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DINHDNG HCGING VIN: H XUN HNGVIN CN SINH HC V THC PHMTRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

CHNG TRNH MN HCS TIT: 30TIU LUN BI TPTHI GIA KTIU CHUN NH GI:HNH THC THI KT THC MN HC: T LUN

CHNG TRNH MN HCCHNG 1: Dinh dng, sc khe, bnh tt v nhu cu nng lngCHNG 2: ProteineCHNG 3: LipideCHNG 4: GlucideCHNG 5: Nc v cc cht in giiCHNG 6: Vitamine v khang chtCHNG 7: Xy dng khu phn nCHNG 8: Thc phm chc nng

TI LIU THAM KHOBng nhu cu dinh dng khuyn ngh cho ngi Vit Nam Vin Dinh dngBng thnh phn dinh dng thc n ca ngi Vit Nam Vin Dinh dngCc bnh thiu dinh dung v sc khe cng ng Vit Nam H Huy Khi, T Giy NXB Y hc 1994Dinh dng ngi Nguyn Minh Thy Trng i hc Cn Th 2005Dinh dng tr em NXB Gio dc 1998Dinh dng v an tan v sinh thc phm Trng i hc Y H Ni 2004Dinh dng hp l v sc khe - H Huy Khi, T Giy NXB Y hc 2003

TI LIU THAM KHO8. Essential of Human Nutrition Jim Mann, A. Stewart Truswell Oxford University Press 20009. Encylopedia of Human Nutrition - MJ Sadler, JJ Strain, B. Caballeero Volume 1,2,3,199810. Nutrition: chemistry and biology Julian E. Spallholz. Prentice Hall. Engleword Cliffs. New Jersey 07632 198811. Handbook of Human Nutritional Requirements FAO Nutritional studies No.2812. Human Nutrition and dietetics Tenth edition. J S Garrow, WPT James, A Ralph Churchchill Livingstone 2000

CHNG 1: DINH DNG, SC KHE V NHU CU NNG LNG1.1. KHI QUT V DINH DNG HC1.2. CU TRC C TH V PHNG PHP XC NH1.3. DINH DNG V SC KHE1.4. CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG1.5. NHU CU NNG LNG

CHNG 1: DINH DNG, SC KHE V NHU CU NNG LNG1.1. KHI QUT V DINH DNG HC1.1.1. I TNG CA DINH DNG HC1.1.2. VI NT V S PHT TRIN CA DINH DNG HC1.1.3. NGHA KINH T, X HI CA KHOA HC DINH DNG V MI LIN QUAN GIA LNG THC PHM NNG NGHIP V SC KHE1.1.4. KHI NIM V CC CHT C BN

1.1. KHI QUT V DINH DNG HC 1.1.2. VI NT V S PHT TRIN CA DINH DNG HC

Galen (129-199) : dinh dng l 1 qu trnh chuyn ha xy ra trong cc t chc, thc n phi c ch bin v thay i bi tc dng ca nc bt v sau d dySidengai: nhm mc ch iu tr cng nh phng bnh, trong nhiu bnh ch cn cho n nhng khu phn n (diet) thch hp v sng mt i sng c t chc hp lA.L. Lavoisier 1770-1777 chng minh thc n i vo c th v sc vt s b t chy, s dng O2, gii phng CO2 v sinh nhit. Laplace v Ramur 1783 chng minh trn thc nghim h hp l mt dng t chy trong c th v o lng c lng oxy tiu th v lng CO2 thi ra ngi khi lao ng, ngh ngi v sau khi n, t c s cho vn tiu hao nng lng, gi tr sinh nng lng ca thc phm v cc nghin cu v chuyn ho.

1.1. KHI QUT V DINH DNG HC 1.1.2. VI NT V S PHT TRIN CA DINH DNG HC

J. Liebig gia TK XIX ch ra rng thc n cha ba nhm cht hu c c bn: protein, carbohydrate, lipid v cc cht v c l tro. M. Lunin v nhiu ngi khc cui TK XIX v u TK XX, cho bit thm mt s yu t dinh dng m by gi cha bit: cc vitamin v pht hin ra hng lot cc vitamin. Gomez (1956), Jelliffe (1959), Welcome (1970), Waterlow (1973) nghin cu v bnh suy dinh dng protein - nng lng Bitot (1863), M. Collum (1913), Block (1920) nghin cu v thiu vi cht nh thiu vitamin A v bnh kh mt, thiu mu thiu st, thiu km.

1.1. KHI QUT V DINH DNG HC 1.1.4. KHI NIM V CC CHT C BNCc cht dinh dng c bn l cc cht hu c c: hnh thnh v tch ly trong nhng b phn nht nh ca c th ng vt v thc vt cn thit cho s tn ti v pht trin ca c th ngi v cc c th ng vt khc.

1.1. KHI QUT V DINH DNG HC 1.1.4. KHI NIM V CC CHT C BNCC NHM CHT DINH DNG C BNProtideLipid GlucidVitamine Cht khangNcCht x

CHNG 1: DINH DNG, SC KHE V NHU CU NNG LNG1.2. CU TRC C TH V PHNG PHP XC NH

1.2.1. CU TRC C TH

1.2.2. PHNG PHP XC NH

1.2. CU TRC C TH V PHNG PHP XC NH1.2.1. CU TRC C TH

Bo thai 20-25 tunTr trc khi sanhTr thngTr 1 tuiNgi trng thnhTr suy dinh dngNgi bo phCn nng (kg) Nc (%) Protein (%) Cht bo (%) Phn cn li (%)0,3 88 9,5 0,5 2 1,5 83 11,5 3,5 2 3,5 69 12 16 3 20 62 14 20 4 70 60 17 17 6 5 74 14 10 2 100 47 13 35 5

1.2. CU TRC C TH V PHNG PHP XC NH 1.2.2. PHNG PHP XC NH CH S KHI C TH BODY MASS INDEX BMI

W: CN NNG, kgH:CHIU CAO, mTheo khuyn ngh ca t chc Y t th gii: ch s BMI ngi bnh thng nn vo khong 18,5 24,99 Theo Vin dinh dng Vit Nam:Mc cn nn c = [chiu cao (cm) 100] * 9/10Ch s BMI ca ngi Vit 26-40 tui l 19,72 +-2,81 (nam)19,75 +-3,41 (n)

CHNG 1: DINH DNG, SC KHE V NHU CU NNG LNG1.3. DINH DNG V SC KHE1.3.1. DINH DNG V TNG TRNG1.3.2. DINH DNG P NG MIN DCH V NHIM KHUN1.3.3. THIU DINH DNG C HIU V CHM TNG TRNG

1.3. DINH DNG V SC KHE1.3.2. DINH DNG P NG MIN DCH V NHIM KHUNCc yu t nh hng n h thng min dch:Thiu dinh dng proteinThiu nng lngThiu mt s vit: A, C, cc vit nhm BThiu mt s cht khang: Fe, Zn, Cu, Se. Ngai ra mt s cht khc cng c nh hng nh Mg, Co, I, Ni v phn ln cc kim lai nng.

CHNG 1: DINH DNG, SC KHE V NHU CU NNG LNG1.4. CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG

1.4.1. CC BNH THIU DINH DNG C NGHA SC KHE CNG NG

1.4.2. DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNH

1.4. CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG1.4.1. CC BNH THIU DINH DNG C NGHA SC KHE CNG NGThiu dinh dng protein-nng lng (Protein Energy Malnutrition PEM) - L loi thiu dinh dng quan trng nht tr em, - - Biu hin ban u: tnh trng chm ln i km vi cc bnh nhim khun- Cc th nng l Marasmus v Kwashiorkor. Bnh thng xy ra do: - Ch n thiu v s lng v cht lng - Tnh trng nhim khun, c bit l cc bnh ng rut, si, v vim cp ng h hp dn n gim ngon ming v gim hp thu.

1.4. CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG 1.4.2. DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNH

BO PH Thng dng Ch s khi c th (Body Mass Index, BMI ) nhn nh tnh trng gy bo. Nguyn nhn bo ph:Dinh dng Ri lon chuyn ha trong c thYu t tc ng n tnh trng bo ph c th l:Hat ng th lcYu t di truynYu t kinh t x hiSuy dinh dng thi k trc

1.4. CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG 1.4.2. DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNH

Bo ph c th gp cc bnh sau:- Bnh tng huyt p, bnh tim do mch vnh, tiu ng- Ri lon d dy, rut, si mt... - Hm lng cholesterol trong mu tng- Huyt p tng - Nguy c ung th ti mt, ung th v v t cung ph n mn kinh, ung th thn v tuyn tin lit nam gii

1.4. CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG 1.4.2. DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNHBnh ung th C mi lin quan gia ch n ung vi ung th. Khang 30% ung th lin quan ti ht thuc l, 35% lin quan n n ung, do ru 3% v do cc cht cho thm vo thc phm 1%. Nhiu cht gy ung th c mt trong thc phm ng ch nht l - Cc aflatoxin v nitrosamin. - Mt s cc nitrosamin - Nhiu loi phm mu thc phm v cht gy ngt nh cyclamate

CHNG 1: DINH DNG, SC KHE V NHU CU NNG LNG1.5. NHU CU NNG LNG1.5.1. HNH THI NNG LNG1.5.2. N V NNG LNG1.5.3. NGUN NNG LNG THC PHM1.5.4. TIU HAO NNG LNG1.5.5. LNG NNG LNG CUNG CP1.5.6. CN BNG NNG LNG1.5.7. D TR V IU HA NNG LNG

1.5. NHU CU NNG LNG1.5.1. HNH THI NNG LNG

C th ngi cn nng lng cung cp cho cc hot ng Cc qu trnh chuyn ho Hot ng ca c Gi cn bng nhit ca c th Nng lng cho hot ng ca no, cc m thn kinh.

1.5. NHU CU NNG LNG 1.5.2. N V NNG LNG

n v nng lng theo h SI: joule (J), l nng lng c s dng khi 1 kilogram (kg) di chuyn qua mt metre (m) bng lc 1 Newton (N). kJ = 103 J MJ = 106J Calorie: nng lng cn thit a 1 g nc tng 10C 1000 calo = 1 kilo calo (Kcal) 1 Kcal = 4,184 kJ1 kJ = 0,239 Kcal hay 4,2 kJ = 1 Kcal.

1.5. NHU CU NNG LNG 1.5.4. TIU HAO NNG LNG

Tiu hao nng lng cho chuyn ho c bn (CHCB) CHCB l nng lng cn thit duy tr s sng con ngi trong iu kin nhn i, hon ton ngh ngi v nhit mi trng thch hp. chnh l nng lng ti thiu duy tr cc chc phn sinh l c bn nh: tun hon, h hp, hot ng cc tuyn ni tit, duy tr thn nhit...


Cc yu t nh hng n CHCB: Tnh trng h thng thn kinh trung ng Cng hot ng cc h thng ni tit v menTui v gii Trng hp nhn i hay thiu n, CHCB gim. Tnh trng thiu n nng ko di, CHCB gim ti 50%.


Tnh CHCB da vo cn nng (H Huy Khi, 1996) Vi W: cn nng (weight) tnh bng kg

Nhm tui Chuyn ho c bn (kcal/ngy) Nm Nam N 0 3 3 - 10 10 - 18 18 - 30 30 - 60 Trn 60 60,9 W 54 22,7 W + 495 17,5 W + 651 15,3 W + 679 11,6 W + 879 13,5 W + 487 61,0 W - 51 22,5 W + 499 12,2 W + 746 14,7 W + 496 8,7 W + 829 10,5 W + 596


Tiu hao nng lng do hot ng th lc Ngoi chuyn ho c bn ra, hot ng th lc l nhn t ch yu nht nh hng n s tiu hao nng lng ca c th. Tiu hao nng lng cho hat ng th lc ph thuc vo lai hnh lao ng


Xp cc lai lao ng thnh nhm Lao ng cc nh: cng vic ngi lm l chnh, nh cng vic vn phng, cng vic lp t v sa cha my thu thanh, ng h.. Lao ng nh: Cng vic ng hoc i li t: nhn vin bn hng, thao tc trong phng th nghim nhn vin hnh chnh, cc ngh lao ng tr c, gio vinLao ng trung bnh: hot ng thng ngy ca hc sinh, li xe c ng, lp mc in, ct gt gia cng kim loi.. cng nhn xy dng, nng dn, ng dn, qun nhn, sinh vinLao ng nng: Mt s ngh trong nng nghip v cng nghip nng, vn ng vinLao ng cc nng: bc vc, cht g, khai thc khong sn v p .. phi c gii, ngh rng, ngh rn


Tnh nhu cu nng lng c ngy Phng php 1: Nhu cu nng lng ca ngi trng thnh da vo chuyn ho c bn (CHCB) v c tnh theo h s thuc loi lao ngPhng php 2: Nhu cu nng lng c ngy da vo cch tnh gp: bao gm + Nhu cu nng lng cho chuyn ho c bn + Nhu cu nng lng cho tc dng ng lc c hiu ca thc n + Nhu cu nng lng cho hot ng th lc


H s nhu cu nng lng c ngy ca ngi trng thnh t CHCB (2) CHCB*H S=NHU CU NNG LNG C NGY

Loi lao ngNam N Lao ng nhLao ng vaLao ng nng1,55 1,78 2,10 1,56 1,61 1,82


Bng nhu cu nng lng cho tr em (3)

TuiNng lng Kcal


Bng nhu cu nng lng ngi trng thnh (4)

GiiTuiNng lng Kcal theo lao ngNhVaNngNam18-3030-60>602300220019002700260033003200N18-3030-60>602200210018002300220026002500

1.5. NHU CU NNG LNG 1.5.6. CN BNG NNG LNG

Cn bng nng lng = nng lng nhn vo - nng lng sn sinh (s sinh nhit). Nng lng nhn vo = 1. nng lng thc phm 2. nhit trao i 3. nhit mi trng Nng lng sn sinh = 1. nng lng t s bi tit 2. nhit mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh

CHNG 2: PROTEINE2.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT L HA CA PROTEIN2.2. VAI TR V CHC NNG CA PROTEIN TRONG DINH DNG2.3. CC ACIDE AMINE V VAI TR DINH DNG CA CHNG2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG CA PROTEIN2.5. NHU CU PROTEIN V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH2.6. THNH PHN V HM LNG PROTEIN TRONG CC NGUN THC PHM2.7. TIU HA V HP THU PROTEINE2.8. NHNG THAY I XY RA KHI THIU PTOTEIN

2.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT L HA CA PROTEINPhn lai: Proteine n gin: trong thnh phn ch cha acide amineProteine phc tp: ngai acide amine, trong phn t cn cha cc hp cht khc nh acide nucleic, glucide, lipide...

2.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT L HA CA PROTEINProteine n gin:Albumin: c c trong ng thc vt: trng ( albumin), sa ( lactalbumin), mu (serum albumin), u ( legumelin)Globulin: rt ph bin, c trong trng ( ovoglobulin), sa ( lactoglobulin), mu ( fibrinogen), c ( myozin), u ( legumin), khai ty ( tuberin)Glutelin: thng c thc vt: la m (gluten)Prolamin: thng c thc vt: la m ( gliadin), bp (zein)Scleroprotein: ch c ng vt, c vai tr ging cellulose thc vtHiston: c nhn t boProtamin: trong tinh trng c

2.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT L HA CA PROTEINProteine phc tp:Nucleoprotein: c nhm ngai l acide nucleic, l thnh phn ca nhn t bo v bo tngCromoprotein: nhm ngai thng l nhng cht mu nh carotenoidPhosphoprotein: trong phn t c PMetaloprotein: mhm ph l kim lai nngGlucoprotein: phn ph l glucideLipoprotein: phn ph l lipid

2.2. VAI TR V CHC NNG CA PROTEIN TRONG DINH DNG2.2.1. TO V DUY TR CU TRC T BO2.2.2. THAM GIA VN CHUYN CC CHT DINH DNG2.2.3. NG VAI TR XC TC CC PHN NG HA SINH TRONG C TH2.2.4. THAM GIA VO CN BNG NNG LNG C TH2.2.5. IU HA CHUYN HA NC V CN BNG pH C TH2.2.6. VAI TR BO V V GII C2.2.7. VAI TR KCH THCH NGON MING

2.3. CC ACIDE AMINE V VAI TR DINH DNG CA CHNG 2.3.1. PHN LAIn nm 1935: bit n 22 acide amine hay gp trong thc n. Nay: bit > 80 acide amine t nhinChia 2 lai: + Acide amine khng thay th+ Acide amine thay th

2.3. CC ACIDE AMINE V VAI TR DINH DNG CA CHNG 2.3.2. VAI TRTham gia vo tng hp proteine trong c thL yu t cn thit cho c th pht trinTham gia vo tuyn ni tit

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.1. NHNG YU T NH HNG N GI TR DINH DNG CA PROTEINnh hng ca nng lng cung cp nh hng ca vitamine v mui khangnh hng bi kh nng s dng cc acide aminenh hng bi tnh cn i ca cc acide amine trong khu phn yu t hn ch

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.1. NHNG YU T NH HNG N GI TR DINH DNG CA PROTEINProtein chunDa vo tnh cn i ca proteine, chia 3 lai:+ Proteine han ho+ Proteine han ho 1 phn+ Proteine khng han ho

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.2. CC PHNG PHP NH GI CHT LNG PROTEINH s tng trng lng (Protein efficiency ratio PER) L trng lng tng thm ca mt con vt ang pht trin chia cho lng Protein n vo. Trng lng sc vt tng theo g PER = ---------------------------------------------------- Lng protein s dng tnh theo g

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.2. CC PHNG PHP NH GI CHT LNG PROTEIN. Gi tr sinh vt hc (biological value BV): l t l protein gi li so vi protein hp thu. N gi li BV = ------------------- * 100 N hp thu

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.2. CC PHNG PHP NH GI CHT LNG PROTEINH s s dng protein (net protein utilization NPU): l t l protein gi li so vi protein n vo N gi li NPU = BV * D = ------------- * 100 N n vo Phn trm nng lng protein s dng (Net dietary Protein Calories Percent NDpCals%): th hin c v cht v lng protein trong khu phn. NDpCal% = NPU x % nng lng do protein

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.2. CC PHNG PHP NH GI CHT LNG PROTEINCh s ho hc (Chemical score CS) Do c mi lin quan v gi tr sinh vt hc v yu t hn ch ca protein thc n, ch s ho hc c tnh l t s gia cc acid amin trong protein nghin cu so vi thnh phn tng ng ca chng protein trng trong cng mt lng protein ngang nhau. a x 100 CS = ------------------ ba: % hm lng acid amin trong m nghin cu b: % hm lng acid amin trong m trng

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.2. CC PHNG PHP NH GI CHT LNG PROTEINCc loi protein thc n

2.4. NH GI CHT LNG DINH DNG PROTEINE2.4.2. CC PHNG PHP NH GI CHT LNG PROTEINSp xp protein thc n

2.5. NHU CU PROTEINE V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH 2.5.1. NHU CU PROTEINENHU CU DUY TR V I MIN mt theo nc tiu Uk 46mgN/kg cn nng hoc 3gN/ngyN mt theo phn Fk 20mgN/kg trng lng c th hoc 1gN/ngyN mt qua da (m hi), mng, tc P 20mgN/kg trng lng c thN mt theo ng h hp, nc mi: 3mgN/kg trng lng c th n, 2mgN/kg trng lng c th nam

2.5. NHU CU PROTEINE V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH 2.5.1. NHU CU PROTEINENHU CU PHT TRIN - L nhu cu xy dng cc t chc mi - i tng:- Lng N gi li khang 2,9% trng lng tng thm trong qu trnh pht trin ca tr em trn 1 tuiNHU CU HI PHCXut hin nhu cu ny sau chn thng hay bnh

2.5. NHU CU PROTEINE V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH 2.5.1. NHU CU PROTEINECCH TNH NHU CU PROTEINEK = (Uk + Fk + P + C) x 1,1 Uk: lng mt nit khng trnh khi theo nc tiu (mg/kg cn nng/ngy) Fk: lng mt nit khng trnh khi theo phn (mg/kg cn nng/ngy) P: lng mt nit theo da (mg/kg cn nng/ngy) C: lng tng nit trong thi gian pht trin/kg cn nng/ngy 1,1: s tng thm 10% b tr tiu ph do cc kch thch gp trong i sng hng ngy. Nhu cu theo m chun = K x 6,25 Tnh theo cng thc trn cho ngi trng thnh: (46 + 20 + 20) x 1,1 = 95 mg N/kg cn nng Nhu cu theo m chun = 95 mg x 6.25 = 0,59 g/kg Thm 20% cho cc thay i c bit 0,71 g/kg cn nng

2.5. NHU CU PROTEINE V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH 2.5.1. NHU CU PROTEINE Nhu cu theo protein chun Nhu cu thc t = ------------------------------------------- NPU ca protein n vo Theo FAO: - Cc nc pht trin: NPU = 70 - 80 - Cc nc ang pht trin: NPU = 60 - 70 - Cc nc c phn n c bn khng phi l ng cc (sn) NPU = 50 - 60

2.5. NHU CU PROTEINE V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH 2.5.2. NHU CU ACIDE AMINENhu cu ti thiu ca cc acid amin cn thit ca ngi a. Khi lng cystine y , b. Khi lng tyrosine y

2.5. NHU CU PROTEINE V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH 2.5.2. NHU CU ACIDE AMINET l cn i gia cc acid amin cn thit theo FAO : Tryptophane-1, phenylalanine v threonine-2, methionine + cystine + valine-3, isoleucin + leucine-3;4. Theo Leverton (1959) khi nh gi t l cn i ca cc acid amin cn thit: - Ch cn tnh theo b ba: tryptophane, lysine v acid amin cha lu hynh (methionine + cystine) - T s gia chng nn l 1: 3: 3.

2.5. NHU CU PROTEINE V ACIDE AMINE TRONG C TH 2.5.2. NHU CU ACIDE AMINECc acid amin khng cn thit Chim t l ln trong thnh phn m thc n. C th c th tng hp c nhng qu trnh tng hp bn trong ch p ng c nhu cu ti thiu ca c th Bao gm: alanine, asparagine, acid asparaginic, glycine, glutamin, acid glutamic, oxyprolin, proline, serine, tyrosine, cystine, cysteine..

2.6. THNH PHN V HM LNG PROTEINE TRONG CC NGUN THC PHM S phn loi thc phm da vo gi tr nng lng ca protein

2.7. TIU HA V HP THU PROTEINE 2.7.2. QU TRNH HP THUC chTch cc Th ng

2.7. TIU HA V HP THU PROTEINE 2.7.2. QU TRNH HP THUNhng yu t nh hng n vic hp thu- Lai, lng v t l cc acide amine- Cc enzyme- Kh nng ly cc acide amine t h tun han ca cc t bo v cc m

2.8. NHNG THAY I XY RA KHI THIUPROTEINEThiu protein thng dn n tnh trng suy dinh dng.Nhng du hiu ca c th thiu protein: Chm ln, t ln. Lon dinh dng, marasmus & kwashiorkor Gim chc nng bo v ca c th Ri lon s to thnh choline gan m hu qu l gan b xm nhim m. nh hng n h thng thn kinh trung ng v ngoi bin Thnh phn ho hc v cu trc xng cng b thay i. Gim hng cu, dn n hin tng thiu mu ca c th.

CHNG 3: LIPID3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN3.2. VAI TR CA LIPID TRONG DINH DNG NGI3.3. TIU HA V HP THU LIPID3.4. NHU CU LIPID3.5. THNH PHN V HM LNG CHT BO MT S THC PHM CHNH

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. PHN LAIL ester ca glycerin v acide boNgai glyceride, trong thnh phn cht bo cn c nhiu hp cht khc nh:+ Phosphatide : lecithin, cephalin, sphingomyelin+ Sterol+ Vitamine: A, D, tocopherol

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. PHN LAILipide n gin Glyceride: l cc ester ca glycerol v cc acide bo. Du m t nhin cha 98-99% glyceride, cn li phn nh l acide bo t do, monoglyceride, phospholipide v cc cht khng x phng ha. Sp: L ester ca acide bo vi ru bc cao c 1 nhm OH.

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. PHN LAILipide n gin Sterid: l ester ca acide bo vi ru vng n chc sterol, chim t l nh trong cht bo (

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. PHN LAILipide n gin Cholesterol - L tin thn ca cc hormon thng thn, sinh dc v ca vitamine D- Tham gia cu trc mng t bo, ng vai tr iu chnh tnh thm ca t bo- Tham gia vn chuyn cc acide bo d tr n gan - C vai tr trong vic nh tng ha rut. - Tham gia vo vic tng hp cc ni tit t v thng thn

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. PHN LAILipide phc tpPhospholipide ( phosphatid): l ester ca ru a chc vi acide bo cao, c gc PO43- v baz cha N. Chia 3 nhm:Glixerophospholipide, inozitphospholipide, sphingophospholipide- L thnh phn cu trc ca t bo thn kinh, no, tim, gan, tuyn sinh dc, tp trung nhiu b mt nguyn sinh cht. - ng vai tr quan trng trong tnh thm ca mng t bo, tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha t bo v chuyn ha m. Glycolipide: l lipide phc tp trong thnh phn khng c P m c glucide hoc dn xut ca galactose

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. CC ACIDE BOHm lng cc acid bo trong mt s thc n Oleic

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. CC ACIDE BOCc acide bo no- Ch yu nm m ng vt- Th rn c trng lng phn t cao, th lng c trng lng phn t thp- Trng lng phn t cao th nhit nng chy thp

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. CC ACIDE BOCc acide bo cha no - Ch yu du thc vt - Thng gp trong thnh phn thc n l lai 1-3 ni i - Nhy vi phn ng oxh v phn ng lin kt nn thng khng bn, khi c cc phn ng ny s chuyn thnh no th rn- Tim, gan, no, tuyn sinh dc c nhu cu cao nn khi thiu th s xy ra ri lan cc c quan ny- Vai tr sinh hc: rt quan trng v a dng.

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. CC ACIDE BOHm lng cc acid bo cha no trong mt s du m n Oliu

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. CC ACIDE BOCc acide bo cha no Thng gp nht l acide oleic. Nhng acide bo c nhiu ni i c hat tnh sinh hc r rng nht:Arachidonic: C19H31COOH. Linoleic: C17H31COOH Linolenic: C17H29COOH

3.1. CU TRC V TNH CHT C BN 3.1.1. CC ACIDE BOXt v hot tnh sinh hc v hm lng cc acid bo cha no cn thit, c th chia cht bo thnh ba nhm: Nhm c hot tnh sinh hc cao: hm lng cc acid bo cha no cn thit khong 50 - 80% : 15 30 g/ngy c th tho mn nhu cu c th. Thuc nhm ny c: du hng dng, u nnh, bp .. Nhm c hot tnh sinh hc trung bnh: hm lng acid bo cha no cn thit khong 15 - 22% v c th cn 50 60 g/ngy m bo nhu cu. Thuc nhm ny c: m ln, m ngng, g v du olive..Nhm c hot tnh sinh hc thp: hm lng acid bo cha no cn thit

3.2. VAI TR CA LIPIDE TRONG DINH DNG NGI1. Cung cp v ng vai tr d tr nng lng2. Tham gia cu trc c th3. Tham gia iu ha cc hat ng chc phn c th4. Bo v c th trnh thay i nhit v va chm c hc5. Thc y vic hp thu cc vitamine6. Lm tng cam gic no, nng cao gi tr cm quan cho thc n

3.3.TIU HA V HP THU CHT BO3.3.3. NHNG VN NH HNG N VIC HP THU CHT BOCc bnh:+ au l lch: enzyme lipase c trong dch ty t+ Cc bnh v mt: mt tKhu phn cha nhiu cht x

3.4. NHU CU CHT BONhu cu cht bo theo g/kg cn nng

3.5. THNH PHN V HM LNG CHT BO MT S THC PHM CHNH Trong thc n thc vt: - Nhm ly tinh bt: ng 3 - 8%, la m, i mch v lu go 1,6 - 3,2%; khoai lang, khoai ty, sn ti hm lng lipid khng ng k 0,1 - 0,3%. - Cc loi rau: hu nh cha rt t lipid, tr cc loi rau u: u H lan, u c-ve 1 - 2%. Cc loi qu chn, tr gc c hm lng lipid cao, cn li cha khong 0,1 - 0,5% lipid. Ht v qu cc loi cy ly du c hm lng lipid cao hn bt k loi thc n no nh cm da, u phng, m, u nnh, c du.

CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNHBnh tim mchNguyn nhn chnh : Lng mui trong khu phn. Khuyn co ch n mui

CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNHBnh tim do mch vnh (Coronary Heart Disease CHD) Cc nhn t nguy c mc bnh: mi trng v dinh dngHt thuc l v tng huyt p: - Gy tn thng mng trong cc ng mch- Sinh ra cht nicotin gy tng nhp tim v huyt p, tng nhu cu oxy ca cc c tim. - Cc oxyde cacbon sinh ra lm gim kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu. - L ngun sn sinh ra cc gc t do, tng kt dnh ca tiu cu v lm gim cc lipoprotein c t trng cao (HDL: High Density Lipoprotein). Yu t dinh dngCholesterol mu

CHNG 4: GLUCID4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.2. VAI TR TRONG DINH DNG4.3. TIU HA V HP THU4.4. NHU CU GLUCID TRONG C TH4.5. THNH PHN GLUCID TRONG 1 S THC PHM4.6. CHT X

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC

Cung cp khong 48% nhu cu nng lng ca khu phn. - Trong c th chuyn ho ca carbohydrate c lin quan cht ch vi chuyn ho lipid v protidCc thc phm ngun thc vt l ngun carbohydrate ca khu phn. Cc thc phm ngun ng vt c glycogen v lactose.

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.1. PHN LAI* Cch 1:- Glucid n gin (monosaccharide)- Glucide phc tp (polysaccharide)+ Polysaccharide lai 1 (oligosaccharide, oligose): disaccharide, trisaccharide+ Polysaccharide lai 2 ( ngun thc vt: tinh bt, inulin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, agar; ngun vi sunh vt: dextran; ngun ng vt: glycogen, kitin)* Cch 2:- ng n gin (monosaccharide, disaccharide)- ng a (polysaccharide): gm glycogen, dextrin, tinh bt- Cht x+ C si: cellulose, hemicellulose+ Dng keo: pectin, agar, gum+ Lignin

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.1. PHN LAICarbohydrate tinh ch-Thuc loi carbohydrate tinh ch cao c: +Cc loi ngt, trong lng ng >70% nng lng hoc tuy c hm lng ng thp (40 - 50%) nhng m cao (>=30%). + Bt ng cc t l xay xt cao, hm lng cellulose mc

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.1. PHN LAICarbohydrate bo v: Gm nhng carbohydrate thc vt ch yu dng tinh bt vi hm lng cellulose > 0,4%.

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCGlucose- L ngun cung cp nng lng chnh cho h thng thn kinh trung ng. Phn ln carbohydrate a vo c th c chuyn thnh glucose cung cp nng lng cho cc t chc.

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCFructose - c coi l loi carbohydrate thch hp nht cho ngi lao ng tr c v ngi gi, tt cho cc bnh nhn x va ng mch, cc trng hp ri lon chuyn ho lipid v cholesterol. - nh hng tt n hot ng ca cc vi khun c ch trong rut

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCSaccharose:c s dng nhiu nht trong dinh dng ngi. Cn gii hn lng ng s dng

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCLactose Km ngt v km ho tan hn sucrose- Rt t s dng trong c th to m, khng c tc dng lm tng cholesterol trong mu.

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCTinh bt- C c tnh ha tan dng keo, dung dch keo tinh bt khng bao gm cc ht tinh bt ring r m l cc micelle gm mt lng ln phn t. - Gm hai phn t, amylose 20 - 30% v amylopectin 70 - 80% l hp cht cao phn t ca cc n v -glucose - L thnh phn dinh dng chnh ca thc vt. - Trong c th ngi, tinh bt l ngun cung cp glucose chnh.

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCCc cht pectin -C th coi nh cc hemicellulose, va c chc phn c hc chng , chc phn ca cc cht bo v, va c gi tr dinh dng nht nh- V cu trc ho hc, acid pectinic c cc chui di gm cc anhydric ca acid galacturonic ni bi cc dy ni glucoside d b phn hy.

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCCc cht pectin Pectin gm hai dng: Protopectin v pectin- Protopectin; khng tan trong nc, c nhiu trong cc qu xanh- Pectin: thuc nhm cht ho tan, ng ho c trong c th. C vai tr trong dinh dng :+ c ch cc vi khun gy thi v iu ho h vi khun ng rut Ci thin cc qu trnh tiu ho. + C tc dng trong iu tr cc bnh v d dy rut l do cc c tnh keo ca pectin c kh nng hp ph cao

4.1. PHN LAI, C iM, CU TRC4.1.2. C iM, CU TRCChc nng ca cellulose v cc cht x thc n : Phng nga ung th rut ktPhng nga x va ng mchPhng nga hnh thnh si mt, gim c hm lng m trong mu. Gy nh hng n mc ng huyt, gim bt tc dng da vo insulin ca bnh nhn tiu ng. Ngn nga s tha nng lng v bo ph.

4.2. VAI TR CA GLUCID TRONG DINH DNGCung cp nng lng: L vai tr chnh ca glucid. Hn nng lng khu phn l do glucid cung cp (nc ang pht trin: 70-80%). y l ngun cung cp nng lng chnh cho lao ng ca c, c oxyha theo c 2 ng hiu kh v k kh qua chu trnh ng phn v chu trnh KrebsTrong h thn kinh, phi, glucose l cht cung cp nng lng duy nht

4.2. VAI TR CA GLUCID TRONG DINH DNGCho php c th tit kim proteineVai tr to hnh: tham gia vo thnh phn t chc ca c th, c mt trong t bo. Tt c cc t chc v t bo thn kinh u c cha glucid, Tuy c th lun phn hy glucid cung cp nng lng, mc glucid trong c th vn n nh nu n vo y . Bo v gan, gii c: Khi glycogen gan c d tr , gan s c kh nng gii c tng i mnh

4.3. TIU HA V HP THU GLUCID4.3.1. HP THUC 2 trng thi: hp thu th ng v hp thu ch ng Th ng: Ch ng: Vn tc hp thu:+ glucose tng ng galactose+ fructose khang . + Nu chn tc hp thu glucose l 100 th galactose 110, fructose 43, pentose 9.

4.3. TIU HA V HP THU GLUCID4.3.1. HP THUTi rut non:C ch hp thu chnh: vn chuyn vt cht qua thnh t bo.Nim mc rut thc hin qu trnh hp thu ch ng i vi cc monosaccharide, trong 1 lai cht truyn ti ca t bo biu b nim mc rut s chn lc glucose v galactose chuyn n t bo, a vo mu.

4.4. NHU CU GLUCIDPh thuc vo tiu hao nng lng. - Ngi lao ng trung bnh, t l gia protid: lipid v carbohydrate thch hp l 1:1:4. - Ngi lao ng chn tay: l 1:1:5. - Ngi lao ng tr c ng tui v ngi gi, t l thch hp: 1:0,8:3. - Vn ng vin trong thi k luyn tp: t l 1:0,8:6.

4.5. THNH PHN GLUCID TRONG 1 S THC PHMHM LNG CC LAI NG TRONG 1 VI THC PHM (%)Ngun: Carbohydrates in human nutrition, (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper ) 1991

CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNHTiu ng khng ph thuc insulin Tiu ng l tnh trng tng ng huyt mn tnh do:- Thiu insulin tng i hay tuyt i ca tuyn ty- Ri lan chuyn ha glucid, protid, lipid v in gii. Khi nng ng trong mu s tng v c ng trong nc tiu. Bnh tiu ng gy tn thng mch mu, mt, thn, tng huyt p, tng nhim trng

5.1. TRAO I NC5.1.3. CUNG CP V O THI NC TRONG C THNc sinh ra t khu phn n

5.1. TRAO I NC5.1.3. CUNG CP V O THI NC TRONG C THo thi nc:- Nc tiu: chim 97% lng nc o thi hng ngy. - Qua da: 300-700ml/ngyQua h hp: 300-400ml/ngyQua phn: 8-10 lit nc/ ngy

5.1. TRAO I NC5.1.4. NHU CU NC CA C TH

- Lng nc ra khi c th trong 1 ngy+ Nc tiu: 1000-2000ml+ Hi th: 300-400ml+ M hi: 350-700ml+ Phn: 100-200ml+ Cng trung bnh khang 2500ml- Lng nc vo c th trong 1 ngy+ Ung+ n: 500-800ml vi khu phn 2000kcal/ngy+ Nc trao i cht: 15% lng cung cp hng ngy = 269mlVy cn b nc qua ung ti thiu 1500ml/ngy.

5.1. TRAO I NC5.1.4. NHU CU NC CA C THIU HA CN BNG NC: Bng cch kim sot lng nc ung vo - Qua cm gic kht - Qua lng nc tiu bi tit ra qua thn

5.1. TRAO I NC5.1.4. NHU CU NC CA C THRI LAN CN BNG NC- Mt nc: mt mi, yu, try tim mch, gim p lc mu, tng nhp tim- Tha nc: nng cc cht in gii ngai t bo gim thp: khi nc s xm nhp t ngai t bo vo trong t bo hoc cc cht in gii s chuyn t trong t bo ra ngai t bo gy nn cc hin tng chut rt, h huyt p, mt mi, c th co git, hn m, suy h hp

5.2. CC CHT iN GiINaChc nng- c coi l yu t lin quan n huyt p nhiu nhtNm gian bo, c vai tr trong vic chuyn nc t trong t bo ra ngai t bo, gi p lc thm thu. Cn bng pH c th do c xu hng khng kt hp vi OH- . Na c th di khi xng trung ha acide ngai t bo- C vai tr trong vic hp thu Glucose v vn chuyn nhiu cht dinh dng qua mng t bo, c bit l t bo thnh rut.

5.2. CC CHT iN GiINaPhn b trong c th- lng Na c ngai t bo, bao gm trong mch mu v gian bo10% trong t boTrong huyt thanh c 335 mg% natri- Phn cn li trong xng, mt na trong s ny c chc nng d tr Na cho c thNgun trong thc phm- T mui n NaCl - T mui c sn trong thc phm, trong ngun ng vt cha lng Na cao hn thc vt- T nc ung, lng cao hay thp ph thuc ngun nc, thng khang 250mg/1000ml nc

5.2. CC CHT iN GiINaHp thu v bi titTrung bnh 3-6gNa/ngy a vo c th. Phn nh hp thu ti d dy, phn ln hp thu ti rut non sau vo mu i ti cc m. Mui c lc qua thn sau c ti hp thu 90-98%, phn cn li b mt qua ng nc tiu v m hi.

5.2. CC CHT iN GiINaNhu cu Na trong c thNhu cu khuyn ngh cho ngi trng thnh khang 500mg/ngyTha Na: lm tng nng trong mu, tha nhiu c th gy ng c- Thiu Na: gy mt mi, bun nn, d kch thch, trng lc c yu. Khi nng Na trong mu thp. Nu thiu nhiu c th gy t vong

5.2. CC CHT iN GiIKaliChc nng- L thnh phn c bn ca t bo, tham gia vo nhiu phn ng ha hc, c bit l qu trnh gii phng nng lng t thc n v cc qu trnh tng hp protein v glycogenng vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr p lc thm thu trong t bong vai tr trong vic cn bng pH ng vai tr trong vic lm chuyn ng cc ion qua mng t bo thn kinh v to nn cc xung ng thn kinh- Tham gia vo qu trnh bi tit insulin t tuyn ty- Tham gia vo qu trnh gin c

5.2. CC CHT iN GiIKaliPhn b trong c thK ch yu tn ti trong t bo vi lng trung bnh khang 250g. K c lc qua thn, phn ln ti hp thu, khang 7% bi tit Ngun thc phmC mt trong nhiu lai thc phm nn lng K s dng t l thun vi lng thc phm n vo. Nhu cu- Ngi trng thnh 2000mg/ngy, tr em 15-65mg/ngy - Khi thiu K: c yu c bit l c h hp, chc nng rut b ri lan, ting tim bt thng.

5.2. CC CHT iN GiICloChc nng- Cung cp Cl- kt hp H+ to HCl duy tr nng acide trong d dy- Duy tr in tch trung tnh ca hng cu, gip cho vic vn chuyn O2 t phi n cc m v vn chuyn CO2 t cc m n phi do ion Cl- c th ra vo hng cu 1 cch d dngPhn b trong c th- Phn b trong c th di dng ion Cl-- C nhiu trong gian bo, nng cao nht c trong dch d dy v dch no ty, trong khi c v m thn kinh c rt t

5.2. CC CHT iN GiICloNgun thc phmNgun clor chnh ca c th l mui n, ngai ra cn c trong nc Nhu cuBi tit Cl 1 lng nh qua nc tiu. Thn c vai tr tng bi tit Cl khi tha v tng hp thu khi thiu. Thiu ht Cl t khi xy ra v cng c nguyn nhn ging nh Na

CHNG 6: VITAMINE V CHT KHANGVITAMINE6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NCB. CHT KHANG6.3. I CNG6.4. CHT KHANG A LNG6.5. CHT KHANG VI LNG

CHNG 6: VITAMINE V CHT KHANGCc vitamin v vai tr quan trng i vi dinh dng ngi

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.1. VITAMINE AGII THIU CHUNG- Tn ha hc: retinol- c im cu to: c cha 1 gc ru gn vi mch hydrocacbon cha bo ha, kt thc bng vng hydrocacbon- Trong c th, vit A tn ti cc dng hot ng khc nhau nh aldehyde (retinal), acide (retinol acide)- Vit A trong gan chim 90% lng vit A tan c th, c lu gi di dng cc ht m nh.

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.1. VITAMINE AGII THIU CHUNG- n v tnh: Theo khi nim ng lng retinol (RE) vitamin A (FAO/WHO), khi tnh ton tng lng vitamin A np vo t ngun thc n, quy i vitamin A c ngun gc ng vt v carotene c ngun gc thc vt thnh quan h ng lng retinol : 1 n v quc t vitamin A = 0,3 g ng lng retinol kt tinh 1 RE = 3,3 I.U Retinol & = 10 I.U carotene 1 g vitamin A = 0,1 g ng lng retinol 1 g carotene = 0,167 g ng lng retinol.

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.1. VITAMINE ATIU HA V HP THU- Khang 75% vit A, 5-50% carotene c hp thu, t l hp thu vit A cao hn carotene 2-4 ln- Qu trnh hp thu tng khi c nhng yu t lm tng hp thu cht bo v ngc li.

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.1. VITAMINE ANGUN VIT A- Vit A: Ch c trong cc t chc ng vt nh m c, lng trng. C th c th t to vit A t carotene- Carotene: c trong thc vt cc lai rau mu hay xanh m. C khang 600 lai carotene c tm thy thc vt, trong ch khang 50 lai c th chuyn thnh vit ANHU CU VIT ANhu cu vitamin A tnh theo retinol nh sau: - Ni chung tr em 400mcg/ngy, ngui trng thnh 600mcg/ngy

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.1. VITAMINE ANhu cu vitamin A

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.1. VITAMINE ANHU CU VIT A- Thiu: Nguyn nhn thiu vitamin A: + Do n ung thiu vitamin A + Nhim trng: + Suy dinh dng Cc bin i thiu vitamin A xut hin theo th t sau: Qung g - Kh kt mc v gim tit cc tuyn nc mt - Kt mc dy, , gp np - c cng mc v th gic - Ri lon th gic nh sng chi - Ph, s nh sng, thm nhim bch cu v hoi t mm gic mc (nhuyn gic mc) - Vim ton mt - Gim st trng lng v kch thc tuyn c v tuyn lch (hai c quan to t bo limpho). T bo limpho gim v c s lng v sinh lc trong vai tr to khng th. - Gim hot tnh v mc hon ho cc hin tng thc bo gim cc qu trnh to globulin min dch.

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.1. VITAMINE ANHU CU VIT A- Tha: xy ra 6-15 thng sau khi ung vit A liu cao ko di (16000-55000 RE/ngy). Du hiu: au u, mt mi, bun nn, rng tc, kh da, nu tr em s b sn da, chm tng cn, km n, au xng.

CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNGCC BNH THIU DINH DNG C NGHA SC KHE CNG NGThiu vitamin A v bnh kh mt - T l mc bnh chung l 0,72%. - Hng nm trn th gii c trn 250 000 tr em b m vnh vin do kh mt. - Nhm tui 25 - 36 thng mc bnh nhiu nht vi cc biu hin lm sng nng nht. - Thiu Vitamin A lin quan cht ch vi suy dinh dng.

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.2. VITAMINE DGII THIU CHUNG- Dng tn ti: trong t nhin tn ti 2 dng + Cholecalciferol vit D3: ngun ng vt+ Ergocalciferol vit D2: l dng tng hp nhn to, cn gi l provit D, thc vt rt t gp hoc c vi lng nh- Trong c th ngi, provit D3 c da, nh nh nng mt tri s chuyn thnh vit D3. Vit D tp trung nhiu nht gan v huyt tng- Cht c hat tnh ca vit D ti cc m l 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamine D, c coi l 1 hormon hn l 1 vit do khi iu ha chuyn ha Ca, n tng tc vi hormon cn gip v c gi l h ni tit vit D- n v quc t: 1IU vit D = 25 nanogram vit D = 1ng cht1,25-dihydroxy-vitamine Dhoc 1g vit D = 40 IU vit D 1g cht 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamine D = 1000 vit D

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.2. VITAMINE DTC DNG I VI C TH- To xng: do kch thch qu trnh lng ng Ca to xng, c th do tng qu trnh hp thu Ca v P, v vy c vai tr trong vic chuyn ha Ca, P trong c th. Vit D to lin kt Ca-P cn thit cho qu trnh ct ha vdo cng lm tng ng ha v hp thu Ca, P. - iu ha chc nng mt s gen, bi tit insulin, hormon cn gip, h min dch, pht trin h sinh sn v da ph n

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.2. VITAMINE DNGUN VIT D Vit D c t 2 ngun: thc n trong khu phn v c th t tng hpThc phm cha vit D nh trng, c, tht, c bit l gan c thu. NHU CU VIT D - Tr em 300-400 UI, ngi trng thnh 50-100 UI - Thiu ht: bnh ci xng. - Tha: ng c, lm calci ha cc m c ca c th nh tim, phi, thn; tng calci mu. Triu chng: mt ngon ming, bun nn, gim trng lng v c th dn n t vong

CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNG DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNHBnh long xng L hin tng mt i mt s lng ln t chc xng trong ton b th tch xngLm c ca xng gim i ,lm xng d b gy Cc yu t sau y c nh hng ti c ca xng: - Thiu oestrogen. - Thiu hot ng. - Ht thuc l. - Ung ru v dng thuc. - Ch dinh dng nht l calci

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.3. VITAMINE EGII THIU CHUNG- Dng tn ti: Bao gm t nht 8 cht trong t nhin+ 4 thuc nhm tocoferol: , , , -tocoferol + 4 thuc nhm tocotrienol Trong cc tocopherol, -tocopherol l cht hot ng nht. - n v: ng lng tocoferol TE+ 1TE = 1mg (1IU) -tocoferol+ 1mg -tocoferol = 1TE = 1IU+ 1mg -tocoferol = 0,5TE + 1mg -tocoferol = 0,1TE + 1mg -tocoferol = 0,02TE

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.3. VITAMINE EGII THIU CHUNG- Duy tr tnh han chnh ca hng cu: Hm lng vitamine E trong thc n thp s dn n lng hng cu gim v rt ngn thi gian sinh tn ca hng cu. - iu tit s tng hp mt s cht trong c th: tham d vo cc qu trnh tng hp sinh hc ca DNA, l nhn t gip tng hp nn vitamin C v coenzyme Q, ng thi c kh nng lin quan n s tng hp nn hemoglobin. - Vitamin E c th c ch s oxy ho cc cht khng phi l hemoglobin nh protein st, bo v gc SH trong dehydrogenase khng b oxy ho hoc khng xy ra phn ng ho hc vi cc ion kim loi nng m mt tc dng. Vitamin E cng c kh nng to thnh v pht trin ca tinh trng.

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.3. VITAMINE ENGUN VIT E- Cc thc phm thc vt: u xanh ti 3 - 6 mg%, u kh 5 - 6 mg%, c rt 1,5 mg%, salade 3 mg%, ng ht 10 mg%, mm ng 15 - 25 mg%, la m 6,5 7,5 mg%, u phng 9 mg%. - Cc thc phm ngun gc ng vt: sa b 0,1 0,2 mg%, trng g 1 - 3 mg%, lng 3,5 mg%, tht b 2 mg%, ln 0,6 mg%, c m 1,5 mg%. Sa m cha 0,05% vitamin E.

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.3. VITAMINE ENHU CU VIT E- Tr em 0,5mg/kg th trng, ngi trng thnh 20-30mg/ngy. Nhu cu cn ph thuc lng acide bo cha no trong khu phn, mc hp thu lipide, s tch ly vit E trong m v qu trnh bi tit. - Thiu: xy ra khi tr em b non hoc do ri lan hp thu cht bo do bnh gan, mt, ty, rut. Du hiu: teo c, ri lan thn kinh, thiu mu, bin i no v ty, bnh vng mc (m), ri lan chc nng tiu cu v lymph- Tha: (ng c) suy chc nng gan, thn, gim s lng tiu cu c th dn n cht

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.4. VITAMINE KGII THIU CHUNGDng tn ti : Gm 3 lai, gi chung l vit K, u c nhm quinon+ K1: phylloquinon, c trong thc phm ngun thc vt+ K2: menaquinon, c trong thc n ng vt do vi khun tng hp nn trong ng tiu ha+ K3: l dn xut 2-metyl-1,4-naphtoquinon t naphtoquinon

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.4. VITAMINE KTC DNG I VI C THCn thit cho qu trnh ng mu: kch thch v c ch ng muTIU HA V HP THU- Khang 40-70% vit K c hp thu- T thc n, K1 c hp thu t rut non bng con ng vn chuyn tch cc, K2, K3 hp thu bng con ng th ng. Mt v dch ty ng vai tr tch cc trong vic hp thu vit K

6.1. VITAMINE TAN TRONG CHT BO6.1.4. VITAMINE KNGUN VIT KC t 2 ngun- Thc n: vit K c nhiu thc n ngun ng vt. - Tng hp nh vi khun ng rut: 1,5mg/ngy, p ng nhu cu c thNHU CU VIT K- Ph thuc cn nng, khang 1g/kg trong t thc n, c th t tng hp trong rut- Thiu vit K: t gp, ch xy ra khi ri lan dn mt vo t trng lm hp thu vit K b ri lan. Triu chng: ko di thi gian ng mu, chy mu di da v c

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.1. VITAMINE B1GII THIU CHUNG- Tn gi: thiamin- Trong c th: xut hin di dng thiamin pyrpphosphate (TPP). Ngi trng thnh cha 30-70mg thiamin, 80% l TPP. Mt na thiamin trong c th nm trong c. C th khng c ngun d tr thiamin c hiu

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.1. VITAMINE B1NGUN VIT B1- Ph bin rng ri trong th gii thc vt, nm di dng thiamin t do vi hm lng khng ng k tr mt s loi c bit c nhiu (men, mm lu m, cm go). Cc loi khoai c ngho thiamin. - Trong sn phm ng vt thng gp di dng lin kt phosphate hay pyrophosphate nh diphosphothiamin. 100g: tht b 100 g, gan b 400 g. tht ba ri 530 g. c hm lng ny thp hn, trng g thiamin tp trung lng (300 g/100g).

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.1. VITAMINE B1Nhu cu vit B1- Nhu cu ti thiu >=0,7mg thiamin/ngy. Khu phn n cha nhiu cht bo nhu cu gim do khi lng cht bo tng th lng cacbonhydrate gim v do ch c 1 phn ng chuyn ha acide bo cn thiamin- Thiu: xy ra vi ch n n iu, thiu nng lng, do hp thu km, gim kh nng d tr thiamin trong c th hay do tiu th nhiu cacbonhydrate, nghin ru.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.2. VITAMINE B2GII THIU CHUNGDng tn ti- Tn gi: Riboflavin- C trong thc phm 3 dng+ Riboflavin + flavin mononucleotid (FMN)+ flavin adenin dinucleotid (FAD)

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.2. VITAMINE B2TC DNG I VI C TH- Vai tr sinh hc chnh: tham gia vo thnh phn cu to cc flavoproteid v hot ng nh l nhng enzyme. - Cn cho chuyn ho protein- Cn cho phn ng i acide amine tryptophan thnh dng hat ng niacin cng nh chuyn vit B6 v folat thnh dng hat ng v dng d tr. - C nh hng ti cu trc t bo, lm tng tnh thm ca mng t bo i vi mt s cht nh glucose. - C vai tr trong vic sn xut hormon tuyn thng thn, to hng cu trong ty xng, tng hp glycogen v chuyn ha acide bo- Cng nh vitamin A, riboflavin c nh hng ti kh nng cm th nh sng ca mt, nht l i vi s nhn mu.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.2. VITAMINE B2NGUN VIT B2- C nhiu trong l xanh ca cy, trong ht c t, khoai ty v cc loi c ngho riboflavin. Tri li, c chua v cc loi rau c l tng i nhiu. Cc loi men cha nhiu riboflavin nht- Thc phm ng vt: c nhiu trong ph tng, c ngho riboflavin. - Phn ln cc loi men, thc vt, nm cng nh mt s vi khun c kh nng tng hp c riboflavin.NHU CU VIT B2- Da theo kh nng tiu th, lng B2 ngh l 0,6mg/1000kcal khu phn hay lng ti thiu 1,6mg/ngy- Thiu vitamin B2: xy ra nhng tn thng ca gic mc mt, nim mc li. Thiu riboflavin cn gy ra cc bin i mu, qu trnh tng hp hemoglobin b ri lon, vim gan, x gan, vim mng phi, thp khp...

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.3. VITAMINE B3GII THIU CHUNG- Tn gi: Niacin hay acide nicotinic, cn gi l vit PP- Tn ti di 2 dng u l coenzyme niacin v ca tryptophan+ Trong cc m ng vt: dng nicotinamid+ Trong cc m thc vt: dng acide nicotinic- n v: 1mg niacin = 1niacin ng lng NENE trong thc phm c tnh t tng niacin v tryptophan- C th c to thnh t thc phm hoc c chuyn ha t tryptophan trong c th ngi

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.3. VITAMINE B3TC DNG I VI C TH- L yu t quan trng trong vic phng bnh pellagre - Cn thit cho qu trnh tng hp protein, cht bo v ng 5C, cho qu trnh to AND v ARN- L thnh phn ch yu ca 2 coenzyme quan trng trong chuyn ho glucid v h hp t bo: + Nicotiamide adenin dinucleotid (NAD, coenzyme I) + Nicotiamid adenin dinucleotid phosphate (NADP, coenzyme II). - Niacine v cc amid ca n c vai tr ct yu trong cc qu trnh oxy ho gii phng nng lng ca cc phn t glucid, lipid v protid.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.3. VITAMINE B3TIU HA V HP THU- c hp thu t d dy v rut non ri chuyn thnh NAD v NADP trong t bo- Nu tha s c bi tit ra nc tiu dng methyl nicotinamid v methyl carboxamindo pyridon- D tr vi lng t trong thn, gan v noNGUN VIT B3- Cc thc phm thc vt giu B3: Men: 30 - 100 mg%, cm go: 30 - 100 mg%, mm la m: 17 mg%, u: 2 - 3 mg%, u phng: 16 mg%, m: 4,5 mg%, c chua: 0,5 mg% - Cc thc phm ng vt (tr trng v sa) u cha nhiu niacin: Tht gia cm: 8 - 10 mg%, tht b: 6 mg%, tht heo: 3 mg%, ph tng: 15 - 16 mg%, thn: 12 - 15 mg%. Cc loi c ngho niacin hn tht.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.3. VITAMINE B3NHU CU VIT B3- Nhu cu: nhu cu ty thuc vo nng lng tiu th. Ngi trng thnh 6,6mg/1000kcal khu phn, tr em 8 NE/1000kcal- Thiu: nh hng nhiu nht n da, ng tiu ha, h thn kinh trung ng.- Gy bnh li en gi l bnh pellagra

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.4. VITAMINE B6GII THIU CHUNG- Gm 3 dng trong t nhin: pyridoxine, pyridoxan v pyridoxamin. Pyridoxan l sn phm oxy ho ca pyridoxine, thng gp di dng ester ca acid phosphoric (pyridoxanphosphate).- Trong c th tn ti ch yu dng phosphoryl ha l pyridoxalphosphate (PLP) v pyridoxaminphosphate

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.4. VITAMINE B6TC DNG I VI C TH- Vit B6 dng PLP l coenzyme ca trn 60 phn ng sinh ha chuyn ha protein v acide amine: cc phn ng chuyn nhm amin, kh amin, kh carboxyl. Nhng phn ng ny lin quan n hnh thnh cht trung gian thn kinh v cc cht iu ha sinh l khc nh serotonin, norepinephrin, taurin, dopamin, gamma amino butyric acide (GABA), histamin- Tham gia vo s hnh thnh mt trong nhng tin thn ca AND, ARN, tng hp nhm hem ca hemoglobin v qu trnh hnh thnh glucose- Cn cho tng hp porfirin v tham gia vo chuyn ho cc lipid, VD trong qu trnh chuyn ho acid linoleic thnh acid arachidonic. - C tc dng lm gim lng cholesterol trong huyt thanh

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.4. VITAMINE B6NGUN VIT B6- C trong t nhin thng di dng phc hp vi protid: men, go trng, mm nhiu loi ht. C 3 dng vitamin B6 trong thc phm phn ln dng lin kt vi protid ca cc men.- Ngun vit B6 c trong ng cc, rau qu 0,1-0,3mg/100g; ngun ng vt 0,5-0,9mg/100gNHU CU VIT B6- Nhu cu t l vi lng protein trong khu phn, nhu cu vitamin B6 l 0,7 mg/100 Kcal khu phn tc khang 1,6-2mg/ngy cho ngi trng thnh, 1-1,4mg/ngy cho tr em- Thiu: s gy nhng ri lan v chuyn ha protein nh chm pht trin, co git, thiu mu, gim to khng th, tn thng da v nhng du hiu khc v thn kinh.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.5. VITAMINE B9GII THIU CHUNG- Tn gi: acide folic cn gi l acid pteroyl glutamic PGA hay vitamin B9. (folat dng poly glutamat, folic: mono glutamat, bao gm cc hp cht vi 11 phn t acide glutamic gn vi cu trc c bn ca PGA)- Acid folic c vi dng tn ti trong t nhin, cht mu ca n c hp thnh t ba thnh phn lin tip l pterin, acid P-aminobenzoic v acid glutamic- Acid folic tn ti trong t nhin ch yu di dng polyglutamic. Dng hot tnh sinh hc ca acid folic l acid tetrahydrofolic.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.5. VITAMINE B9TC DNG I VI C TH- Cc coenzyme acid folic cn thit cho cc nhm C1, bao gm di chuyn n hp cht khc, ng vai tr quan trng trong s hp thnh purin v pirimidin, s chuyn ho ln nhau gia cc acid amin v mt vi phn ng ho hc methyl. - C tc dng trong qu trnh tng hp protein, qu trnh phn chia v sinh trng ca t bo - C vai tr chng thiu mu v cc qu trnh ln ln, sinh sn v pht trin ca bo thai. - Rt nhiu qu trnh chuyn ho ca acid folic u cn s tham gia ca acid ascorbic, vitamin B12 v vitamin B6.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.5. VITAMINE B9NGUN VIT B9C trong cc thc n ng thc vt, cc loi thc n c cha hm lng ln l: gan, trng, c, u, c ci ng, sup l, rau cn, rau dip, cam ng, chui tiu cc loi u..NHU CU VIT B9- Nu lng hp thu mi ngy ca c th khi duy tr mc 3,1 g/kg cn nng: c th s c lng d tr acid folic tho ng. - Lng an ton cho tr em tnh theo kilogram cn nng gn ging ngi ln: khong 3,6 g/kg/ngy

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.6. VITAMINE B12GII THIU CHUNG- Tn gi: Cobalamin- Dng vit B12 trong huyt tng v m l methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin v hydroxocobalamin. Vit B12 phi c chuyn thnh methylcobalamin v 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin mi c hat tnh sinh hc

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.6. VITAMINE B12TC DNG I VI C TH- L yu t chng bnh thiu mu c tnh, hng cu to - Cn thit cho qu trnh pht trin v phn chia t bo do tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp AND - C chc nng to mu - C chc nng v thn kinh- Tng hp v vn chuyn cc nhm methyl: vitamin B12 tng sinh tng hp methyl t tin thn ca n nh: -carbon ca glycin v -carbon ca serine. - nh hng ti chuyn ho lipid v glucid, VD kch thch hot tnh coenzyme A v tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ho glucid thnh lipid.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.6. VITAMINE B12NGUN VIT B12- Vit B12 ch yu c t ng vt: tht trai, c, gia cm v trng cc loi, hm lng trong sa tng i thp. Hm lng vit B12 trong thc phm ng vt g/100g: tht b 2 - 8, gan b 30 - 130, tht heo 0,1 - 5, sa b 0,2 0,6, lng trng 1,2.NHU CU VIT B12 - Nhu cu 0,1g vit B12/ngy cho nm u v 1g/ngy cho tt c cc la tui- Thiu: thng gp ngi: n chay, ln tui, nghin ru, au d dy, dn n bnh thiu mu c tnh. S thiu ht cobalamin cn km theo s thiu ht cc vitamin khc.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.7. VITAMINE CGII THIU CHUNGTn gi: acide ascorbic Tn ti trong thin nhin di hai dng: L v D. Dng L khi oxy ho s to thnh dehydro-ascorbic acid (acid ascorbic kh hydro), loi cha c oxy ho gi l acid ascorbic hon nguyn. C hai loi hon nguyn v loi kh hydro u c cng hot tnh sinh hc- L loi c lng cung cp ln nht trong cc loi vit

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.7. VITAMINE CTIU HA V HP THU- Vit C c hp thu theo c ch vn chuyn ch ng ph thuc vo Na- Do tnh cht tan trong nc nn acid ascorbic nhanh chng c hp thu t d dy-rut v vo mu trong vi gi sau khi tiu ho v c mang n huyt thanh v chuyn n tuyn thng thn, gan, thn v cc m. Thi ra ngoi ch yu qua h tit niu, trong m hi v phn cng thi ra mt t.

6.2. VITAMINE TAN TRONG NC6.2.7. VITAMINE CNGUN VIT C- C hu ht cc loi rau qu. Thc phm giu vitamin C l loi qu citrus, gan, c chua v hu ht cc loi rau khc. Cc loi qu khc c hm lng vitamin C thp hn rau. - Thc phm ngun ng vt c vit C ng k l gan v thn; sa c 1 lng nh NHU CU VIT CNhu cu 138mg/ngy

6.4. CHT KHONG A LNGCa - Dng tn ti- Chim khong 1,4 - 2% tng khi lng c th. 90% calci tp trung xng v rng di dng mui calci. - Calci trong c th lun dng lin kt vi phosphor. 99% Ca v 99% P rng v xng. Phn cn li cc m mm, mu, gan v tim- Phn calci cn li hin din trong huyt tng v mang nhim v trao i cht rt quan trng.

6.4. CHT KHONG A LNGCa - Cc yu t nh hng n hp thu calci : + Vitamin D + Lactose: + Protein: + Tnh trng c th:

6.4. CHT KHONG A LNGCa - Nhu cuNgi ln: 800 mg/ngy, ph n mang thai: 1000 - 1500 mg/ngy. Tr em: di 2 tui: 600 mg, 3 - 9 tui: 800 mg, 13 - 15 tui: 1200 mg, t cho n khi thnh ngi ln li h xung cn 800 mg. Ca Ngun thc phmNgun thc n c cha calci tt nht l sa v cc ch phm ca sa. Ngoi ra cc loi rau xanh v u cc loi, c bit u nnh v ko m, ht da, rong bin, tm... hm lng calci cng nhiu.

6.4. CHT KHONG A LNGP- Dng tn ti- C nhiu trong xng, rng ca c th ngi, bng mt na lng calci. Tng lng phosphor trong c th trng thnh c khong 700 - 900 g, trong gn 3/4 tham gia vo thnh phn xng v 1/4 c trong t chc v dch th. - Tn ti trong cc t chc ng, thc vt, ch yu l kt hp vi protein, lipid to thnh nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein v phospholipid... Cng c mt lng t phosphor tn ti di dng cc hp cht phosphor hu c hoc v c khc.

6.4. CHT KHONG A LNGP - Tiu ha v hp thu- Rut non hp thu phosphor trong thc n theo c ch khuch tn v vn chuyn ch ng c tiu hao nng lng - T l hp thu ty theo tui, hm lng cc ion dng khc c trong thc n nh calci, nhm.. v theo ngun thc n. - Vic hp thu trong ng rut i hi phi c s tr gip ca vit D. Nu thiu vit D th s lm cho mc phosphor v c trong huyt thanh b h thp. Mt s hp cht ca phosphor kh hp thu P Ngun thc phmNgun phosphor c trong thc n rt ph bin, do him gp trng hp c th thiu phosphor.

6.4. CHT KHONG A LNGMg - Dng tn ti- C nhiu trong xng, trong c th nam trng thnh c khang 40g Mg, trong 60% trong xng. Khang 1/3 Mg trong xng lin kt cht vi ion P+, phn cn li gn vi b mt ca xng v d dng di chuyn vo mu khi cn thit- Trong huyt tng c khang 1% lng Mg ca c th

6.4. CHT KHONG A LNGMg - Nhu cu- Khuyn ngh 5mg/kg th trng/ngy i vi ngi trng thnh, 50-70mg/ngy i vi tr em- Thiu ht Mg rt t gp do chc nng iu ha ca thnMg Ngun thc phm - C trong hu ht cc lai thc phm. Ngun chnh trong thc phm l cc loi ng cc, u. Sa, trng, rau qu c t, c cha nhiu hn. - Nc ung c cha 1-6 ppm Mg ty thuc nc mm hay cng

6.5. CHT KHONG VI LNGFe - Chc nng- Tham gia qu trnh vn chuyn v lu tr oxy - Tham gia vo qu trnh to mu- Gi vai tr quan trng trong cc qu trnh oxy ho v kch thch chuyn ho bn trong t bo. - L thnh phn cn thit ca cc nhn t bo v tham gia vo thnh phn nhiu men oxy ho peroxydase, citocromase

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGFe - Ngun thc phm- Ngun st chnh l t cc thc phm ngun gc ng vt v thc vt: u, ng cc, rau qu- Gan, no, lng trng c cha nhiu st.- 60% st cc ht di dng khng th hp thu c. - St rau qu d hp th v th tuy vi hm lng khng cao, nhng l ngun st quan trng.

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGHm lng st trong mt s thc phm

CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNGCC BNH THIU DINH DNG C NGHA SC KHE CNG NGThiu mu dinh dng - Hay gp nht l thiu mu dinh dng do thiu st. - Lm gim nng sut lao ng, gim st nng lc tr tu, sc khng c th gim v c th sinh con nh cn. - T l thiu mu cao nht tr em 6 - 24 thng v ph n c thai.

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGMn - Dng tn tiTrong c th mangan c vi lng thp, hm lng mangan cao nht gan, thn, ty, khong 2 - 4 g/gMn Chc nng- Vai tr chnh: tham gia tch cc vo cc qu trnh oxy ho kh.- Trong c th mangan l cht kch thch qu trnh oxy ho. - Ngn nga m ho gan v tng s dng lipid trong c th.- Tham gia trong qu trnh to xng v qu trnh tng hp vit C trong c th. Mn Ngun thc phmC nhiu trong thc phm thc vt hn thc phm ng vt, tr c nhiu nht. Gia mangan v hot ng mt s vit nhm B v vit C c lin quan nht nh.. Cc thc phm thc vt giu vit C thng c nhiu mangan.

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGCo - Dng tn tiC nhiu nht tuyn tyCo Chc nng - Vai tr chnh: tham gia vo qu trnh to mu v chuyn ho vt cht. Coban kch thch qu trnh to mu, tuy nhin liu lng cao c tc dng ngc li. - C kh nng lm chm pht trin t bo ung thnh hng r rt n hot ng mt s men thy phn. - L nguyn liu gc ni tng hp vit B12 trong c th. Nhu cu c th ch yu c tha mn nh lng vitamin B12 do cc vi khun ng rut tng hp t coban ca thc n. Co Ngun thc phmPh bin trong thc phm vi lng rt thp (trong thc vt bin, c v ng vt khc..). Tuy nhin ch n hn hp cng tha mn nhu cu c th.

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGIode - Dng tn ti- L vi cht c mt trong c th vi lng rt nh, khang 0,00004% trong lng c th (15-23g) - >75% tp trung tuyn gip s dng cho tng p hormon gip trng, phn cn li nc bt, tuyn v, dch tiu ha v thn. Iode tn ti dng I- t do khi dng lu thng trong c th Iode - Chc nng- Tham gia to hormon tuyn gip trng l T3 triiodothyronin v T4 thyroxin, thiu iode s dn n ri lon ca tuyn ny, gy pht sinh bu c.

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGIode - Tiu ha v hp thu- c hp thu rut non ri c chuyn n gian bo, i vo h mch mu, 1/3 lng ny c tuyn gip thu nhn, phn cn li n thn v bi tit qua nc tiu, phn nh bi tit qua hi th v phn. Iode - Nhu cu- 150g/ngy cho ngi trng thnhIode - Ngun thc phmNgun d tr ln nht ch yu l nc bin, khng kh v t vng ven bin. Tht, sa, trng c hm lng iode cao. Tuy nhin lng iode trong thc n thay i tu theo iu kin a cht v theo loi thc phm. C bin v cc loi hi sn c nhiu iode

CC BNH LIN QUAN N DINH DNGCC BNH THIU DINH DNG C NGHA SC KHE CNG NGThiu iode v bnh bu c Nng iode trong nc tiu Trn 10 mcg/dl: iode 5 9,9 mcg/dl: thiu iode nh 2 4,9 mcg/dl: thiu iode trung bnh < 2 mcg/dl: thiu iode nng

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGF - Dng tn tiC nhiu xng v rng. Xng: 200 - 400 mg/kg trng lng, rng 240 - 560 mg/kg trng lng, cc c khng qu 2 - 3 mg/kg trng lng. F - Chc nng- Tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin rng, to ng rng v men rng. - Gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh to xng v c nh hng n iu ho calci - phosphor. F - Ngun thc phmLng trung bnh trong thc phm 0,02 - 0,05 mg%. Trong sa c 0,01 mg%, cm 0,1 mg%, tr c nhiu fluor 7,5 - 10 mg%.

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGCu - Chc nngTham gia tch cc vo qu trnh to mu v h hp t bo. Nhiu men oxy ho (tyrosinase, lactase..) cha ng nh l thnh phn kim loi c hiu. - ng tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp hemoglobin v c nh hng ti chc phn cc tuyn ni tit, insulin v adrenalin..Cu - Ngun thc phmC nhiu trong gan, u , ng cc v hm lng khng cao trong cc loi thc phm khc nh trng, g, sa..

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGZn - Dng tn ti- Lng Zn trong c th 2 - 3 gr, trung bnh 30g/g trng lng, l vi khang nhiu th 2 sau Fe. Zn trong c th >95% gn vi cc metalloenzyme MT ca t bo v mng t bo- 90% Zn tp trung c v xng, km huyt tng ch chim khang 0,1% v c th thay i nhanh ty tnh trng sinh l c th v lng Zn trong khu phn. - Bnh thng lng Zn trong huyt tng 0,8-1,2g/ml v >80% Zn trong mu c tp trung cc t bo mu. Hng cu c khang 1mg Zn/106 t bo v bch cu 6mg Zn/106. - Zn c trong h thn kinh trung ng khang 1,5% tng lng trong c th

6.4. CHT KHONG VI LNGZn - Tiu ha v hp thu- c hp thu khang 5mg/ngy, trong iu kin thch hp, t l hp thu khang 33%. Nhng yu t nh hng n s hp thu Zn:+ Hm lng Zn trong thc n cng thp th t l hp thu cng cao+ Ngun gc thc n+ T l Fe/Zn thch hp hn ch s c ch hp thu l 2/1- Zn c thi ra qua phnZn - Nhu cu- Thay i theo tui, gii tnh v tnh trng sinh l ca c th, tr em 5-15mg/ngy, ngi trng thnh 20-30mg/ngyZn - Ngun thc phmPh bin rng ri trong t nhin, lng trong thc phm thc vt 1 - 10 mg/100 gr trng lng. Ng cc v u c nhiu km. Sn phm ng vt nh lng trng, tht, trng, s, c rt, khoai tyc nhiu km.

CHNG 7: NHU CU DINH DNG, NNG LNG V PHNG PHP XY DNG KHU PHN7.1. MI QUAN H TNG H GiA CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG C TH7.2. MI LIN QUAN GiA THU NHP V KHU PHN 7.3. PHN CHIA THC PHM THEO NHM7.4. NHNG YU CU V DINH DNG CN I7.5. NGUYN TC XY DNG THC N HP L7.6. THC PHM V NHU CU DINH DNG CHO CC I TNG KHC NHAU

7.1. MI QUAN H TNG H GiA CC CHT DINH DNG TRONG KHU PHNTHIU DINH DNG V NGON MINGNNG LNG V PROTEINTNH CN I CA CC ACIDE AMINECN BNG P-Ca-VIT DLIPID V VITGLUCID V VITPROTEIN V VITQUAN H GiA CC VITVIT V CHT KHANG

7.3. PHN CHIA THC PHM THEO NHM1. Chia thc phm ra hai nhm Nhm bo v: cc thc phm cha nhiu m c gi tr sinh hc cao, calci v vitamin, nht l vitamin A, C, B1, B2.... Thuc nhm ny c tht, c, trng, sa, ng cc, mt s loi rau qu. Nhm cung cp nng lng: gm tt c cc loi thc phm khc nh bt trng, cht bo, ng v cht ngt, khoai v cc loi rau ngho vitamin.

7.3. PHN CHIA THC PHM THEO NHM2. Chia thc phm ra 4 nhm Bn nhm thc phm c xem l c bn trong s cn thit tp trung cc cht dinh dng bao gm: Sa v cc sn phm sa Tht v cc sn phm tht Rau qu Ht (bnh m v ng cc)

7.3. PHN CHIA THC PHM THEO NHMGi tr dinh dng ca nhng nhm trn: Nhm I: l ngun protein c gi tr cao gm P, St v mt lng vitamin B ng k. Ngc li thc phm ny ngho glucid, calci, vitamin A v C. Cc thc phm ny gy tnh acid ( protein, vitamin B, Fe). Nhm II: sa l mt trong cc nhm thc n ton din nht v thnh phn ho hc v gi tr dinh dng. Fromage giu protein qu. Chng l ngun calci d ng ho nht. Sa cn c riboflavin v vitamin A. Sa cha t st v vitamin C protein, calci, vitamin A, vitamin B2 Nhm III: cc cht bo l loi thc phm tng i phin din v phng din thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng. Chng khng c protein, glucid v cht khong, ngc li cha lipid l ngun nng lng cao.

7.3. PHN CHIA THC PHM THEO NHMGi tr dinh dng ca nhng nhm trn: Nhm IV: nhm ng cc. y l ngun nng lng cao do c ch nhiu tinh bt. Hm lng lipid, calci trong cc thc phm nhm ny thp v hu nh khng c cc vitamin A, C, D (glucid, vitamin B) Nhm V: qu l ngun cht khong qu, nht l cc yu t vi lng, cc vitamin ch yu l vitamin C, provitamin A v mt s vitamin nhm B. y l cc thc n gy kim. ng ch l lng vitamin C trong qu khng b mt mt do qu trnh nu nng. Nhm VI: rau, khoai ty l nhm ngho nng lng. Khi la chn thch hp chng cung cp vitamin A (dng carotene), vitamin C, nhiu cellulose v cc yu t gy kim.

7.4. NHNG YU CU V DINH DNG CN I2. Cn i v protein 3. Cn i v lipid 4. Cn i v glucid

7.5. NGUYN TC XY DNG THC N HP L7.5.1. MT S KHI NiMKhu phnCh n Thc n

7.5. NGUYN TC XY DNG THC N HP L7.5.4. NGUYN TC XY DNG KHU PHNPhn chia nng lng ba n

7.6. THC PHM V NHU CU DINH DNG CHO CC I TNG KHC NHAU7.6.1. DINH DNG CHO TR EMa) Dinh dng cho tr em di 1 tuib) Dinh dnng cho tr em trn 1 tui v thanh thiu nin7.6.2. DINH DNG CHO CC I TNG LAO NG7.6.3. DINH DNG CHO NGI LAO NG TR C7.6.4. DINH DNG TUI GI7.6.5. DINH DNG CHO B M CO THAI V CHO CON B7.6.6. DINH DNG TRONG MT S BNH MN TNH

CHNG 8: THC PHM CHC NNG8.1. KHI NiM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.2. NGUN GC V S PHT TRIN CA THC PHM CHC NNG8.3. QUN L V S DNG THC PHM CHC NNG

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.1. MT S NH NGHAKhi nim thc phm chc nng (functional foods) thc phm c cha nhng thnh phn lin quan n nhp sinh hc, phc hi sc khe, phng chng bnh tt gip nng cao sc kho cho ngi. thc n chc nng nh mt loi thc phm ngoi hai vai tr truyn thng cung cp cht dinh dng v tho mn nhu cu cm quan ca con ngi phi c tc dng i vi sc kho c chng minh bng khoa hc nh gim cholesterol mu, gim huyt p, ci thin vi khun ng tiu ho,.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.1. MT S NH NGHA- B Y t Vit Nam: Thng t s 08/TT-BYT ngy 23/8/2004 v vic Hng dn vic qun l cc sn phm thc phm chc nng a ra nh ngha: Thc phm chc nng l thc phm dng h tr chc nng ca cc b phn trong c th ngi, c tc dng dinh dng, to cho c th tnh trng thoi mi, tng sc khng v gim bt nguy c gy bnh. - Vin Khoa Hc i Sng Quc T Bc M (ILSI): nh ngha thc phm chc nng l thc phm c li cho mt hoc nhiu hot ng ca c th nh l ci thin tnh trng sc kho v lm gim nguy c mc bnh hn l so vi gi tr dinh dng do n em li.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.1. MT S NH NGHA- Hi ng Thng Tin Thc Phm Quc T (IFIC): nh ngha thc phm chc nng l thc phm cung cp cc li ch v sc kho bn cnh li ch dinh dng.- Hip hi sc khe v dinh dng thuc B Y t Nht bn nh ngha: thc phm chc nng l cc thc phm c b sung mt s thnh phn c li hoc c loi b mt s thnh phn bt li. Vic b sung hay loi b phi c chng minh v cn nhc mt cch khoa hc v c b y t cho php xc nh hiu qu tc dng ca thc phm i vi sc kho.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.1. MT S NH NGHA- Hi ng thc phm c: thc phm chc nng b ngai ging nh cc thc phm thng thng, c ngi tiu dng s dng nh mt phn ca ch n nhng thnh phn c th thay i c vai tr sinh l no ngai vic ch cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho cc nhu cu c th- Vin Y hc thuc Vin hn lm khoa hc M nh ngha: thc phm chc nng l thc phm mang n nhiu li ch sc khe, l bt c thc phm no c thay i thnh phn qua ch bin hoc cc thnh phn ca thc phm c li cho sc khe ngai cc thnh phn dinh dng truyn thng ca n

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.2. S KHC NHAU GiA THC PHM CHC NNG THC PHM THUCNhng quan im thng nht chung l: TPCN phi l thc phm, cn phn bit gia thuc v TPCN, nht l cc TPCN nhm b sung vitamine, khong cht v hot cht sinh hc. Phi an ton: cc TPCN s dng lu di, c tnh truyn thng c cam kt l hon ton khng c hi. i vi TPCN mi, an ton phi c chng minh trn c s khoa hc. Khng chp nhn vic cng b kh nng cha bnh ca TPCN. Mi cng b v TPCN phi trung thc, r rng, trnh nhm ln. Cc cng b v tc dng ca cc chc nng v cc thnh phn ca TPCN phi c c quan qun l tha nhn v c xc nhn trn nhn.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.3. PHN LAI TPCN THEO MC TIN CYDa trn mc tin cy ca cc bng chng khoa hc t nhiu n t, Hi ng Khoa hc v Sc khe M xp loi cc thc phm chc nng nh sau:a) Nhm thc phm c bng chng ng tin cy nht - Ko nhai khng ng v ko cng lm t loi ng c gc ru (khng gy su rng). - Nhng loi lm gim cholesterol v gim nguy c bnh tim mch: sn phm ch bin th ca yn mch giu cht x khng tan v stanol ester; thc phm c cht x psyllium ha tan; nhng thc phm ch bin th t u nnh v t m u nnh c hot cht stanol ester, saponins, isoflavones, daidzein v genistein; b thc vt c b sung stanol thc vt hoc sterol esters.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.3. PHN LAI TPCN THEO MC TIN CYb) Nhm c bng chng tin cy- C nhiu m cha acid bo omega-3 gip gim nguy c bnh tim mch. c) Nhm c bng chng mc va phi - Ti c cc hp cht lu hunh hu c nh diallyl sulfide lm gim cholesterol mu... - Nc p tri cranberry cha proanthocyanidins lm gim nguy c nhim trng ng tiu. d) Nhm c bng chng cha tin cy, cn nghin cu thm - Tr xanh cha catechins lm gim nguy c mc bnh ung th ng tiu ha. - Lycopene trong c chua v cc sn phm t c chua gip gim nguy c mt s bnh ung th, c bit l ung th tin lit tuyn.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.3. PHN LAI TPCN THEO MC TIN CYe) Nhm cn tranh ci nhiu - Rau c l mu xanh m cha lutein lm gim nguy c bnh thoi ha vng mc. - Tht v cc sn phm ch bin t sa cha acid bo CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) rt c ch cho sc khe v lm gim nguy c ung th.- Cc loi rau h ci (bng ci xanh, ci b...) cha hot cht sulphoraphane c tc dng trung ha cc gc t do, lm gim nguy c mc bnh ung th. - Probiotics (v d vi khun lactobacillus) c li cho ng tiu ha v chc nng min dch.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.4. PHN LAI TPCN THEO NGUN GCa)Cc loi thc phm thin nhin cha qua ch bin: - u nnh:- C chua: - Ti: - Qu c mi: - Tr: - Rau l xanh: - C:. - Sa v cc ch phm t sa:

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.4. PHN LAI TPCN THEO NGUN GCb)Thc phm ch bin: bao gm b sung, tng cng hoc loi b mt hay nhiu thnh phn dinh dng nhm p ng cho cc mc ch sc khe khc nhau. - Nhm b sung vitamin v khong cht: l nhm TPCN ph bin nht trn th gii. Thc phm c th b sung mt hay nhiu vi cht dinh dng nhm cung cp vit v khong cht cho ngi s dng.

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.3. PHN LAI TPCN THEO TIN CY-Nhm b sung cht x: c b sung vo ung, bnh biscuit, sa, thc phm thp nng lng,nhm kim sot lng cholesterol, trng lng c th, phng chng to bn, ci thin h vi khun ng rut, - B sung cc cht dinh dng c bit khc: Taurin, omega 3 (DHA, EPA), carotenoid, cholin, MCT, Isomal,Thng c b sung trong sa, nc tng lc, nc gii kht, thc phm cho vn ng vin nhm p ng nhu cu cho cc i tng khc nhau

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.3. PHN LAI TPCN THEO TIN CY- Thc phm gip cn bng h vi khun ng tiu ha: Mc ch: tng p ng min dch, gim nhim trng ng tiu ha, gim cholesterol, gim to bn, tng hp thu canxi + Probiotic: B sung cc vi khun c li nh Lactobacilus, Bifidobacterium vo thc phm vi s lng v chng loi m bo cc vi khun ny c th tn ti v pht trin trong ng tiu ha. + Prebiotic: B sung cht x oligofructose l cht c th khng tiu ha c nhng l thc n cho cc vi khun c li ng rut nhm kch thch s pht trin, c ch cc vi khun gy bnh. + Synbiotic: Kt hp b sung c probiotic v prebiotic

8.1. KHI NIM V THC PHM CHC NNG8.1.2. S KHC NHAU GiA THC PHM CHC NNG THC PHM THUC- Thc phm loi b bt mt s thnh phn: + Go tch m: + Sa khng lactose, thc phm khng gluten: + Thc phm khng bo, khng cholesterol, khng ng, thp nng lng,+ Thc phm t mui: - Cc thc phm cho nhu cu dinh dng c bit: + Thc phm cao nng lng, + Thc phm thp nng lng: + Thc phm dnh cho vn ng vin, phi hnh gia, .

8.2. NGUN GC V S PHT TRIN CA TPCN8.2.1. NGUN GCPhng Ty: phn tch, nhn din nhng thnh phn c tc dng nh thuc trong thc phm, tch v tinh ch chng di dng nh cc vin vit vi mc ch sn xut c nhng dc phm dinh dng t t nhin. Phng ng: theo hng phi trn nhiu thnh phn tng ti a tc dng c li, gim thiu tc dng ph ca lai thc phm-thuc lm thuc t thc phm.

8.3. 8.3. QUN L V S DNG TPCNNHNG LI KHUYN1. Khng nn t dng v mt s thnh phn ca TPCN c th tng tc vi nhng loi thuc tr bnh. 2. Tnh nng ca mt s TPCN cn gy tranh ci 3. S dng lu di c th dn n tha cht ny, thiu cht kia.4.Ch dng sn phm ca thng hiu c uy tn, c bng chng nghin cu khoa hc chc chn, c k nhn trc khi s dng. 5. C phi dng cng nhiu thc phm chc nng th cng tt? Mt ch n cn i, y cht dinh dng t nhin vn c li hn s dng nhiu TPCN nhng khng cn i.

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