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SocialanthropologyFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

SocialanthropologyisthedominantconstituentofanthropologythroughouttheUnitedKingdomandCommonwealthandmuchofEurope(Franceinparticular[1]),whereitisdistinguishedfromculturalanthropology.[2]IntheUSA,socialanthropologyiscommonlysubsumedwithinculturalanthropology(orundertherelativelynewdesignationofsocioculturalanthropology).

Incontrasttoculturalanthropology,cultureanditscontinuity(includingnarratives,rituals,andsymbolicbehaviorassociatedwiththem)havebeentraditionallyseenmoreasthedependent'variable'(cf.explanandum)bysocialanthropology,embeddedinitshistoricalandsocialcontext,includingitsdiversityofpositionsandperspectives,ambiguities,conflicts,andcontradictionsofsociallife,ratherthantheindependent(explanatory)one(cf.explanans).

Topicsofinterestforsocialanthropologistshaveincludedcustoms,economicandpoliticalorganization,lawandconflictresolution,patternsofconsumptionandexchange,kinshipandfamilystructure,genderrelations,childbearingandsocialization,religion,whilepresentdaysocialanthropologistsarealsoconcernedwithissuesofglobalism,ethnicviolence,genderstudies,transnationalismandlocalexperience,andtheemergingculturesofcyberspace,[3]andcanalsohelpwithbringingopponentstogetherwhenenvironmentalconcernscomeintoconflictwitheconomicdevelopments.[4]BritishandAmericananthropologistsincludingGillianTettandKarenHowhostudiedWallStreetprovidedanalternativeexplanationforthefinancialcrisisof20072010tothetechnicalexplanationsrootedineconomicandpoliticaltheory.[5]

DifferencesamongBritish,French,andAmericansocioculturalanthropologieshavediminishedwithincreasingdialogueandborrowingofboththeoryandmethods.Socialandculturalanthropologists,andsomewhointegratethetwo,arefoundinmostinstitutesofanthropology.Thustheformalnamesofinstitutionalunitsnolongernecessarilyreflectfullythecontentofthedisciplinesthesecover.Some,suchastheInstituteofSocialandCulturalAnthropology[6](Oxford)changedtheirnametoreflectthechangeincomposition,others,suchasSocialAnthropologyattheUniversityofKent[7]becamesimplyAnthropology.Mostretainthenameunderwhichtheywerefounded.

Longtermqualitativeresearch,includingintensivefieldstudies(emphasizingparticipantobservationmethods)hasbeentraditionallyencouragedinsocialanthropologyratherthanquantitativeanalysisofsurveys,questionnairesandbrieffieldvisitstypicallyusedbyeconomists,politicalscientists,and(most)sociologists.[8]

Contents

1Substantivefocusandpractice1.1Specializations1.2Ethicalconsiderations

2History2.1TylorandFrazer

2.2MalinowskiandtheBritishSchool



2.2MalinowskiandtheBritishSchool2.31920s19402.4PostWWIItrends2.51980stopresent

3Anthropologistsassociatedwithsocialanthropology4Famousstudentsofsocialanthropology5Seealso6Notes7References8Furtherreading9Externallinks

Substantivefocusandpractice

Socialanthropologyisdistinguishedfromsubjectssuchaseconomicsorpoliticalsciencebyitsholisticrangeandtheattentionitgivestothecomparativediversityofsocietiesandculturesacrosstheworld,andthecapacitythisgivesthedisciplinetoreexamineEuroAmericanassumptions.Itisdifferentiatedfromsociology,bothinitsmainmethods(basedonlongtermparticipantobservationandlinguisticcompetence),[9]andinitscommitmenttotherelevanceandilluminationprovidedbymicrostudies.Itextendsbeyondstrictlysocialphenomenatoculture,art,individuality,andcognition.[10]Manysocialanthropologistsusequantitativemethods,too,particularlythosewhoseresearchtouchesontopicssuchaslocaleconomies,demography,humanecology,cognition,orhealthandillness.

Specializations

Specializationswithinsocialanthropologyshiftasitsobjectsofstudyaretransformedandasnewintellectualparadigmsappearmusicologyandmedicalanthropologyareexamplesofcurrent,welldefinedspecialities.

Morerecentandcurrentlyemt|cognitivedevelopment]]socialandethicalunderstandingsofnoveltechnologiesemergentformsof'thefamily'andothernewsocialitiesmodelledonkinshiptheongoingsocialfalloutofthedemiseofstatesocialismthepoliticsofresurgentreligiosityandanalysisofauditculturesandaccountability.

Thesubjecthasbeenenlivenedby,andhascontributedto,approachesfromotherdisciplines,suchasphilosophy(ethics,phenomenology,logic),thehistoryofscience,psychoanalysis,andlinguistics.

Ethicalconsiderations

Thesubjecthasbothethicalandreflexivedimensions.Practitionershavedevelopedanawarenessofthesenseinwhichscholarscreatetheirobjectsofstudyandthewaysinwhichanthropologiststhemselvesmaycontributetoprocessesofchangeinthesocietiestheystudy.Anexampleofthisisthe'hawthorneeffect',wherebythosebeingstudiedmayaltertheirbehaviourinresponsetotheknowledgethattheyarebeingwatchedandstudied.

History



TheBritishMuseum,London

Socialanthropologyhashistoricalrootsinanumberof19thcenturydisciplines,includingethnology,folklorestudies,andClassics,amongothers.(SeeHistoryofanthropology.)ItsimmediateprecursortookshapeintheworkofEdwardBurnettTylorandJamesGeorgeFrazerinthelate19thcenturyandunderwentmajorchangesinbothmethodandtheoryduringtheperiod18901920withanewemphasisonoriginalfieldwork,longtermholisticstudyofsocialbehaviorinnaturalsettings,andtheintroductionofFrenchandGermansocialtheory.BronislawMalinowski,oneofthemostimportantinfluencesonBritishsocialanthropology,emphasizedlongtermfieldworkinwhichanthropologistsworkinthevernacularandimmersethemselvesinthedailypracticesoflocalpeople.[11]ThisdevelopmentwasbolsteredbyFranzBoas'sintroductionofculturalrelativismarguingthatculturesarebasedondifferentideasabouttheworldandcanthereforeonlybeproperlyunderstoodintermsoftheirownstandardsandvalues.[12]

MuseumssuchastheBritishMuseumweren'ttheonlysiteofanthropologicalstudies:withtheNewImperialismperiod,startinginthe1870s,zoosbecameunattended"laboratories",especiallythesocalled"ethnologicalexhibitions"or"Negrovillages".Thus,"savages"fromthecoloniesweredisplayed,oftennudes,incages,inwhathasbeencalled"humanzoos".Forexample,in1906,CongolesepygmyOtaBengawasputbyanthropologistMadisonGrantinacageintheBronxZoo,labelled"themissinglink"betweenanorangutanandthe"whiterace"Grant,arenownedeugenicist,wasalsotheauthorofThePassingoftheGreatRace(1916).Suchexhibitionswereattemptstoillustrateandproveinthesamemovementthevalidityofscientificracism,whichfirst

formulationmaybefoundinArthurdeGobineau'sAnEssayontheInequalityofHumanRaces(185355).In1931,theColonialExhibitioninParisstilldisplayedKanaksfromNewCaledoniainthe"indigenousvillage"itreceived24millionvisitorsinsixmonths,thusdemonstratingthepopularityofsuch"humanzoos".

Anthropologygrewincreasinglydistinctfromnaturalhistoryandbytheendofthe19thcenturythedisciplinebegantocrystallizeintoitsmodernformby1935,forexample,itwaspossibleforT.K.PennimantowriteahistoryofthedisciplineentitledAHundredYearsofAnthropology.Atthetime,thefieldwasdominatedby'thecomparativemethod'.Itwasassumedthatallsocietiespassedthroughasingleevolutionaryprocessfromthemostprimitivetomostadvanced.NonEuropeansocietieswerethusseenasevolutionary'livingfossils'thatcouldbestudiedinordertounderstandtheEuropeanpast.Scholarswrotehistoriesofprehistoricmigrationswhichweresometimesvaluablebutoftenalsofanciful.ItwasduringthistimethatEuropeansfirstaccuratelytracedPolynesianmigrationsacrossthePacificOceanforinstancealthoughsomeofthembelieveditoriginatedinEgypt.Finally,theconceptofracewasactivelydiscussedasawaytoclassifyandrankhumanbeingsbasedondifference.

TylorandFrazer

E.B.Tylor(2October18322January1917)andJamesGeorgeFrazer(1January18547May1941)aregenerallyconsideredtheantecedentstomodernsocialanthropologyinBritain.AlthoughTylorundertookafieldtriptoMexico,bothheandFrazerderivedmostofthematerialfortheircomparativestudiesthroughextensivereading,notfieldwork,mainlytheClassics(literatureandhistoryofGreeceandRome),theworkoftheearlyEuropeanfolklorists,andreportsfrommissionaries,travelers,andcontemporaneousethnologists.



E.B.Tylor,19thcenturyBritishanthropologist

Tyloradvocatedstronglyforunilinealismandaformof"uniformityofmankind".[13]Tylorinparticularlaidthegroundworkfortheoriesofculturaldiffusionism,statingthattherearethreewaysthatdifferentgroupscanhavesimilarculturalformsortechnologies:"independentinvention,inheritancefromancestorsinadistantregion,transmissionfromonerace[sic]toanother."[14]

Tylorformulatedoneoftheearlyandinfluentialanthropologicalconceptionsofcultureas"thatcomplexwhole,whichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredby[humans]as[members]ofsociety."[15]However,asStockingnotes,Tylormainlyconcernedhimselfwithdescribingandmappingthedistributionofparticularelementsofculture,ratherthanwiththelargerfunction,andhegenerallyseemedtoassumeaVictorianideaofprogressratherthantheideaofnondirectional,multilinealculturalchangeproposedbylateranthropologists.Tyloralsotheorizedabouttheoriginsofreligiousbeliefsinhumanbeings,proposingatheoryofanimismastheearlieststage,andnotingthat"religion"hasmanycomponents,ofwhichhebelievedthemostimportanttobebeliefinsupernaturalbeings(asopposedtomoralsystems,cosmology,etc.).

Frazer,aScottishscholarwithabroadknowledgeofClassics,alsoconcernedhimselfwithreligion,myth,andmagic.Hiscomparativestudies,mostinfluentiallyinthenumerouseditionsofTheGoldenBough,analyzedsimilaritiesinreligiousbeliefandsymbolismglobally.NeitherTylornorFrazer,however,wereparticularlyinterestedinfieldwork,norweretheyinterestedinexamininghowtheculturalelementsandinstitutionsfittogether.TheGoldenBoughwasabridgeddrasticallyinsubsequenteditionsafterhisfirst.

MalinowskiandtheBritishSchool

Towardtheturnofthe20thcentury,anumberofanthropologistsbecamedissatisfiedwiththiscategorizationofculturalelementshistoricalreconstructionsalsocametoseemincreasinglyspeculativetothem.Undertheinfluenceofseveralyoungerscholars,anewapproachcametopredominateamongBritishanthropologists,concernedwithanalyzinghowsocietiesheldtogetherinthepresent(synchronicanalysis,ratherthandiachronicorhistoricalanalysis),andemphasizinglongterm(onetoseveralyears)immersionfieldwork.CambridgeUniversityfinancedamultidisciplinaryexpeditiontotheTorresStraitIslandsin1898,organizedbyAlfredCortHaddonandincludingaphysiciananthropologist,WilliamRivers,aswellasalinguist,abotanist,andotherspecialists.Thefindingsoftheexpeditionsetnewstandardsforethnographicdescription.

Adecadeandahalflater,thePolishanthropologystudent,BronisawMalinowski(18841942),wasbeginningwhatheexpectedtobeabriefperiodoffieldworkintheoldmodel,collectinglistsofculturalitems,whentheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarstrandedhiminNewGuinea.AsasubjectoftheAustroHungarianEmpireresidentonaBritishcolonialpossession,hewaseffectivelyconfinedtoNewGuineaforseveralyears.[16]



BronislawMalinowski,AnthropologistattheLondonSchoolofEconomics

ThemainLSEentrance

AlfredR.RadcliffeBrown

HemadeuseofthetimebyundertakingfarmoreintensivefieldworkthanhadbeendonebyBritishanthropologists,andhisclassicethnography,ArgonautsoftheWesternPacific(1922)advocatedanapproachtofieldworkthatbecamestandardinthefield:getting"thenative'spointofview"throughparticipantobservation.Theoretically,headvocatedafunctionalistinterpretation,whichexaminedhowsocialinstitutionsfunctionedtosatisfyindividualneeds.

1920s1940

ModernsocialanthropologywasfoundedinBritainattheLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalSciencefollowingWorldWarI.InfluencesincludeboththemethodologicalrevolutionpioneeredbyBronisawMalinowski'sprocessorientedfieldworkintheTrobriandIslandsofMelanesiabetween1915and1918[17]andAlfredRadcliffeBrown'stheoreticalprogramforsystematic

comparisonthatwasbasedonaconceptionofrigorousfieldworkandthestructurefunctionalistconceptionofDurkheimssociology.[18][19]OtherintellectualfoundersincludeW.H.R.RiversandA.C.Haddon,whoseorientationreflectedthecontemporaryParapsychologiesofWilhelmWundtandAdolfBastian,andSirE.B.Tylor,whodefinedanthropologyasapositivistsciencefollowingAugusteComte.EdmundLeach(1962)definedsocialanthropologyasakindofcomparativemicrosociologybasedonintensivefieldworkstudies.Scholarshavenotsettledatheoreticalorthodoxyonthenatureofscienceandsociety,andtheirtensionsreflectviewswhichareseriouslyopposed.

A.R.RadcliffeBrownalsopublishedaseminalworkin1922.HehadcarriedouthisinitialfieldworkintheAndamanIslandsintheoldstyleofhistoricalreconstruction.However,afterreadingtheworkofFrenchsociologistsmileDurkheimandMarcelMauss,RadcliffeBrownpublishedanaccountofhisresearch(entitledsimplyTheAndamanIslanders)thatpaidcloseattentiontothemeaningandpurposeofritualsandmyths.Overtime,hedevelopedanapproachknownasstructuralfunctionalism,whichfocusedonhowinstitutionsinsocietiesworkedtobalanceoutorcreateanequilibriuminthesocialsystemtokeepitfunctioningharmoniously.(ThiscontrastedwithMalinowski'sfunctionalism,andwasquitedifferentfromthelaterFrenchstructuralism,whichexaminedtheconceptualstructuresinlanguageandsymbolism.)

MalinowskiandRadcliffeBrown'sinfluencestemmedfromthefactthatthey,likeBoas,activelytrainedstudentsandaggressivelybuiltupinstitutionsthatfurtheredtheirprogrammaticambitions.ThiswasparticularlythecasewithRadcliffe



Brown,whospreadhisagendafor"SocialAnthropology"byteachingatuniversitiesacrosstheBritishCommonwealth.Fromthelate1930suntilthepostwarperiodappearedastringofmonographsandeditedvolumesthatcementedtheparadigmofBritishSocialAnthropology(BSA).FamousethnographiesincludeTheNuer,byEdwardEvanEvansPritchard,andTheDynamicsofClanshipAmongtheTallensi,byMeyerForteswellknowneditedvolumesincludeAfricanSystemsofKinshipandMarriageandAfricanPoliticalSystems.

PostWWIItrends

FollowingWorldWarII,socioculturalanthropologyascomprisedbythefieldsofethnographyandethnologydivergedintoanAmericanschoolofculturalanthropologywhilesocialanthropologydiversifiedinEuropebychallengingtheprinciplesofstructurefunctionalism,absorbingideasfromClaudeLviStrauss'sstructuralismandfromMaxGluckmansManchesterschool,andembracingthestudyofconflict,change,urbananthropology,andnetworks.TogetherwithmanyofhiscolleaguesattheRhodesLivingstoneInstituteandstudentsatManchesterUniversity,collectivelyknownastheManchesterSchool,tookBSAinnewdirectionsthroughtheirintroductionofexplicitlyMarxistinformedtheory,theiremphasisonconflictsandconflictresolution,andtheirattentiontothewaysinwhichindividualsnegotiateandmakeuseofthesocialstructuralpossibilities.DuringthisperiodGluckmanwasalsoinvolvedinadisputewithAmericananthropologistPaulBohannanonethnographicmethodologywithintheanthropologicalstudyoflaw.HebelievedthatindigenoustermsusedinethnographicdatashouldbetranslatedintoAngloAmericanlegaltermsforthebenefitofthereader.[20][21]TheAssociationofSocialAnthropologistsoftheUKandCommonwealthwasfoundedin1946.[22]

InBritain,anthropologyhadagreatintellectualimpact,it"contributedtotheerosionofChristianity,thegrowthofculturalrelativism,anawarenessofthesurvivaloftheprimitiveinmodernlife,andthereplacementofdiachronicmodesofanalysiswithsynchronic,allofwhicharecentraltomodernculture."[23]

Laterinthe1960sand1970s,EdmundLeachandhisstudentsMaryDouglasandNurYalman,amongothers,introducedFrenchstructuralisminthestyleofLviStrauss.

IncountriesoftheBritishCommonwealth,socialanthropologyhasoftenbeeninstitutionallyseparatefromphysicalanthropologyandprimatology,whichmaybeconnectedwithdepartmentsofbiologyorzoologyandfromarchaeology,whichmaybeconnectedwithdepartmentsofClassics,Egyptology,andthelike.Inothercountries(andinsome,particularlysmaller,BritishandNorthAmericanuniversities),anthropologistshavealsofoundthemselvesinstitutionallylinkedwithscholarsoffolklore,museumstudies,humangeography,sociology,socialrelations,ethnicstudies,culturalstudies,andsocialwork.Britishanthropologyhascontinuedtoemphasizesocialorganizationandeconomicsoverpurelysymbolicorliterarytopics.

1980stopresent

AEuropeanAssociationofSocialAnthropologists(EASA)wasfoundedin1989asasocietyofscholarshipatameetingoffoundermembersfromfourteenEuropeancountries,supportedbytheWennerGrenFoundationforAnthropologicalResearch.(http://www.wennergren.org/)TheAssociationseekstoadvance



anthropologyinEuropebyorganizingbiennialconferencesandbyeditingitsacademicjournal,SocialAnthropology/AnthropologiesSocial.DepartmentsofSocialAnthropologyatdifferentUniversitieshavetendedtofocusondisparateaspectsofthefield.

DepartmentsofSocialAnthropologyexistinuniversitiesaroundtheworld.Thefieldofsocialanthropologyhasexpandedinwaysnotanticipatedbythefoundersofthefield,asforexampleinthesubfieldofstructureanddynamics.

Anthropologistsassociatedwithsocialanthropology

Famousstudentsofsocialanthropology

NickCleggLeaderoftheUKLiberalDemocraticPartyandDeputyPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom

AndreBeteille[24]AleksandarBoskovicEdmundSnowCarpenterMaryDouglas[25]ThomasHyllandEriksenE.E.EvansPritchardRaymondFirthRosemaryFirth[26]MeyerFortesErnestGellnerStephenD.GlazierJackGoodyDavidGraeberDonKalbAdamKuperEdmundLeachMurrayLeafClaudeLviStraussAlanMacfarlane[27]BronisawMalinowskiSiegfriedFrederickNadelSusanVisvanathanA.H.J.PrinsAlfredRadcliffeBrownAudreyRichardsVictorTurnerMarshallSahlinsPhilippeDescolaMarilynStrathernDouglasR.WhiteEricWolfRobertLayton



HughLaurieActorBestknownforroleofdoctorinHouseThandieNewtonActressAlexandraShulmanEditorofBritisheditionofVogueDavidAttenboroughWildlifeTVpresenterCharles,PrinceofWalesHeirtotheBritishthroneDarrenAronofskyFilmdirectorAmitavGhoshAuthorMickHucknallLeadsingerofSimplyRedDerekAcorahGhostWhispererArnabGoswamiIndianjournalistwhoistheEditorinChiefandNewsanchoroftheIndiannewschannelTimesNow.

Seealso

CulturalAnthropologyEthnologyEthnosemioticsListofimportantpublicationsinanthropologyRajamandalaSociology

Notes1. Dianteill,Erwan,"CulturalAnthropologyorSocialAnthropology?ATransatlanticArgument",LAnne

sociologique1/2012(Vol.62),p.93122(http://cairnint.info/abstractE_ANSO_121_0093culturalanthropologyorsocialanthropo.htm#anchor_cite).

2. "BenchmarkStatementAnthropology(UK)"(http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Documents/Anthropology07.pdf)(PDF).QAA(UK).Retrieved20120109.

3. "TheDepartmentofAnthropologyatHarvardUniversity"(http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~anthro/grad_social.htm).Fas.harvard.edu.Retrieved20110327.

4. Hendry,Joy.1999.AnIntroductiontoSocialAnthropology:OtherPeople'sWorlds.London:MacmillanPressLtd

5. Ho,Karen(2009):"DiscipliningInvestmentBankers,DiscipliningtheEconomy:WallStreetsInstitutionalCultureofCrisisandtheDownsizingofAmericanCorporations."AmericanAnthropologist,Vol.111,No.2.

6. "InstituteofSocialandCulturalAnthropology"(http://www.isca.ox.ac.uk/).7. "SchoolofAnthropologyandConservation"(http://www.kent.ac.uk/sac/).8. Bernard,R.2006.ResearchMethodsinAnthropology.Lanham:AltaMiraPress9. "Nanjunda,D.C.(2010)ContemporaryStudiesinAnthropology:areading.MittalPublications:NewDelhi,India.

p.8">10. Ingold,T.(1985)WhoStudiesHumanity?TheScopeofAnthropology.AnthropologyToday,1:6:151611. Kuper,Adam(1973).AnthropologyandAnthropologists:TheModernBritishSchool

(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=76I9AAAAIAAJ).London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul.pp.1416.ISBN0710094094.

12. Hendry,Joy.1999.AnIntroductiontoSocialAnthropology:OtherPeople'sWorlds.Palgrave.p.910.13. Stocking,GeorgeJir.(1963)"MatthewArnold,E.B.Tylor,andtheUsesofInvention,"American

Anthropologist,65:783799,1963(http://www.aaanet.org/gad/history/044stocking.pdf)14. Tylor,E.B.(1865)Researchesintotheearlyhistoryofmankindthedevelopmentofcivilization.London:John

Murray.15. Tylor,E.B.(1871)Primitiveculture:researchesintothedevelopmentofmythology,philosophy,religion,art,

andcustom.2vols.London:JohnMurray.



16. Malinowski,Bronisaw(1967)Adiaryinthestrictsenseoftheterm.NewYork,Harcourt,Brace&World[1967]

17. Malinowski,B.(1922).ArgonautsoftheWesternPacific:AnaccountofnativeenterpriseandadventureintheArchipelagoesofMelanesianNewGuinea.London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul.

18. JackGoody(1995)TheExpansiveMoment:TheRiseofSocialAnthropologyinBritainandAfrica,19181970(http://www3.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521450489)reviewatLinks.jstor.org(http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00940496(199702)24%3A1%3C211%3ATEMTRO%3E2.0.CO%3B2I)

19. Barth,Fredrik,etal.(2005)OneDiscipline,FourWays:British,German,French,andAmericananthropology(http://books.google.com/books?id=g1sV8lOlhVsC).Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.

20. Moore,SallyF.1966.ComparativeStudies:Introduction.inLawinCultureandSociety,editedbyLauraNader.London:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.

21. Erickson,P.A.andMurphy,L.D.(2008)AHistoryofAnthropologicalTheory,Toronto:BroadviewPress22. "WelcometoAssociationofSocialAnthropologistsoftheUKandCommonwealth"(http://www.theasa.org/).

Theasa.org.Retrieved20110327.23. Heyck,ThomasWilliam(1997)atLinks.jstor.org(http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002

8762%28199712%29102%3A5%3C1486%3AATBSA1%3E2.0.CO%3B27)TheAmericanHistoricalReview,Vol.102,No.5(December,1997),pp.14861488doi:10.2307/2171126(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2171126)

24. http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/179372Afterdinnertalkonthehistoryofsocialanthropology:Beteillespeaksofhischildhoodandnaturalinclinationtoanthropology,histraining,fieldworkinDelhi,Indiaandtheinfluenceofhissupervisor,M.N.Srinivas.Hisworkonequalityandinequalityinhumansocietiesandpublicationsonsuch,especiallythecastesystem.HereflectsonandanalyzestheworkofDumont,aswellasMarxism,HinduismandIslam.Hecitesthosewhohaveinfluencedhimandhiswork,andcloseswithanoverviewofhiscurrentinterestsinnationalismandtribalidentitiesinIndia,aswellashislecturesonbackwardclasses.

25. interviewbyAlanMacfarlane,inwhichMaryDouglastalksaboutherlifeandworkinAfricaandelsewhere.(http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/131558)

26. http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/447RosemaryFirthinterviewbyAlanMacfarlane:aboutherarrivalinanthropologyandfieldworkinMalayawithRaymondFirth,andaboutthepositionofawomananthropologist.

27. http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/131552EightlecturesforfirstyearCambridgeUniversitystudentsinFebruary2006.Introducingsomeofthemajorapproachestotheanthropologyofpoliticsandeconomics.

References

BenchmarkStatementAnthropology(UK)(http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Documents/Anthropology07.pdf)

Furtherreading

Malinowski,Bronislaw(1915):TheTrobriandIslandsMalinowski,Bronislaw(1922):ArgonautsoftheWesternPacificMalinowski,Bronislaw(1929):TheSexualLifeofSavagesinNorthWesternMelanesiaMalinowski,Bronislaw(1935):CoralGardensandTheirMagic:AStudyoftheMethodsofTillingtheSoilandofAgriculturalRitesintheTrobriandIslandsLeach,Edmund(1954):PoliticalsystemsofHighlandBurma.London:G.Bell.Leach,Edmund(1982):SocialAnthropologyEriksen,ThomasH.(1985):,pp.926929inTheSocialScienceEncyclopediaSocialAnthropology.ISBN0710200080.OCLC11623683(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11623683).Kuper,Adam(1996):AnthropologyandAnthropologists:TheModernBritishSchool.ISBN0415118956.OCLC32509209(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32509209).



Externallinks

TheMovingAnthropologyStudentNetwork(MASN)(http://www.kripsy.net/masn/tikiindex.php?page=Welcome)websiteofferstutorials,informationonthesubject,discussionforumsandalargelinkcollectionforallinterestedscholarsofsocialanthropology

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