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TRANSCRIPT
demokrasya
ATHENS
DEMOKRASYADemos- mga tao
Kratia-pamamahala
SOLON
CLEISTHENES
SPARTA• Ito ay lungsod estado sa timog na
bahagi ng peninsulang gresya.– Ito ay kilala sa tawag na
Peloponnesus na pinaninirahan ng mga Dorian na ninuno ng mga Spartan.• Nabubuhay sa pamamagitan
ng pagsasaka.• Ang lumalaking populasyon ang
nag-udyok sa kanila upang makakuha ng maraming lupain– Sinimulan nila ang pananakop
noong 500 BK nang mahulog ang halos buong pulo ng Peloponnesus• Kinalimutan ng Sparta ang
komersyo at industriya, sining, panitikan at pilosopiya
PAGSASANAY NG SPARTAN• Ang bagong silang na sanggol ay sinusuri
ng isang komite.– Pinapatay ang sanggol kapag mahina.
Inihuhulog sa bangin.• Pinapasok sa isang espesyal na
pagsasanay sa gulang na pito.– Nananatiling kasapi hanggang18.– Ang mga babae ay nananatili sa bahay
ngunit ang mga lalaki ay nakatira sa mga barracks.
– Sinasanay ang mga lalaki upang maging mahusay na mga mandirigma.• Sinasanay sa palakasan at
pakikidigma, sinanay silang magtiis sa hirap at huwag magreklamo.
pagsasanay• Nagsisimula ang pormal na
pagsasanay sa edad na 18– 2 taon upang makumpleto ang
pagsasanay• Sa gulang na 20 silay tumitira sa
barracks o dormitoryo sa kampo.– Ang mga lalaking ito ay naging
miyembro ng Asembleya sa gulang na 30
• Hindi pinahihintulutan mag-asawa so loob ng 10 taon.– Naglilingkod sa militar
hanggang sa gulang na 60
Ang Lipunang Spartan
spartiate
periocci
helot
• Ang mga mamamayan at sundalo
• Mga mangangalakal at malalayang tao
• Aliping tagabungkal ng lupa
HELOTS• Ang mga lalaking Spartan ay
pinagkakalooban ng mga lupain upang masuportahan ang sarili– Ang pagsasaka ay isinasagawa
ng mga helots– Ang mga helots ay..
• Mga aliping pag-aari ng pamahalaan ng Sparta
• Lahat ng gawain ay nakaatang sa mga helots
Mga batang Spartan
• Ginawang mga helots ang mga nasakop mula sa Peloponnesus– Hindi malaya ang mga helots– Maaaring magkapamilya, ngunit hindi maaaring
iwanan ang mga lupang sakahan.– Noong 6th Century B.C. higit na mas marami ang
populasyon ng helots kumpara sa mga mamamayang Spartan. 10=1
• Lahat ng mga Spartans ay pantay-pantay– Hinikayat ang simpleng pamumuhay ng mga Spartan
upang hindi magkaroon ng pagitan ang mayayaman at mahihirap.
– Ipinagbawal ang mga alahas, magagarbong kasuotan, luho at pagmamay-ari ng mga yaman.
• Ang mga babae ay nag-aasawa sa gulang na 18 o 20 ngunit namumuhay ng malayo sa asawa.– Ang mga lalaki ay
nakatira sa mga barracks hanggang sa gulang na 30 kung saan maaari na silang magtayo ng pamilya.
– Ang mga babae ay kailangang maging malusog upang manganalk ng malusog na sanggol.
Pamahalaan ng Sparta• May 2 hari
– Pinamumunuan ang Spartan Army at ang kabuuan ng Sparta
– Ang pagiging hari ay namamana• Gerousia
– Binubuo ng konseho ng 28 tao– Lahat ng 60 taon pataas ay
kasapi– Nagpapanukala ng mga batas
• Asembleya ng mga Spartans– Lahat ng lalaking nasa hustong
gulang ay kasapi– Maaaring bumoto sa mga batas– Pinamumunuan ng 5 kasapi ng
ephorsKing Leonidas
Lumawak ang kapangyarihan dahil sa
pagkontrol sa Peloponnesian League
Nagpupulong upang pagusapan ang mga
mahahalagang isyu ng lungsod-estado.
Ang mga desisyon ay
isinasagawa sa pamamagitan ng
boto ng nakararami. SPARTA CONTROLLED
THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE
pamahalaanathens
• Demokratikong lungsod- estado
• Asembleya-pinakamakapangyarihan sa lahat. Binubuo ng kalalakihang 18 patanda.
• Konseho ng 500-namamahala sa estado
• 10 heneral-mga mambabatas at administrador
sparta• Militarismong lungsod-
estado• Asembleya- may kaunting
kapangyarihan• Konseho ng matatanda-
namamahala sa estado, may kakayahang gumawa ng mga batas
Pamahalaan
athens• Delian League liga o
samahan ng mga lungsod estado
sparta• Peloponnesian League
itinatag ng Sparta
REFORMS OF SOLON• Abolished practice of enslaving a person
for unpaid debts and freed all persons enslaved for that reason
• Abolished all feudal obligations that commoners owed the aristocracy
• Widened political participation– Broke monopoly aristocrats had over
Council of Athens, elected positions, and Assembly of Athens
– Allowed all citizens regardless of wealth to serve in Assembly
– Opened up position of archon and seat in Council of Athens to wealthy hoplites
– Created new 400 member body which acted as Supreme Court
– Established right of any citizen to bring a case to court
REFORMS BACKFIRE A LITTLE• Solon’s reforms went long way
towards opening up Athenian society and government to a greater number of people– But they did not immediately
end the turmoil that plagued the city
• Athens did prosper– Rapid population growth,
geographic expansion, various public works projects
– But Solon’s reforms increased infighting by multiplying the number of factions struggling for control• Even resulted in several
dictatorships (tyrannies)
REFORMS OF CLEISTHENES• Cleisthenes kept promise to demos
– Population of city and region divided into ten tribes
– Each included people from all walks of life
– Each elected representatives to the Council, elected generals and public officials, and jurors to Supreme Court
• Cleisthenes permanently broke power of old aristocracy and established the foundation for democracy
ARCHAIC GREECE• At beginning of period, most of
the Aegean world was divided into independent principalities– Had simple social structures
with nobility on top and everyone else below
• By 500 BC, principalities had been transformed into city-states– Aristocracy reduced to just
one faction of many– Aristocratic value system
subsided in favor of a new one based on service to the community and the law
POETS• Old value system of aristocracy was
based on fighting and an obsession with honor– But the new city-state, with its
commercial and business activities, had little use for a bunch of jealous, warring aristocrats with their inflated sense of honor• Required instead justice,
established by law according to rational and regular procedures
• Poets at the forefront of attack on old aristocratic value system– Example: Archilocus– Argued old aristocratic and heroic
values were out of touch with the times• Silly and counter to the need for
law and order
CHANGES IN RELIGION• Gods reflected aristocratic values
in Homer’s poems– Obsessed with fighting, killing,
and performing heroic feats• During the Archaic Ages, gods
became more interested in justice– Urged men to be content with
their lot in life• To go against this was now
considered hubris– Insolence against the
gods• Religion modified during Archaic
Age to reinforce new value system and discourage the old
SUMMARY• Mutually-reinforcing cycle
– Growth of business and trade undermined the aristocratic monopoly over society• Decline of aristocracy was accompanied by a parallel
decline in their value system– Helped by propaganda attacks by poets and a
gradual shift in religious emphasis– Decline of aristocratic value system was paralleled by
the rise of a new value system based on law, order, and stability• Encouraged further business growth and prosperity
– Sped up the decline of the aristocracy– Provided good environment for development of
literature and beginning of philosophic and scientific speculation
GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE• In Greek polis, the state was
society– Two were completely
integrated with each other• Power was not delegated to a
permanent group of legislators, judges and bureaucrats– Citizens were expected to
play an immediate and direct role in legislation, the judiciary, and executive policy-making
• Fundamental principle of most Greek city-sates that officials should be constantly changed– Giving almost everyone a
chance to actively running the polis
PRIVATE SPHERE/PUBLIC SPHERE
• No “diffusion of loyalty”– No chance for citizen to develop
non-state loyalties• Only one state religion• No non-state cultural
associations– All art was public and all
cultural events were state affairs
– Nothing in the Greek polis existed to distract the citizen from his loyalty to the state• Private sphere linked tightly to
the state, focusing everyone’s absolute loyalty to that institution
POLITICAL ASSUMPTIONS• Taken for granted that all
important questions regarding policy-making, legislation, and judiciary was the concern of all citizens– Professionals did not
dominate government• Power was not dissipated
among a multitude of specialized departments and institutions– Rested fully in the hands
of the people
CITIZENSHIP• All city-states restricted
who could become a citizen– General tendency in
Archaic Age was towards less restrictivness
• Citizens only made up part of total population– Rest were foreigners,
slaves, and freedmen
SLAVES AND FREEDMEN• Slaves played crucial role in
economy of all city-states of ancient Greece– And in Sparta, they were the
economy• Freedmen worked as craftsmen,
small farmers, small retail merchants– But they worked for themselves,
not for others• To work for someone else on a
regular basis was the mark of a slave– Essential characteristic of a
freedman was economic independence• No matter how low-level or
demeaning the work they did
FREEDMEN• Freedmen often very poor
– Did not view themselves as oppressed working class
– Complaints directed against the rich• Especially wealthy creditors• Slogans concerned lack of
political participation or the elimination of debts
– Saw themselves as independent businessmen• Wanted recognition of their
status and relief from the costs of doing business
– Never formed any kind of alliance with slaves to overcome their mutual exploitation• Because they say themselves as
inherently better than slaves
GREEK FAMILY• Archaic Greeks viewed family as
immortal– Founded in mythical days and
would continue forever– Male head of family therefore had to
work to ensure this immortality• By expanding its economic base,
performing religious rituals, worshipping ancestors, having children
– Family without children was not considered a family at all
• Family heads under great pressure to keep their families going by having children
MARRIAGE• Marriage was a carefully
considered, regulated step– Were prearranged– Couple became
engaged as children after long negotiations between parents
– It was understood that love would develop after marriage• Not before
GREEK WOMEN• Greeks attached immense importance
to chastity of citizen women– It was of utmost importance that
legitimacy of offspring not be questions on the grounds of a pre-marital or extra-marital affair
– Took every precaution to segregate women from men• Even set aside a part of the house
for exclusive use of women– Adultery considered a serious crime
that threatened foundation of the state• Not just a private matter
CITIZEN AND SLAVE WOMEN• Women had no political role
– Charged with running households and nothing else
• Slave women and freedman women had more freedom– Since they were not
considered important enough to worry about• No one cared if their
families remained intact or not
• Could pretty well do what they wanted in their private lives
FINAL POINT• Neither male nor female citizens enjoyed a high degree of
freedom (in the modern sense of the term)– Greek ideas of freedom implied conformity to
community standards of behavior• Community needs defined the roles of men and
women and restricted the freedom of both• Male family heads had little choice over who and
when he should marry, whether to have children, etc.– Law and custom demanded that he subordinate
his own needs and desires to those of his family and the community at large
– In exchange, men and women enjoyed a strong and stimulating community life
» A trade off between liberty and security, with security receiving the most emphasis