環境保護與資源回收

中山大學 (02/11/2001)

經濟發展帶來之後果 環境之破壞 資源過度之浪費 生活環境之惡化

經濟發展之目的為何﹖﹖

環境之保護 水土之保持

綠化 土地開發之規劃 水源之規劃與保護

空氣污染之避免 工業界 交通 農牧業 能源

景觀之維護

古蹟之保存 景觀配合發展

噪音污染 光線污染“我們必需維護美好之生活環境“

Environmental costs:Net environmental cost paid by industry,1997 1)

Total Water air waste othersmin dlf

Total 3,691 1,037 1,067 692 894Of which mining & quarrying 319 36 36 51 196 food,beverages & tobacco products 442 266 50 65 61 textiles 52 21 14 9 8 leather & leather products (excl. clothes) 4 3 0 1 2 pulp,paper & paper products 127 62 6 42 17Coke,refined petroleum products 292 72 142 34 44Chemicals & chemical products 1,108 400 252 192 264Glass,earthenware,Cement,lime & plaster 114 14 44 34 23Basic metals 199 25 77 57 41Other metals 320 74 38 115 94Other industries 153 15 36 69 33Public utilities 562 51 373 24 114

N.B. Excl.the construction industry. 1)Activity units with 20 or more employees

Air pollution by mobile sources, 1998*Carbon carbob sulphur PM 10 volatile

1)monoxide dioxide oxides dioxide organic

compounds398 28,338 180 4.7 13 111

Inland shipping 2) 2.2 2,022 38 2.2 2.7 2.1Ocean-going

min kgRoad traffic vessels 3) 2.8 1,119 22 13 1.7

0.95Leasure boats 7.1 108 1.3 0.07 0.13 1.6Rail transport 4) 0.35 102 1.7 0.11 0.08 0.1Air traffic 6.0 773 3.0 0.25 0.17 1.2Agricultural machinery 14 1,463 23 1.6 2.3 4.7Other mobileMachinery 7.7 806 13 0.88 1.3 2.6Total emissions 4.38 34,732 283 23 21 1251)Particulates smaller than 10 micrometer.2)Including inland fishing.3)Inland waters.4)Diesel traction only.

資源之回收 廚鮽之回收 庭園綠化植物之回收 垃圾分類與回收 廢棄建材之回收 拋棄物品之再利用資源回收程度為國家資源運用效率之指標“我們應避免透支下一代的生活資源”

Waste:Annual generation of waste

disposed of reused orotherwiseusefully applied

1)Waste collected by or on behalf municipalities 2) Household waste 1997 3,557 2,884 3) Bulky household waste 1997 724 641 Litter, Street cleansing waste, public Garden refuse, floating waste, mud & sink- pit sludge 1997 1,003Industrial waste Office,shop & service waste 1996 1,750 1,005 Process waste (non-hazardous) 1996 2,441 5,589 Hazardous waste 1997 1,138 138 Combustion residuals from coal-firedPower plants 1998 0 1,510Construction & demolition waste 1997 1,175 14,925Agrocultural refuse 1990 960 1,250Specific hospital waste 1997 5 0Vehicle wrecks 1998 35 206Used tyres 1998 24 71

Ship-cleaning residues 1997 715 4) 0Used oil 1997 15 45Blasting grit 1997 35 28Contaminated soil 4) 1993 460 160Dredging sludge 1995 36,382 6)Phosphogypsum 5) 1997 1,495 0Sewage & waste water treatmentSludge 1997 1,558 870Manure surplus 1998 17,000Total generation of waste 100,000Waste incineration residuals 1997 48 1,060

Sources:Statistics Netherlands, Ministry of Public Housing, Planning and Environment, and the Soil Cleansing Centre

1)Minimun estimate. Excl. energy generated by waste incineration. If no reuse is known of, the waste is classified as ‘disposed of’

2)Incl. Separately collected waste,such as garden and vegetable waste,glass,paper etc.

3)Incl. Quantities subsidised by municipalities, but not collected by or on behalf of municipalities (e.g. used paper)

4)In cubic metres.5)The pertains primarily to cleaned-up IBS-soil.6)Fluid weight.7)Discharged into surface waters.

資源之開發

水資源之開發 自然資源之運用

水、日光、風、浪潮 新鮮空氣之開發

加強綠化 降低工業及交通之污染

Natural environment:Breeding pairs of some birds breeding in the Netherlands

trend 1995 1996 19971 1998Agricultural area 1984=100Mallard 97 108 98 95 86partridge 120 77 79 68 54Lapwing 77 87 87 86 80Black-tailed Godwit 104 105 96 95 95Sky lark 68 55 40 52 51Forest and parkGreen woodpecker 106 110 108 104 88Wren 128 112 65 63 88Gold crest 132 81 97 78 111Crested tit + 94 73 91 84 70Nuthatch 88 89 112 104 92Urban areaCollared dove 46 69 73 62 60Jackdaw + 100 100 112 119 116House sparrow 165 128 135 115 124Source:Cooperative organisations of bird census work in the Netherlands(SOVON)/Statistics Netherlands.Explanatory notesN.B.:+significant increase;-significant decrease.

Oxygen-demanding, eutrophicating materials and heavy metals in public sewage treatment plants

1995 1996 1997 influent effluent influent effluent influent effluent 1,000 Kg?day

Chemical oxygen demand(COD) 2522 275 2522 262 2508 244Biochemical oxygenDemand (BOD) 907 37 949 40 985 33Total nitrogen as N 230 99 227 96 233 90Total phosphate as P 37.7 9.7 36.9 9.2 37.2 8.8Inhabitant equivalency(1,000 i.e.) 26,260 3,576 26,162 3,560 26,217 3,255Copper 189 23 152 18 154 21Chromium 32 7 22 5 18 6Zinc 451 124 405 109 368 93Lead 81 10 52 8 47 10Cadmium 1.5 0.4 1.6 0.4 1.4 0.3Nickel 3.1 13 30 14 29 17Mercury 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.1Arsenic 5.7 2.6 4.6 2.2 5.4 2.5