1. LI KHEN NGI V sao cc Quc gia Tht bi Acemoglu v Robinson c mt ng gp quan trng cho cuc tranh lun v v sao cc quc gia nhn ging nhau li ht sc khc nhau n vy trong s pht trin kinh t v chnh tr ca chng. Thng qua mt lng ln th d lch s rng, h cho thy bng cch no nhng s pht trin th ch, i khi da trn hon cnh rt tnh c, c nhng h qu to ln. Tnh m ca mt x hi, s sn sng ca n cho php s ph hy sng to, v php tr dng nh l c tnh quyt nh i vi s pht trin kinh t. - Kenneth J. Arrow, gii Nobel Kinh t, 1972. Cc tc gi chng minh mt cch thuyt phc rng cc nc thot khi ngho ch khi chng c cc th ch kinh t thch hp, c bit quyn s hu t nhn v cnh tranh, Mt cch c o hn, h chng t cc nc c nhiu kh nng hn pht trin cc th ch ng khi chng c mt h thng chnh tr a nguyn m vi s cnh tranh cho chc v chnh tr, mt s lng c tri rng ri, v mt s ci m cho cc nh lnh o chnh tr mi. Quan h mt thit ny gia cc th ch chnh tr v kinh t l tm im ca ng gp ln ca h, v dn n mt nghin cu y sc sng v mt trong nhng vn ct yu trong kinh t hc v kinh t hc chnh tr. - Gary S. Becker, gii Nobel Kinh t, 1992. Cun sch quan trng v su sc ny, c xp cht bng nhng th d lch s, a ra l l ng h rng cc th ch chnh tr bao gm ng h cc th ch kinh t bao gm l cha kha cho s thnh vng bn vng. Cun sch im li bng cch no mt s ch tt c a vo v sau c mt vng xoy thin, trong khi cc ch ti vn trong mt vng xoy lun qun. y l phn tch quan trng khng c qun. - Peter Diamond, gii Nobel Kinh t, 2010. i vi nhng ngi ngh rng s phn kinh t ca mt quc gia c nh ot bi a l hay vn ha, Daron Acemoglu v Jim Robinson c tin xu. Chnh l cc

2. th ch do con ngi to ra, ch khng phi a hnh a th hay c tin ca cha ng chng ta, l ci quyt nh liu mt quc gia l giu hay ngho. Tng hp mt cch xut sc cng trnh ca cc nh l lun t Adam Smith n Douglass North vi nghin cu kinh nghim gn y hn ca cc s gia kinh t, Acemoglu v Robinson to ra mt cun sch hp dn v rt d c. - Niall Ferguson, tc gi ca The Ascent of Money. Acemoglu v Robinson hai chuyn gia hng u th gii v pht trin tit l v sao khng phi a l, bnh tt, hay vn ha l ci gii thch v sao mt s quc gia giu v mt s ngho, m ng hn l vn ca cc th ch v chnh tr. Cun sch rt d tip cn ny cung cp s thu hiu ng hoan nghnh cho cc chuyn gia v cc bn c ph thng nh nhau. - Francis Fukuyama, tc gi ca The End of History v Last Man v The Origins of Political Order Mt cun sch xut sc v gy phn khch th nhng cng l mt li ku gi thc tnh gy lo lng su sc. Acemoglu v Robinson trnh by mt l thuyt y thuyt phc v hu nh mi th cn lm vi s pht trin kinh t. Cc nc tri dy v thng tin khi h t cc th ch chnh tr ng ng h tng trng vo v tr, v tht bi thng mt cch ngon mc khi cc th ch chai cng li hay khng thch nghi. Nhng ngi mnh m lun lun v mi ni u tm cch chp ly s kim sot hon ton chnh ph, lm xi mn s tin b x hi rng ln hn v s tham lam ca ring h. Chn nhng ngi vi nn dn ch hu hiu hoc ng nhn quc gia bn tht bi. - Simons Johnson, ng tc gi ca 13 Bankers v gio s ti MIT Sloan. Hai nh kinh t hc gii nht v uyn bc nht th gii, hng vo vn kh nht ca mi vn : v sao mt s quc gia ngho v s khc giu? c vit vi mt s hiu bit su sc v kinh t hc v lch s chnh tr, y c l l tuyn b mnh m nht tng c a ra cho n nay rng th ch l quan trng. Mt cun sch khiu khch, lm sng t, vy m hon ton lm say m.

3. - Joel Mokyr, gio s Robert H. Strotz v Ngh thut v Khoa hc v gio s Kinh t hc v Lch s, Northwestern University Trong [cun sch] d c mt cch th v qua bn trm nm lch s mt cch d dng ny, hai ngi khng l ca khoa hc x hi ng i a cho chng ta mt thng ip gy cm hng v quan trng: chnh t do l ci khin th gii giu. Nhng k bo cha mi ni hy run s! - Ian, Morris, Standford University, tc gi ca Why the West Rules for Now Hy tng tng ngi quanh mt chic bn lng nghe Jared Diamond, Joseph Schumpeter, v James Madison ngm ngh v hn hai ngn nm ca lch s chnh tr v kinh t. Hy tng tng rng h dt cc tng ca h vo mt khung kh l thuyt mch lc da trn vic hn ch s khai thc, khuyn khch s ph hy sng to, v to ra cc th ch chnh tr mnh chia s quyn lc, v bn bt u thy ng gp ca cun sch xut sc v c vit mt cch li cun ny. - Scott E. Page, University of Michigan v Santa Fe Institute. Trong cun sch c phm vi ht sc rng ny, Acemoglu v Robinson hi mt cu hi n gin nhng quan trng, v sao mt s quc gia tr nn giu c v cc quc gia khc vn ngho? Cu tr li ca h cng n gin bi v mt s chnh th pht trin cc th ch chnh tr bao gm hn. im ng ch v cun sch ny l tnh dt khot v tnh sng sa ca cch vit, s tao nh ca l l, v s phong ph c bit v chi tit lch s. Cun sch ny l cun phi c ti mt thi im khi cc chnh ph khp th gii phng Ty phi tm ra ch chnh tr gii quyt khng hong n c quy m khc thng. - Steven Pincus, gio s Bradford Durfee v Lch s v Nghin cu Quc t v Vng, Yale University L chnh tr, ngu ! l li gii thch n gin nhng hp dn ca Acemoglu v Robinson cho v sao nhiu nc n vy khng pht trin. T Chnh th Chuyn ch ca nh Stuart n trc chin tranh min Nam, t Sierra Leone n Colombia, cng trnh c quyn uy ny cho thy gii u t hng mnh gian ln cc

4. quy tc nh th no lm li cho bn thn h gy tn hi cho nhiu ngi. Ln k hoch chi tit mt tin trnh cn trng gia nhng ngi bi quan v nhng ngi lc quan, cc tc gi chng minh a l v lch s khng phi l nh mnh. Nhng h cng chng minh bng t liu cc tng v chnh sch kinh t hp l thng t c t n th no khi thiu s thay i chnh tr cn bn. - Dani Rodrik, Kennedy School of Government, Havard University y khng ch l mt cun sch hp dn v l th: n l mt cun sch thc s quan trng. Nghin cu ht sc c o m cc gio s Acemoglu v Robinson tin hnh, v tip tc lm, v cc lc lng kinh t, chnh tr, v cc la chn chnh sch tin trin cng nhau nh th no, v cc th ch tc ng ra sao n s tin trin , l thit yu hiu thnh cng v tht bi ca cc x hi v cc quc gia. V y, trong cun sch ny, nhng hiu bit su sc ny n di dng rt d tip cn, qu thc rt li cun. Nhng ngi cm cun sch ny ln v bt u c s gp rc ri t n xung. - Michael Spence, gii Nobel Kinh t, 2001 Cun sch hp dn v d c ny tp trung vo s ng tin ha phc tp ca cc th ch chnh tr v kinh t, trong cc hng tt v xu. N tm thy mt s cn i t nh gia logic ca ng x chnh tr v ng x kinh t v nhng s chuyn hng c to ra bi cc s kin lch s bt ng, ln v nh, ti cc critical juncture bc ngot. Acemoglu v Robinson cung cp mt di rt rng cc th d lch s chng t nhng s dch chuyn nh vy c th nghing ra sao theo hng cc th ch thun li, i mi tin b, v thnh cng kinh t hoc theo hng cc th ch n p v cui cng suy tn hay tr tr. Bng cch no h c th gy ra c s kch thch ln s suy ngm. - Robert Solow, gii Nobel Kinh t, 1987

5. Why Nations Fail THE ORIGINS OF POWER, PROSPERITY, AND POVERTY Daron Acemoglu and Jemes A. Robinson Crown Publishers New York

6. V sao Cc Quc gia Tht bi NGUN GC CA QUYN LC, THNH VNG, V NGHO KH Daron Acemoglu v Jemes A. Robinson Nguyn Quang A dch

7. For Arda and Asu - DA Para Mara Anglica, mi vida y mi Alma - JR

8. MC LC Li gii thiu xiii LI NI U 1 V sao nhng ngi Ai Cp trn y Qung trng Tahrir h b Hosni Mubarak v n c ngha g cho s hiu bit ca chng ta v cc nguyn nhn ca s thnh vng v ngho kh. 1. GN TH M VN RT KHC NHAU 7 Nogales, Arizona, v Nogales, Sonora, l cc th trn c cng dn chng, vn ha, v a l. V sao mt th trn giu cn th trn kia ngho? 2. CC L THUYT KHNG HOT NG 45 Cc nc ngho khng phi bi v a l, vn ha ca chng, hay bi v cc nh lnh o ca chng khng bit cc chnh sch no s lm cho cc cng dn ca h giu. 3. TO RA S THNH VNG V NGHO KH 70 S thnh vng v ngho kh c xc nh nh th no bi cc khuyn khch do cc th ch to ra, v bng cch no chnh tr xc nh cc th ch no m mt quc gia c 4. NHNG KHC BIT NH V CC BC NGOT: SC NNG CA LCH S 96 Cc th ch thay i th no thng qua xung t chnh tr v qu kh nh hnh hin ti ra sao

9. 5. TI THY TNG LAI, V N HOT NG: TNG TRNG DI CC TH CH KHAI THC 124 Stalin, Vua Shyaam, Cch mng mi, v cc thnh quc Maya tt c c g chung v bng cch no iu ny gii thch v sao s tng trng hin thi ca Trung Quc khng th ko di 6. TRI DT XA NHAU 152 Cc th ch tin ha th no theo thi gian, thng tri dt chm chp xa khi nhau 7. IM NGOT 182 Mt cuc cch mng chnh tr nm 1688 lm thay i cc th ch nc Anh v dn n Cch mng Cng nghip nh th no 8. KHNG TRN LNH TH CA CHNG TI: CC RO CN I VI PHT TRIN 213 V sao nhng k c th lc chnh tr nhiu quc gia chng Cch mng Cng nghip Cc nh c chn 9. S PHT TRIN O NGC 245 Ch ngha thuc a u chu bn cng ha cc phn ln ca th gii th no 10. S TRUYN B THNH VNG 274 Mt s phn ca th gii i cc con ng khc con ng Anh nh th no n s thnh vng

10. 11. VNG THIN 302 Cc th ch thc y thnh vng to ra cc vng phn hi dng nh th no ngn chn cc n lc ca gii chp bu (elite) nhm lm xi mn chng 12. VNG LUN QUN 335 Bng cch no cc th ch gy ngho kh to ra cc vng phn hi m v tip tc tn ti 13. V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI NGY NAY 368 Th ch, th ch, th ch 14. PH V KHUN C 404 Mt v nc thay i qu o kinh t ca h bng thay i cc th ch ca h ra sao 15. HIU S THNH VNG V NGHO KH 428 Th gii c th khc th no v bng cch no s hiu iu ny c th gii thch v sao hu ht cc n lc chng ngho tht bi LI CM N 463 TIU LUN V CC NGUN TH MC 465 TI LIU THAM KHO 488 CH MC 515

11. xiii LI GII THIU Bn c cm trn tay cun th hai mi ba* ca t sch SOS2 , cun V sao cc Quc gia Tht bi ca hai nh khoa hc Daron Acemoglu (gio s kinh t hc, MIT) v James A. Robinson (gio s Qun l nh nc, i hc Havard) va xut bn M u nm 2012. Tiu ph ca cun sch l, ngun gc ca quyn lc, s thnh vng, v ngho kh. Cun sch tm cu tr li cho cu mt hi n gin nhng lm cho nhiu hc gi au u trong nhiu th k qua: v sao mt s quc gia giu v nhiu quc gia ngho? c nhiu l thuyt (gi thuyt) tm cch gii p cho cu hi ny hay gii * Cc quyn trc gm: 1. J. Kornai: Con ng dn ti nn kinh t th trng, Hi Tin hc Vit Nam 2001, Nh Xut bn Vn ho Thng tin (NXB VHTT) 2002; Con ng dn ti nn kinh t t do (NXB Tri thc. 2007) 2. J. Kornai: H thng X hi ch ngha, NXB Vn ho Thng tin 2002 3. J. Kornai- K. Eggleston: Chm sc sc kho cng ng, NXB VHTT 2002 4. G. Soros: Gi kim thut ti chnh 5. H. de Soto: S b n ca t bn, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, 2006 [S b n ca Vn] 6. J. E. Stiglitz: Ch ngha x hi i v u? 7. F.A. Hayek: Con ng dn ti ch nng n 8. G. Soros: X hi M 9. K. Popper: S Khn cng ca Ch ngha lch s 10. K. Popper: X hi m v nhng k th ca n, I, Plato 11. K. Popper: X hi m v nhng k th ca n, II, Hegel v Marx 12. Thomas S. Kuhn: Cu trc ca cc cuc Cch mng Khoa hc 13. Thomas L. Friedman: Th gii phng, Nh xut bn Tr, 2006 14. Mt nm Hi ngh Din Hng Hungary do Nguyn Quang A tuyn, dch, bin son 15. Kornai Jnos: Bng Sc mnh T duy, tiu s t thut c bit, NXB Thanh Ha, 2008 16. Kornai Jnos: Lch s v nhng bi hc, NXB Tri thc, 2007 17. Peter Drucker: X hi tri thc, Qun l, Kinh doanh, X hi v Nh nc, tp tiu lun 18. Murray Rothabrd: Lun l ca t do 19. Amartya Sen: T tng v cng bng, sp xut bn 20. Kornai Jnos: Ch ngha x hi, ch ngha t bn, dn ch v thay i h thng, sp xut bn 21. Kornai Jnos: Cc tng v ch ngha t bn, NXB Thi i, 2012. 22. Robert Kagan: Th gii m M to ra, 2012

12. xiv LI GII THIU thch hin tng bt bnh ng th gii nhc nhi . C cc gi thuyt v a l, vn ha, s thiu hiu bit ca cc nh lnh o quc gia, nhng cc l thuyt ny u khng tr li c mt cch tha ng cho cu hi n gin nu trn. Acemoglu v Robinson a ra gi thuyt v cc th ch chnh tr l ci quyt nh ch khng phi a l, vn ha, hay s thiu hiu bit. Lp lun i th nh sau: mt quc gia giu nu phn ln cng dn ca n tham gia vo cc hot ng kinh t, to ra nhiu ca ci mt cch hiu qu, lun tm cch mi thc hin cc nhim v (c v mi) sao cho hiu qu hn. Nhng ci g khin cc tc nhn kinh t (c nhn, h gia nh, cc cng ty) lm nh vy? l cc khuyn khch (incentive). Khng c cc khuyn khch, khng c ng c ngi ta khng tch cc lm vic; cc phn khuyn khch thm ch cn gy ra tc hi. Nghin cu cc khuyn khch l mt trong nhng ni dung chnh ca kinh t hc (v khoa hc x hi ni chung khi khuyn khch c hiu theo ngha rng khng ch l khuyn khch kinh t). Song ci g nh hnh cc khuyn khch? l cc th ch kinh t. Cc th ch kinh t l cc quy tc nh hng n nn kinh t hot ng th no v n cc khuyn khch thc y ngi dn ra sao. Cc tc gi phn ra hai loi th ch kinh t: th ch kinh t bao gm (inclusive economic institution) v cc th ch kinh t khai thc (extractive economic institution). Cc th ch kinh t bao gm bo m: cc quyn ti sn an ton; lut php v trt t; cc th trng v s ng h ca nh nc i vi cc th trng (qua cc dch v cng v cc quy nh); d tham gia hot ng kinh t; tn trng cc hp ng; a s nhn dn c tip cn n gio dc v o to v cc c hi. Ngc li th cc th ch kinh t l khai thc: thiu lut php v trt t; cc quyn ti sn khng an ton; cc ro cn tham gia v cc quy ch cn tr hot

13. LI GII THIU xv ng ca cc th trng v to ra sn chi khng bng phng. Cui cng, cc th ch kinh t hnh thnh trn c s no? Cc th ch chnh tr nh hnh cc th ch kinh t. Cc tc gi phn bit hai loi th ch chnh tr: bao gm v khai thc. Cc th ch chnh tr bao gm bo m: iu kin cho s tham gia rng ri ca cc cng dn ch ngha a nguyn t ra cc rng buc v kim sot i vi cc chnh tr gia; nn php tr; nh nc tp trung mc thc thi lut php v trt t (nhng khng qu tp trung bin thnh chnh th chuyn ch). Ngc li, cc th ch chnh tr mang tnh khai thc: tp trung quyn lc chnh tr vo tay mt s t ngi; khng c cc rng buc ln cc chnh tr gia hay kim sot v cn bng hay thiu nn php tr. Cc th ch kinh t bao gm thc y tng trng thng qua: khuyn khch u t; tn dng sc mnh th trng trong phn b ngun lc, s tham gia ca cc hng hiu qu hn, c kh nng ti tr vn cho kinh doanh khi nghip; to iu kin cho s tham gia rng ri thng qua to c hi bnh ng, cc cng dn c c hi gio dc v o to; v quan trng nht khuyn khch u t vo cng ngh mi v chp nhn s ph hy sng to. Nh th, cc th ch bao gm to ra cc khuyn khch cc tc nhn kinh t hot ng hiu qu v kt qu l to ra tng trng bn vng, v nh th thng dn cc quc gia n giu c. Tng trng, tuy vy lun lun ko theo nhng k thng v nhng ngi thua. Nhng k thng thng ng h, song nhng ngi thua thng chng i. Nhng ngi thua v kinh t v nht l nhng ngi thua (hay c kh nng b thua) v mt chnh tr thng ngn cn quyt lit. V y chnh l logic ca cc th ch khai thc: nhng ngi c quyn th s s mt quyn lc, s s ph hy sng to, s b tr thnh k thua, nn tm cch cn tr thay i, c duy tr cc th ch khai

14. xvi LI GII THIU thc, u tin gi n nh chnh tr, gi hin trng c li cho h. Tuy vy, di cc th ch khai thc cng c th c tng trng. u tin, c tng trng th mi c ca ci khai thc. Tng trng di cc th ch khai thc ch yu din ra theo hai kiu: chuyn ngun lc t khu vc nng sut thp (th d nng nghip) sang khu vc c nng sut cao hn (cng nghip hay dch v, chng hn); gii chp bu c th t tin to ra cc yu t bao gm trong cc th ch kinh t trong khi vn gi cc th ch chnh tr khai thc. Cc th ch kinh t khai thc c th to ra tng trng, nhng khng bn vng trong di hn v thng khng to ra tng trng v v th dn n ngho kh. C i lc mnh (hay s ng vn) gia cc th ch chnh tr bao gm v cc th ch kinh t bao gm; cng vy i vi cc th ch khai thc; chng tng cng ln nhau v to ra trng thi n nh tng i. S kt hp ca cc th ch chnh tr khai thc vi cc th ch kinh t bao gm c th to ra tng trng, nhng cui cng s quay v hai trng thi n nh hn: hoc cc th ch chnh tr chuyn thnh cc th ch bao gm v quc gia pht trin mnh, hay cc th ch kinh t bao gm b thay th bng cc th ch khai thc. Tng t, trng thi cc th ch chnh tr bao gm kt hp vi cc th ch kinh t khai thc cng l trng thi bt n nh: cc lc lng chnh tr s buc cc th ch kinh t tr nn bao gm, hoc bn thn cc th ch chnh tr b bin thnh khai thc. C th pht trin mt loi s o tng hp, theo kiu nh ch s HDI chng hn, cho cc th ch chnh tr v kinh t. C th gn, chng hn ch s - 1 cho tp cc th ch tuyt i khai thc, v +1 cho tp cc th ch tuyt i bao gm. Khi s o ca cc th ch chnh tr ca mt quc gia c th c gi tr t (-1) n (+1) v c th c biu din nh mt im no gia (-1 v + 1), th d trn trc tung (y). Tng t s o ca tp cc th ch kinh t cng ly gi tr t -1 n +1

15. LI GII THIU xvii v c th biu din th d trn trc honh (x) [ s di y trc x chy t phi qua tri hi ngc vi bnh thng mt cht]. Nh th ta c bn trn mt phng x-y: 1 trn cng bn phi, 2 di cng bn phi; 3 di bn tri; v 4 trn cng bn tri. Ti mi thi im, mi quc gia c mt v tr mt trong bn ny, v theo thi gian v tr c th dch chuyn trong tng , hay chuyn t ny sang kia. S dch chuyn ny v ln mt qu o th ch, v lch s th ch ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong l thuyt ca hai tc gi ny. Rt nhiu quc gia nm 2 v h thng ngho v v tr cng gn gc di bn phi (-1,-1) th cng ngho; c mt s quc gia 4 v h thng giu, cc quc gia c v tr cng gn gc trn cng bn tri (+1,+1) th cng giu. Hai 2 v 4 tng i n nh. 2 gn vi vng lun qun. 4 gn vi vng thin, v s n nh ti y cng ch tng i, nu khng gi gn vn c th tht li, nh trng hp Venice. Cc 1 v 3 khng n nh theo ngha cc quc gia nm cc ny sm mun (tnh bng hng chc nm) s chuyn v 2 hay 4. Phn ct li th hai ca l thuyt l ng hc ca s thay i th ch. Cc tc gi nhn mnh n tm quan trng ca: cc xung t (conflict) lun xy ra trong x hi; s tri dt th ch (institutional drift), cc th ch ban u nh nhau theo

16. xviii LI GII THIU thi gian s tri dt xa nhau; v to ra nhng s khc bit nh v th ch nhng cc khc bit nh li c th quan trng trong cc bc ngot; cc bc ngot (critical juncture) l bt c s kin ln no nh hng n x hi nh tai ha thin nhin, dch bnh, khm ph mi, hay cc cuc cch mng, hay ci cht ca mt nhn vt quan trng; v s ty thuc ngu nhin (contingency). Cc xung t dn n s tri dt th ch, ti cc bc ngot do nhng khc bit nh v s ty thuc ngu nhin chng r nhnh theo nhng con ng rt khc nhau v to ra s phn k th ch. L thuyt v thay i th ch cng nh s ng vn ca cc th ch (chnh tr v kinh t) bao gm v s ng vn ca cc th ch khai thc l cc cng c hng mnh m cc tc gi dng tm cu tr li cho cu hi n gin v ht sc c bn m cun sch t ra: v sao c mt s quc gia giu v nhiu quc gia ngho, v sao cc phng php xa ngho hin hnh thng tht bi. Cc tc gi a bn c chu du khp th gii, t chu M, Hoa K, n chu u, chu Phi, chu , chu i Dng tm hiu v sao ni no li ngho hay giu, cc lc lng chnh tr v kinh t tng tc vi nhau ra sao v gy ra nhng thay i th ch nh th no v a ra cch gii thch thuyt phc cho cc hin tng , gip bn c hiu trn c s ca khung kh l thuyt ny. Tm ph thi gian ca cun sch cng tht n tng, t cch mng mi n 2011, nhng chi tit hn l khong mt ngn nm v nht l t 1800 n nay. Mt l thuyt khoa hc lun l cc gi thuyt v gi tr ca mt l thuyt ch nm trong sc mnh gii thch (v tin on, nhng trong cc khoa hc x hi kh c th ni v kh nng tin on) ca n. Mun cho quc gia khng tht bi v giu c th phi tm mi cch xy dng cc th ch chnh tr bao gm. Cc tc gi nhn mnh khng c cng thc

17. LI GII THIU xix sn c cho vic ny. Tuy vy c nhiu vic c th to thun li, c th thc y cho vic hnh thnh cc th ch chnh tr nh vy. Trao quyn (empowerment) cho nhn dn, hay cho cc mng rng ca x hi l ht sc quan trng cho mt qu trnh nh vy c th hnh thnh hay mang li kt qu. Xy dng nn php tr thc s, vi nhng rng buc ln cc chnh tr gia, buc h phi c trch nhim gii trnh v kh lm dng quyn lc. Ngi dn bit quyn ca mnh v i mt cch tch cc cc quyn hin nh v tham gia vo cc t chc chnh tr. Cn mt nn bo ch t do v quyn t do ngn lun. V nh th cn c mt x hi dn s lnh mnh v s tham d tch cc ca cc cng dn. y l cch lm giu bn vng nht khng ch cho chnh mnh m cho c con chu nhiu i sau. Cun sch c vit rt sng sa v ht sc dung d, khng i hi qu nhiu kin thc kinh t hc t bn c. Theo ti y l mt cng trnh rt c gi tr v chc chn s c nh hng ln n s pht trin ni chung v ca s pht trin kinh t hc ni ring. Ti ngh i tng bn c ca cun sch ny s rt rng, t cc nh kinh t hc, cc nh khoa hc x hi, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, cc chnh tr gia, cc nh bo, sinh vin, hc sinh thuc tt c cc ngnh (ch khng ch cc ngnh x hi) v bt c ai quan tm khc u nn c cun sch ny. V h s khng ph cng v n gip chng ta hiu th gii, hiu chnh mnh v t rt ra cc bi hc cho hnh ng thc tin. Cm n cc ng Nguyn Anh Tun v V Vn L tng sch. Ti ht sc c gng truyn ti chnh xc ni dung nhng do hiu bit hn ch nn bn dch chc chn cn nhiu thiu st mong c bn c gp v lng th. H Ni, 4- 6-2012 Nguyn Quang A

18. LI NI U un sch ny l v nhng khc bit khng l v thu nhp v mc sng m tch bit cc nc giu trn th gii, nh Hoa K, Vng quc Anh, v c, khi cc nc ngho, nh cc nc chu Phi h-Sahara, Trung M v Nam . Khi chng ti vit li ni u ny, Bc Phi v Trung ng rung chuyn bi Ma xun Arab khi u bng ci c gi l Cch mng Hoa Nhi, m ban u c chm ngi bi vic lm cng chng phn ut v s t thiu ca mt ngi bn hng rong, Mohamed Bouazizi, ngy 17-12-2010. Ngy 14-1-2011, Tng thng Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, ngi cai tr Tunesia t 1987, t chc, nhng nhit tnh cch mng chng li s cai tr ca gii u t (elite) c c quyn Tunesia cn xa mi gim bt i, tr nn mnh hn v lan ra phn cn li ca Trung ng. Hosni Mubarak, ngi cai tr Ai Cp vi mt bn tay sit cht gn ba mi nm, b ht cng vo ngy 11-1-2011. S phn ca cc ch Bahrain, Lybia, Syria v Yemen cha c r khi chng ti hon tt li ni u ny. Gc r ca s bt mn ti cc nc ny l s ngho kh ca chng. Mt ngi Ai Cp trung bnh c mc thu nhp bng khong 12 phn trm ca mc thu nhp ca cng dn M trung bnh, v c th k vng sng ngn hn mi nm; 20 phn trm dn s sng trong cnh cc k ngho. Tuy nhng khc bit ny l ng k, chng thc ra l kh nh so vi nhng s khc bit gia Hoa K v cc nc ngho nht trn th gii, nh Bc Triu Tin, Sierra Leone, v Zimbabwe, ni hn mt na dn s sng trong ngho kh. V sao Ai Cp ngho hn Hoa K nhiu n vy? Nhng rng buc no ko nhng ngi Ai Cp khi vic tr nn pht t hn? S ngho ca Ai Cp c l bt bin, hay c th c xa b? Cch t nhin bt u ngh v vic ny l nghe bn thn nhng ngi Ai Cp ni v cc vn h i mt v v sao h li ng ln chng ch Mubarak. Noha Hamed, mt ngi hai mi bn tui, lm vic ti mt hng qung co Cairo, lm r quan im ca mnh khi c biu tnh ti Qung trng Tahrir: Chng ti chu s tham nhng, s p bc, v nn gio dc ti. Chng ti sng gia mt h thng thi nt m phi thay i. C

19. 2 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI Mt ngi khc trn qung trng, Mosaab El Shami, hai mi tui, sinh vin dc, nht tr: Ti hy vng rng vo cui nm nay chng ti s c mt chnh ph c bu v rng quyn t do ph qut c p dng v rng chng ta chm dt nn tham nhng m kim sot t nc ny. Nhng ngi biu tnh Qung trng Tahrir ni cng mt ting ni v s tham nhng ca chnh ph, s bt lc ca n cung cp cc dch v cng, v s thiu bnh ng c hi nc h. H c bit than phin v s p bc v s thiu cc quyn chnh tr. Nh Mohamed ElBaradei, nguyn gim c C quan Nng lng Nguyn t Quc t, vit trn Twitter ngy 13-1-2011, Tunesia: p bc + thiu cng l x hi + t chi cc knh cho din bin ha bnh = mt qu bom n chm ang ku tch tc. Nhng ngi Ai Cp v Tunesia u coi cc vn kinh t ca h c bn l do thiu cc quyn chnh tr gy ra. Khi nhng ngi biu tnh bt u din t cc i hi ca h mt cch c h thng hn, mi hai i hi u tin c post ln bi Wael Khalil, mt k s phn mm v blogger ngi ni ln nh mt trong nhng nh lnh o ca phong tro phn khng Ai Cp, u tp trung vo s thay i chnh tr. Cc vn nh tng lng ti thiu xut hin ch gia cc i hi chuyn tip m s c thc hin mun hn. i vi nhng ngi Ai Cp, nhng ci, m no gi h li, bao gm mt nh nc khng hiu qu v thi nt v mt x hi ni h khng th s dng ti nng, kht vng v s kho lo ca mnh v s gio dc m h c th c c. Nhng h cng nhn ra gc r ca cc vn ny l c ngun gc chnh tr. Tt c nhng cn tr kinh t m h i mt bt ngun t cch m quyn lc chnh tr c s dng v b c chim bi mt elite hp. y, h hiu, l ci u tin phi thay i. Th nhng, khi tin iu ny, nhng ngi biu tnh Qung trng Tahrir bt ng su sc vi s sng sut thng thng v ch ny. Khi lp lun, v sao mt nc nh Ai Cp li ngho, hu ht cc hc gi v nhng ngi bnh lun nhn mnh cc yu t hon ton khc. Mt s ngi nhn mnh s ngho ca Ai Cp ch yu l do a l ca n quyt nh, do s thc rng t nc ny hu nh l mt sa mc v thiu lng ma y , v rng t v kh hu ca n khng cho php mt nn nng nghip sinh li. Nhng ngi khc th ch ra cc tnh cht vn ha ca nhng ngi Ai Cp m c cho l khng thun cho s pht trin v thnh vng kinh t. H cho rng nhng ngi Ai Cp thiu ng loi phong

20. LI NI U 3 cch lm vic v cc c im vn ha m cho php cc dn tc khc pht t, v thay vo chp nhn cc nim tin Islamic khng ph hp vi thnh cng kinh t. Mt cch tip cn th ba, cch chim u th gia cc nh kinh t hc v cc chuyn gia chnh sch, li da vo nim rng cc nh cai tr ca Ai Cp n gin khng bit ci g cn lm cho t nc h phn thnh, v i theo cc chnh sch, cc chin lc sai trong qu kh. Nu gi nh cc nh cai tr ny nhn c li khuyn ng t cc c vn thch hp, cch t duy ny tip tc, th s c s thnh vng. i vi cc hc gi v chuyn gia chnh sch y, s thc rng Ai Cp b cai tr bi elite hp, ch thu vn cho bn thn h gy tn hi cho x hi, c v khng lin quan g n vic hiu cc vn kinh t ca nc ny. Trong cun sch ny chng ti s bin lun rng nhng ngi Ai Cp Qung trng Tahrir, ch khng phi hu ht cc hc gi v cc nh bnh lun, c tng ng. Thc ra, Ai Cp ngho chnh xc bi v n b cai tr bi elite hp, gii t chc x hi v li ch ring ca h gy tn hi cho s rt ng qun chng nhn dn. Quyn lc chnh tr c tp trung hp, v c s dng to ra s giu c ht sc cho nhng k nm quyn, nh ti sn 70 t USD c v nh c cu Tng thng Mubarak tch cp. Nhng ngi b thua thit l nhn dn Ai Cp, nh h hiu rt r [iu ]. Chng ta s chng t rng s gii thch ny v s ngho ca Ai Cp, s gii thch ca nhn dn, ha ra cung cp mt s gii thch chung cho cu hi v sao cc nc ngho li ngho. Bt lun l Bc Triu Tin, Sierra Leone, hay Zimbabwe, chng ta s chng t rng cc nc ngho l ngho v chnh xc cng l do m Ai Cp ngho. Cc nc nh Vng quc Anh v Hoa K tr nn giu bi v cc cng dn ca h lt elite, gii kim sot quyn lc, v to ra mt x hi ni cc quyn chnh tr c phn pht rng ri hn nhiu, ni cc chnh ph c trch nhim gii trnh v c trch nhim vi cng dn, v ni s ng qun chng nhn dn c th tn dng cc c hi kinh t. Chng ta s chng t rng hiu v sao c s bt bnh ng nh vy trong th gii ngy nay, chng ta phi o su vo qu kh v nghin cu ng hc lch s ca cc x hi. Chng ta s thy rng l do m Vng quc Anh giu hn Ai Cp l bi v nm 1688, Vng quc Anh (hay nc Anh, cho chnh xc) c mt cuc cch mng m bin i hot ng chnh tr v nh th hot ng kinh t ca quc gia. Nhn dn chin u v v ginh c nhiu quyn chnh tr hn, v h

21. 4 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI dng chng m rng cc c hi kinh t ca h. Kt qu l mt qu o chnh tr v kinh t khc mt cch cn bn, ln nh im trong Cch mng Cng nghip. Cuc Cch mng Cng nghip v cc cng ngh m n m ra khng lan sang Ai Cp, v nc nm di s kim sot ca ch Ottoman, m i x vi Ai Cp phn no theo cng cch nh gia nh Mubarak sau ny i x. S cai tr Ottoman Ai Cp b Napoleon Bonaparte lt nm 1798, nhng sau mc ny ri vo s kim sot ca ch ngha thc dn Anh, m cng nh Ottoman t quan tm n vic thc y s thnh vng ca Ai Cp. Tuy nhng ngi Ai Cp thot khi c cc ch Ottoman v Anh, v, nm 1952, lt ch qun ch ca h, nhng y khng phi l cc cuc cch mng nh cch mng 1688 Anh, v thay cho vic bin i cn bn hot ng chnh tr Ai Cp, chng li a mt elite khc ln nm quyn, gii cng chng quan tm n vic t c s thnh vng cho nhng ngi dn thng Ai Cp [ht] nh nhng ngi Ottoman v Anh chng quan tm. Hu qu l, cu trc c bn ca x hi khng thay i v Ai Cp vn ngho. Trong cun sch ny chng ta s nghin cu cc hnh mu ny ti to mnh ra sao theo thi gian v v sao i khi chng thay i nh chng thay i Anh nm 1688 v Php vi cch mng 1789. Vic ny s gip chng ta hiu liu tnh hnh Ai Cp thay i hin nay v liu cuc cch mng lt Mubarak s c dn n mt tp mi ca cc th ch c kh nng mang li s thnh vng cho nhng ngi Ai Cp bnh thng hay khng. Ai Cp c cc cuc cch mng trong qu kh m khng lm thay i tnh hnh, bi v nhng ngi t chc cc cuc cch mng n gin nm ly giy cng t nhng ngi m h ph trut v to dng li mt h thng tng t. Qu thc l kh i vi cc cng dn bnh thng nm ly quyn lc chnh tr thc v thay i cch x hi ca h vn hnh. Nhng l c th, v chng ta s xem vic ny din ra th no Anh, Php, Hoa K, v c Nht Bn, Botswana, v Brazil. V cn bn chnh mt s bin i chnh tr thuc loi ny l ci cn cho mt x hi ngho tr thnh giu. C bng chng rng iu ny c th ang xy ra Ai Cp. Reda Metwaly, mt ngi biu tnh khc Qung trng Tahrir, lp lun, By gi bn thy nhng ngi Muslim v nhng ngi Ki t gio cng nhau, by gi bn thy ngi gi v ngi tr cng nhau, tt c u mun cng mt th. Chng ta s thy rng

22. LI NI U 5 mt phong tro rng nh vy trong x hi l mt phn then cht ca ci xy ra trong nhng bin i chnh tr khc ny. Nu chng ta hiu khi no v v sao nhng s chuyn i nh th xy ra, chng ta s v th tt hn nh gi khi no chng ta k vng cc phong tro nh vy tht bi nh chng thng tht bi trong qu kh v khi no chng ta c th hy vng rng chng s thnh cng v ci thin cuc sng ca hng triu ngi.

23. 1. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU NN KINH T CA RIO GRANDE HNH PH NOGALES b ct i bi mt hng ro. Nu bn ng cnh n v nhn theo hng bc, bn s thy Nogales, Arizona, nm Qun Santa Cruz. Thu nhp ca h gia nh trung bnh l khong 30.000 USD mt nm. Hu ht tr v thnh nin trng hc, v a s nhng ngi ln l nhng ngi tt nghip trung hc. Bt chp nhng tranh lun m ngi dn a ra v h thng chm sc sc khe M thiu st n th no, dn chng tng i khe mnh, vi c tnh tui th cao theo tiu chun ton cu. Nhiu c dn trn tui su mi lm v c tip cn n Medicare (Chm sc y t). ch l mt trong nhiu dch v do chnh ph cung cp m hu ht c coi l nghim nhin, nh in, in thoi, h thng thot nc, chm sc sc khe cng ng, mng li ng kt ni h vi cc thnh ph khc trong vng v vi phn cn li ca Hoa K, v cui cng nhng khng km phn quan trng, lut php v trt t. Nhn dn Nogales, Arizona, c th tin hnh cc hot ng hng ngy ca h m khng c s s hi v i sng hay s an ton v khng phi lin tc s trm cp, s tc ot, hay nhng th khc c th gy nguy him cho cc khon u t ca h trong cc doanh nghip v nh ca h. Quan trng ngang th l, ngi dn Nogales, Arizona, coi l nghim nhin rng chnh ph, vi tt c s khng hiu qu v i khi tham nhng ca n, l ngi i din ca h. H c th b phiu thay th trng, cc thng v h ngh s ca h; h b phiu trong cc cuc bu tng thng xc nh ai s lnh o nc h. Dn ch l bn cht th hai ca h. T

24. 8 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI Cuc sng pha nam hng ro, ch cch vi mt, l kh khc. Trong khi c dn ca Nogales, Sonora, sng trong mt phn tng i thnh vng ca Mexico, thu nhp ca h gia nh trung bnh bng khong mt phn ba ca thu nhp Nogales, Arizona. Hu ht ngi ln Nogales, Sonora, khng tt nghip trung hc, v nhiu tr v thnh nin khng n trng. Cc b m phi lo v t l t vong tr em cao. iu kin chm sc sc khe cng cng ngho nn cho thy khng c g ngc nhin rng dn c ca Nogales, Sonora, khng sng lu nh cc lng ging pha bc ca h. H khng tip cn c n nhiu tin nghi cng cng. ng s trong tnh trng ti tn pha nam hng ro. Lut php v trt t trong tnh trng ti t hn. Ti phm cao, v m mt doanh nghip l mt hot ng ri ro. Khng phi ch l bn c ri ro b cp, m ly c tt c cc giy php v bi trn mi bn tay ch m l n lc khng d dng. Dn c Nogales, Sonora, sng vi s tham nhng v s vng v ca cc nh chnh tr hng ngy. Ngc vi cc lng ging phng bc ca h, dn ch l mt tri nghim rt mi y i vi h. Cho n cc cuc ci cch nm 2000, Nogales, Sonora, ht nh phn cn li ca Mexico, nm di s kim sot thi nt ca ng Cch mng Th ch, hay Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). Lm sao m hai na ca ci v c bn l cng mt thnh ph li khc nhau n vy? Khng c s khc bit no v a l, kh hu, hay nhng loi bnh ph bin trong vng ny, v cc vi trng khng i mt vi bt c hn ch no khi qua li gia Hoa K v Mexico. Tt nhin, cc iu kin y t l rt khc nhau, nhng iu ny chng lin quan g n mi trng bnh tt; l bi v nhn dn pha nam bin gii sng vi cc iu kin v sinh thp km v thiu s chm sc sc khe t t. Nhng c l ngi dn l rt khc nhau. C th chng, c dn ca Nogales, Arizona, l con chu ca nhng ngi nhp c t chu u, cn nhng ngi pha nam l con chu ca nhng ngi Aztec? Khng phi vy. Ngun gc ca ngi dn c hai bn bin gii l kh ging nhau. Sau khi Mexico tr nn c lp t Ty Ban Nha nm 1821, vng xung quanh Los dos Nogales l mt phn ca nh nc Mexic Vieja California v vn th ngay c sau Chin tranh Mexic-M 1846-1848. Qu thc, ch sau [Tha thun] Gadesden Mua nm 1853 m bin gii Hoa K mi c m rng ra vng ny. Trung y N. Michler l

25. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 9 ngi, trong khi kho st bin gii, ghi nhn s hin din ca thung lng Los Nogales nh xinh xn. y, c hai bn bin gii, hai thnh ph mc ln. Cc c dn ca Nogales, Arizona, v Nogales, Sonora, c chung t tin, thng thc cng loi thc n v m nhc, v, chng ta bo gan ni c cng vn ha. Tt nhin, c mt gii thch rt n gin v r rng cho nhng s khc bit gia hai na ca Nogales m bn c l on t lu: chnh l ci bin gii xc nh hai na. Nogales, Arizona, l Hoa K. Cc c dn ca n c tip cn n cc th ch kinh t ca Hoa K, m cho php h la chn ngh ca mnh mt cch t do, c c s hc hnh v cc k nng, v khuyn khch nhng ngi s dng lao ng ca h u t vo cng ngh tt nht, dn n lng cao hn cho h. H cng c tip cn n cc th ch chnh tr cho php h tham gia vo cc qu trnh dn ch, bu cc i din ca h v thay th chng nu chng c x ti. H qu l, cc chnh tr gia cung cp cc dch v c bn m cng dn i hi (t chm sc sc khe cng cng, n ng s, lut php v trt t). Nhng cng dn ca Nogales, Sonora, khng may mn nh vy. H sng trong mt th gii khc c nh hnh bi cc th ch khc. Cc th ch khc nhau ny to ra nhng khuyn khch rt khc nhau cho c dn ca hai Nogales v cho cc doanh nhn v doanh nghip mun u t . Nhng khuyn khch c to ra bi cc th ch khc nhau ca [hai] Nogales v ca hai nc tng ng l l do chnh cho nhng khc bit v s thnh vng kinh t hai bn bin gii. V sao cc th ch ca Hoa K li thun li hn rt nhiu cho thnh cng kinh t so vi cc th ch ca Mexico, v cng th ca c phn cn li ca M Latin? Cu tr li cho cu hi ny nm cch m cc x hi hnh thnh vo u thi k thc dn. Mt s phn k th ch xy ra khi , vi nhng tc ng ko di cho n ngy nay. hiu s phn k ny chng ta phi bt u ngay vic thit lp cc thuc a ti Bc M v M Latin. S THNH LP BUENOS AIRES u nm 1516, Juan Daz de Sols, hoa tiu Ty Ban Nha, i thuyn vo mt ca sng rng Bi bin pha ng ca Nam M. Li ln b, de Sols nhn t

26. 10 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI ny cho Ty Ban Nha, t tn sng l Riso de la Plata, Sng Bc, bi v dn a phng c bc. Dn bn a hai bn ca sng ngi Charras ni by gi l Urugay, v ngi Querand trn cc ng bng c bit n nh Pampas Argentina hin i coi nhng k mi n vi s th ch. Dn a phng ny l nhng ngi sn bt-hi lm sng trong cc nhm nh m khng c quyn uy chnh tr tp trung mnh. Tht vy, chnh l mt nhm Charras nh vy nh de Sols bng gy cho n cht khi ng khm ph cc vng mi m ng th chim cho Ty Ban Nha. Nm 1534, ngi Ty Ban Nha, vn lc quan, gi mt on u tin ca nhng ngi nh c t Ty Ban Nha di s lnh o ca Pedro de Mendoza. H lp mt th trn Buenos Aires trong cng nm. N phi l mt ni l tng cho nhng ngi u chu. Buenos Aires, theo ngha en l khng kh trong lnh, c mt kh hu n ha, d chu. Th nhng cuc lu li u tin ca nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha ngn. H khng i tm khng kh trong lnh, m l tm ti nguyn khai thc v lao ng cng bc. Tuy vy, nhng ngi Charras v Querand khng st sng gip . H t chi cung cp thc n cho ngi Ty Ban Nha, t chi lm vic khi b bt. H tn cng vng nh c mi bng cung v mi tn ca mnh. Nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha b i, v h khng lng trc rng phi t lo thc n cho mnh. Buenos Aires khng phi l ci h m ti. khng th p buc dn a phng cung cp lao ng. Vng ny khng c bc hay vng khai thc, v bc m de Sols thy thc ra n sut l trnh t nh nc Inca trong vng Andes, xa xi v pha ty. Nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha, trong khi c sng st, bt u gi cc ton thm him tm ch mi giu c hn v c nhiu dn hn d cng bc hn. Nm 1537, mt trong cc ton thm him ny, di s lnh o ca Juan de Ayolas, thm nhp ngc Sng Paran, tm ng n nhng ngi Inca. Trn ng, n tip xc vi ngi Guaran, mt tc ngi tnh ti vi mt nn kinh t nng nghip da vo ng v sn. De Ayolas ngay lp tc nhn ra rng ngi Guaran l mt vn hon ton khc vi ngi Charras v Querand. Sau mt xung t ngn, nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha vt qua s khng c Guaran v thnh lp mt th trn, Nuestra Seora de Santa Mara de la Asuncin, m vn l th ca Paraguay ngy nay. Nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha xm chim ly cc

27. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 11 cng cha Guaran lm v v nhanh chng t phong mnh lm mt tng lp qu tc mi. H thch nghi h thng lao ng cng bc v cng np ca ngi Guaran, vi bn thn h a v lnh o. y l loi thuc a m h mun thit lp, v trong vng bn nm Buenos Aires b b v tt c nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha nh c chuyn n th trn mi. Buenos Aires, Paris ca Nam M, mt thnh ph vi cc i l rng theo kiu u chu da trn s giu c nng nghip tuyt vi ca vng Pampas, khng c ti nh c cho n 1580. Vic t b Buenos Aires v s chinh phc ngi Guaran tit l logic ca vic chu u thc dn ha chu M. Ban u cc thc dn Ty Ban Nha v, nh chng ta s thy, cc thc dn Anh khng quan tm n vic t mnh canh tc t; h mun nhng ngi khc lm vic cho h, v h mun s giu c, vng v bc, v vt. T CAJAMARCA Cc cuc thm him ca de Sols, de Mendoza, v de Ayolas n sau cc cuc thm him ni ting hn tip sau vic Christopher Columbus nhn thy mt trong cc o ca Bahamas ngy 12-10-1492. Ngi Ty Ban Nha bt u bnh trng v thuc a ha chu M mt cch dn dp vi vic Hernn Corts xm chim Mexico nm 1519, cuc thm him ca Francisco Pizzaro n Peru mt thp nin ri sau , v cuc thm him ca Pedro Mendoza n Riso de la Plata ng hai nm sau . Trong th k tip theo, Ty Ban Nha chinh phc v thuc a ha hu ht trung, ty, v nam Nam M, cn B o Nha i Brazil n pha ng. Chin lc thc dn ha ca Ty Ban Nha rt hiu qu. u tin c hon thin bi Corts Mexico, n da vo s quan st rng cch tt nht cho ngi Ty Ban Nha khut phc s chng i l bt lnh t bn a. Chin lc ny cho php ngi Ty Ban Nha cp ca ci ca lnh t v cng bc dn bn a cng np v cung cp thc n. Bc tip theo l t phong mnh lm elite mi ca x hi bn a v nm quyn kim sot cc phng php hin tn v nh thu, cng np, v c bit, lao ng cng bc. Khi Corts v nhng ngi ca ng ta n th ca i Aztec, Tenochtitlan, ngy 8-11-1519, h c hoan nghnh bi Moctezuma, hong Aztec, ngi,

28. 12 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI mc d c nhiu li khuyn t cc c vn ca ngi, quyt nh tip n nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha mt cch hu ho. Ci g xy ra tip sau c m t k trong tng thut c bin son sau nm 1545 bi thy tu dng Franciscan, Bernardino de Saghagn, trong b sch Florentine Codices ni ting ca ng. Ngay lp lc h [nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha] tm cht ly Moctezuma ri sau tng khu sng bn ln tri S s hi bao trm. Mi ngi vi linh hn. Ngay c trc khi tri ti, c s kinh hi, s kinh ngc, s e s, mi ngi chong vng. V khi tri rng sng ngay lc y l ra tt c cc th [m nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha] i hi: bnh m trng lm bng ng, g ty nng, trng, nc sch, g, ci, than y l nhng th Moctezuma qu thc ra lnh. V khi nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha n nh xong, ngay lc y h d hi Moctezuma v tt c kho bu ca thnh ph h tm vng vi s st sng ln. V ngay lc y Moctezuma dn nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha. H i bao quanh ng mi ngi gi ng, mi ngi tm ly ng. V khi h n nh kho, mt ni c gi l Teocalco, ngay lc y h a ra tt c nhng th lng lnh; qut u lng chim quaetzal, cc dng c, cc huy hiu, cc a vng cc hnh li lim vng, cc ai [vng eo] chn vng, cc ai tay vng, cc ai trn vng. Ngay lc y vng c tch ra ngay lp tc h chm la, lm cho tt c cc th qu gi y bc chy. Chng b t ht. V nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha c vng thnh cc thi tch bit V ngi Ty Ban Nha i khp mi ni H tm mi th, mi th m h thy l tt. Ngay lc y h i n nh kho ring ca Moctezuma ni c gi l Totocalco h li ra cc ti sn ring [ca Moctezuma] tt c cc th qu gi; cc vng c vi cc tua tn ten, cc ai tay vi cc tm lng chim quaetzal, cc ai tay bng vng, cc vng eo

29. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 13 tay, cc ai bng vng vi v s v vng min ngc lam, biu tng ca ngi cai tr. H ly ht. Vic chinh phc nhng ngi Aztec bng qun s hon tt vo nm 1521. Corts, vi t cch thng c ca tnh Ty Ban Nha Mi, khi bt u phn chia ti nguyn qu gi nht, dn c bn a, thng qua th ch encomienda. H thng iu tit lao ng encomienda xut hin u tin Ty Ban Nha th k th mi lm nh mt phn ca vic ti chim min nam nc ny t tay nhng ngi Moor, Arab, nhng ngi nh c trong v sau th k th tm. Th gii Mi n c dng c hi hn nhiu: n l vic cp nhng ngi bn a cho mt ngi Ty Ban Nha, c bit n nh encomandero. Nhng ngi bn a phi cng np v lao dch cho encomandero, i li cc dch v encomandero c trch nhim ci o h sang Ki t gio. Mt tng thut ban u sng ng v hot ng ca encomienda n vi chng ta t Bartolom de la Casas, mt thy tu dng Dominican, ngi trnh by s ph phn sm nht v l mt trong nhng ph phn gy n tng (c tnh tn ph) nht v h thng thuc a Ty Ban Nha. De la Casas n hn o Ty Ban Nha, Hispaniola, nm 1502 vi mt i tu do thng c mi, Nicols de Ovando, ng u. ng ngy cng tr nn v mng v bi ri bi s c x tn c v bc lt i vi ngi bn a m ng chng kin hng ngy. Vi t cch cha tuyn y ng tham gia vo cuc Ty Ban Nha xm chim Cuba nm 1513, thm ch c cp mt encomienda cho ng s dng. Tuy vy, ng t b quyn c cp v bt u mt cuc vn ng di ci cch cc th ch thuc a Ty Ban Nha. Cc n lc ca ng t nh cao trong cun sch ca ng, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Mt Tng thut Ngn v s Ph hy Indies), c vit nm 1542, mt s tn cng khinh mit ln tnh d man ca s cai tr Ty Ban Nha. V encomienda ng c iu ny ni trong trng hp ca Nicaragua: Mi ngi nh c bt c dn trong th trn c phn cho ng ta (hay c giao cho [encommanded] ng ta, nh cch din t php l), bt cc c dn lm vic cho mnh, n cp thc phm him hoi ca h cho chnh mnh v chim t m nhng ngi bn a s hu v canh tc m trn h nui trng sn phm ca h theo truyn thng. Ngi nh c i x vi ton b dn c bn a

30. 14 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI nhng ngi quyn cao chc trng, cc ng gi, n b v tr con nh cc thnh vin ca h gia nh mnh, v vi t cch nh th, bt h lm vic ti ngy v li ch ring ca ng ta, m khng c bt c s ngh ngi no. V cuc chinh phc New Granada, Columbia hin i, de la Casas k li ton b chin lc Ty Ban Nha trong hnh ng: thc hin cc mc ch di hn v chim ot tt c s vng sn c, nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha p dng chin lc thng thng ca h v chia cc th trn v dn c ca chng thnh tng phn gia h vi nhau (hay giao cho, nh h bo th) v sau , nh t trc n gi, i x vi h nh cc n l thng thng. Ngi ch huy ton b cuc thm him chim ly Vua ca ton vng lnh th cho chnh mnh v gi ng ta nh t binh trong su hay by thng, i nhiu v nhiu hn vng v ngc lc bo t ng ta mt cch hon ton tri php. Nh Vua ny, mt Bogot, khip s n mc, v s nng lng ca ng c gii thot khi nanh vut ca nhng k gy au kh cho mnh, ng ng vi i hi rng ng s cht vng y mt nh v trao cho h; t mc ch ny ng gi ngi ca mnh i tm vng, v tng t mt h mang v nhiu qu. Nhng ngi nh vn cha y v cui cng nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha tuyn b rng h s git ng v s tht ha. Ngi ch huy gi h phi a ng ra x trc mt hn, vi t cch ngi i din ca lut php, v khi h lm nh th, trnh co trng chng li nh Vua, hn kt n ng s b tra tn nu ng vn khng khng khng thc hin li ha c thng lng. H tra tn ng bng cch treo ng ln cao, t ming m ang chy ln bng ng, tri c hai chn ng vo hai cc vi cc ai st v c ng vo ci khc v sau , vi hai ngi cm cc tay ng, h tin hnh t gan bn chn ng. Thnh thong, vin ch huy ng ti v lp li rng h s tra tn ng n cht mt cch t t tr phi ng mang li nhiu vng hn, v y l ci h lm, nh Vua cui cng khng chu ni nhng s au n m h gy ra cho ng.

31. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 15 Chin lc v cc th ch chinh phc c hon thin Mexico c chp nhn mt cch ho hc nhng ni khc trong ch Ty Ban Nha. Khng u vic ny c lm mt cch hiu qu hn vic Pizzaro chinh phc Peru. Nh de las Casas bt u tng thut ca ng: Vo nm 1531 mt tn i lu manh khc vi mt s ngi c cuc hnh trnh n vng quc Peru. Vi quyt tm v nh r rt, hn bt tay vo vic bt chc chin lc v chin thut ca cc ng bn phiu lu ca hn cc phn khc ca Th gii Mi. Pizzaro bt u trn b bin cnh th trn Tumbes ca Peru v tin v pha nam. Ngy 15-11-1532, ng n th trn vng ni Cajarmarca, ni hong Inca, Atahualpa, cm tri vi qun i ca ngi. Ngy hm sau, Atahualpa, ngi va thng anh trai Huscar ca mnh trong cuc tranh ua ai s k v ngi cha mi cht ca h, Huayna Capac, cng on ty tng ca mnh n ni nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha cm tri. Atahualpa pht cu bi v tin tc v nhng hnh ng tn bo m nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha gy ra, nh xc phm n th Thn Mt tri Inti, n vi ngi. Nhng g xy ra sau l iu nhiu ngi bit. Ngi Ty Ban Nha t mt ci by v bt by ln. H git nhng ngi bo v v ngi hu ca Atahualpa, c l nhiu n hai ngn ngi, v bt gi ng. c t do, Atahualpa ha cht vng y mt phng v cht bc y thm hai phng na c cng kch thc. ng thc hin vic ny, nhng nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha, khng gi li ha ca h, treo c ng vo thng By 1533. Thng Mi mt nm y nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha chim c th Inca, Cusco, ni gii qu tc Inca b i x nh Atahualpa b, b tng giam cho n khi h mang vng v bc li. Khi h khng tha mn cc i hi ca ngi Ty Ban Nha, h b thiu sng. Nhng bu vt ngh thut tuyt vi ca Cusco, nh n th Mt tri, b lt mt nhng phn bng vng ca chng v vng c nu chy c thnh cc thi. Ti im ny nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha ch tm vo ngi dn ca ch Inca. Nh Mexico, cc cng dn c chia thnh cc encomienda, vi mi encomienda c phn cho mi k chinh phc ngi i cng Pizzaro. Encomienda l th ch ch yu c dng cho vic kim sot v t chc lao ng trong thi gian u ca thi k thuc a, nhng mau chng i mt vi mt u th mnh m. Nm 1545, mt ngi a phng c tn Diego Gualpa

32. 16 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI ang tm mt in th bn a cao Andes, trong vng l Bolivia ngy nay. Mt cn gii mnh bt ng ht ng xung t v trc mt ng xut hin mt ni tr qung bc. y l mt phn ca mt hn ni bc mnh mng, m nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha t tn l El Cerro Rico, Ni Giu. Xung quanh n mc ln thnh ph Potos, m nh cao ca n trong nm 1650 c s dn 160.000 ngi, ln hn Lisbon hay Venice trong thi k y. khai thc bc, nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha cn cc th m rt nhiu th m. H phi mt ph vng, quan chc chnh ca thuc a Ty Ban Nha, Francisco de Toledo, m s mnh chnh ca ng l gii quyt vn lao ng. De Toledo, n Peru nm 1569, u tin dng nm nm du hnh khp ni v tm hiu nhim v mi ca ng. ng cng giao tin hnh mt cuc iu tra s v ton b dn c trng thnh. tm c lao ng m ng cn, u tin de Toledo di chuyn ton b dn c bn a, tp trung h vo cc th trn mi c gi l cc reduccion ngha en l nhng s rt bt m s to thun li cho vic khai thc lao ng bi Quc vng Ty Ban Nha. Sau ng phc hi v phng theo mt th ch lao ng Inca c gi l mita, m, theo ngn ng Inca, Quechua, c ngha l a turn mt phin. Di h thng mita ca h, nhng ngi Inca s dng lao ng cng bc vn hnh cc n in c tr tnh cung cp thc phm cho cc n th, gii qu tc, v qun i. i li, elite lo vic cu tr nn i v an ninh. Mita trong tay de Toledo, c bit mita Potos, tr thnh s ln nht v nng n nht v khai thc lao ng trong thi k thuc a Ty Ban Nha. De Toledo xc nh mt vng lu vc mnh mng, chy t gia ca Peru hin i v bao gm hu ht Bolivia hin i. N bao ph mt din tch khong hai trm ngn dm vung. Trong vng ny, mt phn by c dn n ng, mi n cc reduccion ca h, c yu cu lm vic ti cc m Potos. Mita Potos tn ti sut ton b thi k thuc a v ch b bi b vo nm 1825. Bn 1 cho thy vng lu vc ca mita c chng ln khong rng ca ch Inca vo thi Ty Ban Nha chinh phc. N minh ha mc m mita chng gi ln vng trung tm ca ch, bao gm th Cusco.

33. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 17 ng ch , bn vn thy di sn ca mita Peru ngy nay. Hy xt nhng s khc bit gia cc tnh Calca v Acomayo gn . C v c vi s khc bit gia cc tnh ny. C hai u trn vng ni cao, v cc hu du, ni ting Quechua, ca nhng ngi Inca sng mi tnh. Th nhng, Acomayo th ngho hn nhiu, vi cc c dn ca n tiu th khong mt phn ba t hn cc c dn Calca. Ngi dn bit iu ny. Acomayo h hi nhng ngi nc ngoi can m, Bn khng bit rng ngi dn y ngho hn ngi dn , Calca

34. 18 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI ? V sao bn li tng mun n y? Can m bi v l kh hn rt nhiu n Acomayo t th khu vc Cusco, trung tm c xa ca ch Inca, so vi n Calca. ng n Calca c trng lp mt, cn ng n Acomayo th trong tnh trng h nt kinh khng. i qu Acomayo bn cn mt con nga hay mt con la. Calca v Acomayo ngi dn trng cng loi cy trng, nhng Calca h bn chng ch ly tin. Cn Acomayo h nui trng thc phm cho s tn ti ca ring h. Nhng s bt bnh ng ny, r rng vi con mt v ngi dn sng , c th c hiu di dng nhng khc bit th ch gia cc tnh ny nhng s khc bit th ch vi gc r quay li n de Toledo v k hoch khai thc hiu qu lao ng bn a ca ng. S khc bit lch s chnh gia Acomayo v Calco l, Acomayo trong vng mita Potos, cn Calca th khng. Ngoi s tp trung lao ng v mita, de Toledo cng c encomienda thnh thu thn, mt khon c nh bng bc m mi ngi n ng trng thnh phi np hng nm. y l mt s khc c tr tnh buc ngi dn vo th trng lao ng v gim bt lng [c li] cho cc a ch Ty Ban Nha. Mt th ch khc, repartimiento de mercancias, cng tr nn ph bin trong nhim k ca de Toledo. C xut x t ng t ting Ty Ban Nha repartir, phn chia, repartimiento ny, ngha en l phn phi hng ha, dnh dng n vic cng bc bn hng ha cho nhng ngi a phng vi gi do nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha quyt nh. Cui cng, de Toledo a ra trajin theo ngha en c ngha l gnh nng m s dng nhng ngi bn a mang vc cc hng ha nng, nh ru hay l coca hay hng dt may, nh ci thay th cho by ng vt, cho nhng cng vic kinh doanh mo him ca elite Ty Ban Nha. Khp th gii thuc a Ty Ban Nha chu M, cc th ch v cc cu trc x hi tng t ni ln. Sau giai on ban u ca s cp bc, v s thm kht vng v bc, nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha to ra mt mng li cc th ch c tr tnh khai thc ngi dn bn a. Cung bc y ca encomienda, mita, repartimiento, v trajin c thit k p mc sng ca nhng ngi bn a xung mc sng qua ngy v nh th moi tt c thu nhp thng d ca vic ny cho nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha. Vic ny t c bng cch tc ot t ca h, cng bc h lao ng, tr lng thp cho cc dch v lao ng ca h, p t cc loi thu cao, tnh gi cao cho cc hng ha thm ch khng

35. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 19 c mua mt cch t nguyn. Tuy cc th ch ny to ra nhiu ca ci cho Quc vng Ty Ban Nha v lm cho nhng k chinh phc v cc hu du ca h rt giu, chng cng bin M Latin thnh lc a bt bnh ng nht th gii v lm hao mn nhiu tim nng kinh t ca n. N JAMESTOWN Khi nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha bt u cuc chinh phc chu M ca h trong cc nm 1490, nc Anh cn l mt cng quc nh chu u, ang phc hi t nhng h qu tn ph ca cuc ni chin, cc cuc Chin tranh Hoa Hng. N khng trong trng thi tn dng s tranh ginh cp bc v vng v c hi khai thc nhng ngi bn a ca chu M. Gn mt trm nm sau, vo nm 1588, s thm bi may mn ca Armada Ty Ban Nha, mt mu toan ca Vua Ty Ban Nha Philip II xm lng Anh, gi ln sng sc chnh tr khp chu u. Du thng li ca Anh c may mn n u, n cng l mt du hiu v s qu quyt ngy cng tng ca Anh trn bin, iu m s cho php h rt cuc tham gia vo vic theo ui ch thuc a. Nh th khng phi ngu nhin rng nhng ngi Anh bt u cuc thuc a ha Bc M ca h chnh xc vo cng thi gian . Nhng h l nhng ngi n mun ri. H chn Bc M khng phi v n hp dn, m bi v l tt c ci sn c cn li. Cc phn ng mong mun ca chu M, ni di do nhng ngi bn a khai thc v ni c cc m vng v bc, b chim mt ri. Ngi Anh nhn cc phn cn tha. Khi nh vn nh nng hc Anh th k mi tm Arthur Young bn v ni sn xut cc sn phm chnh c li, m ng hiu cc sn phm chnh l cc hng ha nng nghip c th xut khu c, lu : C v xt trn mi mt, rng vic sn xut cc sn phm chnh ca cc thuc a ca chng ta gim v gi tr theo t l vi khong cch ca chng n mt tri. cc vng Ty n, m l cc vng nng nht, chng t mc 8l. 12s. 1d. trn u ngi. Trong cc vng lc a phng nam, t mc 5l. 10s. Trong cc vng min trung, t mc 9s. 6d. Trong cc vng nh c phng bc, t mc 2s. 6d. T

36. 20 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI l ny chc chn gi mt bi hc quan trng nht trnh vic thuc a ha cc vng min bc. Mu toan u tin ca ngi Anh lp mt thuc a, ti Roanoke, Bc Carolina, gia 1585 v 1587, hon ton tht bi. Vo nm 1607, h li th ln na. Ngay trc khi kt thc nm 1606, ba tu, Susan Constant, Godspeed, v Discovery, di s ch huy ca Thuyn trng Christopher Newport, khi hnh n Virginia. Cc nh thc dn, di s bo tr ca Cng ty Virginia, tin vo Vnh Chesapeake v ngc ln mt con sng m h gi l sng James, theo tn Quc vng Anh ang tr v, James I. Ngy 14-5-1607, h lp ra khu nh c Jamestown. Tuy nhng ngi nh c trn boong tu do Cng ty Virginia s hu l nhng ngi Anh, h c mt m hnh thuc a ha b nh hng mnh bi mu do Corts, Pizzaro, v de Toledo dng ln. K hoch u tin ca h l i bt th lnh a phng v s dng ng ta nh cch c cung cp lng thc thc phm, v cng bc dn c sn xut thc phm v ca ci cho h. Khi ln u tin b ln Jamestown, cc thc dn Anh khng bit rng h bn trong lnh th c yu sch bi Hp bang Powhatan, mt lin minh ca khong ba mi chnh th tha nhn lng trung thnh vi mt v vua c gi l Wahunsunacock. Th ca Wahunsunacock l th trn Werowocomoco, ch cch Jemestown c hai mi dm. K hoch ca cc nh thc dn l tm hiu thm v th t [a hnh a th v tnh hnh] y. Nu khng th xui khin c nhng ngi a phng cung cp thc n v lao ng, cc nh thuc a ch t c kh nng trao i vi h. nim rng bn thn nhng ngi nh c s lm vic v nui trng thc phm ring ca h c v khng thong qua u c h. khng phi l vic m cc nh chinh phc Th gii Mi lm. Wahunsunacock mau chng nhn thc c v s hin din ca cc nh thuc a v xem xt cc nh ca h vi s nghi ng ln. ng chu trch nhim v ci i vi Bc M qu thc l mt ch rt rng. Nhng ng c nhiu k th v thiu s tp trung chnh tr p o ca nhng ngi Inca. Wahunsunacock

37. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 21 quyt nh thm d xem nh ca nhng ngi Anh l g, ban u gi nhng ngi a tin ni rng ng mun c quan h hu ho vi h. Khi ma ng nm 1607 khp li, nhng ngi nh c Jamestown bt u cn kit thc n, v ngi lnh o c ch nh ca hi ng cai tr thuc a, Edward Marie Wingfield, chn ch lng l. Tnh hnh c i y John Smith cu vt. Smith, m cc bi vit ca ng cung cp mt trong nhng ngun thng tin chnh ca chng ta v s pht trin ban u ca thuc a, l mt nhn vt rt n tng. Sinh ra Anh, ti vng nng thn Lincolnshire, ng coi thng cc mong mun ca cha mnh i vi ng i kinh doanh v thay vo tr thnh mt ngi lnh gp may. u tin ng chin u vi qun i Anh H Lan, sau ng gia nhp lc lng o phc v Hungary chin u chng qun i ca ch Ottoman. B bt Rumani, ng b bn nh n l v b a i lm nh mt ngi ph vic ngoi ng. Mt ngy ng tm c cch thng ng ch ca mnh, n trm qun o v nga ca ng ch, trn tr li lnh th o. Smith chuc ly rc ri cho mnh trn hnh trnh n Virginia v b nht trn tu Susan Constant v s ni lon coi thng mnh lnh ca Wingfield. Khi tu n Th gii Mi, k hoch l a ng ra x. Trc s v cng kinh tm ca Wingfield, Newort, v cc nh thuc a elite khc, tuy vy, khi h m cc lnh c nim phong gn xi ca h, h pht hin ra rng Cng ty Virginia b nhim Smith lm mt thnh vin ca hi ng cai tr cai qun Jamestown. Vi Newport li tu quay li Anh ly hng cung ng v nhiu nh thuc a hn, v Wingfield khng chc chn v phi lm g, chnh Smith l ngi cu thuc a. ng khi xng mt lot chuyn bun m m bo s cung ng thc phm trng yu. Trong mt trong cc chuyn ny ng b Opechancanough, mt trong nhng ngi em ca Wahunsunacock, bt v b a v trc mt nh vua Werowocomoco. ng l ngi Anh u tin gp Wahunsunacock, v chnh l ti cuc gp g ban u ny m theo mt s tng thut cuc sng ca Smith c cu ch do s can thip ca Pocahontas, em gi ca Wahunsunacock. c tr t do ngy 2-1-1608, Smith quay li Jamestown, m vn cn kit thc phm mc nguy him, cho n s quay tr li kp thi ca Newport t nc Anh mun hn cng ngy hm . Cc nh thuc a ca Jamestown hc c t t kinh nghim ban u ny. Khi nm 1608 tip din, h tip tc tm vng v kim loi qu ca mnh. H vn c

38. 22 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI v cha hiu rng tn ti, h khng th da vo nhng ngi a phng cho h n thng qua hoc s cng bc hay s bun bn. Chnh Smith l ngi u tin nhn ra rng m hnh thuc a ha m hot ng rt tt cho Corts v Pizzaro n gin s khng hot ng Bc M. Hon cnh c bn tht khc nhau. Smith lu thy, khng ging nhng ngi Aztec v Inca, ngi dn Virginia khng c vng. Tht vy, ng ghi chp trong nht k ca mnh, Bn phi bit thc phm l tt c ti sn ca h. Anas Todkill, mt trong nhng ngi nh c ban u ngi li mt nht k rng ln, by t r nhng tht vng ca Smith v vi ngi khc m da vo s tha nhn ny tr nn r rng hn: khng c tr chuyn, khng c hy vng, khng c cng vic, tr o vng, tinh ch vng, cht vng. Khi Newport li tu v nc Anh thng T nm 1608 ng ch chuyn hng pyrite, vng ca thng ngc. ng quay li vo cui thng Chn vi cc mnh lnh ca Cng ty Virginia gi s kim sot cht hn i vi nhng ngi a phng. K hoch ca h l phong vng cho Wahunsunacock, hy vng rng vic ny s lm cho ng ta ph thuc vo vua Anh James I. H mi ng n Jamestown, nhng Wahunsunacock, vn nghi ng cc nh thuc a mt cch su sc, khng c nh chu ri ro b bt. John Smith ghi li tr li ca Wahunsunacock: Nu c Vua ca cc ngi gi qu cho trm, trm cng l mt v Vua, v y l t ca trm Cha ca cc ngi phi n ch trm, khng phi trm n ch ng ta, chng n pho i ca cc ngi, m trm cng s khng cn mt ci mi nh vy. Nu Wahunsunacock khng cn mi nh vy, th Newport v Smith s phi i n Werowocomoco tin hnh vic phong vng. Ton b s kin c v l mt s tht bi hon ton vi th duy nht l ra t , mt quyt tm t pha Wahunsunacock rng l lc thot khi thuc a. ng p t mt s cm vn thng mi. Jamestown s khng cn c th trao i ly hng cung ng. Wahunsunacock s lm h cht i. Newport cng bum mt ln na v Anh, vo thng 12-1608. ng mang theo mnh mt l th do Smith vit cu xin cc gim c ca Cng ty Virginia thay i cch ngh ca h v thuc a. khng c kh nng v mt s khai thc

39. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 23 tr-nn-giu-nhanh ca Virginia theo ng li ca Mexico v Peru. khng c vng hay kim loi qu, v khng th cng bc ngi dn bn a lm vic hay cung cp thc phm. Smith nhn ra rng nu mun c mt thuc a c th ng vng c, th chnh cc nh thuc a l nhng ngi phi lm vic. V th ng cu xin cc gim c gi nhng loi ngi ph hp: Khi cc ngi gi ln na ti van xin cc ngi hy gi khong ba mi th mc, cp v chng, nhng ngi lm vn, nhng ngi nh c, cc th rn, cc th n, v nhng ngi o cy, r cy, c chu cp tt, ri c ngn ngi nh th khi chng ta c. Smith khng mun cc th kim hon v dng na. Mt ln na Jamestown sng st ch bi v ti tho vt ca ng. ng tm c cch tn tnh v bt nt cc nhm bn a a phng trao i vi ng, v khi chng khng th, ng lm ci ng c th. Pha sau khu nh c, Smith hon ton chu trch nhim v p t quy tc rng ai khng lm th ng n. Jemestown sng st qua ma ng th hai. Cng ty Virginia d nh l mt doanh nghip lm ra tin, v sau hai nm thm hi, chng thy tm hi no ca li nhun. Cc gim c ca cng ty quyt nh rng h cn mt m hnh qun tr mi, thay th hi ng cai tr bng mt thng c duy nht, Ngi u tin c b nhim vo chc v ny l Sir Thomas Gates. Lu n mt s kha cnh ca s cnh bo ca Smith, cng ty nhn ra rng h phi th ci g mi. S nhn thc ny c hiu r bi nhng s kin ca ma ng 1609/1610 bi ci gi l thi cht i. Cch thc qun tr mi khng c ch cho Smith, ngi bc bi, tr v Anh vo ma thu nm 1609. Khng c ti xoay x ca ng v vi Wahunsunacock bp nght vic cung cp thc phm, cc nh thuc a ca Jamestown cht. Trong s nm trm ngi bc vo ma ng, ch su mi ngi cn sng vo thng Ba. Tnh hnh tuyt vng n mc h phi quay sang n tht ngi. Ci g mi m c p t ln thuc a bi Gates v ngi ph ca ng, Sir Thomas Dale, l mt ch lao ng nghim ngt h khc i vi nhng ngi nh c Anh tuy tt nhin khng phi i vi elite vn hnh thuc a. Chnh Dale l ngi truyn b Lut Thnh thn, Lun l v Qun s. Lut ny bao gm cc iu khon:

40. 24 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI Khng n ng hay n b no c chy t thuc a sang nhng ngi Indian, b ti cht.

41. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 25 Bt c ai cp mt vn, t hay cng, hay mt vn nho, hay ngi n cp cc bp ng s b pht ti cht. Khng thnh vin no ca thuc a s bn hay cho bt c hng ha no ca nc ny cho mt thuyn trng, thy th, ng ch hay thy th ch khi thuc a, cho vic s dng ring ca anh ta, b ti cht. Nu nhng ngi bn a khng c khai thc, Cng ty Virginia l lun, c l cc nh thuc a c th. M hnh mi v pht trin thuc a i hi Cng ty Virginia lm ch ton b t. n ng phi trong cc doanh tri, v c cp khu phn do cng ty quyt nh. Cc i lm vic c la chn, mi i c gim st bi mt i din ca cng ty. N gn vi thit qun lut, vi vic hnh hnh nh s trng pht dng n u tin. Nh mt phn ca cc th ch mi cho thuc a, iu u tin va c trch l quan trng. Cng ty e da git nhng ngi b i. Cn c vo ch lao ng mi, b i sng vi nhng ngi a phng tr thnh mt la chn ngy cng hp dn cho cc nh thuc a phi lm vic. Cn c vo mt thp ca dn c bn a Virginia thi , cng c trin vng b i mt mnh ra vng bin cng ngoi tm kim sot ca Cng ty Virginia. Quyn lc ca cng ty l hn ch khi i mt vi cc la chn ny. N khng th cng bc nhng ngi nh c Anh lm vic nng nhc vi mc khu phn sng. Bn 2 cho thy mt c tnh mt dn s ca cc vng khc nhau ca chu M vo thi Ty Ban Nha chinh phc. Mt dn s ca Hoa K, ngoi vi , nhiu nht l ba phn t ngi trn mt dm vung. trung tm Mexico hay Peru vng Andes, mt dn s cao mc bn trm ngi trn mt dm vung, cao hn nm trm ln. Nhng g c th Mexico hay Peru l khng kh thi Virginia. Cng ty Virginia cn mt t thi gian nhn ra rng m hnh ban u ca n v thuc a ha khng hot ng Virginia, v cng cn mt t thi gian na thu hiu s tht bi ca Lut Thnh thn, Lun l v Qun s. Bt u trong nm 1618, mt chin lc ht sc mi c chp nhn. V khng th cng bc nhng ngi a phng cng chng th cng bc nhng ngi nh c, la chn kh d duy nht l khuyn khch nhng ngi nh c. Nm 1618 cng ty bt u h thng quyn u ngi headright system, cp cho mi

42. 26 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI ngi n ng nh c nm mi mu t [mt mu Anh, acre, bng khong 4.050 m2 ] v thm nm mi mu cho mi thnh vin gia nh ca ng ta v cho tt c cc y t m gia nh c th mang sang Virginia. Nhng ngi nh c c cho nh v c gii phng khi cc hp ng, v nm 1619 mt i Hi ng (General Assembly) c t ra m trn thc t cho tt c nhng ngi n ng trng thnh quyn quyt nh v cc lut v cc th ch cai tr thuc a. N l khi u ca nn dn ch Hoa K. Cng ty Virginia cn n mi hai nm hc bi hc u tin ca mnh rng nhng g hot ng cho ngi Ty Ban Nha Mexico v Trung v Nam M s khng hot ng min bc. Phn cn li ca th k th mi by tri qua mt chui di cc cuc u tranh v bi hc th hai: la chn duy nht cho mt thuc a c th ng vng v mt kinh t l to ra cc th ch khuyn khch cc nh thuc a u t v lm vic cn c. Trong khi m Bc M pht trin, cc elite Anh ht ln ny n ln khc th dng ln cc th ch m chng hn ch nng n n cc quyn kinh t v chnh tr ca tt c mi ngi tr mt s t c c quyn trong dn c ca thuc a, ht nh nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha lm. Th nhng trong mi trng hp m hnh ny sp , nh n tht bi Virginia. Mt trong nhng n lc tham vng nht bt u khng lu sau s thay i chin lc ca Cng ty Virginia. Nm 1632 mi triu mu t phn trn vng Vnh Cheasapeake c vua Anh Charles I ban cho Cecilius Calbert, Lord Baltimore. Hin chng ca Maryland trao cho Lord Baltimore quyn t do hon ton lp ra mt chnh ph theo bt c ng li no ng mun, vi iu VI lu rng Baltimore c Quyn lc t do, y , v tuyt i, theo ngha tng qut ca cc Tng phm ny, Quy nh, Lm, v Ban hnh cc o Lut, thuc bt c Loi no, cho Chnh ph c c hnh v tt phc ca Tnh c ni n ny. Baltimore tho mt k hoch chi tit to ra mt x hi thi p, mt bin th Bc M ca mt phin bn c l tng ha ca nc Anh thn qu th k mi by. N i hi vic chia t thnh cc l hng ngn mu, m s c cc lord (cha) vn hnh. Cc cha s tuyn m nhng ngi thu, nhng ngi s canh tc t v np t (tin thu) cho elite c c quyn v ang kim sot t.

43. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 27 Mt n lc tng t c a ra mun hn trong nm 1663, vi vic thnh lp Carolina bi tm ch s hu, k c Sir Anthony Ashley-Cooper. Ashley-Cooper cng vi th k ca mnh, nh trit hc Anh v i John Locke, trnh by Hin php C bn ca Carolina. Ti liu ny, ging Hin chng Maryland trc n, cung cp mt k hoch chi tit cho mt x hi tinh hoa ch ngha, c th bc da trn s kim sot bi mt elite c nhiu t ai. Li m u ghi rng chnh ph ca tnh ny c th tr nn thch hp nht vi nn qun ch m di chng ta sng m tnh ny l mt phn; v rng chng ta c th trnh c vic dng ln mt nn dn ch ng o. Cc iu khon ca Hin php C bn t ra mt cu trc x hi cng nhc. di cng l nhng ngi-leet (leet-men), vi iu khon 23 ghi, Tt c con ca nhng ngi leet s l nhng ngi leet, v c nh th cho mi th h. Trn nhng ngi leet, nhng ngi khng c quyn chnh tr no, l cc lnh cha (landgrave) v cc tc trng (cazique), nhng ngi to thnh gii qu tc. Mi lnh cha c phn cho bn mi tm ngn mu, mi tc trng c hai mi bn ngn mu. c mt quc hi i din cho cc lnh cha v tc trng, nhng n s c php tranh lun ch cc bin php m c tm ch s hu chp thun trc. Ht nh n lc p t cc quy tc h khc Virginia tht bi, cc k hoch cho cng loi cc th ch Maryland v Carolina cng th. Cc l do l ging nhau. Trong mi trng hp chng t l khng th p buc nhng ngi nh c vo mt x hi c th bc cng nhc, bi v n gin c qu nhiu la chn m ra cho h Th gii Mi. Thay vo , phi cung cp cho h cc khuyn khch h mun lm vic. V chng bao lu h i nhiu quyn t do kinh t hn v thm cc quyn chnh tr na. C Maryland na, nhng ngi nh c khng khng i c c t ring ca h, v h buc Lord Baltimore vo vic to ra mt hi ng. Vo nm 1691, hi ng xui khin vua tuyn b Maryland l mt thuc a thuc Quc vng [Crown colony, nn cha c c lp], nh th loi b cc c quyn chnh tr ca Baltimore v cc i lnh cha ca ng. Mt cuc chin u ko di tng t xy ra Carolina, li ln na vi cc ch s hu b thua. Nam Carolina tr thnh thuc a hong gia vo nm 1729. Vo cc nm 1720, tt c mi ba thuc a ca ci s tr thnh Hoa K c cc cu trc chnh ph ging nhau. Trong mi trng hp c mt thng c,

44. 28 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI v mt hi ng da vo quyn bu c ca nhng ngi n ng ch ti sn. Chng cha phi l cc nn dn ch; ph n, n l, v nhng ngi khng c ti sn khng c b phiu. Nhng cc quyn chnh tr l rt rng so vi cc x hi ng thi ni khc. Chnh cc hi ng ny v cc nh lnh o ca chng l ci hp li hnh thnh Quc hi Lc a u tin (First Continental Congress) vo nm 1774, khc do u cho s c lp ca Hoa K. Cc hi ng tin h c quyn quyt nh c t cch thnh vin ring ca h ln quyn nh thu. iu ny, nh chng ta bit, gy ra cc vn i vi chnh ph thuc a Anh. CU CHUYN V HAI HIN PHP By gi phi l r rng, rng khng phi l s trng hp ngu nhin m Hoa K, ch khng phi Mexico, thng qua v thc thi mt hin php tn thnh cc nguyn tc dn ch, to ra cc hn ch v vic s dng quyn lc chnh tr, v phn phi quyn lc mt cch rng ri trong x hi. Vn kin m cc i biu ngi xung vit Philadelphia nm 1787 l kt qu ca mt qu trnh di c khi u bng s hnh thnh ca i Hi ng Jamestown nm 1619. S tng phn gia qu trnh lp hin xy ra vo thi c lp ca Hoa K v qu trnh xy ra sau mt cht Mexico l r hn ra. Trong thng Hai 1808, qun i Php ca Napoleon Bonaparte xm lng Ty Ban Nha. Vo thng Nm h ly c Madrid, th Ty Ban Nha. Vo thng Chn vua Ty Ban Nha Ferdinal b bt v thoi v. Mt junta (hi ng hnh chnh) quc gia, Junta Trung ng, th ch ng, cm ngn uc trong cuc chin u chng Php. Junta hp ln u tin ti Aranjuez, nhng rt lui xung pha nam trc qun i Php. Cui cng n n cng Cdiz, m, tuy b cc lc lng Napoleonic bao vy, vn ng vng. y Junta thnh lp mt quc hi, c gi l Cortes. Nm 1812 Cortes to ra ci c bit n nh Hin php Cdiz, m n ku gi vic lp ra mt nn qun ch lp hin da trn nhng quan nim ca ch quyn nhn dn. N cng ku gi chm dt cc c quyn v a vo s bnh ng trc php lut. Elite ca Nam M, nhng ngi vn cai tr trong mt mi trng, do encomienda, lao ng cng bc, v quyn lc tuyt

45. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 29 i c ban cho h v nh nc thuc a nh hnh, ght cay ght ng nhng i hi ny. S sp ca nh nc Ty Ban Nha vi s xm lc Napoleon to ra mt khng hong hin php trn khp M Latin thuc a. c tranh lun nhiu v liu c tha nhn thm quyn ca Junta Trung ng hay khng, v p li, nhiu ngi M Latin bt u thnh lp cc junta ring ca h. ch cn l vn thi gian trc khi h bt u thc c kh nng tr thnh thc s c lp vi Ty Ban Nha. Tuyn b c lp u tin xy ra La Paz, Bolivia, nm 1809, tuy n nhanh chng b nghin nt bi binh lnh Ty Ban Nha c gi t Peru sang. Ti Mexico thi chnh tr ca elite c nh hnh bi cuc Ni lon Hidalgo nm 1810, c lnh o bi mt linh mc, Cha Miguel Hidalgo. Khi qun i ca Hidalgo cp ph Guanajuato ngy 23 thng Chn, h git qun c, quan chc thuc a cp cao, v sau bt u git nhng ngi gia trng mt cch khng phn bit. N ging mt cuc chin tranh giai cp hay sc tc hn l mt phong tro c lp, v n hip nht tt c elite trong phe i lp. Nu s c lp cho php s tham gia ca nhn dn vo chnh tr, elite a phng, khng ch nhng ngi Ty Ban Nha, chng li n. H qu l, elite Mexico xem xt Hin php Cdiz, m m ng cho s tham gia ca nhn dn, vi s ng vc cc k; h s chng bao gi cng nhn tnh hp php ca n. Nm 1815, khi ch u chu ca Napoleon sp , Vua Ferdinand VII quay li nm quyn v Hin php Cdiz b bi b. Khi Quc Vng Ty Ban Nha bt u th i li cc thuc a M ca n, n khng gp kh khn vi Mexico trung thnh. Th nhng, nm 1820, mt i qun Ty Ban Nha t tp Cdiz i tu sang chu M gip khi phc li thm quyn Ty Ban Nha ni lon chng Ferdinand VII. Cc lc lng qun i khp nc gia nhp vi h, v Ferdinand buc phi khi phc Hin php Cdiz v triu tp li Cortes. Cortes ny thm ch cn cp tin hn Cortes son ra Hin php Cdiz, v n xut xa b mi hnh thc cng bc lao ng. N cng tn cng cc c quyn c bit th d, quyn ca qun i c x cc ti hnh s ti cc ta n ring ca h. i mt cui cng vi s p t vn kin ny Mexico, elite quyt nh rng tt hn nu n i mt mnh v tuyn b c lp. Phong tro c lp ny c lnh o bi Augustn de Iturbide, ngi l mt s quan trong qun i Ty Ban Nha. Ngy 24-2-1821, ng cng b Plan de

46. 30 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI Iguala (K hoch Iguala), tm nhn ca ng cho mt Mexico c lp. K hoch cao mt nn qun ch lp hin vi mt hong Mexic, v loi b cc quy nh ca Hin php Cdiz m elite Mexic thy rt e da n a v v cc c quyn ca h. N nhn c s ng h tc thi, v Ty Ban Nha nhanh chng nhn ra rng n khng th ngn ci khng th trnh khi. Nhng Iturbide khng ch t chc s ly khai Mexic. Nhn ra chn khng quyn lc, ng nhanh chng tn dng s ng h ca qun i, ng t tuyn b mnh l hong , mt v tr m nh lnh o v i ca nn c lp Nam M, Simn Bolivar, m t nh nh n sng ca Cha v ca li l. Iturbide khng b rng buc bi cng cc th ch chnh tr m cc tng thng Hoa K b hn ch; ng nhanh chng bin mnh thnh mt k c ti, v vo thng Mi 1822, ng gii tn quc hi c ph chun mt cch hp hin v thay th n bng mt junta do ng chn. Tuy [triu i] Iturbide khng ko di, nhng hnh mu ny ca cc s kin lp i lp li Mexico th k th mi chn. Hin php Hoa K khng to ra mt nn dn ch theo cc tiu chun hin i. Ai c th b phiu trong cc cuc bu c c cho tng bang quyt nh. Trong khi cc bang min bc nhanh chng tha nhn quyn b phiu ca tt c nhng n ng da trng bt k h nhn c bao nhiu thu nhp hay c bao nhiu ti sn, cn cc bang min nam ch lm vy mt cch t t. Khng bang no trao quyn bu c cho ph n hay cc n l, v khi nhng hn ch v ti sn v ca ci c bi b i vi n ng gia trng, vic tc quyn bu c ca cc n ng da en c a vo mt cch tng minh. Ch n l, tt nhin, c coi l hp hin khi Hin php Hoa K c son Philadelphia, v s thng lng tin nht lin quan n vic phn chia cc gh trong H vin gia cc bang. Cc gh ny c phn b trn c s dn s ca mi bang, nhng cc i biu quc hi ca cc bang min nam khi i hi rng cc n l phi c tnh. Nhng ngi min bc phn i. S tha hip l trong chia phn cc gh H vin, mt n l s c tnh nh ba phn nm ca mt ngi t do. Cc xung t gia min Bc v min Nam ca Hoa K c kim ch trong qu trnh lp hin v quy tc ba phn nm v nhng tha hip khc c ngh ra. Nhng sang sa mi c thm vo theo thi gian th d, Tha hip Missouri, mt dn xp ni mt bang ng h ch n l v mt bang phn i ch n l lun lun c cng thm vo ton lin bang, gi s cn bng trong Thng vin ga cc bang ng h v chng i ch n l. Nhng

47. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 31 chuyn v vn ny gi cc th ch chnh tr ca Hoa K hot ng mt cch yn bnh cho n khi Ni Chin cui cng gii quyt cc xung t theo cch c li cho min Bc. Ni Chin m mu v tn ph. Nhng c trc v sau chin tranh c nhiu c hi kinh t cho mt phn ln dn s, c bit min bc v min ty Hoa K. Tnh hnh Mexico rt khc. Nu Hoa K tri qua nm nm bt n chnh tr gia 1860 v 1865, th Mexico tri nghim s bt n hu nh khng ngng sut nm mi nm u ca s c lp. Vic ny c minh ha kho nht qua s nghip ca Antonio Lospez de Santa Ana. Santa Ana, con ca mt quan chc thuc a Veracruz, tr nn ni bt nh mt ngi lnh chin u cho Ty Ban Nha trong cc cuc chin tranh c lp. Nm 1821, ng chuyn sang pha Iturbide v khng bao gi nhn li. ng tr thnh tng thng Mexico ln u tin vo thng Nm 1833, tuy ng thc hin quyn lc t hn mt thng, thch cho Valentn Gmez Faras hnh ng vi t cch tng thng hn. Nhim k tng thng ca Gmez Faras ko di mi lm ngy, sau Santa Ana nm li quyn lc. Tuy nhin, y ngn nh phin u tin ca ng, v ng li b Gmez Faras thay th, vo u thng By. Santa Ana v Gmez Faras tip tc iu nhy ny cho n gia 1835, khi Santa Ana b Miguel Barragn thay th. Nhng Santa Ana khng l mt k b cuc. ng quay li lm tng thng trong cc nm 1839, 1841, 1844, 1847, v, cui cng, gia 1853 v 1855. Tng cng, ng l tng thng mi mt ln, trong ng chu trch nhim v vic mt Alamo v Texas v chin tranh Mexic-M tai hi, m dn n vic mt ci tr thnh New Mexico v Arizona. Gia 1824 v 1867 c nm mi hai tng thng Mexico, vi trong s nm quyn theo th tc c ph chun mt cch hp hin. Hu qu ca s bt n chnh tr cha tng c ny i vi cc th ch v cc khuyn khch kinh t phi l r rng. S bt n nh vy dn n cc quyn ti sn ht sc khng chc chn. N cng dn n mt s suy yu nghim trng ca nh nc Mexic, m by gi c t thm quyn v t kh nng thu thu hay cung cp cc dch v cng. Thc vy, mc d Santa Ana l tng thng Mexico, nhiu phn rng ln ca nc ny khng nm di s kim sot ca ng, m cho php vic sp nhp Texas bi Hoa K. Ngoi ra, nh chng ta va thy, ng c nm ng sau s tuyn b c lp Mexic l bo v tp cc th

48. 32 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI ch kinh t c pht trin trong thi k thuc a, m bin Mexico, theo li ca nh khm ph v nh a l c v i v M Latin, Alexander von Humbolt, tr thnh nc ca s bt bnh ng. Cc th ch ny, do t c s x hi trn s khai thc ngi dn bn a v to ra cc c quyn, ngn chn cc khuyn khch kinh t v cc sng kin ca qung i qun chng nhn dn. Trong khi Hoa K bt u tri nghim Cch mng Cng nghip trong na u ca th k th mi chn, th Mexico tr nn ngho hn. C MT TNG, KHI NG MT HNG, V NHN C MT KHON VAY Cch mng Cng nghip bt u nc Anh. Thnh cng u tin ca n l cch mng ha sn xut qun o vi bng bng cch s dng cc my mi c cung cp lc bi cc bnh xe nc v mun hn bi cc ng c hi nc. C gii ha vic sn xut vi bng lm tng rt nhiu nng sut ca nhng ngi lao ng, u tin trong ngnh dt may, v sau trong cc ngnh khc. ng c ca nhng t ph cng ngh trong khp nn kinh t l s i mi sng to (innovation), vi mi xung kch ca cc doanh nhn v cc nh kinh doanh mi ho hc p dng cc tng mi ca h. S n hoa ban u ny nhanh chng lan qua Bc i Ty Dng sang Hoa K. Ngi dn thy cc c hi kinh t to ln sn c trong thch nghi cc cng ngh mi c pht trin Anh. H cng c truyn cm hng pht trin cc sng ch ring ca mnh. Chng ta c th th hiu bn cht ca cc sng ch ny bng cch ng xem ai c cp bng sng ch. H thng bng sng ch, m bo v cc quyn ti sn trong cc tng, c h thng ha trong o lut v cc c quyn c xy dng v ban hnh bi Quc hi Anh nm 1623, mt phn nh mt n lc ngn chn nh vua khi ban mt cch ty tin cc th bng sng ch cho ai m ngi mun trn thc t cp cc quyn c quyn thc hin cc hot ng hay cc cng vic kinh doanh nht nh. iu ni bt v bng chng cp bng sng ch Hoa K l, nhng ngi c cp bng sng ch n t mi loi xut thn, mi loi bi cnh v mi ngnh ngh, ch khng ch l nhng ngi giu v u t. Nhiu ngi kim c bn tin hay tr nn giu c da vo cc bng sng ch ca mnh. Hy xt Thomas Edison, ngi sng ch ra a ghi m,

49. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 33 bng n in v ngi sng lp ra General Electric, vn l mt trong nhng cng ty ln nht th gii. Edison l ngi con t trong by ngi con. Cha ng, Samuel Edison, theo nhiu ngh, t tch cc tm vn lm ngi g lp nh n lm th may n cai qun mt qun ru. Thomas t c hc chnh thng trng nhng c hc ti nh nh m ng. Gia 1820 v 1845, ch c 19 phn trm nhng ngi c cp bng sng ch Hoa K c cha m l cc nh chuyn nghip hay t cc gia nh ch t ln c th nhn ra c. Trong cng thi k, 40 phn trm nhng ngi c cp bng sng ch ch hc tiu hc hay t hn, ng nh Edison. Hn na, h thng khai thc bng sng ch ca mnh bng cch thnh lp mt hng, li ging nh Edison. Ht nh Hoa K trong th k th mi chn v mt chnh tr l dn ch hn hu nh bt c quc gia khc no trn th gii vo thi , n cng dn ch hn cc nc khc khi ni v i mi sng to. iu ny l ct yu cho con ng ca n tr thnh quc gia i mi sng to nht v mt kinh t trn th gii. Nu bn ngho vi mt tng hay, th mt vic l ly mt bng sng ch, m, rt cuc, cng khng tn km lm. L chuyn hon ton khc dng bng sng ch kim tin. Mt cch, tt nhin, l bn bng sng ch cho ai khc. y l cch Edison lm lc u, huy ng mt t vn, khi ng bn [bng sng ch v] my in tn Quadruplex cho Western Union ly 10.000 USD. Nhng bn cc bng sng ch l mt tng hay ch cho ai ging Edison, ngi c cc tng nhanh hn ng c th a chng vo thc t. (ng c mt k lc th gii 1.093 bng sng ch c cp cho ng Hoa K, v 1.500 trn ton th gii). Cch thc s kim tin t mt bng sng ch l lp doanh nghip ring ca bn. Nhng khi ng mt doanh nghip, bn cn vn, v bn cn cc ngn hng cho bn vay vn. Cc nh sng ch Hoa K mt ln na li gp may. Trong th k th mi chn c s m rng nhanh ca trung gian ti chnh v hot ng ngn hng m l mt nhn t ct yu to thun li cho s tng trng nhanh v cng nghip ha m nn kinh t tri qua. Trong khi vo nm 1818 c 338 ngn hng hot ng Hoa K, vi tng ti sn 160 triu USD, vo nm 1914 c 27.864 ngn hng vi tng ti sn 27,3 t USD. Cc nh u t tim nng Hoa K c ri s tip cn n vn khi ng cc doanh nghip ca mnh. Hn na, s cnh

50. 34 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI tranh cao gia cc ngn hng v cc t chc ti chnh Hoa K c ngha rng khon vn ny sn c vi li sut kh thp. Cng th khng ng Mexico. Thc ra, vo nm 1910, khi Cch mng Mexic bt u, ch c bn mi hai ngn hng Mexico, v hai trong s kim sot 60 phn trm tng ti sn ngn hng. Khng ging Hoa K, ni cnh tranh l khc lit, hu nh khng c cnh tranh gia cc ngn hng Mexic. S thiu cnh tranh ny c ngha rng cc ngn hng c th tnh li sut rt cao cho cc khch hng ca mnh, v thng gii hn vic cp tn dng cho ngi c c quyn v ngi giu ri, nhng ngi sau s s dng s tip cn ca h n tn dng tng s km kp ca h i vi cc khu vc khc nhau ca nn kinh t. Hnh thc, m ngnh ngn hng Mexico ly trong cc th k mi chn v hai mi, l kt qu trc tip ca cc th ch chnh tr sau c lp ca nc ny. S hn n ca thi i Santa Ana c k tip bi mt n lc cht yu ca chnh ph Php ca Hong Napoleon II to ra mt ch thuc a Mexico di Hong Maximillian I gia 1864 v 1867. Ngi Php b trc xut, v mt hin php mi c tho. Nhng chnh ph c lp ra u tin bi Benito Jurez v, sau ci cht ca ng, bi Sebastin Lerdo de Tejeda mau chng b thch thc bi mt nh qun s tr c tn l Porfirio Daz. Daz l mt tng chin thng trong chin tranh chng li Php v nui dng kht vng quyn lc. ng lp mt i qun ni lon v, vo thng 11-1876, nh bi qun i ca chnh ph Trn Tecoac. Trong thng Nm ca nm sau, ng t bu mnh lm tng thng. ng tip tc cai tr Mexico t nhiu khng gin on v theo cch ngy cng chuyn quyn cho n khi b lt bi cch mng n ra ba mi t nm sau. Ging Iturbide v Santa Ana trc ng, Daz bt u cuc i nh mt ch huy qun i. Mt con ng s nghip nh vy vo hot ng chnh tr chc chn c bit n Hoa K. Tng thng u tin ca Hoa K, George Washington, cng l mt tng thnh cng trong Chin tranh c lp. Ulysess S. Grant, mt trong cc tng Lin bang chin thng ca Ni Chin, tr thnh tng thng nm 1869, v Dwight D. Eisenhower, tng ch huy cc Lc lng ng minh chu u trong Chin tranh Th gii II, l tng thng Hoa K gia 1953 v 1961. Tuy vy, khng ging Iturbide, Santa Ana v Daz, khng ai

51. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 35 trong cc nh qun s ny dng v lc ln nm quyn. H cng khng dng v lc trnh phi t b quyn lc. H tun theo hin php. Tuy Mexico c cc hin php trong th k th mi chn, chng t ra t rng buc v ci m Iturbide, Santa Ana v Daz c th lm. Nhng ngi ny c th b loi b khi quyn lc ch bng cng cch h t c n: bng s dng v lc. Daz vi phm cc quyn ti sn ca nhn dn, to thun li cho vic chim ot s lng t ai rng ln, v ng trao nhng c quyn v cc c n cho nhng ngi ng h ng trong mi lnh vc kinh doanh, k c ngn hng. chng c g mi v cch ng x ny. y chnh xc l ci nhng k chinh phc Ty Ban Nha lm, v ci Sata Ana lm theo bc chn h. L do m Hoa K c ngnh ngn hng tt hn mt cch c bn cho s thnh vng kinh t chng lin quan g n nhng s khc bit v ng c ca nhng ngi s hu ngn hng. Thc vy, ng c li nhun, m lm nng ct cho bn cht c quyn ca ngnh ngn hng Mexico, cng hin din c Hoa K na. Nhng ng c li nhun ny c hng mt cch khc i bi v cc th ch khc bit hon ton ca Hoa K. Cc ch ngn hng i mt vi cc th ch kinh t khc hn, cc th ch buc chng phi cnh tranh mnh hn rt nhiu. V vic ny phn nhiu l bi v cc nh chnh tr, nhng ngi son ra cc quy tc cho cc ch ngn hng, bn thn h phi i mt vi cc khuyn khch rt khc c to ra bi cc th ch chnh tr khc bit. Thc vy, vo cui th k th mi tm, khng lu sau khi Hin php Hoa K i vo hot ng, mt h thng ngn hng trng ging h thng, m sau p o Mexico, bt u ni ln. Cc chnh tr gia th thnh lp cc c quyn ngn hng bang, m h c th a cho cc bn v cc i tc ca h i li mt phn li nhun c quyn. Cc ngn hng cng mau chng lao vo cng vic kinh doanh cho cc chnh tr gia, nhng ngi iu tit h, vay tin, ht nh Mexico. Nhng tnh hnh ny khng th duy tr c Hoa K, bi v cc chnh tr gia nhng ngi th lp ra cc c quyn ngn hng ny, khng ging nh Mexico, phi tun theo s bu c v ti bu c. To ra cc c quyn ngn hng v cp cc khon vay cho cc chnh tr gia l cng vic kinh doanh tt cho cc chnh tr gia, nu h c th trnh thot cc hu qu. Tuy vy, n khng c bit tt cho cc cng dn. Khng ging Mexico, Hoa K cc cng dn c th km hm v

52. 36 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI gii thot khi cc chnh tr gia, nhng ngi lm dng chc v ca mnh lm giu cho mnh hay to ra cc c quyn cho cc cnh hu ca mnh. Kt qu l, cc c quyn ngn hng sp . S phn b rng cc quyn chnh tr Hoa K, c bit khi so snh vi Mexico, m bo s tip cn bnh ng n ti chnh v cc khon vay. iu ny, n lt n, li m bo rng nhng ngi c cc tng v cc sng ch c th c hng li t chng. S THAY I PH THUC VO CON NG Th gii thay i trong cc nm 1870 v 1880. M Latin khng l ngoi l. Cc th ch, m Porfirio Daz thit lp, khng ging ht cc th ch ca Santa Ana hay ca nh nc thuc a Ty Ban Nha. Nn kinh t th gii phn thnh bt pht trong na sau ca th k mi chn, v nhng i mi sng to trong giao thng nh tu hi nc v ng st dn n s m rng to ln ca thng mi quc t. Ln sng ny ca ton cu ha c ngha rng cc nc giu ti nguyn nh Mexico hay, chnh xc hn elite cc nc nh vy c th lm giu chnh mnh bng xut khu cc nguyn liu th v cc ti nguyn thin nhin cho Bc M hay Chu u ang cng nghip ha. Daz v nhng cnh hu ca ng thy mnh trong mt th gii khc v ang pht trin nhanh. H nhn ra rng Mexico cng phi thay i. Nhng iu ny khng c ngha l nh c r cc th ch thuc a v thay th chng bng cc th ch ging nh cc th ch Hoa K. Thay vo , s thay i ca h l s thay i ph thuc vo con ng path dependent ch dn n pha tip theo ca cc th ch lm cho phn ln M Latin ngho v bt bnh ng ri. Ton cu ha lm cho cc vng b ng bao la ca chu M, cc vng bin cng m-open frontiers ca n, c gi tr. Thng cc vng bin cng ny ch trng mt cch huyn thoi, v nhng ngi bn a v h b trut quyn s hu mt cch tn nhn. Du sao, s tranh cp cc ti nguyn c gi tr mi ny l mt qu trnh nh r ca chu M trong na sau ca th k mi chn. S m ra t ngt ca vng bin cng c gi tr ny khng dn n cc qu trnh tng t Hoa K v M Latin, m dn n s phn k thm, c nh hnh bi nhng s khc bit th ch hin tn, c bit l nhng khc bit lin quan n ai c c hi c t. Hoa K, mt chui di cc hnh ng lp php, t

53. GN TH V VN RT KHC NHAU 37 Sc lnh t nm 1785 n Lut Trang p 1862, cho s tip cn rng ri n t bin cng. Tuy nhng ngi bn a b cho ra ngoi l, vic ny to ra mt vng bin cng bnh ng v nng ng v mt kinh t. Trong hu ht cc nc M Latin, tuy vy, cc th ch chnh tr to ra kt qu rt khc. t vng bin cng c phn cho nhng ngi c th lc chnh tr v nhng ngi giu c v c cc mi quan h, lm cho nhng ngi nh vy thm ch hng mnh hn. Daz cng bt u d b nhiu di sn th ch thuc a c th, cn tr thng mi quc t, m ng thy trc s lm cho ng v nhng ngi ng h ng giu hn rt nhiu. M hnh ca ng, tuy vy, vn tip tc khng phi l kiu pht trin kinh t m chng ta thy pha bc Rio Grandes m l kiu ca Corts, Pizzaro, v de Toledo, ni elite tr nn rt giu c trong khi nhng ngi cn li b loi tr. Khi elite u t, nn kinh t tng trng mt cht, nhng s tng trng nh vy lun lun dn n tht vng. N cng xy ra vi s tr gi ca nhng ngi thiu cc quyn trong trt t mi ny, nh nhng ngi Yaqui Sonora, trong vng ni a xa ca Nogales. Gia 1900 v 1910, c l ba mi ngn ngi Yaqui b lu y, v bn cht b bt lm n l, b tng i lao ng cc n in henequen [cy tha si] Yucatn. (Si cy henequen l mt mt hng xut khu c gi tr, v n c th c dng lm dy thng v dy bn). S dai dng ko di vo th k hai mi ca mt hnh mu th ch c th khng thn thin vi tng trng Mexico v M Latin c minh ha r bi s thc rng, ht nh trong th k mi chn, hnh mu gy ra tr tr kinh t v bt n chnh tr, cc cuc ni chin v o chnh, khi cc phe nhm tranh ginh nhau v cc li ch quyn lc. Daz cui cng mt quyn lc cho cc lc lng cch mng trong nm 1910. Cuc Cch mng Mexic c tip theo bi cc cuc cch mng khc Bolivia nm 1952, Cuba nm 1959, v Nicaragua nm 1979. Trong lc , cc cuc ni chin ko di n ra Columbia, El Salvador, Guatemala, v Peru. S chim ot hay s e da chim ot ti sn vn tip tc mau l, vi cc cuc ci cch nng nghip hng lot (hay cc cuc ci cch c th) Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Guatemala, Peru, v Venezuela. Cc cuc cch mng, nhng s chim ot v bt n chnh tr n cng vi cc chnh ph qun s v cc ch c ti thuc nhiu loi. Tuy cng c mt s tri dt t t hng v cc quyn chnh tr rng ln hn, nhng ch n cc nm 1990 th

54. 38 V SAO CC QUC GIA THT BI hu ht cc nc M Latin mi tr thnh cc nn dn ch, v thm ch khi chng vn sa ly trong bt n. S bt n ny i cng vi s n p v git ngi hng lot. Bo co [ca] y ban Quc gia cho Chn l v Ha gii nm 1991 Chile xc nh rng 2.279 ngi b git v cc l do chnh tr trong ch c ti Pinochet gia 1973 v 1990. C l 50.000 b b t v tra tn, v hng trm ngn ngi b ui vic. Bo co [ca] y ban Guatemalan v Lm r Lch s trong nm 1999 nhn din c tng cng 42.275 nn nhn c tn, tuy nhng ngi khc cho rng c n 200.000 b git Guatemala gia 1962 v 1996, 70.000 trong thi ch ca Tng Efrain Ros Montt, k c kh nng phm cc ti c ny m khng b trng pht n mc hn ta c th ng c tng thng trong nm 2003; rt may l hn khng trng c. y ban Quc gia v Ngi Mt tch Argentina a ra s ngi b qun i git t 1976 n 1983 l 9.000 ngi, mc d n lu rng con s tht c th cao hn. (Cc c lng ca cc t chc nhn quyn thng a ra con s 30.000). KIM MT HAY HAI T Nhng h ly ko di ca t chc x hi thuc a, v ca cc di sn ca cc x hi , nh hnh nhng s khc bit hin i gia Hoa K v Mexico, v nh th gia hai phn ca Nogales. S tng phn gia Bill Gates v Carlos Slim tr thnh hai ngi giu nht th gii th no Warren Buffett cng l mt i th minh ha cc lc lng ang tc ng. S thng tin ca Bill Gates ai cng bit, nhng a v ca Gates vi t cch ngi giu nht th gii v nh sng lp ca mt trong nhng cng ty i mi sng to nht v mt cng ngh khng ngn cn B T php Hoa K trnh cc v kin dn s chng li Cng ty Microsoft ngy 8-5-1998, cho rng Microsoft lm dng sc mnh c quyn. c bit gy tranh ci l cch m Microsoft gn Web broser (trnh duyt mng) ca n, Internet Explore, vo h iu hnh Windows. Chnh ph mt n Gates trong thi gian kh di, v ngay t 1991, y Ban Thng mi Lin bang lao vo mt cuc iu tra xem liu Microsoft c lm dng s c ti ca