Translation tips

Week 10

Contents:

Causative verbs Cover letter Guide to basic business letters Good writing etiquette Translation tips

Causative Verbs ( 使役動詞 )

Causative verbs designate the action necessary to cause another action to happen.

In "The devil made me do it." the verb "made" causes the "do" to happen.

Here is a brief list of causative verbs, in no particular order: let, help, allow, have, require, allow, motivate, get, make, convince, hire, assist, encourage, permit, employ, force. Most of them are followed by an object (noun or pronoun) followed by an infinitive:

She allows her pet cockatiel to perch on the windowsill. She hired a carpenter to build a new birdcage.“

Instead of being followed by a noun/pronoun and an infinitive, the causative verbs have, make and let are followed by a noun/pronoun and the base form of the verb (which is actually an infinitive with the "to" left off).

Make

make + sb. + V ="to force someone to do somethin

g."

The teacher made John get his book in the office.

Father makes me go to the music show tomorrow afternoon.

She made her children do their homework.

Let

Let + sb. + V = "to allow someone to do something."

John let me drive his new car. Will your parents let you go to the party? I don't know if my boss will let me take the day

off.

Have

Have + sb. + V = "to give someone the responsibili

ty to do something."

Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.

Please have your secretary fax me the information.

I had the mechanic check the brakes.

Get

Get + sb. + to + V = "to convince to do something" or "to tri

ck someone into doing something." Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible. How can parents get their children to read more? The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop

smoking.

Sometimes "get someone to do something" is interchangeable with "have someone do something," but these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.

Examples: I got the mechanic to check my brakes.

(At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check the brakes. )

I had the mechanic check my brakes.(I asked the mechanic to check the brakes. )

Practice - make / have / let / get1. Professor Yu ______ each of her students write an essay describing their future goals in life.2. Marcus ______ me drive his new BMW. I couldn't believe how quickly it picked up speed.3. Tommy didn't want to go to his cousin's birthday party, but his mom _______ him go. 4. I can't believe the zoo keeper ______ you feed the snake. 5. Cheryl didn't want to wash her car, so with a little smooth talk she ______ her boyfriend to wash it for her.6. Dr. Jackson ______ the nurse monitor the patient's condition overnight.7. Mr. Wang ______ his secretary call Mr. Lu and reconfirm their meeting on Thursday.8. Debbie's husband hates the opera. But after days of nagging, she finally ______ him to go see the latest one.

had

let

madelet

gothad

had

got

Causative V + O + to V (O) I allowed Jim to clean up the mess. I asked Jim to clean up the mess. I told Jim to clean up the mess. I persuaded Jim to clean up the mess. I really have to force myself to be pleasant to him. You can't force her to make a decision.

The verb help can be used with or without "to“; Using “to” is more common in British English:

Help Jim (to) clean up the mess. Our teacher helped us (to) practice singing.

Causative V that S + V

I insisted that Laura do her homework. I suggested that Laura do her homework. I recommended that Laura do her homework.

Other examples

The officer commanded his men to shoot. He commanded that the troops (should) cross the water.

Please remind me to post this letter. I rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been

cancelled.

Lawyers will urge the parents to take further legal action. Investigators urged that safety procedures at the site should

be improved.

We requested that the next meeting be held on a Friday. I demand to see the manager. She demanded that he return the books he borrowed from

her.

Bringing up children often requires you to put their needs first.

You are required by law to stop your car after an accident. The rules require that you bring only one guest to the

dinner.

You should ask your accountant to give you some financial advice.

We ask that any faulty goods should be returned in their original packaging.

Verbs Can Become Adjectives

Words that are normally verbs can often be used as adjectives. If a word modifies a noun or pronoun, it is an adjective, even if that word is usually associated with a different part of speech.

《 Practice》

1. Many kind carpenters offered to repair the broken porch. 2. Never kiss a smiling crocodile. 3. My father prefers to drink filtered spring water.4. This isn’t chocolate ice cream; it’s frozen chocolate milk!5. The fallen leaves covered the new driveway.6. She was happy to find the translated version of the book.7. The sleeping dog’s snoring was louder than a train.8. I’d rather eat at a recently inspected restaurant.9. Are you just hoping it will happen or is it a done deal?10. Mary forgot to bring her new fishing pole.

1.present participle (V-ing)

A rolling stone gathers no moss.

2. past participle (V-ed) I will accept a written apology.

smilefilter

freeze

falltranslate

break

sleep

inspect

dofish

Cover letter

(http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/723/03/ )

What Is a Cover Letter? A cover letter introduces you and your resume to potential

employers or organizations you seek to join (non-profits, educational institutions, etc). It is the first document an employer sees, so it is often the first impression you will make. Take advantage of this important first impression and prepare the reader for your application, stating why you are writing, why you are a good match for the job and the organization, and when you will contact him or her.

Cover letters do more than introduce your resume, though. A cover letter's importance also includes its ability to:

Explain your experiences in a story-like format that works with the information provided in your resume

Allow you to go in-depth about important experiences/skills and relate them to job requirements

Show the employer that you are individualizing this job application Provide a sample of your written communication skills

Formatting your cover letter

Your cover letter should convey a professional message. Of course, the particular expectations of a professional format depend on the organization you are looking to join.

For example, an accounting position at a legal firm will re

quire a more traditional document format. A position as an Imagineer at Disney might require a completely different approach.

Again, a close audience analysis of the company and the position will yield important information about the document expectations. Let the organization's communications guide your work.

For this example, we are using a traditional approach to cover letters:

Single-space your cover letter Leave a space between each paragraph Leave 3 spaces between your salutation (such as "Sincerely" or

"Sincerely Yours") and typed name Leave a space between your heading (contact information) and

greeting (such as, "Dear Mr. Roberts")

Either align all paragraphs to the left of the page, or indent the first line of each paragraph to the right

Use standard margins for your cover letter, such as one-inch margins on all sides of the document

Center your letter in the middle of the page; in other words, make sure that the space at the top and bottom of the page is the same

Sign your name in ink between your salutation and typed name

What do I include in my cover letter heading?

The heading provides your contact information, the date you are writing, and the address of the company to which you are applying.

For your contact information, you will want to include the following: Your name The address where you can be reached (if you live at college, will it be more

accessible to include the local address or your permanent address?) Phone number Fax number (if applicable) E-mail address

Then, you will skip a line and write the full date (month, day, year). Follow this by skipping a space and writing the contact information for the person to whom you are writing: Name of the specific person Title of that person (if available) Address of the company The reason you write your phone/fax number and email address is to make it

easy for the company to contact you. You do not need to put this information down for the company itself.

Example:

Craig M. Leroix2987 W. Taylor Dr.Portland, OR 45720890-372-1262cmleroix@anywhere.com

February 2, 2005

Amy Kincaid, Human Resource DirectorWestern Electric, Inc.387 Collier LaneAtlanta, Georgia 30051

Addressing your cover letter

Whenever possible, you should address your letter to a specific individual, the person in charge of interviewing and hiring (the hiring authority). Larger companies often have standard procedures for dealing with solicited and unsolicited resumes and cover letters. Sending your employment documents to a specific person increases the chances that they will be seriously reviewed by the company.

When a job advertisement does not provide you with the name of the hiring authority, call the company to ask for more information. Even if your contact cannot tell you the name of the hiring authority, you can use this time to find out more about the company.

If you cannot find out the name of the hiring authority, you may address your letter to "hiring professionals" - e.g., "Dear Hiring Professionals."

The introduction

The body of your introduction can be organized in many ways. However, it is important to include, who you are and why you are writing. It can also state how you learned about the position and why you are interested in it.

(This might be the right opportunity to briefly relate your education and/or experience to the requirements of the position.)

Most important is to briefly overview why your values and goals align with the organization's and how you will help them. You should also touch on how you match the position requirements. By reviewing how you align with the organization and how your skills match what they're looking for, you can forecast the contents of your cover letter before you move into your argument.

The argument

Your argument is an important part of your cover letter, because it allows you to persuade your reader why you are a good fit for the company and the job. Carefully choose what to include in your argument.

You want your argument to be as powerful as possible, but it shouldn't cloud your main points by including excessive or irrelevant details about your past. In addition, use your resume (and refer to it) as the source of "data" you will use and expand on in your cover letter.

In your argument, you should try to:

Show your reader you possess the most important skills s/he seeks (you're a good match for the organization's mission/goals and job requirements).

Convince your reader that the company will benefit from hiring you (how you will help them).

Include in each paragraph a strong reason why your employer should hire you and how they will benefit from the relationship.

Maintain an upbeat/personable tone. Avoid explaining your entire resume but use your

resume as a source of data to support your argument (the two documents should work together).

The closing

Your closing restates your main points and reveals what you plan to do after your readers have received your resume and cover letter.

In your closing:

Restate why you align with the organization's mission/goals.

Restate why your skills match the position requirements and how your experience will help the organization.

Inform your readers when you will contact them. Include your phone number and e-mail address. Thank your readers for their consideration.

A sample closing:

I believe my coursework and work experience in electrical engineering will help your Baltimore division attain its goals, and I look forward to meeting with you to discuss the job position further. I will contact you before June 5th to discuss my application. If you wish to contact me, I may be reached at 765-555-6473, or by e-mail at jwillis3@e-mail-link.com. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Other tips When you tell readers you will contact them, it is imperative that

you do so. It will not reflect well on you if you forget to call a potential employer when you said you would. It's best to demonstrate your punctuality and interest in the company by calling when you say you will.

If you do not feel comfortable informing your readers when you will contact them, ask your readers to contact you, and thank them for their time. For example:

Please contact me at 765-555-6473, or by e-mail at jwillis3@e-

mail-link.com. I look forward to speaking with you. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Always proofread your cover letter carefully. Unless requested otherwise, always single space your

professional communication. Research the corporate website, read and try to understand their

mission statement.

Examples of cover letters

http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/coverltr-ex.html

http://www.cvtips.com/cover_letter_example.html

Guide to Basic Business Letters

A business letter serves the main purpose of communication between two companies, or it is a method to talk to different people within a business.

The purpose for business writings is to inform readers of information you want to get across or possibly persuade the readers to do something.

(http://esl.about.com/cs/onthejobenglish/a/a_basbletter.htm )(http://www.theenglishweb.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/letter_and_email_phrases.pdf )

Most problems with business letters are they are either hard to understand or very long and drawn out. One solution that many writers use to correct this problem is to double check the writing to make sure it follows the seven C's of business writing.

Clear Concise Correct Courteous Conversational Convincing Complete

The 7 C 's of business writing

Standard phrases for letters and emails

The Start

Dear Personnel Director, Dear Sir or Madam: (use if you don't know who you are writing to) Dear Dr, Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms Smith: (use if you know who you are writing to, and have a formal relationship with - VERY IMPORTANT use Ms for women unless asked to use Mrs or Miss)

Dear Frank: (use if the person is a close business contact or friend)

Making referencesletters emails

"With reference to your letter, I..."

With reference to your advertisement in the Times,

"In response to your letter, I can confirm..."

"With regard to your memo, I..."

"Following our phone conversation, I....."

"I am writing with reference to your enquiry.“

"Thank you for your letter of March 5th …"

About...

Following…

Thanks for your email.

your letter of 23 rd March,

your phone call today,

The reason for writing"Your name was given to me by (source)"

"My colleague, Ewan Jones, suggested that I write to you concerning …."

"I have been advised to contact you regarding your policy on insurance claims."

"I am the Marketing Manager of a search engine optimisation company, and I am writing to you

to ask if your company would be interested in promoting ..."

Ewan asked me to

write to you about…

Could you give me

some information

about…

Would you be

interested in …

Informingletters emails

"It has come to our notice that..."

"I am writing to inform you that..."

"Please be advised that..."

"I am writing to advise you that..."

Just to let you know…

A quick note to tell you…

Confirming"I am writing to confirm ...."

"I would like to confirm ...."

Just to confirm that…

Asking for information or adviceletters emails

"I am writing to enquire about ...."

"I would be interested to receive further details

about ...."

"Please could you give me the necessary

details concerning ...?"

"I would be grateful for your advice

concerning..”

"I would appreciate your advice on ..."

Can you tell me about…

Please tell me about…

I’d like some information about…

I’d like your advice about…

Could you tell me if…

Please let us know about…

Explaining and clarifying"I am writing to explain ..."

"I would like to clarify certain points regarding...”

"I would like to take this opportunity to clarify ..."

Here’s some information about..

Just to clarify…

Replying a request

letters emails"As you requested, I am enclosing a brochure

about our adventure holidays."

"As you suggested, I am sending you my CV."

"In answer to your enquiry, I am enclosing

information which I hope will be useful to you."

"As promised, I am sending you the..."

As requested,

As suggested,

Here is / Here are

As promised,

Requesting

Could you possibly? I would be grateful if you could…Could you give me some information about…

Making reference to something your reader knowsletters emails

"As you may already know / have heard, the

Production Division is merging with…"

As you probably know…

Saying thank you"Thank you for your letter in which you

enquired about …"

"Thank you for your advice regarding..."

"I am writing to thank you for your

assistance.”

Thanks for...

Making a suggestion or giving adviceletters emails

"In response to ..... may we suggest that you

contact ...."

"With regard to your enquiry about ... we advise

you to ... "

"We would like to advise all our customers to ..."

You could…

You can...

Why don’t you..

Enclosing"Please find enclosed ...."

"Enclosed please find ..."

"Enclosed is a ..."

"Enclosed are ...."

"I am enclosing a ..."

"I have pleasure in enclosing ..."

Please find attached a ...

Attached please find ...

Attached is ...

Apologizingletters emails

"Please accept our apologies for this

misunderstanding."

"We apologize for our mistake and we would

like to take this opportunity to assure you that it

will not happen again."

"We hope that this misunderstanding has

not caused you too much inconvenience."

Sorry for…

Sorry about…

We’re very sorry that…

We’re sorry to tell you that…

Unfortunately

I am afraid that

Referring to a meeting"I look forward to seeing you on …"

"I look forward to meeting you on …”

"I would be delighted to arrange a meeting

with you."

See you on…

Let’s meet up to discuss…

Would you be free to meet on…

Shall we meet up to discuss…

Asking for actionletters emails

"I would be grateful if this matter could be

resolved..."

"I would appreciate further information on …“

"I would be grateful for further advice."

"I would be grateful if you could send me...”

Could you…

Please could I have…

Please could you give me…

Please send me…

I look forward to hearing from

you soon / meeting / seeing you next Thursday.

Offering help"Please do not hesitate to contact me if I can

be of further assistance."

"If you would like any more information,

please do not hesitate to contact me on…"

"Please feel free to contact me again if I can

be of further assistance."

Let me know if you’d like any other information.

Feel free to contact me…

Excuse of delaying reply Thank you for your email regarding the quotation, and I am sorry for my late reply due to the business trip to China.

Thank you for your information. I am sorry that I didn’t get back to you earlier because I’ve been traveling a lot recently and I’m hardly in my office.

I have noted your email on May 10. Sorry, I didn’t reply earlier because I’ve been swamped wit work. I had a big project, which was due yesterday.

I am sorry for my late reply but I had a bad cold and stayed home for a few days.

Excuse of technical problems Thank you for your email on May 20. I regret that I couldn’t receive it until today because my hard drive crashed/my computer broke down/my server or internet connection was down / because of the virus.

I am sorry that I haven’t been able to respond to your email earlier because my computer was down and I couldn’t boot up. It too some time to fix it.

I am sorry that I couldn’t send you email for a few days because my email program has been very unstable, although I reinstalled it several times. Now, it works finally, so I’m writing you immediately.

Notification of holidays or absence I will be on maternity leave from May 2 to July 15. during my absence, please contact Miss Sylvia Lin who is my assistant and is also familiar with the details of your project/case/issue.

I am leaving for Hong Kong for a few days and will be back on July 20. during this period, I will still be checking my email. You can email me at this address. I’ll try to reply as soon as possible.

I will be traveling next week and won’t be back until June 20. While I am off/absent, Karen will take good care of your case/project/issue/matter.

I’ll be on vacation for one week beginning on Monday and will be back to work on July 30. you can contact Doris who will take care of the customer service.

Our office will be closed for 6 days, from January 20 till January 25 due to the Chinese New Year.

Expressing urgencyletters emails

"As this matter is now urgent, we would

appreciate a prompt reply."

"We look forward to hearing from you at your

earliest convenience."

"Due to the urgency of the situation, I would

appreciate receiving your advice as soon as

possible."

Please get back to me asap.

Please reply asap.

The finish

Yours faithfully, (If you don't know the name of the person you're writing to)

Yours sincerely, (If you know the name of the person you're writing to)

Best wishes,

Best regards, (If the person is a close business contact or friend)

Common types of business letters Acknowledgement letter This letter is meant to thank the reader for something they did for you

in the office. It could simply be saying thanks for receiving something the reader sent or maybe thanking them for their help with something. This type of letter is not required in a business environment, but it is appreciated.

Adjustment Letter This letter should be used in response to a written complaint against

someone or something. The purpose of it is to inform the reader that actions are being taken against the wrong doing as well as it serves as a legal document acknowledging the complaint.

Complaint Letter The complaint letter is much like the adjustment letter except no

wrong doing as taken place. Instead, this letter is just to let the reader know that an error as been found and needs to be corrected as soon as possible. This letter is a legal document letting the reader know that something is being done to correct the problem.

Inquiry Letter An inquiry letter is written as a request for a certain

something or in response to a request made by someone. The object of the inquiry letter is to get the object or material requested in the letter.

Order Letter Order letters are used to order material that is running

low and will be needed soon. This type of letter is commonly known as a PO (purchase order). This letter is also a legal document showing a transaction between a business and a vendor.

Response Letter It is a letter written in response to another letter received

by someone. The objective of this type of letter is to fulfill the request made by the person you are writing this letter to.

A sample letterKen's Cheese House 34 Chatley Avenue Seattle, WA 98765 Tel: Fax: Email: kenny@cheese.com October 23, 2006 Fred Flintstone Sales Manager Cheese Specialists Inc. 456 Rubble Road Rockville, IL Dear Mr Flintstone: With reference to our telephone conversation today, I am writing to confirm your order for: 120 x Cheddar Deluxe Ref. No. 856 The order will be shipped within three days via UPS and should arrive at your store in about 10 days. Please contact us again if we can help in any way. Yours sincerely, Kenneth Beare Director of Ken's Cheese House

Good writing etiquette People sometimes aren't always "aware" of the effect their

writing has on others. This is especially the case with emails, when people often don't check for mistakes before they send, or just as importantly, they don't put themselves in their reader's shoes and check for "tone".

Putting yourself in your reader's shoes means you try to anticipate what your reader will think when they get your email. Can what you write be interpreted differently to your intended meaning? Does it sound rude or will it offend?

Avoid these etiquette mistakes 1. Not acknowledging emails

If someone has taken the time and trouble to write to you, it's only polite to reply within a day or so. If you can't answer the person within this time frame, write something short to let them know you will answer more fully later.

"Thanks for your email. I'll get back to you within the next day / tomorrow / next week ."

If you're going on holiday and will be away for more than a few days, consider setting up an auto-responder to reply automatically to emails.

2. Not thanking someone for their work or inputIf someone has put in time to quote for a project or to give you some information, make sure you thank them. Making someone feel appreciated means that they are more likely to want to do business with you in the future.

"I'm sorry you didn't get the project, but thanks for your work.""Thank you for finding me the information about X. I really appreciate your help.“

3. Not using capital letters or proper punctuationIf you shorten words too much (would = wld; please = plse), don't punctuate your sentences, you not only appear uneducated, but you make your reader spend time trying to understand what you want to say. Neither of these things makes you look professional!

4. Sending short, unfriendly emailsIf you don't know someone particularly well, take the time to answer an email as fully as possible. Don't leave out important information, and don't answer questions with just one word.

5. Bombarding your reader with unnecessary informationA classic example of this is someone who sends an instant message, then an email to say he / she has sent a message. Choose your method of communication, and don't duplicate your messages.

6. Getting emotionalYou may feel frustrated or irritated with someone, but don't tell them that. Personal feelings don't usually have a place in business relationships - especially at the beginning when you don't know the other person very well. Try to remain as neutral as possible in your written communication.

7. Being aggressive or doing a hard sell

If you don't like the response you have received from someone, don't reply in an aggressive way, or try to justify what you want.

Chinese English translation

1. verb

2. subject

3. adjective

4. adverb

5. preposition

6. place

7. time / tense

8. transition signal

Translation tips Clause

Participial phrase

Infinitive

1. Sentence connector2. Appositive 3. Choosing proper words4. Attitude 5. Active or passive voice6. Other grammar rules : comparative

and superlative Adj.

Other tips

一些專家預測，極限運動將會變成

21 世紀的主要運動。

Practice 01

N (S) V

一些專家預測，極限運動將會變成 21 世紀的

主要運動。

Some experts predict that extreme sports wil

l become the major sports of the 21st cent

ury.

為了讓有限的能源，發揮最大的效

能，顧問團隊為規劃能源回收計畫，

也就是同時考慮水、電、空調的能源需求。

Practice 02

N (S)

V

為了讓有限的能源，發揮最大的效能，顧問團隊為規劃能源回收計畫，也就是同時考慮水、電、空調的能源需求。

For making the best and most efficient use of limited energy, the consulting team schemes the energy recycle plan considering the energy demands of water, electricity, air conditioning at the same time.

The consulting team considers the energy demands of water, electricity, air conditioning at the same time for developing the energy recycle plan in order to make the best use of limited energy.

Practice 03

台灣有一百六十萬名以上的十二歲以下兒童自己承認 , 他們是網路使用者 . 此外 , 據說還有很多年青人做了一些危險的行為 , 例如花大多時間上網 , 在網路上與陌生人交友 , 並透露給別人大多私人資料 .

V

N (S)

台灣有一百六十萬名以上的十二歲以下兒童自己承認 , 他們是網路使用者 . 此外 , 據說還有很多年青人做了一些危險的行為 , 例如花大多時間上網 , 在網路上與陌生人交友 ,並透露給別人大多私人資料 .

Over 1.6 million children under 12 in Taiwan admitted that they are Internet users; besides, many young people reportedly had risky behaviors such as spending too much time online, making friends with other internet users, giving out too much personal information.

Over 1.6 million Taiwanese children under 12 are self-pr

oclaimed Internet users, while many youths reportedly display risky behaviors — spending too much time online, befriending strangers on the Internet, and giving out too much personal information.

Web links

http://www.ehow.com/how_1370_write-formal-business.html (how to write business letters)

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/653/02/ (business sample letters )

http://esl.about.com/cs/onthejobenglish/a/a_basbletter.htm (Guide to Basic Business Letters )

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/549/01/ (Cover letters)