li ka-shing - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Li Ka-shingTRANSCRIPT
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TheHonourable
SirKashingLiGBMKBEJP
LiKashinginSeptember2010
Born 29July1928Chaozhou,Guangdong,China
Citizenship HongKongCanada
Education Schooldropout[1]
Occupation ChairmanoftheBoardofCheungKongHoldings,HutchisonWhampoaandLiKaShingFoundation
Networth US$33.3billion(2015)[2]
Religion Buddhism
Spouse(s) ChongYuetMing(Deceased)
Children VictorLiRichardLi
Awards JusticeofthePeace(1981)LL.D.(1986)D.SSc(1995)
LiKashingTraditionalChinese SimplifiedChinese
LiKashingFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
SirKashingLi,GBM,KBE,[3]JP(born29July1928inChaozhou,China)[4][5]isaHongKongbusinessmagnate,investor,andphilanthropist.AccordingtotheBloombergBillionairesIndex,asof16April2014heistherichestpersoninAsia,withanetworthof$31.9billion.HeistheChairmanoftheBoardofHutchisonWhampoaLimited(HWL)andCheungKongHoldingsasof2008throughthem,heistheworld'slargestoperatorofcontainerterminalsandtheworld'slargesthealthandbeautyretailer.[6]
ConsideredoneofthemostpowerfulfiguresinAsia,Liwasnamed"Asia'sMostPowerfulMan,LiKaChing"byAsiaweekin2001.Hiscompaniesmakeup15%ofthemarketcapoftheHongKongStockExchange.[7]ForbesMagazineandtheForbesfamilyhonouredLiKashingwiththefirstever"MalcolmS.ForbesLifetimeAchievementAward"on5September2006,inSingapore.[8]Inspiteofhiswealth,Lihascultivatedareputationforleadinganofrillslifestyle,andisknowntowearsimpleblackdressshoesandaninexpensiveSeikowristwatch,whichisatoddswiththehouseheownsinoneofHongKong'smostexpensiveprecincts,DeepWaterBayinHongKongIsland.LiisalsoregardedasoneofAsia'smostgenerousphilanthropists,donatingoverUS$1.41billiontodatetocharityandothervariousphilanthropiccauses.[9]Liisoftenreferredtoas"Superman"inHongKongbecauseofhisbusinessprowess.[10][11]Becauseofhiswealth,heisregardedasacelebrity,andevenhasawaxstatueinhislikeness(theonlynonartisttohaveoneinHongKong).
LiKashingwasborninChaozhouinGuangdongprovince,China,in1928toTeochewdescendants.Duetohisfather'sdeath,hewasforcedtoleaveschoolbeforetheageof15andfoundajobinaplasticstradingcompanywherehelaboured16hoursaday.By1950hewasabletostarthisowncompany,CheungKongIndustries.Frommanufacturingplastics,LiledanddevelopedhiscompanyintoaleadingrealestateinvestmentcompanyinHongKongthatwaslistedontheHongKongStockExchangein
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Transcriptions
Hakka
Romanization Li31Ga44Xing11
Mandarin
HanyuPinyin LJichng
Min
TeochewPeng'im Li2Gia1sng5
Cantonese
Jyutping Lei5Gaa1sing4
1972.CheungKongexpandedbyacquiringHutchisonWhampoaandHongkongElectricHoldingsLimitedin1979and1985respectively.[12]
Contents
1Businesscareer1.1Plasticsmanufacturing1.2Realestate1.3Portsandelectricity1.4Retail1.5Assettrader1.6Pyramidstructure1.7Internetandtechnology1.8Others
2Controversy3Personallife4Awardsandhonours5Politics6Charities7Pressreviews8Seealso9References10Externallinks
Businesscareer
AHarvardBusinessSchoolarticlesummarisesLi'scareerinthefollowingway:
FromhishumblebeginningsinChinaasateacher'sson,arefugee,andlaterasasalesman,Liprovidesalessoninintegrityandadaptability.Throughhardwork,andareputationforremainingtruetohisinternalmoralcompass,hewasabletobuildabusinessempirethatincludes:banking,construction,realestate,plastics,cellularphones,satellitetelevision,cementproduction,retailoutlets(pharmaciesandsupermarkets),hotels,domestictransportation(skytrain),airports,electricpower,steelproduction,ports,andshipping.[13]
Li'sbusinessescoveralmosteveryfacetoflifeinHongKong,fromelectricitytotelecommunications,fromrealestatetoretail,fromshippingtotheInternet.TheCheungKongGroup'smarketcapitalisationisHK$647billion(US$82.9billion)asofDecember2009.(Thisincludessomedoublecountingofthe
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Group'scontrollingstakein12listedcompaniesaroundtheworld.)Thegroupoperatesin55countriesandemploysover260,000staffworldwide.
Plasticsmanufacturing
In1950,afterlearninghowtooperateaplant,LifoundedaplasticmanufacturingcompanyinHongKongwithfundsborrowedfromfamilyandfriendsandcontactshecultivatedasasalesman.Liavidlyreadtradepublicationsandbusinessnewsbeforedecidingtosupplytheworldwithhighqualityplasticflowersatlowprices.Lilearnedthetechniqueofmixingcolourwithplasticsthatresemblerealflowers.Afterretoolinghisshopandhiringthebesttechnicianshecouldfind,hepreparedforweeksfortheplantvisitofalargeforeignbuyer.ImpressedwiththequalityofLi'splant,thebuyerplacedalargeorder.Afewyearslater,LigrewtobethelargestsupplierofplasticflowersinAsiaandmadeafortunesellingthem.[14]
Realestate
In1958,unabletorenewtheleaseforhiscompany,Liwasforcedtopurchaseanddevelopasitebyhimself.Anopportunitytoacquirelandarrivedafterthe1967riotswereinfullswingwhenmanypeoplefledHongKong.Asaresult,propertypricesplummeted.Li,believingthepoliticalcrisiswouldbetemporary,andpropertypriceswouldeventuallyrise,boughtparcelsoflandatlowprices.By1971,LiofficiallynamedhisrealestatedevelopmentcompanyCheungKong(),namedafterCheungKong,(ChangJiangortheYangtzeRiver)thelongestriverinChina.
CheungKongHoldingswaspubliclylistedinHongKongStockExchangein1972.Duringboardmeetings,ListatedonanumberofoccasionshisgoalofsurpassingtheJardinesownedHongkongLandasaleadingdeveloper.[15]
ThesuccessfulbidbyCheungKongfordevelopmentsitesabovetheCentralandAdmiraltyMTRstationsin1977wasthekeytochallengingHongkongLandasthepremierpropertydeveloperinHongKong.Despiteitssize,Jardinesdecidedinthe1980stoprotectitselffromhostiletakeoverbyLiorotheroutsideinvestors.ThecompanyimplementedacrossshareholdingstructurethatwasdesignedtoplacecontrolinthehandsofBritain'sKeswickfamilydespitetheirlessthan10%holdingsinthegroup.In1984,thecompanyalsomoveditslegaldomicilefromHongKongtoanotherBritishoverseasterritoryBermuda,inanticipationofthetransferofsovereigntyofHongKongtoPeople'sRepublicofChinain1997.
Throughout2014,LihasbeensellingpartofhisrealestateholdingsinChina.[16]
Portsandelectricity
In1979,LiclosedauniquetransactionandacquiredhiscurrentflagshipcompanyHutchisonWhampoaLimitedfromHSBC.Thepurchasecreatedamassiveconglomeratewithbusinessinterestsinmultipleindustries.Themostnotablebranchofhisbusinessistheinvestmentincontainerportfacilitiesaroundtheworld,includinginHongKong,Canada(DeltaportinVancouver),China,theUnitedKingdom,Rotterdam,Panama,Bahamasandmanydevelopingcountries.Intotal,Li'sbusinessescontrol13%ofallcontainerportcapacityintheworld.
Retail
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AsubsidiaryofHutchisonWhampoa,theA.S.WatsonGroup(ASW)isaretailoperatorwithover7,800stores.ItsportfolioencompassesretailbrandsinEuropesuchasSuperdrug(UK),Marionnaud(France),Kruidvat(Beneluxcountries),andinAsiaincludinghealthandbeautyretailerWatson'sstoreandwinecellarsetal.,Park'n'Shopsupermarkets(andspinoffbrands),andFortresselectricalappliancestores.ASWalsoproducesanddistributeswaterproductsandbeveragesintheregion.
Assettrader
HutchisonWhampoagrouphasthereputationofbeinganastuteassettrader.Itfrequentlybuildsupnewbusinessesandsellsthemoff.HugeprofitswereobtainedinthesaleofitsinterestinOrangetoMannesmannGroupin2001,makingaprofitof$15.12billion.In2006Lisold20%ofHutchison'sportsbusinesstoSingaporerivalPSACorp.,makinga$3.12billionprofitona$4billiondeal.[17]
RecentlyHutchisonTelecommunications,nearly50percentownedbyHutchisonWhampoa,soldacontrollingstakeof67%inHutchisonEssar,ajointventureMobileoperatorinIndia,toVodafonefor$11.1billion.Ithadinvestedroughly$2billionearlier.[18]
Pyramidstructure
LikemanyAsianconglomerates,theLiKashinggroupisstructuredtoretaindisproportionatecontrolwithoutincurringthecostofowninganequivalenteconomicinterest.Thisseparationbetweencontrolandinterestisaccomplishedthroughpyramidstructure,dualclassequitiesandcrossholdings.WhilesuchstructuresarerarerintheUSandUK,theydoexist.Forinstance,Googleusesadualclassstructuretogiveitsfoundersandinsiders10votesforeachclassBsharewhilethegeneralpublicisofferedclassAshareswith1voteeach.
Internetandtechnology
Lihasalsomadeaforayintothetechnologybusiness,wherehisinvestmentandventurecapitalfirmHorizonsVenturesisspecificallyallocatedtowardsbackingnewinternetandtechnologystartupfirms,boughtastakeindoubleTwist.[19]Hisotherfirm,LiKaShingFoundationboughta0.8%stakeinsocialnetworkingwebsiteFacebookfor$120millionintwoseparaterounds.[20][21]andinvestedanestimated$50millioninmusicstreamingserviceSpotify.[22]
Sometimebetweenlate2009andearly2010,LiKashingleda$15.5millionSeriesBroundoffinancingforSiriInc.[23]
In2011,HorizonsVenturesinvestedinSummly,awebsitesummarizingapp.Notably,theinvestmentmadeNickD'Aloisio,Summly'sfounder,theworld'syoungestpersontoreceiveaventurecapitalinvestmentatjustfifteenyearsold.[24]
In2012,HorizonsVenturesinvested$2.3millioninWibbitz,acompanythatprovidesatexttovideotechnologythatcanautomaticallyconvertanyarticlepostorfeedonthewebintoavideoinamatterofseconds.
InAugust2012,heacquiredastakeinGingerSoftwareIncorporated.[25]
In2013,HorizonsVenturesinvestedinBitcoinpaymentcompanyBitPay.[26]
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InFebruary2015,HorizonsVenturesparticipatedina$30millionSeriesCfundingroundinZoomVideoCommunications.[27][28]
Others
BesidesbusinessthroughhisflagshipcompaniesCheungKongHoldingsandHutchisonWhampoa,LiKashingalsopersonallyhasextensivelyinvestedinrealestateinSingaporeandCanada.HewasthesinglelargestshareholderofCanadianImperialBankofCommerce(CIBC),thefifthlargestbankinCanadauntilthesaleofhissharein2005(withallproceedingsdonated,seebelow).Heisalsothemajorityshareholderofamajorenergycompany,HuskyEnergy,basedinAlberta,Canada.[29]
InJanuary2005,Liannouncedplanstosellhis$1.2billionCADstakeintheCanadianImperialBankofCommerce,withallproceedsgoingtoprivatecharitablefoundationsestablishedbyLiincludingtheLiKaShingFoundationinHongKongandtheLiKaShing(Canada)FoundationbasedinToronto.[30]
LihassomerealestateinterestinVancouver,specificallyinconnectionwithConcordPacificDevelopmentsthatdevelopedtheoldExpo'86landsinYaletown,aswellasConcordParkPlaceandCityPlace,TorontoinToronto.
Controversy
01:"ThereisgoodreasontothinkthatHongKong,despiteitsleanpublicsector,lacksunfetteredcompetitionbecauseofdistortionsintheprivatesector.Mostimportantmaybeawonkypropertymarket.InHongKong,onlythegovernmentownsland.Itusedthismonopolyforyearstocreateashortagethatdroveuppropertypricesandmadedevelopersrich.TycoonssuchasMrLithenusedcashflowfromrealestateineffect,agovernmentsubsidypaidbyconsumersthroughhigherrentstoexpandintounrelatedindustries.Asnewrivalsappear,thetycoonsareusingallmeansattheirdisposaltofendthemoff."[31]
02:"TheAustralianTaxOfficehasAsiasrichestmanLiKashinginitssightsoverhiscompanies$776millioninunpaidtaxesandpenalties,areportsays."[32]
03:"MainlandmigrantworkersaskLiKashingforunpaidwages"[33]
Personallife
Histwosons,VictorLiandRichardLi,arealsoprominentfiguresintheHongKongbusinessscene.VictorLiworksdirectlywithhisfatherasmanagingdirectorandvicechairmanofCheungKong(Holdings)Limited,whileRichardLiistheheadofPCCW,thelargesttelecomcompanyinHongKong.TheyarebothCanadiancitizens.
LiisfamouslyplainlydressedforaHongKongtycoon.Inthe1990sheworea$50timepiecefromCitizenWatchCo.andplainties.HenowwearsaSeiko.[34]
Evenathisage,Liremainsphysicallyfit,andsaysthatnomatterwhattimehesleepsatnight,hegetsupbefore6ameachmorningtoplaygolfforaboutanhourandahalf.HisgolfingpartnerisHongKongmoviemogulRaymondChow.Lisaysthatduringthattime,'...theninetyminutesthatIhavearemine.'Hispreferableamountoftimeforsleepiseighthours.Itisalsosaidthathewalksonthetreadmillforfifteenminutesadayatnoon.
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LiKaShingTowerinHongKong
Awardsandhonours
GrandBauhiniaMedal
KnightCommanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire[3]
Commandeur,Lgiond'honneur
Politics
On4August2011attheinterimresultsannouncementforHutchisonWhampoa,LiendorsedTangfortheforthcomingchiefexecutiveelectionandpraisedhimforfivefullminutes.[12][35]ThenLiletslipandsaid"Youallcanbejustlikeme,onepersononevote()."[36]ThemediathenlookedatLiindisbelief,andpointedoutthatregularcitizensdonotgetonepersononevote.[37]Lithentriedtolaughitoffandsaid"maybein2017theywillhaveonepersononevotetochoosethechiefexecutive,Iprobablyjustsaiditalittleearly."[12][38][39]
Charities
Hisdonationin1981resultedinthefoundingofShantouUniversity,nearhishometownofChaozhou.
LiwasinvitedbyChineseleaderDengXiaopingtobecomeamemberoftheboardofdirectorsoftheChinaInternationalTrustandInvestmentCorporation(CITIC)tosupporttheeconomicreforminitiativesthatDengwasattemptingtodevelop.CITICisChina'slargestconglomerateandis42percentownedbythegovernmentofChina.ItservesasthechiefinvestmentarmofChina'scentralgovernmentandholdsministrystatusontheChineseStateCouncil.LiservedonlyoneyearonCITIC'sboardbeforeresigninghisdirectorship.HewasthenonexecutivedirectorofTheHongkongandShanghaiBankingCorporationsince1980andbecameDeputyChairmanofthebankin1985.HewasalsoDeputyChairmanofHSBCHoldingsin19911992.
InSeptember2001,thenewesttowerintheHongKongPolytechnicUniversitywasnamedafter
Li,followingaHK$100milliondonationtotheUniversity.[40]
TheLiKaShingCentreinCambridge,England,housesaCancerResearchUKfacility,whichisapartoftheUniversityofCambridge.TheCentrewasnamedafterMrLifollowinga5.3million
donation,andwasopenedinhispresenceinMay2002.[41]TheLiKaShingFoundationendowed
aprofessorshipofoncologyattheuniversityin2007withasubsequentgiftof2million.[42]
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InNovember2002,theCheungKongGraduateSchoolofBusinessinChina[43]wasfoundedwith
alargedonationfromtheLiKaShingFoundation.[44]
TheLiKaShingLibraryattheSingaporeManagementUniversityisalsonamedinhishonour
afteraUS$11.5milliondonationin2002tothehighereducationinstitution.[45]
Afterthe2004IndianOceanEarthquakedisaster,hereportedlypledgedatotalofUS$3million.
In2005,LiannouncedaHK$1billion(US$128million)donationtotheFacultyofMedicine,UniversityofHongKong.ItwasrenamedtoLiKaShingFacultyofMedicineon1January2006,whichprovokedcontroversybetweentheuniversityandquiteanumberofalumniofthefaculty,notablyKwokKaKi,overtheuniversity'snamingprocedures.
Alsoin2005,LidonatedUS$40milliontotheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,citingthathewasimpressedwiththeuniversity'saccomplishmentsinthebiosciences.InrecognitionofLi'sdonation,theuniversityhasnamedthecampus'newbiosciencesfacilitytheLiKaShingCenter
forBiomedicalandHealthSciences,whichopenedinOctober2011.[46]
AlongtimesupporterofStanfordUniversitysincethe1980s,LiistheprincipalbenefactortotheUS$90millionLiKashingCenterforLearningandKnowledge,whichopenedinFall2010andis
nowtheheadquartersfortheStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine.[47]
On9March2007,LiKashingcontributed$100milliontotheLeeKuanYewSchoolofPublicPolicyintheNationalUniversityofSingapore.Also,"tohonourandrecogniseDrLi'ssupportandgenerosity,LKYSPPwillnameoneofitsthreebuildingsatthehistoricBukitTimahCampus
afterhim".[48]
LiKashingdonatedC$25milliontoSt.Michael'sHospitalinTorontotofoundtheLiKaShingKnowledgeInstitute,whichwillserveasamedicalresearchandeducationcentreindowntown
Toronto.[49]
LiKashingdonatedC$25milliontotheUniversityofAlbertatofoundtheLiKashingInstitute
ofVirology.[50]
LiKashing(throughtheLiKashingfoundation)donatedHK$30million(US$3.85million)to
aidreliefeffortsinthe2008Sichuanearthquake[51]
In2013,LiKashingdonatedUS$2milliontotheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFranciscotosupporttheiradvanceprecisionmedicineinitiative.Thefundswillbeusedtobuildaworldwidenetworkofcliniciansandresearchers,launchleadershipexchangesbetweenUCSFandChina,and
createasystemspharmacologyprogramtodevelopmoreprecisemedications.[52]
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Pressreviews
TimeAsia[53]
ChronicleofPhilanthropy[54]
WallStreetJournal[55]
FinancialTimes(UK)[56]
L'Expansion(FrenchPress)[57]
Seealso
TheHongsListofHongKongpeoplebynetworthLiCLikcheung
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52. ^"LiKaShingGiftSupportsUCSFQuestforPrecisionMedicine"(http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/03/13711/likashinggiftsupportsucsfquestprecisionmedicine).UCSF.22March2013.Retrieved8Dec2013.
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56. ^Mitchell,Tom(26October2007)."FinancialTimes(UK)"(http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2d618df8811311dc9f140000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1).FinancialTimes.Retrieved28February2012.
57. ^LexpansionFrenchpress(http://www.lexpansion.com/art/17.0.81133.0.html)
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