핵융합포럼 발표자료 권기석

한국형글로벌과학리더십:모델과구축방안

2014. 6. 24.

권기석 (한밭대)

핵융합포럼, 서울

1. 과학리더십의중요성과접근방법

2. 과학의본질과과학자집단의활동원리

3. 과학의역사로부터의교훈

4. 한국의제도적/문화적특성

5. 결론및정책적시사점

Contents

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‐ 과학리더십은과학자, 시설, 노하우등을활용하여새로운지식을생산하는 transformation process

‐ 과학자들의자발적노력과집단적활동을조직적/국가적과학적성과로연계

‐ 다양한연구인력을한방향으로몰아주어시너지를발생시키는magnet

과학리더십왜중요한가?

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결론은?

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과학자개인

연구기관

국가

연구자와기관이과학리더십을발휘하는 Leadership Space를확보하는제도적개혁, 환경구축이필요하다

자율성

지식

글로벌화

평가개선

책임성확보

탁월성

긴호흡

신뢰

VS.

Deduction vs. Induction, Verification vs. Falsification Popper: suggestion of falsifiable propositions is essential for [incremental] scientific progress

Kuhn: scientific progress through paradigm shift, Normal science ‐> anomalies ‐> scientific revolution

However, only a research firmly rooted on current tradition generate a paradigm shift (Kuhn, 1959)

Recent Nobel Prize awarded research are mostly based on paradigm‐shift research, particularly related to instrumentation (Hong, 2013)

=> Lessons from philosophy of science

과학의본질과지식의진보

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Science is a complex process of theorizing, experiment, publishing and criticism (Popper, 1972)

Scientific Paradigm (Kuhn, 1996) CUDOS (Merton, 1973) Personal Knowledge (Polanyi, 1974), Tacit Knowledge (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995) ‐> learning through practice and culture

Science is different from Technology!

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Science and technology as dancing partners: independent but closely interacting activities (Derek de Solla Price, 1965)

The dance is not pre‐given, but is created in particular historical circumstances (Arie Rip, 1992)

Science is different from Technology!

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Economic Benefits of Publicly‐funded Basic Research

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NSS (National Science System) approach

Science is Working in a System

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Scientific Community

‘Institutions’ (B): PolicyPolicy Organisation/processPolicy regime/orientation

S & T SupportOrganisations

‘Institutions’ (A): Social, Political, & Cultural Context

Internationalknowledge

16,7C – Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662), gentlemen and patronage

18,9C – Professionalization in France 19C – Institutionalization in Germany (e.g. laboratories and

seminar in universities) 20C – Departments combining teaching & research in US

universities, Decentralization & Competition 20C – Sustainable science system in Japan J. Needham : Bureaucracy based on Confucianism and

failure of Scientific Revolution in China=> 국가적장점을극대화하는제도, 리더십공간을구축

과학사의교훈Science Capital on the Move

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한국은?

What made S. Korea different? Openness and outward‐looking strategy Political leadership and capable technocrats Successful implementation of the plans Credit rationing and financial repression

Mostly policy‐oriented institutional interpretation Contribution of the private sector should be re‐evaluated.

Diligent People Investment in Education and Social Infrastructure Catch‐Up with advanced Tech. Outward Looking => Export Diplomacy

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한국은?

From Catch‐up to Post Catch‐up: Sustaining Technological Leadership

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한국은?

However, Science has never been an autonomous sphere in Korean History

Why science is important for Korea now?

기술/과학

과학

시장

시장

정부정부

기술

15*대통령과학기술리더십 : 정책명령자/정책조성자정책중재자/정책조정자

Suh (2005): compressed and unequal scientification(process rather than why), dependent scientification(periphery as an error), democracy and reflexibility

Song(2011): internal (quantitative growth, focus on applied research, weak u‐i‐g relations, few national leaders from scientists); external (low social status, scientists as governmental agents, scientists‐centered thought, weak contribution to society)

Song(2002): industrial development (policy goal), increasing input factors (policy measures), bureaucratic control (policy culture)

한국은?Characteristics of Korean Science (Policy)

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Due to the policy regime of basic research, chaotic policy measures has been exerted recently.

In other words, science is managed by the government based on technology policy expecting short‐term output rather than long‐term scientific capacity.

한국은?Science without Science Policy

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Strengths and weakness of Korean national science system‐ individual level: curiosity on nature, education fever,

science leadership‐ organizational level: accumulated know‐how of

equipment building, collaborative R&D efforts (e.g. TDX)‐ national level: recognition of the importance of basic

research, national technological capability, top‐down approach

Possibility of ‘Korean’ Science Policy

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We build up Domestic/Int’l Cases: NFRI, KASI, ASIAA, MPI Analyzing Framework at Three Levels: National,

Organizational, and Individual Levels

Building up science leadership: stage model‐ Defining of mainstream question‐ Competing in solving problems defined‐ Learning how to solve the problems‐ Understanding scientific agenda and culture

Our Research Framework & Method

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Dr. Paul Ho : 천문학불모지대만에서 20년만에세계적연구소로발돋움

대만의기술력을활용글로벌프로젝트참여, 최고의연구환경을통해일류과학자유입

연구소내영어공용화, 질적평가

Bottom‐up 방식의국제공동연구

리위안저(총통직속 AS 원장역임) 등과학자신뢰로전폭적지지

대만천문물리연구소(ASIAA)사례

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1995년핵융합연구시작, 중간진입전략통해최근 20년동안 KSTAR 완공및 ITER국제프로젝트에주요참여자로부상

과학과기술이결합되는거대장치를통한세계수준의사이언스기회확보

최고의시설에우수대학원생유입으로지속가능한학문세대양성

핵융합연구소(NFRI)사례

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Build up sustainable endogenous science growth model at organizational and national levels

Prescription to other science institutions based on our own idyosyncratic strengths

결론및정책적함의한국의장점활용을극대화하는제도화모색

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연구문화개선 : 과학자신뢰강화, 평가제도합리화

연구자율성확대 : 인력과예산의탄력성확보, 탁월성확보

국제협력강화 : 기술적장점을활용한협상력강화, 해외과학자정주환경확보

지속가능한학문후속세대양성 : 최고의과학시설제공

함승덕/양다승(2012), 한국대통령의과학기술리더십연구, 한국정치학회보, 46(1), pp.142‐173.

조기숙(2011), 여성과학자의글로벌리더십, 이화여자대학교출판부 Karl Popper(1972), Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach,

London: OUP. Polanyi, M. (1974), Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post‐Critical

Philosophy , University Of Chicago Press. Merton, R. [1942](1973), “The normative structure of science”, the

Sociology of Science, pp. 267‐268. Thomas S. Kuhn (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. I. Nonaka and H.Takeuchi (1995), The Knowledge‐Creating Company:

How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford Uinveristy Press.

주요참고문헌

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Thank you !