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Page 1: Vol.1 No.1 November 2018shihota.world.coocan.jp/top_page/I-LISSJapan.pdfwhich teacher librarians were placed. This means that about 32% of Japanese elementary school libraries have

Vol.1 No.1

November 2018

International Library and InformationScience Society Japan Chapter

国際図書館情報学会日本支部

ISSN 2433-7870

Page 2: Vol.1 No.1 November 2018shihota.world.coocan.jp/top_page/I-LISSJapan.pdfwhich teacher librarians were placed. This means that about 32% of Japanese elementary school libraries have

目次(Table of Contents)

巻頭言

LISSASPAC Japan から I-LISS Japan へ志保田務(I-LISS Japan Chapter 会長)…… 2

記念講演

Library and Information Science Education and Research in Korea :

Current Status and Prospect

(2017年 8月 12日 LISSASPAC JAPAN 設立セレモニーにおける記念講演)Dong-Geun OH(呉東根 啓明大学校教授,Co-President of I-LISS)…… 3

論 文

Library and Information Science Education in Japan :

Current Status and Future Prospects

Zensei OSHIRO(大城善盛 元同志社大学教授)…… 30

A Study of Library Policy in Japan :

Current Status and Future Prospects

Tsutomu SHIHOTA(志保田務 桃山学院大学名誉教授)…… 51

日本の図書館組織における専門職団体としての矜持とその溶解(前編)Tsutomu SHIHOTA(志保田務 桃山学院大学名誉教授)…… 56

国際図書館情報学会日本支部規約 ………………………………………………………………… 71

編集後記 大城善盛(Journal of I-LISS Japan 編集長)…… 74

Journal of I-LISS JapanVol.1, No.1 November 2018

Page 3: Vol.1 No.1 November 2018shihota.world.coocan.jp/top_page/I-LISSJapan.pdfwhich teacher librarians were placed. This means that about 32% of Japanese elementary school libraries have

巻頭言

LISSASPAC Japan から I-LISS Japan へ

志保田 務(I-LISS Japan Chapter 会長)

LISSASPAC(Library and Information Science Society for Asia and the Pacific:アジア太平洋図

書館情報学会)は 2016年 6月インドの SRM 大学を会場とした国際会合(ICIDL)の場で,14

か国から同志が寄り設立されました。この分野でアジア太平洋地域の研究交流を望んでいた志

保田務(桃山学院大学名誉教授,Ph.D.)と前川和子(元・大手前大学教授)が参加し,志保

田が副会長の一人に任命されました。帰国後 7月初旬,会員を募り LISSASPAC Japan Chapter

(日本支部)を 12名で設立し本部 SRM 大学へ届けました。2017年 8月 12日,支部設立のセ

レモニーを大阪府立中之島図書館別館で開催。諸挨拶のあと総会に入り支部会長に志保田務,

副会長に前川和子,事務局長に中村恵信・神戸松蔭女子学院大学教授が選出,承認されまし

た。続いて,本部会長(韓国図書館情報学会会長)の呉東根博士,長倉美恵子・元東京学芸大

学教授,大城善盛・元同志社大学教授が記念講演し,午後は韓国から 2本,日本から 4本の研

究発表がありました。この会合の予稿集を兼ね,Journal of LISSASPAC Japan Vol.1, No.1 を刊

行し,大城,長倉の講演全文と,その他の発表の要約,本部会長根),支部会長の挨拶文,会

員名簿,日本支部規約を掲載しました。国立国会図書館の制度に従い国際標準逐次刊行物番号

(ISSN 2433-2542)を取得したので“逐刊”の要件を満たすべく,半年後の 2018年 2月,同巻

No.2を発行しました。この号(No.2)の記事は,村上泰子・関西大学教授,大城善盛による

論文「21世紀カナダ・オンタリオ州における公共図書館サービス・システム」と,前号で紙

幅の都合から要約のみの掲載に止めた鎌田均(京都ノートルダム女子大学),Hyoung-Yeon

Lim(Kyungil University),立花明彦(静岡県立大学短大部),岡田大輔(相愛大学),Eungi

Kim(Keimyung University),それぞれの論文の全文と,本巻の編集長,前川和子による国際

学会出席報告を掲載しました。以上は足跡ですが,本稿の本旨は今後にあります。

2018年 3月,参加各国旧組織を纏め I-LISS : International Library and Information Science So-

ciety(国際図書館情報学会)へ改編が合意形成され,活動域を Asia-Pacific から International

(世界全域)へ広げました。同年 8月 18-19日バンコク総会に当支部からも 6名が参加し,大

城善盛が続くセッションの一つでキースピーカーを務めました。

当支部も同年 11月 10日旧規定に基づき総会を開催,I-LISS Japan Chapter と改称しました。

機関誌を Journal of I-LISS Japan と変更,巻号を一新しました(ISSN 2433-7870)。論文には英

文表示をします。

編集長は大城,編集次長は村上幸二(奈良学園大学登美ヶ丘図書館),編集委員は岡田大輔

(相愛大学),家禰淳一(奈良大学),山田美雪(兵庫県立大学)が任を継いでいます。このス

タッフを担当三役(志保田務,前川和子,中村恵信)が支えます。皆様,国際交流を楽しみ

に,奮ってご参画下さるようお願いします。

― 2 ―

Page 4: Vol.1 No.1 November 2018shihota.world.coocan.jp/top_page/I-LISSJapan.pdfwhich teacher librarians were placed. This means that about 32% of Japanese elementary school libraries have

論文

Library and Information Science Education in Japan :Current Status and Future Prospects

By Zensei OSHIRO(Former Professor at Doshisha Univ., Kyoto, Japan)

Abstract :

The article discusses current library and information science (LIS) education in Japan and considers

issues that might be addressed in the future. First, the general condition of public, academic, and

school libraries in Japan is discussed. Second, public library law, including regulations pertaining to

certification, is discussed. Third, school library law, including regulations pertaining to teacher

librarian certification, is discussed. Fourth, the general condition of academic libraries is discussed.

Fifth, LIS education, which is offered as a professional/academic discipline in nine universities, is

discussed. Lastly, the article summarizes several issues faced in current LIS education in Japan and

proposes some solutions.

1. Introduction

It is not well known that Japan has a great number of libraries of various kinds. At its website, the

Japan Library Association (JLA) offers an interesting description of Japanese libraries. This

description is available in English.1) The information, however, is more or less out-of-date and some

is not correct.

This article is organized as follows :

Chapter 1 : Introduction

Chapter 2 : Libraries and Library Staffing in Japan

Chapter 3 : Library Law and Education for Public Librarians

Chapter 4 : School Library Law and Education for Teacher Librarians and School Librarians

Chapter 5 : Education and Training for Academic Librarians

Chapter 6 : LIS education as a Professional/Academic Discipline at Japanese Universities

Chapter 7 : Discussion

Chapter 8 : Conclusion

Education and training for special librarians are not included in this article since special libraries

are so much complicated. The continuing education of librarians is also excluded, although it is a part

of LIS education.

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2. Libraries and Library Staffing in Japan

Table 1 shows statistical data about public libraries and their staffing in Japan in 2016. There were

3,280 public libraries altogether, with 58 prefectural libraries, 2,590 city libraries, and 722 town or

village libraries.2) All prefectures have their own libraries and 99% of the cities have their own

libraries, but only 59% of towns and villages have their own libraries.3) The condition of town and

village libraries is recognized as one of big problems in the Japanese library sector from the view

point of equal access to information.

Prefectural libraries, which are roughly comparable to state libraries in library-advanced countries,

are recognized as public libraries in Japan, and most of them loan library materials to patrons.

Children can also visit prefectural libraries and borrow materials, including children’s books.

Concerning library staffing in Japanese public libraries, Table 1 shows that there were 1,525 full-

time staff in 58 prefectural libraries in 2016, with 895 of them certified as either a public librarian or

a public library assistant. Those who have certification as either a public librarian or a public library

assistant are regarded as professionals in Japan. The same table shows that there were 8,147 full-time

staff in city libraries, with 4,114 of them being certified. And there were 722 full-time staff working

in either town or village libraries, with 406 of them being certified. There were 49 full-time staff in

privately-established public libraries, with 36 of them being certified.

Concerning the library directors, Table 1 shows that only six directors had certificates of public

librarianship in 58 prefectural libraries in 2016. Table 1 also shows that only 649 directors had those

certificates in 2,590 city libraries. The situation is almost the same with town, village, and private

libraries.

In addition, Table 1 shows that 4,114 professionals were working in the city libraries, which is

more than 50% of all staff. At first this seems quite high, compared to the percentage in library-

advanced countries. But one of the problems in public librarianship in Japan is that library assistants

are also considered to be professionals. Another problem is that there are many public libraries in

which no true professionals are working. The third problem is that the staff who hold library

certificates are not necessarily employed as professionals. Therefore, though in some libraries more

than 70-80% of them hold certificates of public librarianship, there is often no difference regarding

Table 1 Number of public libraries and staff in Japan in 2016

Prefectural City Towns andvillage Private Total

Libraries 58 2,590 613 19 3,280

full-time staff 1,525 8,147 722 49 10,443

Full-time librarians or assistant librarians 895 4,114 406 36 5,451

Directors holding librarian’s certificates 6 649 83 5 743

Source : Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan, 2017 (Library Yearbook, 2017). JLA, 2017, p.294.

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salaries, including fringe benefits, between these professionals and other staff.

Table 2 shows that there were a total of 1,666 libraries in academic institutions in 2016. Table 2

also shows that 289 of these were located in national universities, and 128 libraries were in

prefectural and city universities. There were 1,001 libraries in private universities, 187 libraries in

junior colleges and 61 libraries in technical colleges.

Concerning library staff, Table 2 shows that there were 4,705 full-time staff working in the

academic libraries in 2016. The table also shows that 1,574 full-time staff were working in 289

national university libraries, with 1,162 people holding public librarian’s certificates. 240 full-time

staff were working in 128 prefectural and city university libraries, with 172 people holding public

librarian’s certificates. 2,628 full-time staff were working in 1,001 private university libraries, with

1,981 people holding librarian’s certificates. 190 full-time staff were working in 187 junior college

libraries, with 153 people holding public librarian’s certificates. 73 full-time staff were working in 61

technical college libraries, with 32 people holding public librarian’s certificates.

It might sound peculiar to report how many staff in academic libraries hold public librarian’s

certificates. This is because there are neither laws nor regulations concerning academic librarians.

There are no formal education programs for academic librarianship. In other word, academic

librarianship in Japan has not been developed yet. Library services in academic libraries in Japan are

given by the staff who are employed as clerical staff and have received intensive continuing

education, including on-the-job training. It is one of the great problems of librarianship in Japan.

Table 3 shows that there were 19,945 libraries in elementary schools, 10,225 libraries in junior

high schools, 4,927 libraries in senior high schools, and 2,852 libraries in other kinds of schools in

2016. Japan has a School Library Law, stating that a school must have a school library. Therefore,

every school has some form of library. In 2016 there were only 13,557 elementary school libraries in

which teacher librarians were placed. This means that about 32% of Japanese elementary school

libraries have no teacher librarian. There are only 6,663 libraries in junior high schools in which

teacher librarians are placed. This means that about 35% of Japanese junior high school libraries have

no teacher librarian. There were 4,165 libraries in senior high schools in which teacher librarians

were placed. This means that about 15 % of Japanese senior high school libraries have no teacher

Table 2 Number of academic libraries and staff in Japan in 2016

Nationaluniv.

Prefecturalor city univ. Private univ.

Juniorcollege

Technicalcollege Total

Libraries 289 128 1,001 187 61 1,666

Full-time staff 1,574 240 2,628 190 73 4,705

Full-time staff holdingpublic librarian ceritificate 1,162 169 1,659 153 32 3,175

Source : Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan, 2017 (Library Yearbook, 2017). JLA, 2017, p.314.

― 32 ―

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librarian. However, high school libraries are well staffed, compared with elementary or junior high

school libraries. There were 1,637 libraries in other kinds of school in which teacher librarians were

placed. This means that about 43% of those libraries have no teacher librarian.

One of the problems of school libraries in Japan is that not every library has a teacher librarian as

stated above. Another problem is that school librarians in most elementary schools must teach all

subjects and manage classes just as other teachers do, and school librarians in most junior and senior

high schools must teach also specific subjects and manage classes just as other teachers do. They are

not full-time librarians, which is quite different from the case in library-advanced countries.

3. Library Law and Education for Public Librarians and Public Library Assistants

There is a law called the Library Act in Japan, which is a law for public libraries.4)

The Act states as follows :

(Librarians and Library Assistants)

Article 4. The professional personnel of libraries shall be called librarians (shisho) and library

assistants (shishoho) .

2. Librarians shall be engaged in the professional works of the libraries.

3. Library assistants shall assist librarians in their duties.

(Qualifications for Librarians)

Article 5. Those who satisfy one of the following provisions shall be qualified as librarians.

(1) Graduates of academic institutions who have completed library science courses under the

provisions of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

Ordinance.

(2) Graduates of academic institutions who have completed the training program for librarians

under the provisions of the next Article.

(3) Those who have three or more years of experience in the following positions and have

completed the training course for librarians under the provisions of the next Article (Article 6).

Article 5.1. Those who satisfy one of the following provisions shall be qualified as library assistants.

(1) Librarians.

Table 3 Number of school libraries in Japan in 2016

Elementaryschools

Junior highschools

Senior highschools

Other kindsof schools total

Libraries 19,945 10,225 4,927 2,852 35,097

Libraries having a teacher librarian 13,557 6,663 4,165 1,637 26,022

Source : Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Heisei 28 Nendo「GakkouToshokan no Genjou ni Kansuru Chousa」Kekka ni Tsuite (Gaiyou). (A summary of Conditions of SchoolLibraries, 2016). ttp : //www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/dokusho/link/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2016/10/13/1378073_01.pdf›[April 15, 2018]

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(2) Those who graduated from high school and have completed the training program for library

assistants under the provisions of the next Article (Article 6).

(3)… (omitted)

Article 6. Training courses for librarians and library assistants shall be conducted by academic

institutions that have been designated by MEXT.

2. The contents of the course of study, credits, and other necessary matters concerning the

successful completion of training courses for librarians and library assistants shall be provided by

MEXT Ordinance.

3.1 MEXT Ordinance and Certification for Public Librarians and Public Library Assistants

MEXT issued the Ordinance to Partially Revise Enforcement Regulation of Library Act in 2009.

The Enforcement Regulation states that those who desire to earn a certificate as a public librarian

must complete at least 24 credit hours of library science courses (22 credit hours of core courses and

2 credit hours of elective courses).5)

Those courses are as follows :

[Core Courses] (Each course is two credit hours)

*Lifelong learning

*Introduction to library science

*Library law, regulations and management

*Library and information technology

*Introduction to library services

*Information services

*Children’s services

*Seminar in information services

*Introduction to library and information resources

*Organization of information resources

*Seminar in information resources

[Elective Courses] (Each course is one credit hour)

(Two courses must be completed)

*Special topics in library science

*Special topics in library services

*Special topics in library and information resources

*History of books and libraries

*Library facilities

― 34 ―

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*Comprehensive seminar in library science

*Practicum

According to the Ordinance, those who desire to earn a certificate as a library assistant must

complete following library science courses.6)

*Life-long learning (1 credit)

*Foundation of library science (2 credits)

*Introduction to library services (2 credits)

*Reference services (1 credit)

*Reference materials (1 credit)

*Information retrieval (1 credit)

*Library materials (1 credit)

*Organization of library materials (2 credits)

*Seminar in organization of library materials (1 credit)

*Introduction to children’s services (1 credit)

*Special topics in library science (1 credit)

3.2 Academic Institutions That Offer Public Librarian Certification Programs

There were 160 universities and colleges that offered public librarian certification programs in

2017. In addition, there were 58 junior colleges that offered the same kind of programs.7) The courses

offered by most of these universities and colleges are the same as those mentioned in the MEXT

Ordinance. There were nine universities and colleges that offered summer intensive training programs

for public librarian certification in 2016. There was one junior college that offered the same kind of

intensive program.8)

4. School Library Law and Education for Teacher Librarians and School Librarians

There is School Library Act revised in 2014 in Japan.9) The Act states as follows :

(Teacher Librarian)

Article 5. There must be a teacher librarian in a school library who shall be engaged in the

professional work of the library.

2. A senior teacher, mentor, or teacher can be appointed as a teacher librarian. In such case, the

teacher must have completed the training program for teacher librarians.

3. (omitted)

4. MEXT Ordinance shall describe the courses for the training program.

5. The agency in charge of the school administration should make an effort to employ a school

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Page 10: Vol.1 No.1 November 2018shihota.world.coocan.jp/top_page/I-LISSJapan.pdfwhich teacher librarians were placed. This means that about 32% of Japanese elementary school libraries have

librarian (gakkou shisho)10) who shall be engaged in the professional works of the library on a full-

time basis.

(Supplementary provisions)

Concerning teacher librarians, a school to which the MEXT Ordinance does not apply does not

need to employ a teacher librarian. (The schools to which MEXT Ordinance applies are schools that

have 12 or more classes. Therefore, a school with fewer than 12 classes does not need to employ a

teacher librarian, regardless of the provision of the School Library Act.)

4.1 MEXT Ordinance and Certification for Teacher Librarians

MEXT issued an Ordinance in 2007 that states the regulations concerning the courses for training

programs for teacher librarians.11) The Ordinance states that a person who desires to earn a teacher

librarian certification must complete the following courses (each course is two credit hours).

*School administration and school library

*School library media and their organization

*Teaching and school library

*Reading and personality

*Use of information media

4.2 Model Curriculum for School Librarians Made by MEXT

MEXT developed a Model Curriculum for School Librarians in 2016 as follows (each course is

two credit hours) :12)

*Introduction to school librarianship

*Library and information technology

*Introduction to library and information resources

*Organization of library materials

*Seminar in organization of library materials

*School library services

*Information services in school libraries

*Introduction to school education

*Teaching and school library

*Reading and personality)

(Total : 10 courses and 20 credits)

When considering both the School Library Act and the MEXT Ordinance mentioned above, it is

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Page 11: Vol.1 No.1 November 2018shihota.world.coocan.jp/top_page/I-LISSJapan.pdfwhich teacher librarians were placed. This means that about 32% of Japanese elementary school libraries have

clear that a teacher librarian in Japan is a person who has a teacher’s license and has completed at

least ten credit hours of school librarianship. And in addition to a teacher librarian, school libraries in

Japan are supposed to provide another professional called a gakkou shisho the reason for this will

be explored later in this article.

4.3 Academic Institutions That Offer Teacher Librarian Certification Programs

There were 199 universities and colleges that offered teacher librarian certification programs in

2016, as well as 18 junior colleges.13) The courses offered by most of these universities and colleges

are the same as those mentioned in the MEX Ordinance. There were 41 universities and colleges, and

one junior college that offered summer intensive training programs for teacher librarian certification

in 2017.14)

5. Education and Training for Academic Librarians

There are neither acts nor regulations pertaining to academic librarians in Japan. In most academic

libraries. there is no librarian certified with professional credentials. It is a wonder that Japanese

academic libraries can function with such a personnel policy in the modern age. MEXT’s official

report compiles statistics about the number of staff in academic libraries who have public librarian

certification. The report in the future should compile statistics about the number of staff who have

professional or academic librarian certification, such as are always kept in other countries.

There is a MEXT Ordinance that can be understood to refer to academic (professional) librarians.

This is Standards for Establishment of Universities issued in 2006. The Article 38.3 of the Standards

states as follows.15)

Article 38.3. A university shall hire professionals and other full-time staff for the library so that the

library can function.

This Article can be interpreted to mean that universities are supposed to employ certified academic

librarians in their libraries. However, some administrators in the academic community state that the

reference to “professionals” in the Ordinance doesn’t necessarily apply academic librarians. MEXT

should persuade these administrators that the expectation of hiring professionals in the Ordinance also

applies to academic librarians. JLA, as a professional body, seems to be also responsible for this

misunderstanding. JLA should take some action to correct this it has not taken any action on this

matter so far.

Even if it were clearly understood that the “professionals” in the Ordinance would include

professional librarians, there will be another problem. There are neither documents nor regulations

that outline the qualifications for certified academic librarians in Japan. MEXT should be blamed for

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the lack of these documents or regulations. JLA also carries some blames for this. JLA has not made

any effort on this matter so far. Organizations with institutional memberships such as Japan

Association of National University Libraries and Japan Association of Private University Libraries

have also made no effort to establish standards for professional librarianship in the academic libraries.

However, there are some universities that provide LIS education as a professional/academic

discipline so that their students may pursue their careers in the library sector, including in academic

libraries. The following chapter discusses LIS education at these universities.

6. LIS Education as a Professional/Academic Discipline at Japanese Universities

There are about nine universities that offer LIS education as a professional/academic discipline. A

“professional/academic discipline” means, in this article, that LIS education is provided as a course of

study or a departmental discipline in undergraduate programs, or as a graduate program, excluding

the certification program mentioned above. Following are descriptions of the course of study in

universities with these programs in 2016-2018.

6.1 Keio University

One of those universities that offer an LIS program as a professional/academic discipline is Keio

University, which is a private university. Keio University is the oldest university that has offered LIS

education as such a discipline. The School of Library and Information Science of Keio University

was set up in 1951. The American Library Association helped in the early days of the program.

Robert L. Gitler, who was then dean of the University of Washington library school, was invited to

serve as the first director of the School. The objectives of the School were 1) to train professionals

for various types of libraries or information-related organizations, 2) to provide continuing education

for staff members working in libraries, and 3) to promote research in the field of LIS. The school has

produced many leading librarians, information specialists, researchers, and faculty members since its

establishment.16)

The School began to offer a master’s degree program in 1967, with emphasis on information

science, and a PhD program in 1975. The School has eight full-time faculties, teaching in both

undergraduate and graduate programs in 2018. The School accepts from 50 to 60 new students every

year in the undergraduate program.17)

The master’s degree program of the School is divided into the two courses of study : the LIS

course of study (MA in LIS) and the Information Resource Management course of study. The

objectives of the LIS course of study are the advancement of LIS research as well as the training of

highly specialized professionals. All courses are at advanced level compared to those offered in the

undergraduate program. The LIS MA program is composed of three majors : information systems,

information media, and information retrieval and processing.

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The Information Resource Management course of study aims at the continuing education of

librarians and other information professionals. This course of study was set up in 2004. It emphasizes

teaching of both current information and communication technology and administration of

information centers. This course of study also emphasizes the development of communication and

problem-solving skills through discussions with professionals and the faculty.

It takes two years for students to complete in either course of study, Students are conferred a

master’s degree when they complete course-works and submit a master’s thesis, which is a common

practice in the master’s programs in Japan. The number of students enrolled in 2016 in the LIS

course of study (MA in LIS) and the Information Resource Management course of study is 7 and 18,

respectively.

The partial curriculum for a master’s degree in LIS includes the following courses :

Advanced information science, Seminar of advanced information science, Advanced information

media, Seminar of advanced information media, Advanced information storage and retrieval, Seminar

of advanced information storage and retrieval, Advanced information systems, Seminar of advanced

information systems, Research methods, Information analysis.

The objectives of the PhD degree program are the advancement of the LIS discipline and training

of researchers. The required period of attendance is three years. Under the guidance of a supervisor, a

student prepares for a dissertation, together with course work comprising at least four credits each

year. Six students were enrolled in the PhD degree program in 2016.18)

6.2 University of Tsukuba

The second university that offers an LIS program as a professional/academic discipline is

University of Tsukuba, which is a national university. The University has the College of Knowledge

and Library Sciences (as a part of School of Informatics) as an undergraduate program and the

Graduate School of Library, Information and Media Studies as a graduate program in 2018.

LIS education at the University of Tsukuba originated in the Junior College of Library Science,

established in 1964. The Junior College began to teach information science in 1971, which was called

“documentation” at that time. In 1979 the College was restructured into the University of Library and

Information Science (ULIS), a national university. ULIS began offering master’s and doctoral

programs in 1984 and in 1999, respectively. In 2002 ULIS was consolidated with the University of

Tsukuba, and the names of its undergraduate and graduate programs were changed to its present form

in 2006.

The College of Knowledge and Library Sciences, which is an undergraduate program, has the

following three courses of study :19)

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1) Knowledge Sciences Course of Study

In this course, students will understand the essence of knowledge, knowledge and information

action, and knowledge acquisition. They will also develop the ability to formalize knowledge and

learn search and collection technology, methods of communication, the intermediation technique of

information and knowledge, and the technique of extracting knowledge while treating data

analytically.

2) Knowledge Information Systems Course of Study

In this course, students will learn the classification and construction of knowledge information,

offering and sharing technology on knowledge information in the Web, various expressions of

knowledge information and database technology for management, information retrieval techniques for

extracting useful information from knowledge information, and the advancing technology of a

knowledge information system, such as a digital library.

3) Information Resources Management Course of Study

In this course, students will acquire knowledge and methods for planning and managing

information service institutions, such as libraries, organizations, and communities. They will also

learn the management and application of knowledge information designing, building, and managing

of a social system of knowledge information and the characteristics, culture, and history of various

information media.

The College accepts about 100 new students every year. The College, in addition to a bachelor’s

program, offers both public librarian and teacher librarian certification programs.

The Graduate School of Library, Information and Media Studies of the University offers four kinds

of master’s degrees : MSc (Informatics), MSc (Library and Information Studies), MSc (English

program for Library and Information Studies), and MSc (practitioner-focused program for Library and

Information Studies), in addition to a Ph D. program.. The MSc program for Informatics is designed

for those who would desire to pursue a career as information system administrators, media creators,

and system designers, emphasizing the special studies of information technologies.

The MSc program for Library and Information Studies is designed for those who would like to

pursue a career as academic faculty members, professional librarians or archivists who are

knowledgeable about issues such as copyright, privacy, security, information distribution, and related

social systems.

The MSc English program for Library and Information Studies is designed for international

students who would like to pursue a career as information professionals in the global context. This

program is provided to offer foreign students an opportunity to learn Japanese advanced information

technologies, and resources and management skills. This is a two-year program and may be

completed in English only.

The MSc (practitioner-focused) program for Library and Information Studies is designed for those

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who are currently working in the LIS sector and would like to advance their knowledge and skills.

This program is offered for part-time students. The students in other programs are not allowed to

convert to this program because of significant differences in the educational methods.

Focusing on the MSc program for Library and Information Studies, the courses offered in 2018 are

as follows :20)

Core Courses (each 2 credits)

Nature of knowledge and information, System thinking, Internet and law, Management and

utilization of the intellectual property, History of libraries and media, Information seeking and

retrieval, Information behavior, Needs analysis and project management, Technical communication,

Communication and culture, Seminars in information media (I-V)

Elective Courses (each 2 credits)

Students must elect 20 credit hours of courses listed in the Elective of the Graduate School of

Library, Information and Media Studies, including at least 12 credit hours of courses from the list

below these are in the field of library and information studies.

Text analysis, Digital documents, Digital libraries, Digital archiving, Management of documents,

Organization of information media, Metadata, Public management, Public libraries, Library and

information services in cultural diverse communities, Administration of libraries, Media education,

Administration of school library media centers, Higher education and information professionals,

Academic information infrastructure, Development of learning environment, Resources and culture,

Classical documents and bibliography

There are 53 students in total enrolled in the four master’s programs and nine students in the

doctoral program in 2018. A total of 44 faculty members are teaching in both the undergraduate

College of Knowledge and Library Sciences and in the Graduate School of Library, Information and

Media Studies.21)

The College is a member of iSchools. It conducts world-class research and provides international

education programs. It has also joined CiSAP (Consortium of iSchools Asia Pacific), and promotes

collaboration among Asia-Pacific information schools.

6.3 Aichi Shukutoku University

The third university that offers an LIS program as a professional/academic discipline is Aichi

Shukutoku University, which is a private university. The Faculty of Human Informatics of the

University, which is an undergraduate department, is organized into three courses of study :

“Psychonomic Science,” “Information Design and Systems,” and “Library and Information Science.”

In the field of LIS, there are seven faculty members. Students make inquiries into knowledge and

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techniques of information management in order to grasp the unique nature and properties of human

beings from both a psychological and engineering viewpoint, with the goal of better use of

information on a higher and more effective level.22)

The partial LIS curriculum in 2016 included following courses :23)

Information processing, Seminar in information retrieval, Introduction to library and information

systems, Media studies, Information services, History of information and communication, Information

use, Seminar in retrieval of academic information, Children’s services, Cognitive information systems,

Seminar in subject analysis, Social information systems, Scholarly communication, Academic

information systems, Seminar in data mining, symbol processing, Behavior of information retrieval,

School management and school library, Musical information services, Digital archives.

The University also offers a Library and Information Science major in the Department of Creativity

and Culture, Graduate School of Creativity and Culture. The program was formerly Library and

Information Science Course of Study in the Department of Literature, Graduate School of Letters. It

was reorganized into its present form in 2013.

The LIS program encompasses a broad range of education and research in such areas as

information media, information services, and information systems. Drawing on these theoretical

foundations, it also encompasses applications in an array of areas, including research into information

media functions and information distribution and services ranging from print to digital media,

management of knowledge information resources, searching for information, information search

behavior, information systems, knowledge and information processing, human engineering, and

computational science.24)

6.4 The University of Tokyo

The fourth university that offers an LIS program as a professional/academic discipline is the

University of Tokyo, which is a national university. The University has a Department of Lifelong

Learning Infrastructure Management within its (graduate) School of Education. The Department

consists of three sections : “Lifelong Learning,” “Social Education,” and “Library and Information

Science.”

The University of Tokyo has been one of the most productive universities in educating LIS

researchers and academic faculty in Japan. LIS education at the undergraduate level is offered in the

Division of Educational Practices and Policies. There is one full-time faculty and another joint-

appointed faculty together they taught one undergraduate, two master’s and five doctorate students

in 2016.25)

The partial curriculum in the undergraduate program includes the following courses :26)

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Introduction to library and information science, Management of library and information, Media in

library and museum, Library services, Reading instruction, Information resources, Organization of

information, Services in the academic library, History of library culture, School management and

school library, History of books and libraries

6.5 Kyoto University

The fifth university that offers an LIS program as a professional/academic discipline is Kyoto

University, which is a national university. The University has the Faculty of Education as an

undergraduate program and the Graduate School of Education as a graduate program. The Graduate

School is made up of eleven courses of study. One of these is Lifelong Education and Library and

Information Science, which has three faculty members. The program of LIS education at Kyoto

University offers master’s and doctoral degrees, in addition to public librarian and teacher librarian

certification programs. Kyoto University has only one professor in the field of LIS. The students

majoring in LIS are a few. Kyoto University, however, is one of the few universities that offer both

master’s and Ph D. programs in the LIS field.27)

6.6 Tsurumi University

The sixth university that offers an LIS program as a professional / academic discipline is Tsurumi

University, which is a private university. The University set up a Department of Library, Archival

and Information Studies as part of its School of Literature in 2004. The Department had only an

undergraduate program in 2017, with seven faculty and 271 students enrolled. The features that the

Department emphasizes are as follows :28)

(1) Students learn library science, archiving and information studies simultaneously.

(2) Students are each provided with the latest model PC notebook to use during their four years of

studies at the university.

(3) The curriculum is designed so that students can earn public librarian or teacher librarian

certificates.

(4) Library internships for credit as well as job-hunting support are available.

The partial curriculum of the Department of Library, Archival and Information Studies includes the

following courses :29)

Library science, Introduction to information system, Documentation, Introduction to networking,

Introductory computing, Introduction to databases, Introduction to information services, Library and

information resources, Library and information technology, Children’s services, Book culture,

Foundation of bibliography, Japanese bibliography, Digital publishing, Classic books, Old

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manuscripts, Programming, Databases.

6.7 Chuo University

The seventh university that offers an LIS program as a professional/academic discipline is Chuo

University, which is a private university. Library and information science education is a major in the

Social Informatics Course of the Department of Human and Social Science of the University. Another

major in the Social Informatics Course is that of Information and Communication. LIS education at

the University is oriented to produce librarians, information searchers, information managers, and

systems engineers as professionals. About 50 students were enrolled in the LIS field in 2017, taught

by two faculty members.

The partial curriculum in the field of LIS in 2017 included the following course :30)

Social informatics, programming, Introduction to social statistics, Introduction to library and

information science, Library services, Library and information technology, Design of information

systems, Management of library and information centers, Networking technology, Multi-media

technology, Special materials, Information services, History of books and libraries, Databases,

Artificial intelligence, Processing of natural language, Digital library, Hypertext, School librarianship,

Reading and personality, Teaching and school Library, Children’s services, Use of information media.

6.8 Kyushu University

The eighth university that offers an LIS program as a professional/academic discipline is Kyushu

University, which is a national university. The University set up a Department of Library Science as a

part of the Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences in 2011. The University defines “Library

Science” as a science in which researchers research a new place (called a library) that secures the

user-oriented information management and presentation, and supports the creation and inheritance of

new knowledge. A “library” here is meant as a place where a new way of information management

and presentation is researched by an integrated methodology, regardless of whether the materials are

published print materials or unpublished archival documents.31)

The partial courses of the graduate LIS program in 2016 were as follows :32)

Information management, Information system, Information services, Information laws, Learning

science, Development of digital resources, Communication, Information services and copyright,

Preservation of information resources, Library management, Library policy, Reference services,

Library resources, Management of documents, Evaluation of information, Data mining, Information

security, Seminar in databases.

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The Department also offers a doctoral program. There were 12 faculty members, 14 students in the

master’s program, and 11 doctoral students in the Department in 2016.33) The University set up a new

kind of LIS program since the University was not satisfied with previous LIS programs in Japan. It is

expected that the University will be one of the leading universities that offer new kinds of LIS

programs in the future.

6.9 Doshisha University

Doshisha University, which is a private university, offers a program of Library and Information

Science in the Department of Policy and Management, Graduate School of Policy and Management.

The program was established in 2015. The program is unique in Japan since it was not founded upon

an undergraduate program. The program is provided by two faculty members, supported by more than

20 adjunct professors.

The partial curriculum in LIS in 2016 included the following courses :34)

Library science, Foundation of information theory, Library and information science, Information

media, Information society, Library and information technology, Information policy, Public library,

Academic library, School library, Special library, National library, Digital publishing and library,

Scholarly media, Management of metadata, Social networking, Library services, Information services,

Children’s services, Library use, Government information, Scholarly information, Library system and

open data, Archival studies, Digital humanities, Archival policy, Information literacy.

In addition to the nine universities described above, there are several other universities which offer

LIS as a minor within the fields of education, communication, social information systems, etc.,

excluding the certification programs mentioned in chapter 3 and 4. These programs, however, are

omitted in this article.

7. Discussion

There are several problematic issues regarding the present condition of LIS education in Japan.

One of these issues is that there are too many public-librarian and teacher-librarian certification

programs and that students can earn these certificates even at junior colleges. The graduates of these

programs cannot find employments in libraries. It is estimated that about 10,000 students earn a

public librarian certificate each year, but only about 200 students find employments in libraries.

Although this situation persists, Japanese students are still interested in earning these certificates.

Many academic institutions also emphasize in their college catalogs that they offer these certification

programs. Why are Japanese students interested in these certificates? And why do many academic

institutions emphasize that they offer these certification programs? It is hard to answer these

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questions. It seems partly because Japanese students are more or less disappointed with their college

education. Therefore they would like to earn any certificate, as a kind of evidence of having received

a college education. Another question arises as to why those academic institutions, which attract

many students to their certification programs, do not try to raise the level of their programs so that

their students may have better chances to be employed as librarians. The answer to this question

might be that those institutions are not interested in educating future librarians, but are just interested

in attracting and enrolling many new students to their universities. This situation is not good for

Japanese librarianship. People in Japanese library fields should make an effort to change this situation

in order to establish a high level of professional librarianship.

As far as public librarianship is concerned, as Table 1 shows, only six directors have certificates of

public librarianship in 58 prefectural libraries, and only 649 directors are certified in 2,590 city

libraries. This is another issue in Japanese librarianship. It means that Japanese society generally

believes that public libraries do not need professional staff, particularly in management, although

people in library fields do believe that public libraries need professional staff.

The academic institutions that offer public librarian certification programs are required to employ at

least two full-time faculty members, according to MEXT’s official notice. In other words, MEXT

expects that at least two library and information science specialists teach at the program. And two

faculty members are indeed listed at the most of those institutions. This means that there are more

than 400 faculty members since there were more than 200 academic institutions that offered such

programs in 2017, as stated in chapter 3. However, there are not many faculty members who have

published articles in academic journals related to library and information science. Therefore, many of

them are not qualified to teach in the academic programs.

There are about nine universities that offer LIS education as a professional/academic discipline in

Japan, as stated in chapter 6. Considering this number of universities, it seems to be possible that the

MEXT Ordinance regarding public librarian certification will be elevated to requiring BA or BS

degrees (majoring in LIS). But many faculty members currently teaching in public librarian

certification programs will probably oppose to such a revision because they might lose their positions.

Such reform, however, is necessary to make public librarianship in Japan comparable to that of

library-advanced countries.

Concerning teacher librarians and their education in Japan, one of the issues is whether ten credit

hours of school librarianship are enough or not. According to the MEXT Ordinance, the requirement

used to be eight credit hours of school librarianship, before its revision in 1998. Since then there has

been no discussion in the school library field about whether ten credit hours of school librarianship,

as currently required, are adequate.

In addition, there are two more big issues. Thanks to the MEXT Ordinance, there are teacher

librarians in almost all the schools that have more than 12 classes. Those teacher librarians, however,

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are not working in school libraries on a full-time basis. They are assigned almost the same number of

tasks as other teachers. This is the way the MEXT Ordinance is understood by the local boards of

education, which have the authority to hire and oversee teachers and other school staff in their school

districts. Though MEXT recommends that the local boards of education shall employ full-time

teacher librarians, most of them do not follow MEXT’s advice. It is not clear whether it is because

those boards do not have enough money to employ full-time teacher librarians or whether it is

because they just do not understand importance and values of school libraries.

As stated in chapter 4, school library law, revised in 2014, states that local boards of education

should make an effort to employ school librarians (gakkou shisho), in addition to teacher librarians,

who will be engaged in the professional works of the library on a full-time basis. This is a quite

different idea compared with that of other countries in which school librarianship is advanced. The

author suspects that this revision in 2014 was made because the local boards of education have not

employed teacher librarians on a full-time basis. This is a new experiment in the field of school

librarianship. If this experiment succeeds in the future, this will be one of the models of school

librarianship in the world.

Concerning education for academic librarians in Japan, it was made clear that there are neither acts

nor regulations in Japan, as described in chapter 5. The educational system and educational policies in

Japan are greatly influenced by the national government. So the MEXT Ordinance has great

importance in shaping Japan’s educational policies, including library policies. Japanese universities,

however, do not need to comply with the MEXT Ordinance as far as their library personnel are

concerned. As described in chapter 6, there are about nine universities that offer LIS programs as a

professional/academic discipline. So what administrators in the universities should do is to employ

those LIS graduates of these nine universities and appoint them as academic (professional) librarians.

But they do not do this. They do not seem to understand the value of what academic librarians

contribute in their students’ learning. They seem to prefer to treat all library staff as university

general staff, rather than to professionalize their library staff. The Japan Library Association, as a

professional body, should make an effort in order to change this situation.

We can say that there are three levels of LIS education in Japan : certificate, undergraduate (BA or

BS), and graduate. While it is expected that the universities that offer LIS education at undergraduate

and graduate levels may contribute to advance LIS in Japan in the future, it is found that some of

these universities do not emphasize (or even disregard) education for public librarians. The author

argues that the most important library in Japan is the public library, which is a social institution based

on the democratic principle “of the people, by the people and for the people,” aspiring to meet the

intellectual, educational, informational and recreational needs of the community. The author also

argues that the most important LIS education in Japan should be one for public librarianship.

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8. Conclusion

LIS education in Japan, including the state of libraries and library staffing, was described and

discussed in this article. It was identified that LIS education in Japan has many problems, compared

with those in other advanced countries. The Japan Society of Library and Information Science has

also worried about the condition of LIS education in Japan. The Society set up a research project in

2003 called LIPER (Library and Information Professional Education Reform) in order to draw up a

blueprint to restructure LIS education. The Society published a final report of the project in 2006

under the title “LIPER Report.”

The report’s major findings are as follows :35)

1) The structure of Japanese LIS education has remained unchanged for last 50 years, and the gap

between Japanese and overseas LIS education has ever been increasing.

2) The curricula and contents of LIS education in Japan are neither well structured nor integrated

into higher education programs.

3) Very few people who obtain a librarian’s certificate get employed in libraries.

4) Teaching of new areas, including IT and user behavior, is needed.

5) Many students seek to earn a public librarian certificate even though employment opportunities

for full-time librarians are quite limited.

Many of those findings are the same as the author discussed in this article. What is needed most in

today’s Japan seems to be much stronger advocacy programs by JLA, including one by library and

information science professors and practicing librarians.

Notes and References1)Japan Library Association, Brief Information on Libraries in Japan. https : //www.jla.or.jp/portals/0/html/

libraries-e.html› [April 15, 2018]2)Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan, 2017 (Library Yearbook, 2017). JLA, 2017, p.294.3)Ibid.4)Toshokan Hou (Library Act). http : //law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S25/S25HO118.html› [April 16, 2018]. The

Library Act before its revision is available in English at the following web site : Library Law. http : //www.jla.or.jp/portals/0/html/law-e.html› [April 16, 2018]

5)Toshokan Hou Sikou Kisoku (Enforcement Regulation of the Library Act). http : //law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S25/S25F03501000027.html› [April 16, 2018]

6)Ibid.7)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Sisho Yousei Kamoku Kaikou Ichiran

(Heisei 27 nen) (A List of Universities and Colleges that Offer Public-Librarian Certification Programs(2015)). http : //www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shougai/gakugei/shisyo/04040502.htm› [April 20, 2018]

8)Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan, 2017., op.cit., p.102.9)Gakkou Toshokan Hou (School Library Act). http : //law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S 28/S28HO185.html› [April

17, 2018]10)“School librarian” is a literal translation of the Japanese term “gakkou shiso.” The duties of a school

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librarian (gakkou shisho) are close to those of a library technician in the U. S. The school library law,which was enacted in 1953, states that there must be teacher librarians in school libraries. The Act alsostated, until it was revised in 1997, that local board of education could postpone hiring school librarians fora while. Thanks to this provision, many school libraries had been managed by the people who were notcertified as teacher librarians. Most school libraries are still managed by these people. They are actuallyclerical workers. But often times they have informally been called “gakkou shisho” (school librarian). Since2014, when the School Library Law was revised, “gakkou shisho” has become an official term (a legalterm). Most of these “school librarians” do not have teaching certificates, but often times have publiclibrarian certificates. This history of school librarianship is unique to Japan.

11)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Gakkou Toshokan Sisho Kyouyu KoushuuKitei (Regulations of Training Program for Teacher Librarians). http : //law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=1&H_NAME=%8Aw%8DZ%90%7D%8F%91%8A%D9%8Ei%8F%91%8B%B3%97%40%8Du%8FK%8BK%92%F6&H_NAME_YOMI=%82%A0&H_NO_GENGO=H&H_NO_YEAR=&H_NO_TYPE=2&H_NO_NO=&H_FILE_NAME=S29F03501000021&H_RYAKU=1&H_CTG=1&H_YOMI_GUN=1&H_CTG_GUN=1› [Feb. 10, 2014]

12)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Gakkou Shisho no Moderu Karikyuramu(Model Curriculum for School Librarians). http : //www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/dokusho/link/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2016/12/19/1380587_01_1.pdf › [Feb. 19, 2018]

13)Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan, 2017., op.cit., p.102.14)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Gakkou Toshokan Shisho Kyouyu Koushuu

Jisshi Youkou (Heisei 29 nen do) (Beppyou 1) (Training Programs for teacher librarians, 2017Supplementary Table 1). http : //www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/1385814.htm›) [Feb. 19, 2014]

15)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Daigaku Secchi Kijun (Standards forEstablishment of Universities). http : //www.lawdata.org/law/htmldata/S31/S31F03501000028.html› [April20, 2018]

16)Keio University, The School of Library and Information Science. http : //www.flet.keio.ac.jp/slis/index_e.html› [April 18, 2018]

17)Keio University, Keio Gijuku Daigaku Bungakubu・Keio Gijuku Daigaku Daigakuin Bungaku Kenkyuuka・Toshokan Jouhougaku Senkou (Library and Information Science, Faculty of Undergraduate and GraduateSchool, Keio University). ‹http : //web.flet.keio.ac.jp/slis/index.html›) [April 18, 2018]Japan Society of Library and Information Science, Toshokan Jouhougaku Kyouiku no Hirogari to Kongo noHoukousei ni Kansuru Chousa Houkokusho (2017 nen 3 gatu)(Research Report of Library and InformationScience Education (March 2017.). p.8-19. ‹http : //old.jslis.jp/publications/JSLIS-EduWG-Report.pdf› [April18, 2018]

18)Japan Society of Library and Information Science, op.cit.19)University of Tsukuba Lectures : College of Knowledge and Library Sciences. ‹https : //klis.tsukuba.ac.jp/

goal_eng.html› [April 21, 2018]20)University of Tsukuba, Toshokan Jouhougaku Shuusi Puroguramu (Master’s Program in LIS). https : //

www.tsukuba.ac.jp/education/g-courses/pdf/kamoku/2018/88-2.pdf› [April 21, 2018]21)University of Tsukuba College of Knowledge and Library Sciences, School of Informatics. ‹http : //klis.

tsukuba.ac.jp/› [April 21, 2018]22)Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi Shukutoku University. ‹https : //www.aasa.ac.jp/english/about/pdf/asu-

brochure.pdf› [April 20, 2018]23)Japan Society of Library and Information Science, op.cit., p.36-41.24)Aichi Shukutoku University, Graduate School of Creativity and Culture, Department. of Creativity and

Culture . ‹https : //www.aasa.ac.jp/english/faculties/graduate.html› [April 20, 2018]25)Japan Society of Library and Information Science, op.cit., p.46-50.26)Ibid.

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27)Kyoto University. Graduate School of Education, and Faculty of Education, Kyoto University. ‹ http : //www.educ.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/graduate-school-of-education› [April 22, 2018] Japan Society of Library andInformation Science, op.cit., p.64-65.

28)Tsurumi University, School of Literature. ‹https : //www.tsurumi-u.ac.jp/site/en/literature.html› [April 22,2018]

29)Japan Society of Library and Information Science, op.cit., p.73-75.30)Ibid., p.70-72.31)Kyushu University, Raiburari- Saiensu Toha?. (What is library science?). http : //lss.ifs.kyushu-u.ac.jp/?page

_id=9› [May 13, 2018]32)Japan Society of Library and Information Science, op.cit., p.51-57.33)Ibid.34)Doshisha University, Doshisha Daigaku Daigakuin Sougou Seisaku Kagaku Kenkyuuka Sougou Seisaku

Kagaku Senkou (Course of Library and Information Science, Department of Policy and Management,Graduate School of Policy and Management) . ‹http : //www.slis.doshisha.ac.jp/grad/› [April 22, 2018]Japan Society of Library and Information Science, op.cit., p.76-81.

35)Japan Society of Library and Information Science, LIPER Houkokusho (LIPER Report). 2006. http : //old.jslis.jp/liper/report 06/report.htm› [April 22, 2018]

*A shorter version of this article was presented at the 1st International Conference on Library and InformationScience : “From Open Library to Open Society,” Aug. 18-19, 2018, Nonthaburi, Thailand.**The author appreciates Marcia Kemble for having reviewed this article. She is a former librarian and archi-

vist at the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii.

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論文

A Study of Library Policy in Japan :Current Status and Future Prospects

By Tsutomu SHIHOTA(St. Andrew’s University, Japan)

Abstract :

This article describes and discusses 1) library affairs in Japan in the latter 20 th century, 2) library

affairs in the first part of the 21st century, focusing mainly on public libraries and school libraries,

and 3) library affairs and laws concerning Japanese libraries in the first part of the 21st century,

including future prospects.

Introduction

The organization and administration of libraries in a nation is usually built under a pyramid system

with the national central library at the top. In Japan, however, library rules and administration have

been separately established according to the type of library. The types of libraries in Japan are listed

below.

1. The National Diet Library (an organ of the national assembly) was established by the National Diet

Library Law in 1948.

2. Public libraries (belonging to the Ministry of Education and Science MEXT) were established by

the Library Law in 1950. Most public libraries fall under the financial organization of local

governments. In turn, local governments are under the administration of the Ministry of Internal

Affairs and Communications (MIC).

3. School libraries (which belong to MEXT and MIC) were established by the School Library Law in

1953.

4. University libraries are established, though not through any specific law.

5. Special libraries that focus on various fields are established, though not through any specific law.

The National Diet Library is not immediately concerned with the other types of libraries. Here, I

discuss the Japanese laws and policies concerning libraries in the last 20 years, focusing on public

libraries.

1. Library affairs in Japan in the latter 20th century

In the second half of the 20th century, Japanese public libraries were hit hard. In 1998, they were

said to suffer a “swarm earthquake” as a result of de-regulation politics by the Japanese national

government concerning the Library Law and its enforcement rules.

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1. Abolition of the article of subsidization of public libraries by the government.

2. Abolition of the article granting license for head librarians to be given subsidies to build libraries

3. Abolition of the article on minimum standards for libraries, including librarian placement criteria

These changes were seen in revisions made to the Library Law and its enforcement rules in 1999.

The Act on the Promotion of Private Finance Initiative, called the PFI Law, was enacted in July

1999. This law changed the Local Autonomy Law to allow the privatization of some public services,

including library services. Further reforms of public services were introduced in the Competition Law

issued in 2006. Thus, market tests began for Japanese libraries.

2. Library affairs in the first part of the 21st century : Focusing mainly on public libraries and

some school libraries

2001

①Desired standards for the establishment and operation of public libraries

Library Law, Article 18 was amended. However, the article did not describe concrete standards.

②Law for the Promotion of Children’s Reading Activities

The government set the promotion of children’s reading activities a basic goal for the country

and obligated local public groups, etc., to pursue this objective. The new law said that local groups

should clarify ways to promote children’s reading activities as well as develop relevant policies, since

reading contributes to children’s healthy growth. Public libraries were included in these groups. Yet

the law called for new efforts without any financial assistance.

2003

③Grace period for assigning of a teacher librarian added to the School Library Law, Supplementary

provisions

Supplementary provisions were added to the School Library Law, declaring that every school

with more than 12 classes had until April 1, 2003 to employ a teacher librarian in its school library.

2005

④Act on Character Culture Promotion

Aiming to promote character culture, Article 7 of the law stated that each city, town, and village

must build a library based on its needs.

⑤The library as an information hub in the area (Libraries aimed at problem-solving, January 28, The

Institution for Network Making the Library a Hub, in MEXT)

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The Lifelong Study Policy Bureau wrote this report. The objectives were to ensure people had

opportunities for lifelong education and to consider the status of public libraries in the near future.

2006

⑥Act on the Reform of Public Services Through the Introduction of Competition

National government agencies and local governments should reexamine public services and

select certain services to be attended to by private mechanisms, and for these, introduce competitive

bids and opportunities for market tests, such as in the library industry.

⑦Cooperator meeting for state consideration of a future library

Intellectual Consulting Conference in MEXT. It issued Future library status as case study text, in

March.

⑧Revision to the Fundamental Law of Education

Abe’s Cabinet (inaugurated 2006-2007) amended the law. The main change was the introduction

of ethics education.

2008

⑨Revision and Supplement added to the Library Law

This revision is according to the Fundamental Law of Education revised.

⑩Parliament voted to declare 2010 “National Reading Year”

2009

⑪Fundamental Law for Public Service

The law required duty sharing among the national government agencies and local governments

for public service.

2010

⑫Grants to shine a light to residents’ lives (Cabinet decision, Oct. 8)

Mr. Yoshihiro Katayama, Ministry of MIC, reached an agreement with a member of Naoto

Kan’s Cabinet for a grant, as a supplementary budget, consisting of 100 billion yen (1000 billion

won). It covered the three fields below.

1) Local Consumer Affairs

2) DV measures, Weak measures of suicide prevention, etc., Self-support

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3) Regional development of knowledge

Field (3) included the “Enrichment of school libraries.” The grant money was divided among the

educational boards of all the prefectures. Each prefecture used its portion of the budget to enrich its

school libraries. For example, Shimane Prefecture employed a school librarian at every school.

2012

⑬Amendment made to the desired standards for the establishment and operation of public libraries,

Dec. 19

Article 18 was amended such that it became applicable also to private libraries.

2013

⑭The third standard plan for improving children’s reading activities (MEXT notice, No.172)

2014

⑮Amendment made to the School Library Act

This amendment aimed to make school librarians full-time employees at every school with a

teacher librarian. It went into effect as of April 1, 2015.

2016

⑯Curriculum for training school librarians (Notification by the Director-General, Elementary and

Secondary Education Bureau, MEXT)

A model curriculum was created for training school librarians.

3. Library affairs and laws concerning Japanese libraries in the first part of the 21st century :

Estimations and limits

Changes were made to the desired standards for the establishment and operation of public libraries.

For example, the Library Law, Article 18 was amended. However, the article did not describe

concrete standards. This is only efforts target but duty for every local government. Because here it

have not any fond by the state.

In 2012, revisions were made to the desired standards for the establishment and operation of public

libraries. Article 18 was changed to apply also to private libraries. This caused some anxiety about

governmental control of private libraries.

The Law for the Promotion of Children’s Reading Activities was implemented to address reading.

Public libraries were affected by the law. The Cabinet decided to provide 130 billion yen each year

for five years, starting in 2003, for a total of 650 billion yen, to be divided as a local allocation to

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each prefecture.

The grant intended to shine a light on residents’ lives, given through a Cabinet decision on Oct. 8,

2010, affected school libraries. For example, Shimane Prefecture employed school librarians for all its

schools.

Public libraries and private university libraries have been suffering a storm of changes in the

designated manager system. Hino City Library has become famous as a citizen library that adopted

the system this spring. Many public libraries have been built in the compound. In some cases, this is

said to aim at MLA (Museum, Library and Archives) cooperation.

(This is an edited version of the report issued on the KLISS 2017 2nd International Conference, Nov. 10-11,2017, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea, in the Proceedings of Korean Library and Information ScienceSociety, 2017, No.2, p.13-18)

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論文

日本の図書館組織における専門職団体としての矜持とその溶解(前編)

志保田 務(桃山学院大学名誉教授)

Formation of Nihon Bunko Kyokai and the Other societyas Professional Societies and Their Dissolution : Part One

By Tsutomu SHIHOTA(Emeritus Professor of St. Andrew’s University)

抄録

日本の図書館専門職団体における矜恃につき,内実と変容を的に据え追究する。前後編に分

け,前編(本稿)では,日本文庫協会その他のわが国図書館専門団体の誕生と,それらにおけ

る矜恃の育成を巡り検討する。日本文庫協会は日本図書館協会と改称する(英語名は当二者共

Japan Library Association : JLA)。これらの団体において専門職性の確立・強化に関して如何な

る努力があったか検討する。そこには,専門職制の進展を図る側(図書館職)の営為と,これ

を奨励するかのように装いつつ国民思想の規制を目論む国家権力の思惑が交錯する。後者の圧

力が漸進するなか,日本図書館協会は国家権力への接近を強め,その矜恃に揺れもたらす。前

編は,この昭和初頭までを扱う。

後編(次号)では,第二次世界大戦(以下,「戦」と略)時期の JLA における,国家権力の

下での矜恃の変質・瓦解を,後発の図書館専門職団体,青年図書館員聯盟が示した毅然さと対

比,論究する。また戦末におけるそれらの破壊・末路を把握する。その議論は戦後期にも僅か

に踏み入り,それらの団体における,戦中時の混乱との断絶,あるいは芯にエトスの継続,生

まれ変わった面などについて考究する。

Abstract

Nihon Bunko Kyokai was formed as a professional society in the Meiji era, and its name was

changed into Nihon Toshokan Kyokai(Japan Library Association : JLA)in the Taisho era. This pa-

per discusses the history of JLA’s and the other society’s pride and self-esteem, and dissolution from

the Meiji to the first Showa period.

目次1.文庫協会の時代:日本文庫協会と関西文庫協会.1 日本文庫協会:1892年 3月発足

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.2 関西文庫協会:1900年 2月発行,「東壁」創刊2.日本図書館協会形成期:十五年戦争前まで.1 日本図書館協会誕生と政治的干渉:「松本喜一帝國図書館長」登用と拒絶騒動.2 徳川資金と関東大震災:『図書館雑誌』間宮不二雄委託.3 在京理事会『図書館雑誌』を奪還:「松本喜一理事長」選出

(以後,後編)3.十五年戦争期以降,終戦直後まで:“矜持”の命運.1 青年図書館員聯盟『圕研究』の生長:“事務派”のモラトリアム.2 大政翼賛的 JLA の遁走:中央図書館長会議,読書指導.3 矜恃の溶解:団体規制令,雑誌休廃刊

4.まとめ:民主化転換:断絶と継続

はじめに

日本の図書館専門職団体における矜恃の醸成と変容について追究する。前後編に分け,前編

(本稿)では,日本文庫協会,その後継としての日本図書館協会に象徴される専門職団体の矜

恃とも言えるところを,激動の昭和初期まで辿り検討する。

本稿は,岩猿敏生氏(以下,「岩猿」,すべての人に敬称略)の論文「『図書館雑誌』と『圕

研究』」(岩猿:1993)と単行本『日本図書館史概説』(岩猿:2007)に強い刺激を受けている。

さらに後編では,出版記念会(岩猿,2018)における祝賀講演「岩猿敏生先生における〈断

絶〉と〈継続〉」(志保田務:同年 4月 29日)と連携している。

1 文庫協会の時代:日本文庫協会と関西文庫協会

書籍館(Shojakukan, JLA 1994, p.19)が,国立ながら,日本最初の公共図書館とされてい

る(竹林;1943, p.16)。この館は 1872年 4月 28日という明治早期(同 5年)に設置された。

だが超短期で休止,合併,場所変え,所属換えを重ね,浅草文庫,東京書籍館,東京府書籍館

と名称変更したのち,1880(明治 13)年に東京図書館(国立)となる。さらに 1885(明治

18)年,上野に東京教育博物館と組織・敷地を合一した。

こうした変態(生態)は如何なる意味を持つのか。一言で言えば,国の不見識の露呈が見ら

れる。ただ 1875(明治 8)年の田中不二麿の施した是正策(書籍館を博覧会事務と分離,文部

省所轄へ戻した)が一脈の光明であろう。

ここでは深部を探る余裕がないので,この書籍館(図書館)がなぜ誕生し,どういう理由か

ら流転を重ねたのか,外見的理由だけを拾いあげておく。

① 幕藩政治が廃され,“国家”の文庫が必要視された。徳川家の文庫を国に移管,国民開

放へ。

② 幕藩資料の移動,受け入れ,保管に関わる記録を作成しなければならず,その書誌的記

録の様式の決定・実用が急務だった。

③ 外国からの訪問者に見せる文化施設が必要だった。だが予算,土地・建物が不如意だっ

た。

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④ 教師,学生,勉学志望者の自習・教養施設を設けようとした。(文化的国民融和政策)

⑤ 国民教化機関としたかった。(文化的国民弾圧政策)

まず①。資料は旧幕府からの引き取りを主体に漸増した。それらの受け入れ先が必要であり

②の問題となる。こうした業務を扱う従事者が要る。だが拝命者が職責に叶う成果をあげよう

と矜恃を抱いたとしても,現実は,洋書教材に倣うか『西洋事情』(福澤諭吉:1866),田中不

二麿の『米国百年期博覧会教育報告』(文部省,1887)等の著作から仄聞するしかなかった。

③のように外国からの訪問者に見せる文化施設もない。更に,先進国の仲間入りをするため,

教育施設の一環として図書館が必要視された。④である。

この施設の実際の誕生に働いたのが,田中不二麿と手島精一であった。手島は 1870(明治

3)年に渡米,ペンシルベニア州ラファイエット大学に留学(日本図書館文化史研究会:2017,

p.182:同ページでは「ラファット大学」)。だが 1971(明治 4)年 7月の廃藩置県の制で沼津

藩からの送金受給の途を絶たれ困窮中のところ,同年年末から不平等条約改定交渉に来米した

岩倉使節団と出会って通訳職に就き,以後,2年間随行,欧米を視察。1874(明治 7)年帰国。

使節団の理事(文部省)だった田中不二麿の計らいで文部省入省。更に翌年,文部大輔(次

官)職の田中不二麿に随行,米。西洋文化通となる。

この手島が 1885(明治 18)年,博物館・図書館統合組織の長となり,英米流の文化施設経

営を志向する。ところが彼は博物館系であり,図書館に専門的矜恃を確かとしていなかった。

そこで,1886(明治 19)年,帝國大学文科大学助教授・田中稲城を,東京図書館・博物館の

図書館部担当の一等属(判任官)に任じた(兼務)。田中は“図書館事項調査”(意見書)を手

島に提出。図書館政策改善に関するこの意見書が評価され 1888(明治 21)年 2月,英米留学

の途についた。

同組織は 1889(明治 22)年 3月,東京図書館官制(勅令第 21号)で独立し東京図書館とな

る。翌 1890(明治 23)年帰国した田中稲城は同館長となり,帝國大学教授と同図書館管理

(館長)を兼務した。田中は 1893(明治 26),専任で東京図書館長となり同館の組織換え 1897

(明治 30)年まで務め,その継承組織,帝國図書館の初代館長となった。そして 1921(大正

10)年 11月末まで約 30年間関係の席にあった。この間の田中稲城の働きについては酷評も投

じられている(JLA : 1926. 12)。

帝國大学附属図書館は,田中稲城を館長兼務から解き,和田萬吉(帝國大学文科大学国文科

卒)を同館の管理心得に据えた。和田はのちに同館の管理・館長に登用され,さらに東京帝國

大学教授(書誌学)を兼担した。

これら田中不二麿,手島精一,田中稲城,和田萬吉は我が国図書館界の曙光となった。特に

後者二人は近代日本図書館学史上の「第一世代」の代表とされる。ただし,田中稲城の公共図

書館思想は,同世代の佐野友三郎に比べると図書館を“学生用”と考えているふしが強い(石

井;1972)。

次に想起されるのは⑤の件である。明治政府は創成期の 1872(明治 5)年に教部省を設け

た。教部省の設置は書籍館の設立と同年である。同省は,神道による国民教化を図り,皇道主

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義を喧伝し,国民の間に湧き上がっていた自由民権運動の取締りを図った。言論弾圧のため既

に出版条例が 1869(明治 2)年に発せられ,書籍館設置の翌年 1873(明治 6)年には新聞紙

条目が制定され,言論弾圧が如実となった。書籍館の設置,運営もその同じ路線上にあった。

これが,同期の当該事項に関する前史である。

なお 1902(明治 34)年創設の関西文庫協会に関する前書き相当の記述は,所定の節 1.2で

行う。

1.1 日本文庫協会:1892年 3月発足

1892(明治 25)年 3月 26日,田中稲城東京図書館長は,国内の文庫・図書館分野における

横断的で個人参加の組織の設立を呼びかけた。参加者(36名)には「文庫」と称する官庁,

軍部,個人文庫からの人が多かった。そのため,日本「文庫」協会として,米英に次ぎ世界で

3番目の Library Association を設立(樋口;1989, p.5),「会則」を定めた。会名,会員,職員,

集会など 8章。文中では“図書館”の語を使用(JLA, 1993,第三部 p.513)した。ただ原初会

則は把握できず,当引用は 1906年改正の全 29条規定に基づいている。それゆえ発足時には幹

事しかなかった筈の幹部職員構造だが,会則上で確認できていない。

第一条 本会ハ主トシテ図書館ノ事務ニ従事シ又ハ図書館ニ関係アル者ヲ以テ組織シ図書

館及ビ図書ニ関スル事項ヲ研究シ総テ本邦に於ケル図書館事業ノ進歩発達ヲ図ルコ

トヲ目的トス

第二条 前条ノ目的ヲ達スル為ニ本会ハ演説,講話,討議ナドヲ為シ時宜ニ依リ展覧会,

講習会等ヲ開キマタハ雑誌報告類ヲ発行スルコトアルベシ(以下,略)

幹事は最初 4名,第 2期以後は 2名となる。この協会結成の切っ掛けは,幕府から引き継い

だ膨大な和本・記録類の目録,排列(保管)に難渋していた内閣文庫などの相談に応じるこ

と,そのための標準の和漢書目録規則を策定することにあった。この年,西村竹間筆『図書館

管理法』が,目録記入例を示し,1893(明治 36)年,太田為三郎が自案の「和漢図書編纂規

則」を例会で検討した。以下の数年を簡単に尋ねる。

1894(明治 27)年,3年目,8月,日清戦争。「その終結まで休会」とし休眠。

1896(明治 29)年末幹事会再開。協会の存廃議論が出たが継続決定(樋口;1989)。

1897(明治 30)年,立て直しを図る。「図書館従業者合同懇話会」を開き,会長制,機関誌

など新事業を検討した。

そこには,関西文庫協会設立と「東壁」創刊という噂,衝撃があった(次節)。

日本文庫協会の本格組織化開始は 1900(明治 33)年 5月 19日(第 8期例会)だが,これが

刺激を得たと見られる関西文庫協会に一旦視点を転じる。

1.2 関西文庫協会:1900年 2月発足,「東壁」創刊

島文次郎は 1899(明治 32)年,京都帝國大学(以下,「京大」)設立に際し,その初代総長

[予定者]木下広次の指名で,[東京]帝國大学文学研究科大学院生(英文学史専攻)時,京大

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附属図書館館長就任を受諾した(同年 12月就任。法学部助教授も兼任)。島が選ばれた理由

は,京大設立時に未設の文学部の設置を急ぎ,同学部用の文学関係書を附属図書館蔵書として

買い揃えることにあった。そこで島の学識と京都方面で彼の持っている人間関係に期待がかけ

られた。島は元の姓を野口と言い,父・松陽,兄・寧斎は漢詩人として関西にもこれを知る人

が多かった。島は,漢詩「半月集」で有名な湯浅吉郎(エール大学神学博士)を 1901(明治

34)年,京都平安教会牧師から京大法学部講師兼務で同附属図書館に雇用した。湯浅はその 2

年後,シカゴ大学,アルバニ‐大学に飛んで図書館学を学修。1904(明治 37)年帰国して京

都府立図書館初代館長となった。

島は,東京での京都行受任にあたって,東京図書館で経験のある笹岡民次郎を,1897(明治

30)年に京大準備事務局庶務掛に着任せしめ(日本図書館文化史研究会,p.124)),附属図書

館の準備を行わせた。また後 2年後つまり自らが赴任する 1899年,秋間玖磨を京大附属図書

館に入れた。二人が公共図書館(帝國図書館系)出身であることに留意したい(広庭;

1983)。島は彼らと 1900(明治 33)年 1月 15日「関西文庫協会」の設立は赴任の翌月,1900

年 1月。設立総会を催し会則を決定,制定。その「関西文庫協会々則」(京都大学;1961)を

検討する。

第 1章 名称マ マ

第 1条 本会ヲ名ケテ関西文庫協会ト称ス

第 2章 目的

第 2条 本会ハ文庫ノ事務ニ従事スル者及図書ニ篤志ノ輩相集リ知識ヲ交換シ文庫ノ管理

法 及図書ニ関スル諸般ノ事項ヲ講究シ文庫ノ利用発達ヲ企図スルモノトス

第 3章 方法機関ママ

第 3条 第 2章ノ目的ヲ達センカ為メ本会ハ演説談話討論ヲナシ又雑誌ヲ発刊スヘシ

第 4条 雑誌ニハ図書館学「ビブリオテックス・ウィセンシヤフト」ニ関スル論説記事及

本会報告ヲ掲載シ之ヲ会員ニ頒チ之レヲ世ニ公ニス

第 5条 本会々員ニ非ラスト雖文庫管理ノ方法其他図書ニ関スル意見ヲ有スルモノハ客員ママ

トシテ演説ヲ請ヒ或ハ其寄稿ヲ本会雑誌ニ登録スルコトアルヘシ

第 4章 会員

第 6条 凡ソ図書取扱ニ従事スル者及図書ニ篤志ノ輩ハ何人ヲ問ハス本会々員タルコトヲ

第 7条 本会ニ於テ入会ヲ許諾シタルトキハ会員証ヲ交付スベシ

第 8条 会員ハ会費トシテ毎年金壱円弐拾銭ヲ納ムヘシ但一時ニ完納スルモ妨ゲナシ

第 9条 世ノ学術家名望家ニシテ本会ニ稗益アリト認ムルモノハ特ニ請フテ本会名誉会員ママ

ト為スコトアルヘシ但出席会員 4分 3以上ノ議決ヲ以テ之ヲ定ム

会員の中心である島文次郎は京大図書館長,その仲間の湯浅吉郎は京都府立図書館長であ

り,帝國図書館,図書館令,など“図書館”との用語が当時も一般的だったが,あえて“文庫

協会”と名乗った。日本文庫協会に対抗した面もあろうが,第 6条に「凡ソ図書取扱ニ従事ス

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ル者及図書ニ篤志ノ輩ハ何人ヲ問ハス本会々員タルコトヲ得」と決め“図書館員”を原則とし

ていない。したがって図書館の専門職団体と断言できない。しかし,第 3条に「雑誌を発行す

べし」とし,第 4条には「雑誌ニハ図書館学(ビブリオテックス・ウィセンシヤフト)ニ関ス

ル論説記事及本会報告ヲ掲載シ」としている。それゆえ,この“雑誌”は図書館学の専門誌を

目指しており,その執筆者,編集者一団は図書館学専門集団を形成する可能性があった。前

出,在京の田中稲城・手島精一・和田萬吉らが名誉会員となり,後述の佐野友三郎が 3か月後

入会している。これに京大附属図書館の島,秋間・笹岡両館員(以上,発起人),京都府立の

湯浅を重ねるだけでも,立派に図書館(文庫)専門職の体を備えていた。また“雑誌”が翌

1901年 4月『東壁』と銘打って発行された。この発刊は『図書館雑誌』の発行年月 1907年

10月より 6年以上早期である。年 3号刊行を予定した。広告も掲載し,近代誌の装いをした。

しかし経費的に行き詰まり,第 3号より次号(4号:最終号)までは会員の一人・村上勘兵衛

にその発行元を移した。年会費 1円 20銭が会員にとって負担であったのかもしれない。また

編集委員の一人,湯浅吉郎のシカゴ大学留学がもたらした離京(上述)が島文次郎の情熱を冷

やしてしまったのかも知れない(広庭;p.136)。

関西文庫協会の会合は会議録にて第 14回,1903(明治 36)年 6月 27日まで確認される。

だが以後の始末は判明していない(岩猿;1957, p.227)。島は,その後も 1910(明治 43)年ま

で京大附属図書館長を務め,1906(明治 39)年に設置された同大学文科大学(文学部)教授

としては 1921(大正 10)年で在籍した。更に 1943(昭和 18)年まで同大学講師を務め,

1945(昭和 20)年に亡くなっている(日本図書館文化史研究会:2017, p.137)。

その間,関西文庫協会は,島文次郎の胸にどのように去来したのだろうか。

関西文庫協会は,専門職団体というよりも「文庫ノ利用発達ヲ企図スル」(同協会会則第 1

条)緩やかな図書館運動サロンだったと捉えられる。この所に同協会の風のような消散の実情

が見られる。

2 日本図書館協会形成期:十五年戦争前まで

官制改正(1897:明治 30年)による改称で帝國図書館の初代館長となった田中稲城は,

1899(明治 32)年制定の勅令「図書館令」の内実形成に,内務大臣(当時)小松原英太郎を

助け尽力したが,1903(明治 6)年,日本文庫協初代会長に就任した(JLA : 1993,肖像写

真)。3年の任期,以後の重任を謝絶した。更に日本図書館協会(以下,JLA と略)と改称後

も含め,この協会のいかなる執行役員にも就かなかった。権力の集中を良しとしない矜恃がう

かがえる。ただしその要諦は会則,定款上に規定されなかった。そのため後に 10年余にわた

り理事長の座を占める松本喜一のような例を許す病原を残した。1903(明治 36)年 8月,日

本文庫協会は「第一回図書館事項講習会」を開き(於・大橋図書館)修了者 37名に受講証明

書を出した。講師は,帝國図書館から田中稲城など,東京帝國大学図書館から和田萬吉館長,

赤堀又次郎が務めた。わが国最初の司書教育と見られる。

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1906(明治 39)年 3月 20-21日,帝國図書館新館落成記念を機に,第一回全国図書館員大

会を同館で開催(参加者 40名,51名)。そこでは上記の図書館事項講習会を文部省の事業と

することなどを協議。翌 1907(明治 40)年 10月 17日,日本文庫協会として機関誌『図書館

雑誌』を刊行。年 3回刊とした。ただし発行を丸善 KK に依存した。同月 19-21日,第二回全

国図書館員大会が開かれた。そこにおいて,「全国公立図書館中の重なるものに対して国庫補

助を仰ぐ件」との提議がなされた。これに対して関西から馳せ参じていた京大の附属図書館

長・島文次郎が「僅か一千円で文部省に拘束されるな」と発言し,京都府立図書館長・湯浅吉

郎らが同調した。専門職団体として国政からの干渉を拒否すべきとする姿勢がうかがえる。た

だ少数意見として退けられ,国庫補助要求議案は議決された(JLA 1993, p.24-25)。

以上をみると,国庫助成申請等,業界団体的行動に懸念を覚える。ただ会則を持ち,研究,

講習会,雑誌報告類発行を規定・展開しており,図書館専門職団体としての矜持は辛うじて有

したと見てとれる。

2.1 日本図書館協会誕生と政治的干渉:「松本喜一帝國図書館長」登用と拒絶騒動

1)日本図書館協会へ名称変更:「日本図書館協会規則」策定(1908:明治 41年)

1908年,3月,春季総会で上記の改称を決定。この会の規則総則にその目的,矜恃を質す。

第一条 本会ハ主トシテ図書館ニ従事シ又ハ図書館ニ関係アル者ヲ以テ組織シ図書館及

ビ図書ニ関スル事項ヲ研究シ総テ本邦ニ於ケル図書館事業ノ進歩発達ヲ図ルコトヲ

目的トス

第二条 本会ハ前条ノ目的ヲ達スル為メ機関雑誌又ハ報告類ヲ発刊シ時々集会,討議等

ヲ成シ時宜ニ依リ展覧会,講習会ヲ開ク

第七条 左ノ二項ニ該当スルモノハ会員タルコトヲ得

一 図書館,及ヒ現ニ図書館事務ニ従事セルモノニシテ会員ノ紹介アル者

二 評議会ノ詮衝ヲ経テ会長之ヲ認メタル者

前 3カ条は,この協会が図書館専門職の団体であることを,最低限度示している。初代会長

は市島謙吉・早大館長。この集団について竹林熊彦は「専門家ばかりの集まった団体であっ

た」と記す(竹林熊彦;1958, p.51)。これは一面 JLA 会員の専門性を評価したかのような言

であるが,その大半は図書館職とは言っても上級管理者クラス,支配者層であったことを示し

ている。図書館的教養・技術を修得しているものは少数で,草の根の図書館運動を起こすよう

な組織ではなく,専門職(技術)集団に程遠いものであった,

会費は日本文庫協会時の 1円から 60銭に下げられた。現場クラスに近い会員をも得ようと

図った。また館員教育に関して「講習会を開く」と規定し,“機関雑誌の発行”(『図書館雑誌』

年 3回刊)を規定した。何れも専門職団体として相応しい営為である。だが機関誌刊行では,

経費面が弱く,その半額を会員・内田魯案の勤め先丸善に縋った。しかも広告掲載は丸善のそ

れさえ許さなかった。内面では依存し,外見上は毅然性を繕う体だった。

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2)二十世紀初頭の約 20年:佐野友三郎の輝きと権力側の深淵の狙い:大逆事件

1885(明治 18)年 12月 22日に成立した内閣制度で伊藤博文が初代総理大臣となり,この

制度に基づく最初の文部大臣に森有礼が就いた。1889(明治 22)年 2月 11日,大日本帝國憲

法が施行された。この憲法公布のその日,同憲法下の初代文部大臣職を継続すると擬された森

有礼は暗殺された。同憲法は翌年 11月 29日施行。同時に帝國議会が開設された。これらに倣

って“帝國”を翳し,帝國図書館の官制が 1897(明治 30)年に成立した。引き続き 1899(明

治 32)年「図書館令」が発布された。。法律でないのが残念だが同等の効力とされる。ただ

し規範,許可,手続き中心で実効性が弱い。天皇による勅令(429号)とされた元は文部,内

務など数省にわたる“図書館”の性格にあった。

同令は第 1条に「北海道府県,市町村(中略)ハ図書館ヲ設置スルコトヲ得」とし,全自治

体に図書館建設を勧めた。

秋田県はこれに呼応して,1900(明治 33)年,県立図書館の設置を決め,佐野友三郎を館

長(代としては 2代目)に迎えた。佐野(1864:元治元年生)は 1890(明治 23)年に帝大国

文を中退。免許をとり旧制中学校の英語教師をしたあと台湾で日本総督府の上級事務官を務め

た。佐野を秋田県立図書館長に招いたのは彼の大学時代の友人で秋田県知事(官選)となる武

田千代三郎であった。佐野は英米の文献から得た知見に基づき巡回文庫を始めるなど,日本の

図書館活動に活路を開いた。文部省もこれに着目し文部省年報等を通じて全国に秋田県のこの

活動を広報した。1903(明治 36)年,佐野は,山口県知事に異動していた武田に乞われて山

口県立図書館長(初代)に転じた。翌 1904(明治 37)年,山口における巡回文庫を開始。ま

た『山口県立図書館 和漢書分類目録』を刊行。さらにデューイ十進分類法(1876年)勘案

の“山口図書館分類法”を立案・実用した。翌年『巡回文庫』を刊行。更に図書館に関し多数

の著述を発表した。また 1909(明治 42)年 10月,山口県内図書館関係者大会を開催し山口県

図書館協会を結成した。1915(大正 4)年文部省から派遣され修得した米国図書館事情を縷々

講演。その指導は全国に及び,彼における図書館専門職的矜恃は燦然と輝いた。

同年 11月,前年内務大臣から転じていた文部大臣・小松原英太郎が山口県立図書館を視察

した。この視察は,後年「図書館ノ施設ニ関スル訓令」通称・小松原訓令に佐野の所説を獲り

こむための“踏み台”であった(関西文脈の会;2014),官報 8001号〈明治 43年 2月 26日

付〉,p.7)。及び,図書館問題研究会;2004, p.407)。小松原訓令実質の執筆者は田中稲城が担

当(東條;2005, p.34)。この訓令は全国の地方長官あて出された。

小松原訓令は“通俗図書館”(零細公共図書館)を称揚していた。底で思想善導の機関とす

ることを画しながら「近代的な教育方法・技術の一環として図書館技術の摂取を図った」とも

言われる(石井;1954, p.22)。その翌年 1911(明治 45)年 5月,政府は通俗教育調査委員会

を設け「通俗図書館審査規程」を策定し,簡易図書館やこれを拠点とする青年団に「図書館書

籍標準目録」を押し付ける。この時期すでに文部省の図書館行政と,図書館,専門職集団の矜

持との間に嵐の予兆があった(石井;1954, p.22)。同年 5月,大逆事件検挙開始。同事件は小

松原が内務大臣の時期に内偵を進めた。8月,小松原は社会主義文献を取締る内令を全国の図

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書館長に送った(東條;1999, p.29)。

この期の図書館建設は,日露戦争勝利,大正天皇即位各記念金の交付などもあり,通俗図書

館が伸張する。ただし大半は,資料,施設が貧弱ないわゆる簡易図書館であった。図書館政策

は皇室を頂点にかざす国策のもとに仕切られ,その顕彰のために図書館建設はある種の華やぎ

を見せる。

こうしたなか,JLA に重大な変調が生じる。

3)徳川総裁の慈善と JLA の暗転

JLA 会則は第 4条に「本会ハ総裁[元は総理]一名ヲ推載スル」と定めていた。理事会は

1913(大正 2)年最初の総裁に徳川頼倫を推載した。同氏は南葵文庫長で図書館感覚が豊かで

あり,人間性にも世評が高かった。だが彼の紀州徳川家第 14代当主で侯爵という地位を顧み

ると,氏の就任で JLA が政府関係などで重みを得ようとしたと見られる節がある。彼自身は,

再三辞退するなど清廉で,既に 1906(明治 39)年 500円の寄付を JLA に行なうなど実質的支

援も行っていた。東條文規(東條;1999, p.26-27)は頼倫について次のように記した。「有力

なスポンサーであり名士である頼倫を総裁に戴くことは,いまだ社会的に軽んじられている図

書館を世間や国家に認知させ,しかるべき地位をえるためにも必要だったのである。日本図書

館協会のこのような姿勢はその後の松平頼寿総裁,戦後の金森徳次郎,森戸辰男,永井道雄と

続く会長職に引き継がれている。だが,頼倫は単なる名誉職的な総裁ではなかった。(中略)

図書館に対して国家からの自主性を主張するなどリベラルな姿勢をもっていた」。また頼倫は

1915(大正 4)年,“図書館概論書”とも言うべき『図書館小識』の出版費用全額を提供した。

JLA 理事会は同書を全国の首長,議会議長に無料で配布し,図書館建設を誘ったが,「名あっ

て実無に等しき」建設に終わり,目論見は当て外れとなった(東條;1999, p.36)。

この後,館界に大きな動きが生じる。JLA は 1916(大正 5)年 8月 1~14日,第 2回図書

館事項講習会を開く(第 1回は日本文庫協会の時代内)。この第 2回で講習会の主宰を文部省

に委譲し司書養成機構は同省の下に移る。この流れで 1921(大正 10)年,文部省図書館員教

習所開設。同省はこの養成機構(教習所)に,国民教化運動の尖兵性を期待したと思われる

(図書館問題研究会;2004, p.403)。同省社会教育課長・乗杉嘉壽はこの教習所の教場を帝國図

書館に求めた。だが田中稲城館長は“書庫の狭隘”を理由に要求を退けた。所長となった乗杉

は,東京美術学校に同年 6月,教場を得た(学校制度外の 1年課程)。この騒動が原因か日本

文庫協会初代会長の田中稲城は同年(1921:大正 10年)11月 29日帝國図書館長を辞任した。

同日付で松本喜一が同館館長事務取扱となる。彼には図書館経験が全くなかった。ところが同

省は前年,彼を茨城県師範学校長から東京高等師範学校教授へ異動して省内での格付けを周到

に高め,巧みに田中後の帝國図書人事に備えていた。その極みは事務取扱という緩衝職を経由

した処置に見てとれる。文部省は確固たる支配下に帝國図書館をおく機会として,田中後人事

を利活用したのである。

JLA はこの期,今澤慈海会長名で「元帝國図書館長田中稲城君後任問題に関する意見」を

叩きつけ,松本を館長とすることに反対した(JLA 1993, p.39-40)。だが 1922(大正 11)年 1

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月,松本喜一は正式に同館館長となった。これが以後四半世紀の帝國図書館に彼の君臨を許す

因となった。更に JLA は先の経緯を顧みず,後年彼をその理事長に選出。後述の十五年戦争

期,彼を国策に沿った図書館活動に猛進するための動力とするに至るのである。

上記の一連は「1917年の臨時教育会議以来強化されてきた,図書館を国民に対する教化施

設にしようとする文部省の政策の一環である。結果,田中[稲城]等の第一世代の図書館人が

身に着けていた,アメリカ流の自由な民主的な図書館思想との対立」(東條;2005, p.49-55)

に省側が圧勝したとされる。その因は単に“第一次世代”の退却に尽きるのではなく,今澤慈

海など続く世代が自己中心的に JLA の保身を図り,時流との闘いを止めた所にもあるであろ

う。

『米国図書館事情』を金港堂から出した佐野友三郎は,その発行日付 2日前の大正 9年 5月

13日に自裁した。長男・佐野文夫の投獄,日本共産党結成活動に悩んだとも言えるが,図書

館活動への権力からの圧力も無関係でなかろう。

辞世句,「なにごとも,いはで散りけり梨の花」。57歳,“第一世代”最終,稀有の矜恃の生

命体が没した。

何故彼はこれ程優れた実践と,卓説した理論を展開し得たか。石井敦は次のように言う(石

井 1983, p.44-47)。

第一 確固たる図書館観をもつ。「図書館は成人教育の学校」(『佐野』;1981, p.45)

第二 民衆に全面的な主体,信頼をおいたこと(書架の公開,巡回委文庫,児童図書室)。

第三 Librarianship を有した。「図書をもって人に仕える」が本分(『佐野』同上,p.103)

第四 英米図書館学を正確に咀嚼できた英語力。サービスの詳細や理論も消化吸収した。

彼らに加え,和田萬吉(東京帝大)も館界からの引退を意志表示し,“近代日本の図書館界

の第一世代”の指導者達は轡を揃え表舞台から立ち去った。日本の図書館に暗雲がたちこめ

た。

1922(大正 11)年,国政からの嵐が JLA を襲う。4月,図書館大会への文部省の諮問であ

る。

「図書館をして社会教化の中心たらしむるに適切なる方案如何」との「諮問」である。

(JLA 1993)。同年 11月,政府は天皇の「国民精神作興に関する詔書」を発布した。思想統

制の気配が色濃くなっていた。文部省社会教育課長乗松は JLA 評議員となり,JLA への影響

力を如実に現した。

2.2 徳川資金と関東大震災:『図書館雑誌』間宮不二雄委託

1923(大正 12)年,徳川頼倫総裁は特別預金 5万円を拠出し,その利子分年 3千円の JLA

への供与を開始した。この額は JLA の前年までの年間会費総額に相当した。そこでこれを活

かして,『図書館雑誌』を月刊誌にすべく JLA は動きだした。しかし,人的手当が直ちには進

まず,今澤慈海編集責任者の勤務館での部下・竹内善作(大逆事件の生存者:日比谷図書館)

の孤軍奮闘の編集にまかせる状態であった。ところが 9月 1日,関東大震災が勃発する。JLA

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が編集活動活動本拠を置きかつ雑誌出版経費の半額補助を得ていた洋書輸入商・丸善(銀座)

社屋が壊滅するなど東京を中心とするに被害が勃発しその影響が館界に及んだ。『図書館雑誌』

は,月刊化どころか,原稿の受付・編集をする場所さえ失った。徳川頼倫の寄付は,『図書館

雑誌』月間化の切っ掛けであったが,その月刊化という命題は予期せぬ環境の悪化,人材難の

下に逆に焦燥を招いた。月刊化当時の『図書館雑誌』は月平均十ページ代である。

1924(大正 13)年 本誌 172頁(広告共)別に附録 36,別刷写真 1(本誌平均 1ヵ月 14

頁強)

1925(大正 14)年 本誌 192頁(広告共)別に附録 52 別刷写真 4,表 1(本誌平均 1

ヵ月 16頁)

1926(大正 15,昭和元)年 10冊刊行。(本誌平均 1ヵ月 18頁強)

この嵩は寂しいものであり,『図書館雑誌』の編集を巡って理事会内に波乱が起こる。

大正十五年の初秋今井[貫一]氏[大阪府立図書館長]から電話で東京から理事の一人坪谷

善四郎氏が来阪して私に面会したいから淀川の某料亭に来て貰えまいかとのことであった。さ

てはと予感がした。会った結果は協会誌編集委嘱の件であった(間宮;1960, p.106)

1926(大正 15)年,JLA は前年に引き続き専務理事(姉崎正治)を筆頭責任者としてその

年度を始めた。だが 11月臨時総会を開き会則を改正。理事長職を新設。今井貫一を理事長に

選出した。

大阪,間宮への依頼の使者となった坪谷善四郎は東京市議,博文館社長,大橋図書館長等を

歴任,1919-20年期には JLA 会長を務めていた。また上記,訪問の時期には新設の専務理事制

(姉崎専務理事)の下で理事に復帰していた。政治家,商人,元会長である坪谷善四郎は大胆

な行動をとる。

事情は更に悪化していた。また寄付者の徳川頼倫が 1925(大正 14)年 5月 19日に逝去,嗣

子・頼貞からの寄附停止通告が予測された。編集のための資金調達等が喫緊だったためであ

る。

間宮不二雄は東京本郷の生まれ育ちで,洋書を中心とした書籍・文具(機器)商,丸善に勤

め先を得たが,大学の図書館家具納品に意義を見出していた黒澤商会に転職。同社社長に見込

まれ,アメリカに修行に出かけ,帰国後 図書館家具商として独立。間宮商店を 1921年開業

していた。一方で既に図書館関係の翻訳,出版を重ね,しかもその時期図書館研究誌『圕』を

発刊しており,間宮のその方面の実力は自他ともに認めるところであった。しかもその活動拠

点・大阪市は日本第 2の大都市,関西の大都市であり,大災害の東京からの避難先として最強

の候補であった。

間宮は上述の JLA 坪谷理事の,「編集依頼」の受諾を決めた(間宮;1960, p.108)

私としては非常に当惑したのであったがわが図書館事業のため大乗的見地から [自分

が仕掛けの]『圕』誌は一号で廃刊し,図書館雑誌の編集を大正十五[1926]年十一月

(第八六号)から引受けることにした。

JLA は「本部を東京に置く」との会則 6条はそのままにして,何故,大阪に在る今井貫一

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を,理事長の席まで設けて選出したのだろうか。上述の坪谷善四郎理事が行った大正 15年の

初秋,臨時総会直前の大阪訪問という時日の前後関係に注意が必要である。暦的に,坪谷の間

宮への打診が先だった。JLA 本部は,決め打ちで,この一連の手を打ったと思われる。時系

列で見る。

① 関東大震災発生,大災害:1923(大正 12)年 9月 1日。

② 1923(大正 12)年 12月 23日,会則改正:理事職誕生。会長制〈当時:太田為三郎〉

廃止,専務理事制〈今澤慈海〉へ)。

③ 1924(大正 13)年 1月 15日。機関誌を季刊から年 10-12回発行に(JLA 1993,

p.761)

④ 1925(大正 14)年,会則改訂,通常会員年会費 3円へ(2円から値上)。徳川総裁基

金 5万円寄付を披露(樋口;1986, p.25)。

⑤ 1926(大正 15)年 5月 19日,徳川頼倫総裁逝去(樋口;1986, p.28)。

⑥ 9月 24日,理事会「雑誌,会計,事務所の件協議(樋口;1986, p.29)。

⑦ 初秋,今井理事(⑧で理事長となる大阪府立図書館館長)を頼り,坪谷善四郎が間宮

へ『図書館雑誌』の編集・発行の依頼(間宮;1960, p.106)。

⑧ 11月 11日会則改訂。(JLA 1993, p.523-524)。

旧 16条 理事ハ一切ノ会務ヲ掌理シ本部所在地ノ理事ノ中一名ヲ以テ専務理事トス

新 16条 理事ハ一切ノ会務ヲ掌理シ一名ヲ以テ理事長トス[今井理事長]

⑨ 間宮による正式受諾と発行担当の開始(間宮;1926,『図書館雑誌』84号挿込)。

この図式だったのだろう。つまり⑥の時点で⑨の筋書きが出来ていたと言うほかない。『図

書館雑誌』の“月刊化”を謳った直後,大震災被災。会費を値上げし,総裁の死でその寄付の

途絶も心配されたため,編集のための場を持ち,手腕に加え,幾分の経費負担も期待できる間

宮に託した。しかし名だけは,自分たち(東京本部)に残したつもりだった。間宮は引受けた

号で 坪谷の伝えた理事会の意志を了解するむねを最初に記し,JLA 東京本部を「申込所」

としたが(間宮;1926),「會告」には大阪府立図書館と間宮商店の住所を記載しただけで,東

京本部は記載していない(JLA 1926)。

JLA 本部は,「今井貫一の監督」の下に間宮不二雄へ編集実務,印刷発送を委嘱したと思っ

ていた(樋口;1986, p.30)。だが創刊したばかりの『圕』誌を廃刊にして捨て身で臨んだ間宮

には同分野専門誌編集の専門家たる矜持があった。その内実を考察しよう。

1927(昭和 2)年 本誌 387頁。附録 22。別刷写真 2,表(本誌平均 1ヵ月 31頁強)とし

た。

この平均頁数は,上記,東京で月刊化が出発した 3年間が十頁代だったのを 5割方凌駕し

た。頁付けでは通し頁を採用した。索引を付した。新規である。ただし索引編纂の便から主張

した横組みは旧勢力の強い抵抗があり実行しなかった。続々寄稿があり JLA 本部との協定よ

り頁数は増大した。

鈴木賢祐(鈴木;1928)は次のように言う。

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果たして本誌はその面目を一新した。主たる執筆者は,田中敬,竹林熊彦,鈴木賢祐,

加藤宗厚,林靖一,伊木武雄等の諸氏であった。

これらの人は以前の『図書館雑誌』では殆ど記事掲載機会に与っていない。旧誌は,機関活

動報告類,幹部の随想中心で,研究論文類は精々書誌学のそれだったが,間宮の時期は整理技

術関係が主体となった。

一方 JLA 理事会には権力意識が強かった。前・編集長:今澤慈海は激怒した(今澤;

1926)。

協会雑誌件,先夜結論[1926年 9月 24日理事会の報告(樋口;1986, p.29)]ダケヲ聞

キ異存モ無之候処。詳細橘井氏[清五郎:理事の一人]ヨリ伝承,実ニ意外ニ存候。書店

ノ雑誌ヲ流用*(イハバ機関誌ヲ廃シテ)致スコトハ拙生全会員ノ異口同音ニ反対致ス処

ト推シ候。此点ニ付キ,其夜老台御反対被下候由,元ヨリ当然スギル事ト存候。コレハ重

大問題ニツキ,是非評議員会ニ謀ルベキコトゝ存候。[*下線部は今澤原文では圏点。]

間宮の『圕』を廃刊してまで『図書館雑誌』の救済・改善に捧げた決心を「商売」と今澤は曲

解,誹謗した。

1927(昭和 2)年には JLA 本部の態度が硬化(次節 2.3冒頭部参照)。早期の『図書館雑誌』

編集権の奪還,編集者・間宮罷免を図る。結果 5月号までで間宮への編集委託が終了する。年

半ばである。

間宮はこれを予期していたようである。罷免の前年(1927年)昭和 2年 11月 15日,間宮

は別組織,青年図書館員聯盟を立ち上げ,自ら主催者たる書記長に座った。さらに翌年つまり

JLA からお役御免を被る 1928(昭和 3)年,年初 1月に,青年図書館員連盟機関誌『圕研究』

を創刊していた。自身と心ある図書館員が,専門職の矜恃を守る場を再構築したのである。そ

の活動は後編に記す。

2.3 在京理事会『図書館雑誌』を奪還:「松本喜一理事長」選出

1928(昭和 3)年 4月 15日の総会で今井貫一に代わり松本喜一(松本;1928)が理事長と

なる。

JLA 総会はかつて自ら拒絶した人物・松本喜一を組織の最高権力者・理事長に選んだ。次

いで 5月 4日「在京理事会」が開かれ,庶務・松本,会計・今澤,雑誌・太田と担当が決ま

る。『図書館雑誌』は間宮から取り上げられ,東京「本部」に戻る(間宮;1928, p.29「本誌の

編輯を辞するに臨みて」)。その通知には確な説明を欠いている(大田:1928)。「本部」にあた

るのは在京理事会である。

この雑誌の本部奪還を有効化するためにも,「財政」が最大の課題だった。徳川頼倫の年

3000円の寄付(基金 5万円の利子)は,その嗣子,頼貞から打ち切りが通知されていた。松

本と太田は新資金の出どころを寄付に探った(長坂;2017)。しかし寄付は進まなかった。寄

付権利能力なき社団であった JLA の社団法人化が画された。寄付金制度が採用でき,収益事

業ができる。申請が認可された。切替期の一年間松本は一旦理事長から退くが,法人化が実現

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した 1931(昭和 6)年,理事長の座に復帰した。

なお 1932年(昭和 7)年,徳川頼貞相手に「特別預金 5万円の返還,未払い利子の支払い

請求訴訟を東京地裁に提出するが,成果を得ず 1940年 1月にその訴訟を取り下げた(JLA

p.764, 768)。

社団法人化で国の助力を得た JLA は,戦時体制(十五年戦争期間)に入り,読書運動の官

制化,全国図書館大会などの催しの大政翼賛化を体現した。JLA は松本喜一の下,不毛の時

代へ邁進した。

ただし,青年図書館員聯盟の『圕研究』を中心に,少なからぬ図書館員たちの間に図書館専

門職としての矜持が残り,それが戦中を生き抜き,戦後に繋がる命脈を保つこととなる。

(以下後編)

参考文献 著者順:ABC 綴り,和文の順。和文では 50音順。同著者内は年月順。(引用指示と連携)JLA 1926. 11[筆者=間宮不二雄?]「會告」(“本誌の發行を當分の間大阪間宮商店”に委託致し候に就

いては第 84号以下は本會理事長・大阪府立圖書館長・今井貫一氏編輯監督の下に同店より發行可仕候間此段謹告候也)(『図書館雑誌』85号,p.2)

JLA 1926. 12[筆者不詳:今井貫一?]「回顧と展望」(“尚數十年間中絶のあり様にて,何等の改良も為さず一國文化の醜模範とさへ極言せられたる,我唯一の國立圖書館も相當なる費用を投ぜらるゝ事となれり”)(『図書館雑誌』84号,p.6)[“極言せられたる”の引用原不詳]

JLA, 1993. 12『近代日本図書館の歩み,本編:日本図書館協会創立百年記念』,xx, 818 p.JLA, 1994, Librarianship in Japan, rev. ed., Japan Library Association, p.19.『有山崧著作集』1970. 3 日本図書館協会,3冊石井敦 1954. 11『1910年の転機-小松原文相の『訓令』をめぐって-』(『図書館学会年報』vol.1, p.7-

22)石井敦 1972. 2『日本近代公共図書館史の研究』日本図書館協会,355 p.石井敦 1983. 6「民衆へのサービスに徹した人:佐野友三郎」(石井敦編『図書館を育てた人々;日本

編,1』日本図書館協会,p.39-47)石山洋 2015. 3『源流から辿る近代図書館:日本図書館史話』日外アソシエーツ,264 p.今澤慈海 1926. 10『和田万吉博士宛書翰集(抄)』第二:今沢慈海氏より和田万吉氏への書翰(2)(日

本図書館協会百年史・資料・第 3輯,1987, p.25)岩猿敏生 1957. 6「『東壁』日本最初の図書館雑誌」」(『図書館界』45(4),p.344-351)岩猿敏生 1993. 10「『圕研究』と『図書館雑誌』」(『図書館雑誌』51(6),p.226-227)岩猿敏生 2007. 7『日本図書館史概説』日外アソシエーツ,248 p.岩猿敏生 2018. 3『日本図書館学の奔流:岩猿敏生著作集』日本図書館研究会,362 p.太田為三郎 1928. 6「編輯者変更について」(『図書館雑誌』第 22年 6号,p.140。肩書「編輯兼発行者」)

小川徹,山口源治郎 2003. 8『図書館史,近代日本扁』教育史料出版会,p.230(新編 図書館学教育史料集成;7)

小谷誠一郎 1941. 12「図書館雑誌沿革概史」(『図書館雑誌』35年 12号,p.29-38)関西文脈の会 2012. 7「小松原訓令 全文」(国立国会図書館デジタル化史料 官報」1910年 02月 26日)http : //toshokanshi-w.blogspot.com/(最終確認日 2018年 7月 10日)

京都大学 1961. 3『京都大学附属図書館六十年史』第 6章:図書館研究団体および協議会との関係。https : //edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/60his/MOKUJI.html(最終確認日 2018年 7月 10日)

『佐野友三郎』1981(石井敦編『個人別図書館論選集』)日本図書館協会,330 p.鈴木賢祐 1928. 5「図書館業界の志士」『図書館雑誌』22年 5号,

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青図連(青年図書館員聯盟)1928. 1『圕研究』第 1巻 1-4号(季刊)4冊(索引付き)青図連(青年図書館員聯盟)1928. 1『圕研究』第 1巻 1-4号(季刊)4冊(索引付き)竹内善作 1926. 7「編輯雑記」(『図書館雑誌』81号,p.15)竹林熊彦 1958. 7「関西文庫協会:その歴史的意義」(『京都図書館協会十周年記念論集』p.37-52)田中稲城 1900, 1912『図書館管理法』金港堂東條文規 1999. 3『図書館の近代:私論・図書館はこうして大きくなった』ポット出版,303 p.東條文規 2005. 5「日本の近代化と図書館」(加藤和夫[ほか]『日本の植民地図書館:アジアにおける日本近代図書館史』社会評論社,p.17-57)

東條文規 2006. 1『図書館の政治学』青弓社,230 p.図書館問題研究会[ほか]2004. 4『最新 図書館用語大辞典』柏書房,643 p.長坂和茂 2017. 1「大正期日本図書館協会に対する総裁徳川頼倫の貢献」(『図書館界』68(5),304-316)日本図書館文化史研究会,2017. 9『図書館人物事典』日外アソシエーツ,440 p.樋口龍太郎 1986. 5 『日本図書館協会五十年史事績年表』日本図書館協会,55 p.(日本図書館協会百年

史・資料・第 2輯:1941年同協会が編纂したが未完だったものを組換え印刷,発行)樋口龍太郎 1989. 3『日本図書館協会五十年史』日本図書館協会,156 p.(日本図書館協会百年史・資料・第 4輯:1941年同協会が編纂したが未完だったものを組換え印刷発行)

広庭基介 1961. 11「図書館運動の先駆者としての島文次郎」(『図書館界』13巻 5号,p.129-136)広庭基介 1983. 6「関西文庫協会の創設者:島文次郎」(石井敦編『図書館を育てた人々;日本編,1』

日本図書館協会,p.71-82)福澤諭吉 1866『西洋事情』初編.尚古堂(慶応義塾大学マイクロフィルム:F7A02-21「著作」)松本喜一 1928. 6「就任の辞」(『図書館雑誌』第 22年 6号,p.142-143)間宮不二雄 1926. 11「図書館協会編纂 図書館雑誌の発行を引受けるに就いて:附『圕』誌一時休刊の申譯『図書館雑誌』84号,[挿み込み]

間宮不二雄 1928. 5「本誌の編輯を辞するに臨みて」(『図書館雑誌』22年 5号,p.104)間宮不二雄 1960. 6“一編纂者としての思い出”(『図書館と人生』同氏古稀記念会,p.106-108)

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国際図書館情報学会日本支部規約平成 30年 11月 10日

(名称)第 1条 本団体は,「国際図書館情報学会日本支部」と称する。英語名を International Library and Infor-

mation Science Society, Japan Chapter と称する。以下,英語名称の略称 I-LISS を用い Japan Chapter を日本支部と称する。

(事務局)第 2条 本団体は事務局を大阪市住吉区苅田 7-10-7-1105 電話・Fax 06-6607-3395におく。ただしインド国チェンナイ市 SRM 大学図書館に置かれた本部団体の支部である。

(目的・基盤組織・経緯)第 3条 本団体は,アジア太平洋地域および国際的な図書館情報学の進歩発展,連携に寄与することを目的とし,日本におけるその活動の本拠となる。なお,I-LISS ホームページで,下記のようにその働きを示している。世界文化を開発する 14の国の 178人の開始メンバーによって設立。図書,文献の研究に協力的な学者を組織する研究および 図書館と情報科学が関連した分野の研究会議,出版活動を国際的にめざす。本支部は上記の趣旨に則り,日本人研究者を中心に,図書館情報学の研究とその斡旋に努める。同支部は平成 28年 7月 11人の発起人で成立の LISSASPAC Japan の会員を引き継ぎ平成 30年 9月 8日に成立。

(活動内容)第 4条 本団体は,前条の目的を達成するため次の事業を行う。(1)機関誌の刊行(冊子体または電子通信形態とする)。機関誌の売価は第 7条(1)場合を除き別に

定める。(2)研究成果発表のための研究集会の挙行(海外研究の斡旋を含む)。(3)共同研究・調査(外国人研究者の案内を含む)(4)国内外の関係団体・機関との連絡および協力(5)その他必要と認める事業(会員と権利)第 5条 本団体の会員は本団体の基本理念および目的に賛同し入会した個人及び団体である。第 6条 本団体への入会,会費納入,退会等に関しては,別に運営細則で定める。第 7条 会員は次の権利を有する。(1)本団体の機関誌の配布を受ける。(2)本団体の機関誌へ投稿することができる。(3)本団体が開催する研究集会に参加できる。(4)本団体が開催する研究集会における研究発表の申込みができる。(5)総会への参加と議案提出ができる。(6)会員は,役員の選挙・被選挙権を有する。(役員)第 8条 本団体に次の役員をおく。会長 1名副会長 1名理事 6名(ただし,会長,副会長,事務局長を含む)

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監事 2名事務局長 1名第 9条 役員の任務は次のとおりとする。(1)会長は,本団体を代表し,会務を総括する。(2)副会長は,会長を補佐し,会長に事故あるときは,代行する。(3)理事は,理事会によって本団体の議事を審議決定する。理事会は細則を定め運営に責任を負う。(4)監事は会の財政を監査し,毎年の総会に監査報告を行う。(5)事務局長は会の事務に職責を有する。第 10条 前条の役員の選出は次のように行う。(1)理事は会員の無記名投票によって選出する。(2)監事は会員の無記名投票によって選出する。(3)会長,副会長,事務局長は理事の中から理事の互選によって選出する。(役員の任期)第 11条 役員の任期は次のとおりとする。(1)任期を 3年とする。(2)役員に欠が生じた場合には,前条の規定によって補充する。補欠選出された役員の任期は,前者

の残任期間とする。役員の欠員補充に関する規定は別に定める。(会議)第 12条 総会(1)総会は年 1回会長が定期に招集する。会員の 5分の 1以上の要求があった場合は臨時に総会を開

催しなければならない。(2)総会は通信形態で行うことができる。この場合には,通信の到着を以って出席とみなす。(3)総会の議決は出席会員の過半数で決定し,議長は賛否同数の場合のみ議決に加わる。第 13条 理事会(1)理事会は会長が招集して年 3回以上開催する。(2)理事の半数以上の請求がある場合に会長はこれを招集する。理事会は,欠席者の委任状を含め理

事総数の 2分の 1以上の出席で成立する。第 14条 委員会理事会は,事業遂行のため,編集,研究等の専門委員会をおくことができる。

(会費,補助金,寄付金,奨励賞など)第 15条 会費等は次のとおり規定する。(1)会費等の財務は理事会が主管し,事務局長の主担とする。(2)本団体の会費額は,総会の承認を経て理事会が定め,別に規定する。第 16条 特別の収入および支出本団体は,会費,補助金,寄付金およびその他の収入を得ることができる。前記第 7条(2)機関誌への投稿には投稿料を支払う。投稿料の仔細は別に定める。本会奨励賞を設け,本会が評価する論文活動にこれを授ける。奨励賞の仔細は別に定める。

(報酬)第 17条 役員ほか会員への報酬は支払わない。ただし,領収書をもって明白な事務費,交通費,宿泊費用等正当な支出に対しては相当額が支払われる。

(年度)第 18条 本団体の会計年度は,4月 1日に始まり翌年 3月 31日に終わる。監事はこの終了日をもって監査する。その監査結果を翌年度初めの総会に報告する。

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(規約の改正)第 19条 本団体の規約を変更しようとするときは,理事会の議を経て,総会において出席会員の 3分の2以上の同意を得なければならない。付 則この規約は,平成 30年 11月 10日から施行する。

◆運用細則(規約第 6条会員に関する規定依拠)1 本団体への入会は,理事会の承認および,年度会費納入によって成立する。年度途中の入会の場合は次年度分の会費の納入をもって代える。

2 退会は本人の申し出または逝去による。既払いの会費等は返納しない。2年度以上会費を納入しない場合は理事会の決議により退会とする。◆会費(規約第 15条第 2項依拠)年度会費は,一人または 1団体 3000円とする。これは,年度開始日までに納入されなければならない。なお本部(インド SRM 大学内)への年度会費はうち 1000円とする。

◆機関誌機関誌は 7条(2)の場合(会員配布)を除き 1冊 2000円とする。但し催会等で廉価特売できる。◆投稿投稿に関しては下記のとおりとする。投稿は英文による本文または抄録を必要とする。英文はネイティブ・スピーカーのチェック証明を要する。投稿料は 1頁につき 300円(切上げ)とする。ただし,勤務・就学機関から[当該投稿料に関し研究費等が]支出されない場合は,1頁あたり 100円(切上げ)とする。なお,依頼原稿は,理事会の判断(決)で課金外とすることができる。挨拶,消息通信等についても同様とする。◆奨励賞奨励賞に関しては下記のとおりとする。奨励賞名は「I-LISS Japan Prize」とする。奨励賞は理事会の議を経て,必要時に与える。奨励賞の資源は寄付に依拠し特別会計とする。(現在までの寄付者は,石塚栄二,岩猿敏生,大城善盛,河井弘志,志保田務,中村恵信,前川和子,柳勝文,山田美雪である)授与は本賞及び副賞とする(平成 30年 11月 10日)

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編集後記

Journal of I-LISS Japan の創刊号をお届けします。この創刊号には,KLISS(Korean Library

and Information Science Society:韓国図書館情報学会)会長である呉東根博士の“Library and

Information Science Education and Research in Korea : Current Status and Prospect”及びそれに呼

応する形で,私・大城善盛の“Library and Information Science Education in Japan : Current

Status and Future Prospects”,志保田務博士の“A Study of Library Policy in Japan : Current

Status and Future Prospects”と「日本の図書館組織における専門職団体としての矜持とその溶

解(前編)」の 4つの論文が収載されています。

まず呉記念講演は,2017年 8月に開かれた LISSASPAC(Library and Information Science

Society for Asia and the Pacific:アジア太平洋図書館情報学会)の日本支部(Japan Chapter)結

成セレモニーにおける記念講演の原稿です。韓国の図書館における膨大な統計データと

SWOT 分析による要因分析結果を詳細に示すため,文章ではなくスライドのまま掲載してい

ます。呉講演(英文)が韓国の図書館界を扱っているのに対し,大城論文(英文)は日本の図

書館情報学教育について,これまでの司書・司書教諭養成制度に照らして課題と展望を論じて

います。志保田論文(英文)は,2017年 11月に行われた LISSASPAC と KLISS 共催の国際

会議での基調講演をもとに,日本の図書館に関する法律と政策を概観し評価を加えて考察して

います。もう 1つの志保田論文は,2018年 4月に行われた『日本図書館学の奔流:岩猿敏生

著作集』の出版記念会での講演をもとにした,わが国の図書館専門職団体における矜持の内実

と変容についての史的研究です。

LISSASPAC は,2018年 8月に I-LISS(International Library and Information Science Society:

国際図書館情報学会)に改編されました。それを受けて,LISSASPAC Japan Chapter も 2018

年 9月に I-LISS Japan Chapter に改編し,機関誌:Journal of LISSASPAC Japan も Journal of

I-LISS Japan へと名称変更し,巻号を一新しました。

I-LISS 及び I-LISS Japan の性格から,Journal of I-LISS Japan も Journal of LISSASPAC Japan

の伝統を引き継ぎ,スタンスを日本に置きつつ国際的な視野に基づく図書館情報学研究の発表

の場を目指しています。そのため論文には抄録を付けること(和文論文には和文抄録に英文抄

録をも付すこと),また英文の原稿も受領することとしており,そのどちらもネイティヴ・ス

ピーカーのチェックを義務付けています。さらには,学術的な質の維持・向上を目指して投稿

原稿には僅かながら掲載料を課しています。会員のご理解を頂き,奮って投稿されることを期

待しています。

(編集委員長 大城善盛)

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Journal of I-LISS Japan

Vol.1, No.1(通巻 1号) 2018 年 11 月 10 日発行ISSN 2433-7870 定価 ¥2,000

発 行 国際図書館情報学会日本支部(I-LISS Japan)〒558-0011 大阪市住吉区苅田 7-10-7-1105(会長:志保田務 副会長:前川和子 事務局長:中村恵信)

編 集 編集長:大城善盛 編集次長:村上幸二編集委員:岡田大輔 家禰淳一 山田美雪

印 刷 協和印刷株式会社〒615-0052 京都市右京区西院清水町 13