€ข effect size, confidence ๋“ฑ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐโ€ข ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์Œ๋“ค์— ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œโ€ข ์ง€์‹ ์ถ•์ ์— ์šฉ์ดํ•จ ( ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ )

โœ“ frequentist ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์œ ๋ช… (?)

๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ , ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์•ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด์จŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ?

โœ“ ์ถ”๋ก  ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „ ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•โœ“ HCI ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„ ์—†์ด๋„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์ • , ์ง€์‹ ์ถ•์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค !

Page 10: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

fast-to-slow: ์ง„ํ–‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์งslow-to-fast: ์ง„ํ–‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง

control: ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ‘œ์‹œ ์—†์Œ }๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋งˆ๋‹ค 100 ๋ช…์”ฉ ๋ฐฐ์ •

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ํƒโœ“ ํ† ํ”ฝ ์„ ์ • : ์„ค๋ฌธ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฅ  ํ‘œ์‹œ (progress indicator) ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์„ค๋ฌธ ์™„๋ฃŒ์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅโœ“ 100 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ โ€œ worldโ€ ์—์„œ 4 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ (400 ๊ฐœ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ )

slow-to-fast

fast-to-slowcontrol

Experiment 1

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

Experiment 2

Experiment 3Experiment 4

World #01

slow-to-fast

fast-to-slowcontrol

Experiment 1

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

Experiment 2

Experiment 3Experiment 4

World #02

slow-to-fast

fast-to-slowcontrol

Experiment 1

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

Experiment 2

Experiment 3Experiment 4

World #03

โ€ฆslow-to-

fastfast-to-

slowcontrol

Experiment 1

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

fast-to-slowcontrol

Experiment 2

Experiment 3Experiment 4

World #100

Page 11: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•โœ“ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ logistic regression ์‚ฌ์šฉ

โ€ข ์‹ค ํ—˜ 1~4 ์— ๋Œ€ ํ•œ ๋ถ„ ์„ ์„ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰โ€ข ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ

Frequentist Analysis Bayesian Analysis

โ€ข ์‹คํ—˜ i ์˜ posterior ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ i+1์˜ prior ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„โ€ข ์‹ค ํ—˜ 4 ์˜ ๊ฒฝ ์šฐ , Cauchy

distribution ์„ ์ด ์šฉ ํ•˜ ์—ฌ prior ์„ค์ •

Page 12: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1: single world - one paper early

Single world ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด , B ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒ„

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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1: single world - one paper early

์ ์„ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ๊ฐ’

* Logistic regression(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression)

Log-odds ratio = 0, ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค (equal)

Page 14: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1: single world - one paper early

โ€ข Confidence intervals ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์›€์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จโ€ข experiment 2 ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (borderline)๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•จโ€ข ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ experiment 4 ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ

Page 15: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1: single world - one paper early

๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์™€์„œ์•ผ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ + CI ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋จ

Page 16: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1: single world - one paper early

์•ž์„  ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ

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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2: many worlds - one paper early

Single world ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ , many world์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‹œbayesian analysis ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋ƒ„

Page 18: Researcher-Centered Design of Statistics: Why Bayesian Statistics Better Fit the Culture and Incentives of HCI

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2: many worlds - one paper early

๋”ฑํžˆ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ

์•ž์„  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์— ์™€์„œ์•ผ ์ง€์‹์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋จ

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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2: many worlds - one paper early

์‹คํ—˜ 2 ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ

๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„ ์—†์ด๋„ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„์ถœ

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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2: many worlds - one paper early

Frequentist Bayesian

fast-to-slow - control 0.27 0.17slow-to-fast - control 0.27 0.20fast-to-slow - slow-to-

fast 0.26 0.22RMSE(root-mean-squared error) in exeperiment 4

์‹คํ—˜ 4 ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ด๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3: small-n studies

small-n studies ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” magnitude error ์™„ํ™”

frequentist analysis ๋ณด๋‹ค novel condition ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค !

๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋‹น 20 ๋ช…์”ฉ ๋ฐฐ์ •

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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3: small-n studies

์‹คํ—˜ 1 ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ bayesian ์ด ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์คŒ

๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋‹น 20 ๋ช…์”ฉ ๋ฐฐ์ •

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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3: small-n studies

Frequentist Bayesian

fast-to-slow - control 0.66 0.36slow-to-fast - control 0.68 0.51fast-to-slow - slow-to-

fast 0.83 0.60RMSE(root-mean-squared error) in exeperiment 4

์‹คํ—˜ 4 ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ด๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋‹น 20 ๋ช…์”ฉ ๋ฐฐ์ •

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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜์ 

Bayesian analysis increases the value of small-n studies of novel work

Bayesian analysis fits into how statistical practice is shaped in HCI

Bayesian analysis is increasingly accessible

Challenges and opportunities in setting priors

Practical impact of research through cost/benefit analysis

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THANK YOU-End of the Document-[ ]์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ๊น€์œ ์ •[email protected]