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INTERREG IIIAGREECE-ΙΤΑLY2000 - 2006

PROJECT MISSIONS (APOSTOLES)Action 8 Foreign Market Analysis

Chamber of Commerce of

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Chamber of Commerce of Brindisi

FOREIGN MARKET ANALYSIS

TURKEYThe beforehand foreign market analysis of Turkey was laid down

based on data and research provided by:The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The Italian Trade Institution ICE The Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Area 779.452 kmqPopulation 67.803.927

Density 87 inhab./kmqOfficial language Turkish

Religion MuslimsCapital Ankara (3.203.362 inhabitants)

Other main cities Istanbul(8.803.468 inhabitants)Izmir (2.232.265 inhabitants)Bursa (1.194.687 inhabitants)Adana (1.130.710 inhabitants)Gaziantep (730.435 inhabitants)Konya (584.785 inhabitants)Diyarbakir (488.145 inhabitants)Denizli (239.698 inhabitants)

Institutional form Republic International Relations Member of : Council of Europe, EBRD, NATO, OCS, UN,

OSCE, OECDCurrency Turkish lire

COMMUNITY INITIATIVE ΙNTERREG III A GREECE-ΙΤΑLY 2000-2006AXIS II ΕENTREPRENEURSHIP- MEASURE 2 STRENGTHENING COMPETITIVENESS OF SMEs – PROJECT MISSIONS

(APOSTOLES)

Foreign Market Analysis TURKEY




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CONTENTS

1. ECONOMIC SITUATION ANALYSIS......................................................................................................................... 31.1 Main Economic Indexes...............................................................................................................................................31.2 Financial Course...........................................................................................................................................................32. REFERENCE COUNTRY TURKEY.............................................................................................................................. 42.1 Macroeconomic framework........................................................................................................................................4

a) Economic growth and country risk...........................................................................................................................4b) Foreign market and foreign investment opening.....................................................................................................4c) Trade performance regarding Italy and bilateral direct foreign investments performance....................................4d) Trade performance regarding Greece and bilateral direct foreign investments performance………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4

2. 2 Intervention fields.......................................................................................................................................................4a) Assessment of commercial penetration of Italian products in the domestic market...............................................4b) Assessment of the Italian direct investments..........................................................................................................4c) Assessment of the trade and industrial cooperation in the priority high tech fields................................................4

2.3 Trade and market access policy.................................................................................................................................14a) Tariff barriers.........................................................................................................................................................14b) Non Tariff Barriers..................................................................................................................................................14c) Violations against copyright law ….........................................................................................................................15d) Concerns regarding foreign investments in the country........................................................................................15

3. MAIN TRADE FLOWS………………………………………………………………………………………………..164. FINANCIAL EVENTS IN TURKEY............................................................................................................................ 184.1 Exhibition Calendar 2008...........................................................................................................................................205.USEFUL LINKS AND INFORMATION …………………………………………………………………………........205.1 In Italy........................................................................................................................................................................205.2 In Greece...................................................................................................................................................................205.3 In Turkey....................................................................................................................................................................20

a. Italian representation.............................................................................................................................................20b. Greek representation.............................................................................................................................................21

6. USEFUL WEBSITES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..257. USEFUL INFORMATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………26

7.1 International calling codes.........................................................................................................................................267.2 Time-zone..................................................................................................................................................................267.3 Documentation..........................................................................................................................................................267.4 Working Days.............................................................................................................................................................267.5 Official holidays..........................................................................................................................................................26

COMMUNITY INITIATIVE ΙNTERREG III A GREECE-ΙΤΑLY 2000-2006AXIS II ΕENTREPRENEURSHIP- MEASURE 2 STRENGTHENING COMPETITIVENESS OF SMEs – PROJECT MISSIONS (APOSTOLES)


Revision 00Data 24.10.2007

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1. ECONOMIC SITUATION ANALYSIS1.1 Main Economic Indexes

Economic Framework 2005 2006 2007 first semesterGDP 7,7%

(361 bil. US $)6,1%

(320 bil. US $)6,7%

(91 bil. US $ Jan.-April.)GDP per capita 5.000 US $ 5.250 US $ N.D.Inflation 8,18% 9,6% 8,6% (June)Unemployment 10,6% 9,1% 8,9% (Jan.-May)Industrial production 5,4% 6% 5,3%Exports 15,7%

(73,1 bil. US $)15,%

(85,1 bil. US $)19,3%

(49,5 bil. US $)Imports 18,9%

(116,1 bil. US $)17,3%

(137 bil. US $)14,4%

(77,4 bil. US $)FDI in the country 9,6 bil. US $ 20,2 bil. US $ 11 bil. US $FDI of the country 1,1 bil. US $ 1,7 bil. US $ 1,5 bil. US $Exchange reserves More than 40 bil. US $ More than 60 bil. US $ More than 70 bil. US $Average exchange rate 1,365 YTL/US$

1,640 YTL/€1,36 YTL/US$

1,85 YTL/€1,32 YTL/US$

1,80 YTL/€Competitiveness 66th place (WEF) 59th place(WEF) n.d

Source: Elaborazione ICE du dati TUIK, Turkiy Istatistik Kurumu (Istituto Turco di Statistica)

1.2 Financial CourseIn the last 20 years Turkey has covered an extended period of reform, passing from an essentially agricultural economy to an industrialized one, with the tertiary sector being developed with high rates. The decision for the economy’s opening was taken in the middle 80’s by the President Özal, who started with the modernization of certain basic infrastructures of the country (road network, airports etc.), which after being realized due to the foreign capitals’ flow until the 80s, gave breath to the private sector’s growth, based on some major holdings, but also to a SME’s network, which was favoured by the remarkable continuously developing growth rates of the economy until 1994, a year during which has been registered the first crucial economic crisis of the country. During 1985-1995 turkey has developed more bonds with the industrialized west markets, making important choices concerning also its economical equality to the economies of the EU member states and in general to other western partners. In these contexts has been also realized the accession of Turkey in the European Customs Union (1st January 1996). As results by the following table, turkey closes more and more-concerning the contribution of various sectors to GDP- to the developed countries.

GDP’s origin 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Services 57,0% 57,5% 60,3% 59,1% 58,4%Industry 29,3% 29,9% 28,7% 29,4% 30,6%Agriculture 13,7% 12,6% 11,0% 11,5% 11,0%

Source: Elaborazione ICE du dati TUIK, Turkiy Istatistik Kurumu (Istituto Turco di Statistica)

The economic and financial crisis realised in the country during the last 10 years, the last one in February 2001-caused by public expenses out of control and high inflation rates, low industrial performance and a banking and financial system of a large distance from the international standards. These facts, have caught the attention of the public opinion regarding the confrontation of the problems and have rendered as imperative the development, as well as the support of an economic growth, which will have the opportunity to take advantage of all the possibilities offered by the country. After the not always satisfactory results of the economic policies by the past governments, the elections which took place in 2002 appointed an impressive victory of the AKP party (Party of Justice and Development) of an Islamic character, which received the absolute majority of votes and formatted a monocular government.




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In 22th July 2007, were conducted new elections, which confirmed the victory of AKP, with an absolute parliamentary majority, which resulted by the 47% of the votes ( CHP, MHP and DTP represent the opposition parties completing the parliamentary space). It is also confirmed the position of the Prime Minister Erdoğan in the leadership of the Government and in 28th of last August, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdullah Gul, number two in the same party, was elected President of the Republic succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer.The financial framework of the country-by the time of the 2002 elections-has not been encouraging enough. Only due to the intervention of the IMF (stand-by loan of 16,5 billion dollars approved in February 2002) and the financial policy of the current Prime Minister Kemal Dervis, Turkey has managed to escape the bankruptcy risk regarding the banks after the decrease of the GDP in minus 9,4% because of the crisis in February 2001 and the GDP with his turn leaded to the depreciation of the local currency and to the bankruptcy of many enterprises and fifteen banks. Just five years ago the county has experienced the destructive consequences of one of the most intense economic crisis of the last years: depreciation 50%, increase of the nominal interests 100% and as a result the collapse of the banking system and bankruptcy of numerous enterprises of the market. In the end of 2001, GDP has fallen to 10%, with an inflation rate of 70% and public debt to the 90% of the GDP. However, the country has been gradually recovered by the crisis with hard work, registering an increase of 8% in 2002, 6% in 2003, almost 10% in 2004, 7,7% in 2005 and 6% in 2006. an increase has been also registered during the first four months of 2007, reaching 6,7% caused by a sensible growth of the credits and consumer goods demand, a result of the redouble of the average income in just five years, the significant revenues from the exports and the constant flow of foreign capital. Special reference should be made for the sensible growth of the industrial production, increased in 5,3% during the entire first semester of 2007 and the surplus, which satisfies the 6,5% of the provided conditions of the IMF. In addition, the new promotion of the tourism sector should not be depreciated, as constitutes an important parameter for the economic growth of the country; after a constant fall in 2006, during the first half of the current year the sector has registered 16,5% revenues with a total of 13 million visitors (even though the Italians are not included in the first places).The sector of constructions continues to register an increase, constituting the real motivation power of the Turkish economy, with a contribution to the growth over than 20,6%; followed by a 7,5% of the industry, a 6,3% of the commerce and a 4,8% of the services (agriculture has registered a negative course in 2006, with a -1,4% quota).Moreover, the consumption has been increased to 1,3%, while the private investments have registered the interesting quota of 19,1%, indication of activity in the local industry system, which follows the modernization procedures of the country. The economic growth of the country has been realized due to the implementation of structural reforms during the last years, such as the Act about the constitution of companies, the privatization program, the incomes of which reached 20 billion dollars during the last years. Indeed the country is working hard to comply with the IMF’s instructions, in order to follow a privatizations program, mainly concerning the sectors of infrastructures and transports (roads, highways, bridges, and ports), electric energy production and distribution, petrochemical industry (Petkim) and public utilities.The macroeconomic parameters seem to follow the provisions of the IMF. What has not yet been complied with the IMF’s demands is the deficit in the public sector, which should reach 6,55 but stopped to 4% for 2006. Positive results are expressed regarding interests, which however, in 2006 were equal to 17,80% ( in April 2003 have reached 70%); a significant factor for the service of the high loan, which Turkey has to settle up and the greatest part of which is expressed in foreign currency. The foreign currency which during 2004 and 2005 has been significantly appreciated, at this moment is equal to about 1 $ = 1,3183 YTL / 1 € = 1,8006 YTL.The new Turkish lire was submitted in an often process of depreciation during the period of May-June 2006 with a loss respecting its value about 15% and sometimes even higher. Between April-May of this year-because of the political-institutional tenses-Turkish currency was even more depreciated with regard to dollar and Euro. The European Commission announced, after exhausting processes, the beginning of the negotiations with Turkey on 3rd October 2005, acknowledging the great progresses realized during the last years with relation to a lot of matters concerning the community law. Despite the progresses completed, in the financial system of Turkey there are still some uncertainties, mainly concerning the public debt, the inflation, the deficit of the current transactions and the course of unemployment rate. In 2006, the inflation rate reached 9,6%, a point higher regarding the rate registered in June 2007, equal to 8,6%.




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Moreover, the payments balance registered increased level of deficit in the current transactions, with a negative variation in 2006 equal to 31,3 billion dollars (+ 37,2% with regard to the same period in 2005). The first six months of 2007 the deficit was raised to 0,1% respecting the same period in 2006, reaching the amount of 19,6 billions.As far as the trade balance is concerned for 2006, there was also registered a deficit of 51,9 bil. dollars(+ 19,9% in relation to 2005), mainly because of the high energy demand from abroad. The first six months of 2007 reached 28 billion dollars (+ 6,1%).During 2006 was also confirmed the tendency of the public debt, which still remains high. The first trimester of 2007 reached 261,5 billion dollars (192 billion dollars of internal debt and 69,4 billion dollars of external debt).Finally, it is also confirmed the phenomenon of the constant growth of the unemployment, at this moment around 9%, but in general it is estimated over 20% if we take into consideration the phenomenon of the part time employment.The same is valid for the particularly increased sinking economy, which according to the Authorities, represents about 50% of the total economy. Beside the negative consequences in social level, the phenomenon has also has also a negative impact respecting the deposits of the taxes, the revenues by which are still in a low level, despite the often governmental facilities.

2. REFERENCE COUNTRY TURKEY

2.1 Macroeconomic Frameworka) Economic growth and country risk Based on the last data of the Central Bank and the National Statistic Service of Turkey it is confirmed the positive growth tendency, which is a result of the last years economic policy and the convergence with the parameters defined by EU and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Just five years ago the county has experienced the destructive consequences of one of the most intense economic crisis of the last years: depreciation 50%, increase of the nominal interests 100% and as a result the collapse of the banking system and bankruptcy of numerous enterprises of the market. In the end of 2001, GDP has fallen to 10%, with an inflation rate of 70% and public debt to the 90% of the GDP. However, the country has been gradually recovered by the crisis with hard work, registering an increase of 8% in 2002, 6% in 2003, almost 10% in 2004, 7,7% in 2005 and 6% in 2006. an increase has been also registered during the first four months of 2007, reaching 6,7% caused by a sensible growth of the credits and consumer goods demand, a result of the redouble of the average income in just five years, the significant revenues from the exports and the constant flow of foreign capital. The sector of constructions continues to register an increase, constituting the real motivation power of the Turkish economy, with a contribution to the growth over than 20,6%; followed by a 7,5% of the industry, a 6,3% of the commerce and a 4,8% of the services (agriculture has registered a negative course in 2006, with a -1,4% quota).Moreover, the consumption has been increased to 1,3%, while the private investments have registered the interesting quota of 19,1%, indication of activity in the local industry system, which follows the modernization procedures of the country. In general, the country’s economy is vivid and characterized by a dynamic private sector with indications that balance the limitation of the public expenses deriving from the implementation of a strict discipline in the balance, imposed by the IMF. Essential are also the progresses in the sector of structural reforms. Among the most important is the framework law for investments, the reform of the labour market, the law about fiscal control and the reform of the social insurance system. More specifically, we should also mention the recent completion of the reform, which provides the unification of the three Social Service Institutions (Health, Insurance, Pension) into a Joint Institution, the revision of the pension and health systems, introducing the obligatory insurance, the control of the expenses and the increase of allotments for hospitals. Indeed the country is working hard to comply with the IMF’s instructions, in order to follow a privatizations program, the incomes of which reached 20 billion dollars during the last years. However, open still remain other issues about the liberalization, mainly in the sector of alcohol drinks, fixed and mobile telephony, road networks, electric energy, transports (Turkish Airlines) petrochemical industry (Petkim). A more detailed analysis of the macroeconomic performance proves that until now the Government has followed a program of economic recovery acting according to the instructions of the IMF, with remarkable results so far.




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Also in 2006 the surplus has satisfied 6,5% of the IMF’s demands, due to a fiscal policy of the expenses control and the pursuit of a more efficient judicial system. Remarkable results have been also registered in the context of the deficit limitation of the balance (2,9 bil. dollars), the lowest quota in the last 30 years. Finally as far as interests are concerned, Turkey has made remarkable efforts in order to attract productive investments, than short-period capitals (“hot money”).Central Bank has gradually reduced the discount rates during the first months of 2006, but increased them again in April 2006, reaching the current rate of 17,5%.Despite the progresses completed, in the financial system of Turkey there are still some uncertainties, mainly concerning the public debt, the inflation, the deficit of the current transactions and the course of unemployment rate. In 2006, the rate of the annual inflation reached 9.6%, respecting the provision of 5%. Despite the intense depreciation in 2006 (in May-June 2006 the loss of the Turkish currency reached around 15% and inn some cases reached even more quotas), national currency has sensibly surpassed its crisis during the last months, due to the proper management of the monetary policy by the Central Bank. The turbulences during the year, with impacts on certain macroeconomic data, should be taken into consideration as an essentially structural phenomenon, in sight of the floating exchange rate and the open economy. Moreover, the payments balance registered increased level of deficit in the current transactions, with a negative variation in 2006 equal to 31,3 billion dollars (+ 37,2% with regard to the same period in 2005). The first six months of 2007 the deficit was raised to 0,1% respecting the same period in 2006, reaching the amount of 19,6 billions.As far as the trade balance is concerned for 2006, there was also registered a deficit of 51,9 bil. dollars (+ 19,9% in relation to 2005), mainly because of the high energy demand from abroad. Due to this data some protection should be taken, although they are being considered as narmal for an economy in transition, which is growing mainly because of the dynamic of the private consumption demand. During 2006 was also confirmed the tendency of the public debt, which still remains high. The first trimester of 2007 reached 261,5 billion dollars (192 billion dollars of internal debt and 69,4 billion dollars of external debt).Finally, it is also confirmed the phenomenon of the constant growth of the unemployment, at this moment around 9%, but in general it is estimated over 20% if we take into consideration the phenomenon of the part time employment.The same is valid for the particularly increased sinking economy, which according to the Authorities, represents about 50% of the total economy. Beside the negative consequences in social level, the phenomenon has also has also a negative impact respecting the deposits of the taxes, the revenues by which are still in a low level, despite the often governmental facilities. The unusual performance of Turkey is also owed to the political stability after the elections of 2002, when it was implemented a proper economic policy by the assistance of the IMF through two stand-by Agreements. In May 2005, the Executive Board of the IMF approved the letter of intent of the Turkish Government for a 10 billion dollars loan in the context of the new triennial stand by Agreement, which follows the previous agreement for the period 2002-2005. The demands on Turkey for continuous occupation with the problems of the public debt reduce, the inflation, the fiscal control, as well as the implementation of structural reforms for the support of the private sector and the improvement of the investments climate. In December 2006, the Executive Board of the IMF has completed the fifth revision of the Agreement for the support of the economic policy of the Turkish Government for period 2005-2008, judging the Turkish economy course as compatible to the guidelines of the approved program. The approval of the fifth revision has contributed to the direct grant towards Turkey of 1,13 billion dollars by the Fund’s treasury in Washington. From an economic point of view, relevant is also the presence of the World Bank, which in November 2003 approved the Country Assistance Strategy for Turkey, initially with regard to the triennial 2004-2006, with grants up to 4,5 billion dollars, in order for the risk of a new crisis to be prevented, also with the contribution of the country during its convergence to the community law. The positive estimations for the macroeconomic and social performance of Turkish Government mentioned in the World Bank’s Report in December 2005, have achieved the extension of the support period until 2007 and also a raise of the funding of 6,6 billion dollars. Later on has been approved a loan of 325 million dollars from World Bank to Turkey for the construction of underground cisterns of natural gas and gas compression stations. These infrastructures allow the constant supply of natural gas in the country without interruption of the natural gas supply in case of reserves’ lack and also contributes to the strengthening of the connective Turkish role between the production stations and the use.




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From the side of the EU, the European Commission, in the context of the pre-accession financial aid, approved financings towards Ankara of 1,05 billion euros for the period of 2004-2006. In 2006, particular importance had the Directive about the Civil Society (mainly in the context of the EU’s recommendations towards Turkey), as well the sector of environment and infrastructures, both objects of projects, which will be financed with about 500 million euros. By 2007, Turkey will be favoured by the new pre-accession Instrument (ΙΡΑ), which is destined mainly for the countries Turkey, Croatia, FYROM, Albania, Serbia (including Kosovo), Bosnia and Montenegro that will be favoured with up to 11,565 billion euros funds until 2013. Less than the half of the IPA’s grants scheduled until 2010 (2,2 bill euros from 4,7 billions) will be given to Turkey.As far as the instrument of fraternized Administrations is concerned during 2006 has been implemented the Twinning Program in the context of the revision of the account system, which was assigned to the Ministry of Economy and Finance (State General Accounts Department). During the second half of 2006 were developed three important initiatives. The first concerned the regional development and the institutional improvement by the support of the institutional and administrative capacity, which was assigned to the Ministry of Economic Development, the second concerned the poor money recycling, which was assigned to the Ministry of Economy and Finance (Treasury and Financial Audit Department) and the third concerned the support of the Public Works Assignment System(TR 03 IB FI 04), assigned to the Ministry of Economy and Finance (Treasury and Public Works Authorities Department). In general, the framework of the Turkish economy is considered positive, although is characterized by some uncertainties mainly concerning the public debt, the inflation phenomenon and the deficit of the current payments. Turkish economy has without a doubt made remarkable progresses, constituting its self as one of the world dynamically rising economies. Despite the recent turbulences of the national currency and the inevitable decrease of certain financial data, the result of the Ankara’s efforts of the economic structure reforms has been really appreciated by the international markets, which congratulate the Turkish orientation of maintaining a strict fiscal policy and a careful monetary policy.

b) Foreign market and foreign investment openingThe opening degree of Turkey to the international Trade is high enough. The country has an enforced production system due to the exports, which owe their significant course to the supply of intermediate and investment goods. In 2006 the transactions value reached 222,2 billion dollars, with the exports being equal to 85,1 billion dollars (+15,88% respecting 2005) and the imports being equal to 137 billion dollars (+17.35% respecting 2005).The composition of the trade balance registered an increase respecting exports in the field of clothing (despite the profound crisis), auto-industry and industrial mechanical production products, which follow the course of textiles and clothing as leading sector in the exports from Turkey. EU is the first position as destination (53%) and origin (40,3%) area of the trade flows. During 2006, respecting the classification of the main supplier countries Russia has the first word (17,5 billion dollars), compared with Germany (14,5 billion dollars), mainly because of the natural gas export (more than 20 billion q.m. per year, which correspond to the 67% of the energy need of the Turkish population) and China has the third position (9,5 bil. dollars) compared with Italy (8,6 bil. dollars).It is also interesting to report the increased presence of Iran (+ 62% - 5,6 billion dollars value), Saudi Arabia (+18%) and Greece (+42%). Finally, France that was submitted in a boycott during last year because of its attitude towards the Armenian Issue, sees its exports being increased to 12,1%, reaching the fifth position as a supplier country. As far as the Turkish exports’ markets are concerned, in 2006 Germany was in the first position (9,7 bill. dollars), followed by UK (6,8 bill. dollars) and Italy (6,7 bill. dollars). Germany is in the fifth position as a trade partner of Turkey, with transactions that reach 24,2 billion dollars and a surplus in the bilateral trade balance equal to 4,9 billion dollars. On the contrary, Russia is in he second place. Italy remains the third trade partner with transaction equal to 15,3 billion dollars (+16,8% respecting 2005). The main trade partners of Ankara (based on the transactions value and according to the data that are expressed in volume) for 2006 are:

1 Germany 24,2 billion dollars 6 USA 10,9 billion dollars2 Russia 20,7 billion dollars 7 China 10,2 billion dollars3 Italy 15,3 billion dollars 8 Spain 7,4 billion dollars

4 United Kingdom 11,8 billion dollars 9 Iran 6,6 billion dollars




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5 France 11,2 billion dollars 10 Switzerland 4,8 billion dollars

Turkish Trade Transactions(values in thousand dollars and variations per relevant period )

Jan. – December 2005 Jan. – December 2006 Variation %Imports 116.774.151 137.032.202 17,35% Exports 73.476.408 85.141.517 15,88%

of which:COUNTRY IMPORTS 2006 VARIATION

%EXPORTS 2006 VARIATION %

Russia 17,493,643 35.55% 3,226,467 35.73% Germany 14,554,336 6.75% 9,673,083 2.31% China 9,553,487 38.75% 692,980 26.05% Italy 8,568,764 13.25% 6,748,915 20.16% France 6,601,220 12.12% 4,602,325 20.93% USA 5,920,393 10.14% 4,995,801 1.73% Iran 5,623,461 62.07% 1,058,235 15.92% UK 5,081,887 8.23% 6,811,868 15.12% Switzerland 3,997,449 -1.39% 880,473 59.09% Spain 3,789,068 6.58% 3,679,209 22.20% S.Korea 3,478,345 -0.20% ------Japan 3,172,575 2.04% ------Belgium 2,451,998 9.41% 1,379,972 6.79% Saudi Arabia 2,244,670 18.84% 982,809 2.15% Holland 2,137,042 -0.68% 2,536,457 2.71% Greece 1,039,868 42.87% 1,598,490 41.88%

Source : Elaborazioni ICE Istanbul su dati TUIK, Turkiye Istatistik Kurumu (Istituto Turco di Statistica)

The flow of the Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) is favoured by the innovations introduced by the current legislation (nr. 4875 Act of 5th June 2003). Despite, the facilitations and improvements of the system deriving from the conditions set by the IMF as well the convergence need with the European standards, the FDI level is still considered as deficient with respect to the other European countries with economies in transition or of recent accession in the EU. In 2006 the FDI reached 19,797 billion dollars (+ 101,7% with respect to 2005), with a presence in the country of 14.782 foreign capital enterprises. The same period were founded another 3.087 new enterprises, 2.436 from which were new founded and 591 subsidiaries of foreign enterprises, and the rest 60 were branches. If we take into consideration the 14.782 enterprises of foreign capital present in Turkey from 1954 till today, 11.748 of them were newly established, 2.606 are subsidiaries and 428 are branches. From the 14.782 foreign enterprises, more than 10.000 were founded during the period 1999-2006.The majority of the foreign enterprises present in Turkey (4.926; 33,3% of the total) operate in the commercial sector, followed by the industrial enterprisesv(2.947, 20% of the total) with the first seat taken by the textile and chemicals fields. Another number of foreign investments belongs to the sectors of real estate (1.900 enterprises, 12,8%), transports and telecommunications(1.268 enterprises, 8,6% of the total), hotel and restoration industry (1.137 enterprises, 7,7% of the total).Geographically the areas that attract the most foreign investments are Istanbul (8.210, 56% of the total) followed by Antalya (1.736 enterprises, 11,7% of the total), Ankara (1.029 enterprises, 7% of the total), Izmir (907 enterprises, 6,1% of the total), Mugla (847 enterprises, 5,7% of the total), Bursa (303 enterprises, 2% of the total), Mersin (280 enterprises, 1,9% of the total), Aydin (220 enterprises, 1,5% of the total), Kocaeli (182 enterprises, 1,2% of the total) and Adana (114 enterprises 0,8% of the total).The investments reserves from abroad -according to unofficial estimations- reach more than 76 billion dollars.




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c) Trade performance regarding Italy and bilateral foreign direct investments performance In 2006, Italy remains the third trade partner, with transactions equal to 15,3 billion dollars (+16,8% respecting 2005) with exports equal to 8,6 billion dollars (+13,3%) and imports equal to 6,7 billion dollars (+20%).The surplus in the trade balance for Italy is about 1,8 billion dollars. The quota in the market of the total of the Turkish world imports is 6,3%.

Trade Transactions Turkey-Italy(values in million dollars)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Imports 4.333 3.484 4.102 5.472 6.857 7.523 8.568 Exports 1.789 2.342 2.237 3.193 4.602 5.601 6.748 Balance -2.544 -1.142 -1.865 -2.279 -2.255 -1.922 -1.820

As results from the above table, the imports of Turkey from Italy follow the course of the internal economic floatings. After registering an increase in 2000 and a decrease in 2001, with respect to all the other main partners, they have registered a significant increase in 2003. 2005 was a record year for the transactions between the two countries, which reached 13,1 billion dollars, an increased tendency equal to 15,3 billion dollars as derives from the data in the end of 2006. More than the 70% of the Italian exports in Turkey concerns intermediate goods, confirming the similarity between the two production systems. The increase of the imports from Italy, during the period January-September 2006, was particularly significant in the following sectors:

Non ferrous minerals (+99,16%) Cisterns, pressure cookers, heat transmitters (+72,96%) Agricultural products, forestry, pisciculture (+52,91%) Accessories, spare parts and machines (+40,29%) Other metallic products (+31,57%) Other machines of general use (+31,30%) Clothing and accessories (+25,24%) Agriculture and forestry equipment (+24,20%) Footwear and leather products (+23,97%) Production and mechanic energy equipment (+23,07%) Vehicles (+22,94%) Iron Industry products (+22,52%) Food and drink industry products (+20,32%) Medical and chemical products, as well as herbs for medical use(+8,4%) Plastic products (+8,2%) Chemical products (+4,8%) Tools (+3,9%) Textile products (-14,55%) Refined petrochemical products (-17,94%) Timber and wooden products (-21,67%) Textiles (-22,57%) Small increase in the Italian exports of synthetic fibres, ornaments and other chemicals Maritime transports (+546,59%) Other means of transport (+314,04%) Basic no ferrous minerals (+217,11%) Refined petrochemical products (+127,24%) Agricultural products, forestry, pisciculture (+69,30%) Footwear and leather products (69,19%) Chemical products (+62,99%) Other metallic products (+46,29%) Vehicles (+42,61%) Domestic appliances (+42,36%)




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As results the imports from Turkey are constantly rising, although the trade balance is still registering a surplus on Italy’s behalf. In these contexts it is worth being mentioned that part from the Turkish exports to Italy is realized by branches of the national enterprises or by the local enterprises of Italian property present in the country. Moreover, it is important to be added that the favourable course of the Italian exports should be maintained to these levels, in order together with the foreign investments to be consolidated the flow of of the bilateral trade transactions. Otherwise, in the short-term mainly the Italian SMEs will have to confront not only the competition of the Far East and especially of Pekin, but also the one of the more competitive countries of EU (Germany, France, UK and mainly Spain). During the first 11 months of 2006, the Italian SMEs present in Turkey reached the number of 516. Italy is in the seventh place in front of Germany (2.588 enterprises), ΗΒ (1.390), Holland (1.175), Iran (809), USA (729) and Russia (557).As far as the stock of the Italian investments is concerned, the official data of the Central Bank and the Treasury Secretariat in 2005 were stagnant to 4,1 billion dollars, with an estimation for an over 300 million euros increase in 2006. The flow of the foreign direct Italian investments in 2005 reached 676 million dollars. Italy is in the sixth place (6,5% of the total of the investments in Turkey from abroad, by 31st December 2005, equal to 63,3 billion dollars), after Holland (14 billion dollars), France (7,5 billion dollars), Germany (6,6 billion dollars), UK (5,6 billion dollars) and USA(4,6 billion dollars).

d) Trade performance regarding Greece and bilateral foreign direct investments performance

Trade Transactions Turkey-Greece(values in million dollars)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Imports 429.171 563.520 630.510 779.637 992.516 956.659 1.325.953Exports 631.917 393.808 368.220 470.277 554.977 754.056 847.993Balance 202.476 - 169.712 - 262.290 - 309.360 - 437.539 - 202.603 - 477.960

Source : EUROSTAT

2. 2. Intervention fields

a) Assessment of commercial penetration of Italian products in the domestic marketDuring the last fifteen years, Turkey, had a magmatic growth, which transformed Turkey in a country open to the transactions with abroad and always closer to the western standards and has also significantly determined the growth of the living standard of a certain population part. The heavy crisis of 2001, which Turkey has completely surpassed, has determined a revision of the growth plans, forcing the Authorities to implement a wide range of cleansing, as well as important structural reforms. Similar interventions have contributed to the widening of the county’s opening degree, creating a more liberal and modern statutory framework, which constitutes a reliable reference point in the international scene. In these contexts, Italian entrepreneurs are in a beneficial place, as well as Italy, which possesses a 6,3% quota in the market (third after Germany and Russia till the beginning of the year and at this moment fourth after China) and is not considered only as a first class commercial partner, but also as a growth model. Moreover, Turkey represents an essential market of the import of capital goods Made in Italy. Italy is also a country with similarities to the local industrial system (Italy supplies the most developed technology, which serves for the improvement of the sectors of clothing, leather, vehicles, agriculture, etc.). The structure of the Turkish enterprises is compatible enough with the Italian one, granted the co-existence of major Groups, with a part of the SMEs, finding through the multinational enterprises flexible and dynamic intermediaries in the their interest sectors. However, the promotion strategy is not focused only in these certain trade transactions sectors, but is also dedicated to a total approach, according to which the Italian enterprises know and use directly the possibilities of a country which is a commercial partner of Italy, acquiring a comparative advantage compared with the main European and




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North American markets. For this reason, it is important to refer on the one hand the interventions of industrial cooperation and on the other hand the formation of local frameworks that render Italy as a reference model for the local financial panorama.The initiatives that provide the intervention of the organizations SACE and SIMEST, as well as all the other institutional organs, starting from the Regions, have as a purpose the growing convergence of the economies. The macro-sectors mentioned above were determined from the analysis conducted by the ICE of Istanbul, taking into consideration the dynamic of the transactions and the needs of local and Italian industry, after numerous requests of the two countries’ entrepreneurs. Mechanics and Capital goodsTurkey is an important importer of machinery and capital goods (with about 22 billion dollars in 2005 and the most important Turkish imports volume after raw materials), but also producer and exporter (11 billion dollars in 2005). As far as the first semester of 2006 is concerned Turkish imports in machinery and capital goods reached about 410 million dollars. Almost the 40% of the Italian exports in Turkey is relevant to this sector, which includes all the main data of the local economy (machines for the processing of metals, textiles, leather and footwear, packaging equipment, plastics, wood, marble etc.).Numerous are also the competitions organized by the Municipalities, in many cases with international or community financing, as well as the bilateral financing packages (mainly from USA and Germany). Moreover, the lack of financial packages from Italy is expressed as a complaint by the local enterprises of the sector. Intermediary and consumer goodsTextiles (clothing, textiles and fibres).In general the sector is of strategic importance for Turkey and represents the main volume of the local exports. The increasing attention of the Turkish industry in quality of the final product has raised the demand of valuable textiles and threads. Italy plays an essential role being the first supplier of textiles and threads in turkey, and one of the most important clients as well. In 2005 Italy has exported products of a about 500 million dollars (mainly textiles of sheep hair and artificial fibres) and imported products of a little lower value, indicating the compatibility of the two countries. Without a doubt, this flow of goods is also connected with the “buy-back” enterprises of Italian interests in Turkey. It should also be paid attention to the aggressive competition from China, which contributed in the closing down of numerous production units. As far as the first semester of 2006 is concerned, despite the crisis that this sector has been into during this period, the quotas remained invariable with respect to the same period in 2005 (with imports about 300 million dollars from Italy and a variation due to a decrease in clothing).Furniture In Turkey are being situated about 3.000 production enterprises, many of those operate in the frontier areas (Russia and Central Asia). The random development of the local furniture production and the demand of high level products continue to represent interesting opportunities for the Italian enterprises, which are the most important suppliers of the local market. Even though in the last years the quota was a bit reduced, in 2005 the exports reached 48 million dollars and Italy continued to be the most important supplier. During the first semester of 2006, Italian exports to Turkey reached 25 million dollars, an invariable amount respecting the same period of last year. Chemical productsThis sector which is related to all production fields, is among the most important Turkish imports volumes. Italy has an about 7% quota, raised for final chemical products too. A delegation of Turk entrepreneurs in the field of medical raw materials has registered excellent results and for this reason re-enters in the market. As far as the data of the imports from Italy are concerned, in 2005 they reached the total amount of 1,2 billions, while during the period January-May 2006 reached 512.846.000 million dollars. Biotechnology and Information technologiesTurkey aims to increase its abilities in these sectors encouraging research, and through the creation of Technological Parks and the increasing interaction between enterprises and Universities. Italy can take advantage of this policy, intensifying the cooperation with institutions, universities and Turkish enterprises, some of which are of excellent level, as well as examining the suggestions from the Turkish side, which can increase the commercial penetration in certain not so developed sectors where Italy is highly competitive (softwear packages, data transfer, telecommunications, security etc.). Food products and wineThe variations of the local consumption in the food sector, arising by the alternate living conditions, render this sector even more interesting respecting Italy. Unfortunately, the imports from abroad of food and eno-gastronomic products




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are difficult due to the strict status of licensing imposed by the Turkish Authorities and mainly heavy is taxations concerning the foreign importer because of the fact that this sector is not included in the Agreements concluded in the context of the European Customs Union between Turkey and EU in 1996. Anyway, in 2005 has been registered an increase concerning the wine imports (2,6 million dollars in total, from which 863 thousand dollars from Italy, with a quota equal to 29,32% allowing Italy to figure in the second place after Germany). Again in 2005, the imports of food products from Italy reached 214 million dollars, while as far as the first semester of 2006 is concerned the purchases from Italy reached 114 million dollars. The current quotas were eliminated and by the previous year the imports are free for the individual local enterprises also and there are no further limitations by the state monopoly (Tekel) which was abolished. The import permissions acquisition practice has been simplified and the permissions are now issued by TAPDK (Regulatory Market Authority for alcohol drinks and tobacco products), however still remains the taxation, which between duties and consumption rate reaches about 130%, with a raise over 200%.

b) Assessment of the Italian direct investmentsIncreasing is the interest of the Italian entrepreneurship for investments in the Turkish market because of the increasing security deriving from the uncontested progresses realized by the country, concerning the course of the economic stability. As far as the stock of the Italian investments is concerned, the official data of the Central Bank and the Treasury Secretariat in 2005 were stagnant to 4,1 billion dollars, with an estimation for an over 300 million euros increase in 2006. The flow of the foreign direct Italian investments in 2005 reached 676 million dollars. Italy is in the sixth place (6,5% of the total of the investments in Turkey from abroad, by 31st December 2005, equal to 63,3 billion dollars), after Holland (14 billion dollars), France (7,5 billion dollars), Germany (6,6 billion dollars), UK (5,6 billion dollars) and USA(4,6 billion dollars). It is important to mention that in order for the erosion of the percentages in the national market by certain antagonistic markets of abroad (for example China and other countries of the Far East) to be balanced, direct investments and co-operations in the field of production and commerce should be conducted. These actions shall help Italy play a central role in the financial relations with Turkey. In general, the investments realized so far by the national enterprises cover various sectors, extending from the sector of manufacture to the sector of textile and from farming to services sector. In constant growth is also finding the Italian enterprises’ interest for the field presence (textiles, manufacture of the agricultural production, permanent establishments for the support of the post-selling services in cooperation with local enterprises) also due to the promotion initiatives of the Embassy and the external trade Institute-ICE. As far as the comparative advantages are concerned, it is true that some states offer a working force of a lower cost than Turkey-where the costs are still lower than in Italy- however, the existence of a specialized work force in Turkey is also a reality, a fact that is worth being mentioned because for some markets (Russia, Central Asian Republics, Syria, Israel, Lebanon) Turkey is a threatening competitor, with which it is better to be immediately concluded profitable commercial and productive Co-operations.In these contexts it is important to be reminded that in the occasion of the visitation of the Government’s President, Prodi in January 2007, has been concluded between the president of ICE, the Ambassador Umberto Vattani and the Organization of the Turkish Service for the FDI (TISPA), which is directly connected to the Prime Minister’s Office, a Co-operation Agreement between the two Organizations, through which is going to be organized next spring a Business Forum for the increase of the Italian direct investments in Turkey. According to the above mentioned, it is useful to refer that the General Division for the FDI of the Ministry of Finance has at the public’s disposal a new website (www.investinturkey.gov.tr), which will continue to include all the necessary information for those who want to invest in Turkey. In addition action opportunities are appearing for the presentation of the various tendencies among the industrial areas of the country through the potential Italian investors: in fact, these areas present special characteristics and different investments attraction indications (among which the taxation system and the special statuses concerning the incentives for the establishment of production units), or are being characterized by a low cost work force or the technological expertise of the work force. In these contexts, it is wise that the Italian investors of different sectors should be oriented towards a more effective and compatible with themselves region choice, as far as their establishment in Turkey is concerned.




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Italian investors consider Turkey not only as a promising market, but also as a strategic industrial partner for the access in the markets of third neighbouring countries: from Russia till Central Asia and Middle East, the attention of which has been turned to different Turkish realities unknown just a few years ago, which offer remarkable growth perspectives, due to their geographical position. The initiatives promoted in the regions of growing financial interest, such as Gaziantep (Southeast Turkey), Kayseri (Central Anatolia), Konya and Diyarbakir aim to open for their products-through consortiums- markets, where Turkish products have competitive advantages and powerful business bonds.The special geographical position of the city of Gaziantep, for example, on the frontier with the Middle East, the high infrastructure level and the co-operation with the rest country, as well as the stable base of entrepreneurship extending in four macro-regions with more than 4.000 enterprises operating in various sectors, render Gaziantep a very interesting region for the potential investors. More famous is the zone of Aegean, which is characterized by uncontested industrial possibilities. With a surface covering just 11% of the total of Turkey, produces the 20% of the total exports and has the most developed private sector in the country (almost 80% of the area’s production comes from the private sector). Aegean, where operate 75 of the largest 500 Turkish enterprises, is one the regions which attract the most investments, with an average rate of the fixed invested capital 200% and a productivity of the work force , which is annually being increased in 15%. Another really interesting area is the city of Kayseri, which is situated in the center of the mountainous region of Anatolia, about three hours by car from Ankara. A city that has always applied to transactions and productive activities, as a crossroad of the world trade transactions between Roman Empire and later Byzantine and East, Kayseri plays an important role to the financial panorama of the country. Having a new and daring business class, Kayseri and the zone round it export to a large number of countries (mainly EU). The region counts more than 5.000 supplier enterprises of goods and services, which are organized in two industrial zones: the first is 14km from the center of Kayseri, the second is situated in the neighbouring region of Incesu, while a third is under construction in Mimarsinan. Diyarbakir, in south eastern Turkey, is one of the regions that has been favoured with great facilitations respecting investments, mainly as far as the sectors of marble processing, mechanisms and tourism. So far, Italy is not a significant receiver of Turkish investments (according to some unofficial data these reach 1,7 billion dollars), while some leading Turkish enterprises in the sectors of domestic electric appliances and construction materials have bought shares in companies of their neighbouring countries. Among the investments sectors in which Italy can attract investments, are being mentioned the supply chain and transports sector, as well as the opportunity of the Turkish enterprises to create commercial infrastructures in Italy in sectors which are competitive in comparison with the national production (clothing, ornaments, and construction materials).On the transports behalf, it is going to be constructed a new Ro-Ro transport line between the ports of Canakkale and Brindisi, officially active in December through the Italian-Turkish consortium Ital Ro Ro – Kiptrans.

c) Assessment of the trade and industrial cooperation in the priority high tech fieldsIn the defence sector, area of high technology, Turkey is considered as a strategic country, with which have been developed excellent industrial cooperation relations, through the Finmeccanica Group.With the perspective to participate actively in the air space, the determination of which is under consideration, Italy has an already high position in the fields of air-navigation and helicopters construction, with the impending commercialization of the aircraft Eurofighter Typhoon (Alenia Aeronautica) and the possible participation of Agusta Westand in an ambitious program relevant to the supply of about 100 martial helicopters.This privileged position has been confirmed also in the context of the military cooperation in the navigation sector, where Fincantieri has won the competition respecting the supply of patrol equipment for the coast guard. Respecting the installation of electronic systems and air traffic control, Elettronica SpA, a company of the Finmeccanica Group, is among the world leaders in the production of equipment for electronic systems of passive control and electronic protection destined to defence. Finally, in the sector of the air traffic control, the recent success of SELEX- Integrated Systems (Finmeccanica Group), which had won in the past months the competition for the modernisation of the seven centres of air traffic control which exist at this moment in Turkey (SMART project). Other cooperation opportunities in the technology sector are provided in the context of the Protocol signed by the Institute of Agricultural Protection (I.P.I) and Kosgeb (Organization for the SMEs’ development) on 23rd November 2005, which was followed by a delegation of SMEs’ representatives and Alenia Aeronautica in June 2006, in order




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together with the Turkish parties to confirm the possibility for the development of cooperation activities within the framework of the community programs with respect to the growth of the Turkish economy. The delegation has also met the Minister of Industry and Commerce, Ali Coskun, the representatives of Kosgeb, Tubitak (equal to the Italian CNR) and specialists of certain Universities of Ankara (Metu και Bilkent), in order to determine a limited number of co-operational development projects between the two countries focusing mainly in the innovation and know-how transfer processes, based on the ten-years experience of the above mentioned Institute. Final goal is the development of a really remarkable technological sector, starting with instruction programs for the Turkish mechanicals and technicians. In addition, it is underlined that in Turkey operate since some years Technological Development Centres, the so said technological parks, where the enterprises can conduct surveys of Research and Development in the sectors of telecommunications, defence, information systems and electronics. The Act about the Technological Development Center was approved in 2001, promoting this way the creation of excellence poles and contributing to the financial benefits of the companies to which they address. So far operate 17 technological parks in the country, however only some of them are widely known (the Middle East Technical University - METU, the Bilkent Cyberpark, the Hacettepe-University Technology Development Zone, the ITU - Istanbul Technical University, the MARMARA-Teknokent and the GOSB - Gebze Organized Industry Region).

2.3 Trade and market access policy

α) Tariff Barriers The matters that concern the barriers respecting the imports in the Turkish market and especially those relevant to the presence of duties, in relation to the total of the imported goods, as well as other protective measures that are of non tariff form, should be entered in the context of the Agreement of the Customs Union connecting the countries of the EU by 1st January 1996. So far the Agreement-which at this moment is valid only for the agriculture sector and for a part of the services sector- operates normally, as announced by the European Commission, which intends to expand the implementation also to the excluded sectors. However, there are some fields where the Turkish participation has not yet been complied with the EU standards, according to which Ankara should withdraw the technical barriers for the import of European products within 31 st

December 2000, in order to be harmonized completely with the community law. Impacts from these circumstances have mainly the import procedures of wine and alcohol drinks, which together with the permission license system, suffer from heavy customs duties and taxation: 63.3%, Special Duty of Private Consumption, which is calculated in the total of the turnover 50%, duty imposed on the goods imported from the EU 18% VAT.For sparkling wine and grapa, the special duty in the private consumption reaches 275%.During 2006, came up the matter with respect to the export of vermouth (for Italy the company damaged was Martini & Rossi). Vermouth produced in the EU according to the provisioned regulation CE 1601/91 does not manage to enter the Turkish market because the alcohol content does not respond to the requirements of the Turkish food code with reference to the lower limit.

b) Non tariff barriersA problem of general character arises by the regulation based on which the imported goods in Turkey should be cleared through the customs within 20 days if they come by road or air transport or within 40 days if they are coming by sea transport. By the time the products are not cleared within these time periods, they could be nationalized and put to auction. This process often causes problems to the Italian entrepreneurs, either because of various bureaucracy problems (confirmation of the technical standards, health control certification) or because of the slow customs clearance procedures, who lose the right of the products’ return to Italy. The most numerous barriers respecting the imports indicated by the Italian entrepreneurs concern agricultural products and food products, and usually happen because of the import after permission status, defined by the Ministry of Agriculture and as far as wine is concerned by TAPDK (Institution for the regulation of the tobacco market, tobacco derivatives and alcohol drinks). For the export towards Turkey of biological products, products that have direct relation to the food (packages) or for




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the products that concern directly health (glasses, cosmetics and detergents), over the last months the entrepreneurs had the obligation to show an additional sanitary control certificate of the product issued by state laboratories (for Italy the ASL service). Usually the Italian Embassy had the duty to certify these documents issued by private laboratories, which are acknowledged by the Italian legislation, but for the Turkish authorities are considered as unsuitable. In certain cases the same certificates that issued by the ASL service are considered as insufficient and Turkish authorities submit the products under new controls with important costs for the exporters, who have to cover the control expenses as well the expenses caused by the stay of the products in the customs. As far as the above mentioned are concerned, recently have been registered numerous positive steps by the ministry of Agricultural Development in order to satisfy the concerns of various Italian exporting companies, managing to resolve the individual cases’ problems. However, this matter concerns all the EU state members and was confronted through the European Commission in the context of negotiations with the Turkish Authorities. In the occasion of the eighteenth conference of the Mixed Council for the Customs Union between European Commission and Turkey conducted in Ankara in 1 st December 2006, the Turkish part guaranteed the elimination of this last barrier: from now on for the exports of ceramic products or delicate products which have a close contact with food, a statement of the exporter respecting the compliance of the products with the European standards, should be enough.In general, the European Commission and the Community of the International Investors in Turkey ask from Ankara to abandon the control system during the import of the products in the customs area of Turkey, because this method has been proven insufficient and expensive for the importers, who have to acquire a large and useless amount of documents. Alternatively, they suggest the development of a control mechanism after the products have circulated in the market, offering by this solution a more integrated protection of the security and consumer protection demands. After the entry into force of the 2006/504/EC Decision on 1 st October 2006, which stabilizes the particular conditions for the import of the defined food products from certain third countries (among which Turkey) because of the risk of contamination due to those products expiring, Turkey has reintroduced problems in the customs of some countries (Italy, Czech) in relation to the import of processed products which contain peanut. As far as this action is concerned the Commission has modified the guidelines for the application of this decision in the Member States, according to which for the food products with a contamination risk by their expiring, the tolerance limit within which certifications are not necessary has been defined to 5%. This limit should protect the Turkish exports in halvah and baklava- confectionaries of local production which according to Authorities contain a peanut quota not higher than 2%. The Turkish side asked from the European Union to elevate the limit during the meeting of the Experts Council for agricultural matters which took place in Brussels the last 11th December. Other problems defined by the Italian exporters are connected to the embargo respecting beef meat coming from EU, for the confrontation of potential contagious diseases by BSE, as well as to the difficulties of the import from Turkey of not processed olive oil (in fact Turkish exporters have incentives to export processed olive oil). During the last meeting of the Mixed Council for the Customs Union between European Commission and Turkey in Brussels was confirmed by the Turkish side the perspective for a rapid abolishment of the embargo, also in relation to the unsuccessful negotiations concerning the alternative products list on which they discussed over the past months. Commission, considered necessary that Turkey should reopen its boarders to the meat trading and especially beef meat with the EU- ending a real violation respecting the international obligations which derive from the1/98 Decision of the EU-Turkey Cooperation Council, which determines important liberations in this sector. As far as the state monopolies are concerned, according to the international entrepreneurs and European Commission, the recent Act voted enlarges the transparency degree of the procedures, however still maintains some discretional regulatory provisions concerning the participants in competitions, who do not have a Turkish citizenship. There is still the prohibition for the import in Turkey of over 10-years used products, among which vehicles and machines, against which has been opposed the European Commission. Similar measures are applied also for the investment goods, whose use is considered as necessary by the foreign entrepreneurs, among which Italians, who conduct production activities in the country. It is also underlined that the import of those is allowed even if they are used.

c) Violations against copyright lawTurkey has completed some progresses as far as this issue is concerned, improving its legislative framework for the copyright law in order to comply with the community law and the intense demands of the European Union and




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numerous states of OSCE.Although, positive steps have been completed, for example during its control the European Commission did not remark significant improvements, mainly in the important fields of copyright protection in the sectors of Computer Science and medical production, creating the need of new legislative interventions and in sight of the non application of the existing laws. So far there have not been noted any phenomena of counterfeiting respecting the Italian trademarks, while have been noticed cases of Italian trademarks reproduction in the fields of clothing, cosmetics and ornaments. For this purpose it has been realized the cooperation between the Trademarks and Patent Service of Italy and the relevant Turkish Service, which on 9th July 2004 in Ancona, have signed a Declaration according which it is provisioned the information exchange for two matters, firstly of the possible adoption of similar trademarks electronic registration systems and secondly creation of judicial authorities for the guaranteed improvement of the trademarks and patents protection.

d) Concerns regarding foreign investments in the countryThe framework law for Foreign Direct Investments of 5th June 2003 has modified the context of the regulation that regulated the matter, adopting a more liberal approach and the opening towards the capital flows, which was encouraged, among others, by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Among the numerous innovations of the law are also presented the abolishment of the permissions’ issuance by the Ministry of Economy for the financing of foreign investments (passed from the logic of “approval” to a more simple practice of “registering”), moreover as foreign direct investments are also registered the purchases of shares realized by the equity market for quotas higher than 10%. The lowest limit of the minimum investing capital, in the past obligatory for the foreign partners, but not for Turkish citizens (they were asked to pay only 5 billions of Turkish lires, about 3.300 dollars, to acquire a company with stocks and 500 million Turkish lires, about 330 dollars, in case of an ltd Company), was eliminated and foreign enterprises, have the recognizable right to buy real property, taking advantage of the equal treatment with respect to the local investors. The Act also sets the criteria for the determination of the shares’ value and the obligations of the foreign enterprises, by the time these demonstrate an interest for investments in Turkey and confirming the possibility of appeal to the International Court in cases this is imperative. As results from the previous regulation, it still remains in force the full liberation of the repatriation of profits, shares and any other revenue.However, in this positive context, results that by the liberalization are excluded certain sectors, such as defence, telecommunications and energy, where special regulations apply, which in some cases are violated by the principle of parity among foreign and local investors. In addition, some businessmen complaint that due to the vacancies in the taxation system of Turkey, international enterprises are submitted in higher judicial control than the local enterprises, which often escape from their judicial obligations. In 2004, was founded in Istanbul, under the presidency of the Prime Minister Erdogan and with the coordination of the Minister of Economy, an organization that should set, according to Ankara, a discussion platform between the Government and the entrepreneurial Associations, through which will derive valuable results which render Turkey more attractive towards the investors. In this Advisory Organ participate the presidents or the administrative representatives of the 20 international enterprises, as well as representatives of the IMF and World Bank. From the Turkish side participate Tusiad (Industries Association), TOBB (Chambers of Commerce and Stock Exchanges Union)), Yased (International Investors Union) and Tim (Exporters Union).




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3. MAIN TRADE FLOWS

Reference country: TURKEYFlow : Exports

(values in million US Dollars)

COUNTRIES 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Germany 5.152 5.253 5.449 5.479 5.171 5.367 5.835 7.485 8.743 9.455 UK 1.247 1.511 1.710 1.844 2.024 2.175 3.006 3.670 5.538 5.917 Italy 1.438 1.387 1.555 1.736 1.755 2.342 2.361 3.195 4.595 5.618 USA 1.617 2.027 2.229 2.484 3.074 3.126 3.337 3.754 4.801 4.911 France 1.042 1.163 1.302 1.586 1.652 1.895 2.124 2.826 3.664 3.806




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Free Zone 441 611 1.088 961 1.190 1.725 2.006 1.928 2.563 3.059 Spain 366 439 516 785 704 950 1.115 1.792 2.580 3.011 Iraq 188 54 11 . . . . 829 1.820 2.750 Netherlands 764 779 886 945 871 892 1.044 1.526 2.129 2.470 Russia 1.495 2.057 1.348 589 639 924 1.168 1.368 1.855 2.377 Romania 313 359 468 269 325 392 560 873 1.222 1.785 UAE 211 265 240 415 311 380 452 73 1.139 1.675 Israel 254 392 479 591 622 805 851 1.083 1.309 1.467 Belgium . . . 664 641 688 689 886 1.149 1.292 Bulgaria 153 176 213 234 252 299 378 622 886 1.179 Greece 236 298 369 409 435 476 583 920 1.168 1.127 Saudi Arabia 430 535 473 369 374 501 547 741 759 962 Iran 296 307 194 161 234 361 308 534 770 913 Poland 253 255 291 220 174 241 341 486 695 830 Ukraine 267 337 274 227 256 289 310 445 574 821 WORLD 23.048 26.245 26.881 26.913 27.485 31.334 35.762 47.253 62.604 73.476 Source : Elaborazioni ICE su dati ONU-COMTRADE




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Reference country: TURKEYFlow : Imports

(values in million US Dollars)

Countries 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005ΕU 25 53,81 52,12 53,54 52,49 50,29 45,79 47,79 48,35 48,31 42,19 Germany 17,66 16,51 15,92 14,14 13,23 12,89 13,68 13,63 13,30 11,68 Italy 9,89 9,19 9,22 7,65 7,98 8,42 8,06 7,89 7,30 6,48 France 6,38 6,11 6,61 7,54 6,49 5,52 5,94 6,01 6,59 5,04 UK 5,79 5,69 5,84 5,25 4,99 4,62 4,74 5,05 4,59 4,02 Spain 2,30 2,63 2,78 3,02 3,08 2,58 2,71 2,89 3,46 3,04 Belgium . . . 2,71 3,05 2,38 2,24 2,20 2,12 1,92 Netherlands 3,30 3,06 3,15 3,17 2,91 2,52 2,55 2,39 2,02 1,84 EAST AND CENTRAL EUROPE 8,37 8,27 8,60 10,90 11,29 12,38 11,85 12,34 13,07 16,59 Russia 4,43 4,48 4,69 7,16 7,17 8,30 7,53 7,86 7,37 11,05 Ukraine 1,73 1,89 2,15 1,85 1,80 1,83 1,91 1,92 2,67 2,27 Romania 1,02 0,81 0,75 0,96 1,24 1,16 1,28 1,38 1,75 1,96 OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2,85 2,65 2,54 2,22 2,12 3,58 4,84 4,90 4,16 3,80 Switzerland 2,62 2,27 2,21 1,79 1,64 2,96 4,17 4,28 3,62 3,47 NORTH AFRICA 3,74 3,73 3,25 4,15 4,16 5,11 4,08 3,63 2,89 3,61 Libya 1,11 1,10 0,75 1,20 1,45 2,05 1,47 1,55 1,61 1,70 Algeria 1,70 1,58 1,41 2,42 2,19 2,57 2,11 1,56 0,79 1,45 OTHER AFRICAN COUNTRIES 0,98 0,79 0,58 0,70 0,84 1,70 1,08 1,18 1,52 1,57 NORTH AMERICA 8,44 9,55 9,19 7,91 7,65 8,19 6,60 5,40 5,35 4,99 USA 7,66 8,91 8,81 7,49 7,18 7,88 5,98 5,04 4,96 4,60 CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA 1,80 1,67 1,71 1,30 1,16 1,09 1,25 1,70 1,57 1,74 MIDDLE EAST 7,70 5,87 4,57 5,10 6,20 7,29 6,19 6,42 5,39 6,82 Iran 1,88 1,33 0,94 1,52 1,50 2,03 1,80 2,68 1,54 2,97 Saudi Arabia 3,97 2,09 1,46 1,39 1,76 1,76 1,54 1,40 1,31 1,62 CENTRAL ASIA 1,48 1,50 1,68 1,72 2,04 1,70 2,26 2,22 2,42 2,38 EAST ASIA 9,22 10,89 11,83 10,44 10,56 10,10 10,44 11,69 14,05 15,25 China 1,28 1,62 1,84 2,14 2,44 2,24 2,66 3,76 4,76 5,90 S. Korea 1,66 2,23 2,45 2,09 2,16 1,83 1,76 1,89 2,73 2,98 Japan 3,29 4,20 4,45 3,34 2,94 3,16 2,85 2,78 2,85 2,66 OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES 1,05 1,05 1,12 0,90 1,02 0,76 1,02 1,09 1,28 1,31 OCEANIA 0,96 1,12 0,96 0,38 0,56 0,57 0,61 0,37 0,32 0,31 WORLD 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 Source: elaborazioni ICE su dati ONU-COMTRADE




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4. FINANCIAL EVENTS IN TURKEY

4.1 Exhibition Calendar 2008 INTERNATIONAL ISTANBUL FASHION FAIR 2008 February 2008 Men’s and Women Ready-to-Wear, Knitwear, Hoisery, Underwear and Clothing Findings and Trimmings, Leather Goods, Specialty Clothing Manufacturers and Distributors Fair Exhibition Center: World Trade Center - Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: CNR

MODA SHOW 2008 February 2008Istanbul Moda Show Exhibition Centre: World Trade Centre, Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: CNR

EMITT 2008 February 2008 East Mediterranean International Travel & Tourism Exhibition Exhibition Center Tuyap Fair, Convention and Congress Center Beylikduzu, Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: EKIN TANITIM FUARCILIK

ISTANBUL LEATHER FAIR 2008 June 2008 Istanbul Leather Fair - Leather Products and Sub - Industry Exhibition Centre Tuyap Exhibition Center, Beylikduzu , Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: TUYAP

AGROTEC 2008 September 2008 International Agriculture fairExhibition Center: Altinpark Fair & Congress Center, Ankara Exhibition Organizer: INFO ULUSLARASI FUARCILIK A.S.

CEBIT BILISIM – EURASIA 2008 September 2008 International Trade Fair Information Technology, Telecommunications, Software and Services Exhibition Centre: Tuyap Fair, Convention & Congress Center Beylikduzu, Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: HIFAS

EXPOTRANS 2008 October 2008 International Transportation, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Fair Exhibition Centre World Trade Center, Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: CNR

INTERMOB 2008 November 2008 Furniture Side Industry, Accessories, Furniture Products and Wood Technology Fair Exhibition Centre: Tuyap Exhibition Center, Beylikduzu , Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: TUYAP

FOOD-TECH - ISTANBUL 2008 December 2008 International Food Industries Machinery, Equipment and Logistic Fair




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Exhibition Center Tuyap Exhibition Center, Beylikduzu , Istanbul Exhibition Organizer: TUYAP

5. USEFUL INFORMATION AND LINKS

5.1 In ItalyTurkish Embassy in ItalyAmbassador: Sitki Ugur Ziyal

Palazzo GamberiniVia Palestro, 2800185 Roma Tel.: 0039 06 445941/4469933Fax: 0039 06 4941526e-mail: [email protected] website: ambasciataditurchia.it

Turkish Embassy in ItalyTrade Section

Viale Pasteur, 77/800144 Roma Tel.: 0039 06 5925117/065922334Fax: 0039 06 5917984

Turkish Embassy in ItalyCulture Section

Piazza della Repubblica, 5600185 Roma Tel.: 0039 06 4871190/064871393Fax: 0039 06 4882425

Turkish Embassy in ItalyConsular Section of the embassyResponsible: Hüseyin Dogan

Via Palestro, 2800185 Roma Tel.: 0039 06 4469932/064469933Fax: 0039 06 4941526e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate General in MilanConsul General: Mehmet Vefik Fenmen

Via Larga, 19 – III Piano20122 MilanoTel.: 0039 02 5821201Fax: 0039 02 58212081e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Honorable Consulate General in BariHonorable Consul general: Francesco Divella

Via Quattro, 2270125 BariTel.: 0039 080 4779111Mobile: 0039 348 4406399Fax: 0039 080 4762056

Honorable Consulate General in FlorenceHonorable Consul general: Orhan Ozar

Via Dante da Castiglione, 850125 Firenze Tel.: 0039 055 2335560/2335640Fax: 0039 055 2306371e-mail: [email protected]

Honorable Consulate General in GenovaHonorable Consul general: Giovanni Guicciardi

Piazza de Ferrari, 416122 Genova Tel.: 0039 010 2474313/2474354Fax: 0039 010 2474599

Honorable Consulate General in NapoliHonorable Consul general: Luigi Pietro Rocco Di Torrepadula

Via Medina, 1780133 Napoli Tel.: 0039 081 5521130Fax: 0039 081 5511201

Honorable Consulate General in SiracusaHonorable Consul general: Domenico Romeo

Corso Matteotti, 86/396100 Siracusa Tel.: 0039 328 9059470Fax: 0039 0931 415919e-mail: [email protected]

Honorable Consulate General in TriesteHonorable Consul general: Enrico Samer

Piazza Unità d'Italia, 734121 Trieste Tel.: 0039 040 6702711Fax: 0039 040 67027300




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Honorable Consulate General in VeniceHonorable Consul general: Alessandro Olivetti

Via XXII Marzo, 241430124 Venezia Tel.: 0039 041 5230707/5350305Fax: 0039 041 2413239e-mail: [email protected]

5.2 In GreeceTurkish Embassy Ambassador: Tahsin Burcuoğlu

8, rue Vass. Géorgiou II106 74 AteneTel.: 0030 210 7263000Fax: 0030 210 7229597e-mail: [email protected]

Trade Section of the Embassy 26, rue Righillis106 74 AteneTel.: 0030 210 7222196Fax: 0030 210 7242948e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate General Athens-PiraeusConsul General: Beyza Üntuna

22, rue Vas. Pavlou154 52 P. PsychicoTel.: 0030 210 6714828/6721153Fax: 0030 210 6776430e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate General in ThessalonikiConsul General: Seçkin Çetinelli

151, rue Ag. Dimitriou546 34 ThessaloniqueTel.: 0030 2310 248452Fax: 0030 2310 248450e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate General in KomotiniConsul General: Ahmet Riza Demirer

14, rue Ionion691 00 KomotiniTel.: 0030 25310 22713/31823Fax: 0030 25310 32761e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate General in RhodesConsul General: Ahmet Semsettin Arda

10-12, rue Iroon Polytechniou85 100 RhodesTel.: 0030 22410 23362Fax: 0030 22410 27472

5.3 In Turkeya. Italian representationItalian Embassy in TurkeyAmbassador: Carlo Marsili

Atatürk Bulvarı, 11806680 KavaklıdereAnkaraTel.: 0090 312 4574200Fax 0090 312 4574280e-mail: [email protected]: ambankara.esteri.it

Consulate Section of the Italian EmbassyResponsible: Dr. Enrico Mora

Atatürk Bulvarı n. 11806680, AnkaraTel: 0090 312 4574200Fax: 0090 312 4574281e-mail: [email protected]

Italian Consulate General in Istanbul Tom Tom Kaptan Sokak n. 15




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Consul General: Massimo Rustico Boğazkesen, Beyoğlu, İstanbulTel: 0090 212 2431024/2431025/2443259Fax: 0090 212 2525879e-mail: [email protected]: www.conistanbul.esteri.it

Italian Consulate in IzmirConsul: Simon Carta

Cumhuriyet Meydanı n. 12/3Pasaport – İzmirTel: 0090 232 4636676/4636696/4638132Fax: 0090 232 4212512e-mail: [email protected]: www.consizmir.esteri.it

Honorable Italian Consulate in BursaHonorable Consul: Oya İzmirli

Tel: 0090 224 2335514Fax: 0090 224 2349682

Honorable Italian Consulate in AntalyaHonorable Consul: Özden Berhayat

Eski Lara Yolu, 1513 Sok. No: 11/1Şirinyalı – AntalyaTel: 0090 242 3234364Fax: 0090 242 3235714

Honorable Italian Consulate in IskenderunHonorable Consul: Alfredo Antonio Levante

Atatürk Bulvarı Ünsal Han D. 2 İskenderun – HatayTel: 0090 326 6136091Fax: 0090 326 6179193

Consulate Service inΠροξενική GaziantepConsular Representative Gaziantep:Mehpare Şayan Kileci

Gazi Muhtar Paşa Bulvarı Kat 5, n. 36GaziantepTel: 0090 342 2150274/2150278Fax: 0090 342 2150230e-mail: [email protected]

External Trade Institute ICE Mete Caddesi N.20 Kat.680090 Taksim – IstanbulTel: 0090 212 2512951 (4 linee)Fax: 0090 212 2512991e-mail: [email protected] www.italtrade.comwebsite: www.ice.gov.it/estero2/istanbul

Italian Cultural Institute in Ankara Mahatma Gandhi Cad. N.3206700 G.O.P – AnkaraTel: 0090 312 4464085/4465178Fax: 0090 312 4465176e-mail : [email protected]: www.iic.org.tr

Italian Cultural Institute in Istanbul Mesrutiyet Cad. N.16180050 Tepebasi –IstanbulTel: 0090 212 2939848Fax: 0090 212 2510748website: www.iicist.org.tr

b. Greek representationGreek Embassy in TurekyAmbassador: Georgios Gennimatas

Zia Ur Rahman cad 9-11, Gaziosmanpasa06700 AnkaraTel.: 0090 312 4480647/4480387Fax: 0090 312 4463191e-mail : [email protected]

Consular Service through the Greek Embassy Zia Ur Rahman cad 9-11, Gaziosmanpasa




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Responsible for the Consular Section: Konstantinos Koutras06700 AnkaraTel.: 0090 312 4360419Fax: 0090 312 4463191e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate General in IstanbulConsul General: Alexandros Alexandris

Turnacibasi Sokak 32, 80072 BeyogluIstanbul, P.O.Box 114Tel.: 0090 212 3938290/2/3938294Fax: 0090 212 2521365e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Trade Section of the Consulate in IstanbulResponsible: Dimitrios Xalepidis

Inonu Caddesi 49/8, Akun apt. D 8, Cumussuyu80090 IstanbulTel.: 0090 212 2452231Fax: 0090 212 2927119e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate in EdirneConsul: Vasilios Katakalidis

Kocasinan Mah., 2 Sokak, No 13Binevler-EdirneTel.: 0090 284 2355804Fax: 0090 284 2355808e-mail: [email protected]

Consulate in IzmirConsul: Georgios Katapodis

Ataturk Caddesi 366/1, Alsancak35220 IzmirTel.: 0090 232 4216992/4643160Fax: 0090 232 4633393e-mail: [email protected]

6. USEFUL WEBSITES

MAIN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSS.P.O. STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION T.C. BASBAKANLIK DEVLET PLANLAMA TESKILATINecatibey Caddesi. N. 108 Yucetepe06100 AnkaraTel : 0090 (312) 2308720 (60 linee)Fax : 0090 (312) 2231066Internet: www.dpt.gov.tr

T.O.B.B. (TURKIYE TICARET, SANAYI, DENIZ, TICARET ODALARI VE TICARET BORSALARI BIRLIGI) Ataturk Bulvari 14906581 Bakanliklar – AnkaraTel : 0090 (312) 4177700 (10 lines)Fax : 0090 (312) 4183268Internet: www.tobb.org.trE - mail: [email protected]

TUSIADMesrutiyet Caddesi, N.7480050 Tepebasi – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 2495448 - 2491929 Fax : 0090 (212) 2933783Internet: www.tusiad.orgE - mail: [email protected]

ISTANBUL TICARET ODASI (Chamber of Commerce in Istanbul)Resadiye Caddesi34378 Eminonu – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 4556000Fax : 0090 (212) 5131565Internet: www.tr-ito.com




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http://www.tusiad.org/


http://www.tobb.org.tr/

http://www.dpt.gov.tr/





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ISTANBUL SANAYI ODASI (Chamber of Industry in Istanbul)Mesrutiyet Caddesi, 11880050 Tepebasi – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 2522900 Fax : 0090 (212) 2495084 – 2934398Internet: www.iso.org.tr

ISTANBUL DENIZ TICARET ODASI (Chamber of Marittime in Istanbul)Meclisi Mebusan Caddesi N.2280154 Salipazari – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 2520130 Fax : 0090 (212) 2937935Internet: www.chamber-of-shipping.org.tr

YASED (YABANCI SERMAYE KOORDINASYON DERNEGI) Barbaros Bulvari, Morbasan SokakKoza Is Merkezi, B Blok Kat 180700 Balmumcu – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 2725094/95Fax : 0090 (212) 2746664Internet: www.yased.org.trE-Mail : [email protected]

IKV - IKTISADI KALKINMA VAKFIRumeli Caddesi, N. 85 Kat 780220 Osmanbey – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 2463657 – 2307637Fax : 0090 (212) 2477587Internet: www.ikv.org.tr

DEIK (DIS EKONOMIK ILISKILER KURULU) Istiklal Caddesi, Odakule Is Merkezi n. 286/980050 Beyoglu – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 2434180 (4 linee)Fax : 0090 (212)2434184Internet: www.deik.org.trE-Mail : [email protected]

IGEME (TURKISH EXPORT PROMOTION CENTER)Mithatpaşa Cad. 6006420 Kizilay – AnkaraTel : 0090 (312) 4172223Fax : 0090 (312) 4172233Internet: www.igeme.org.trE - mail: [email protected]

T.C. BASBAKANLIK HAZINE MUSTESARLIGI Eskisehir Karayolu Inonu Bulvari06510 Emek - Ankara Tel : 0090 (312) 2128800 – 2128815Fax : 0090 (312) 2122297Internet: www.treasury.gov.tr

T.C. BASBAKANLIK DIS TICARET MUSTESARLIGI Inonu Bulvari N.36 Eskisehir Karayolu06510 Emek - Ankara Tel : 0090 (312) 2128800Fax : 0090 (312) 2121622Internet: www.dtm.gov.tr; www.foriegntrade.gov.tr

OZELLESTIRME IDARESI BASKANLIGI (Privatizations Departement)Hüseyin Rahmi Gurpinar Sok. No.2Cankaya – AnkaraTel: 0090 (312) 4411500Fax: 0090 (312) 4380652Internet: www.oib.gov.tr

Istituto statistico Turchia T.C. BAŞBAKANLIK ISTATISTIK ENSTITUSUNecatibey Cad. N.11406580 Yucetepe – AnkaraTel: 0090 (312) 4176440 Fax: 0090 (312) 4253387Internet : www.die.gov.tr




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http://www.oib.gov.tr/

http://www.foriegntrade.gov.tr/

http://www.dtm.gov.tr/

http://www.treasury.gov.tr/


http://www.igeme.org.tr/


http://www.deik.org.tr/

http://www.ikv.org.tr/


http://www.yased.org.tr/

http://www.chamber-of-shipping.org.tr/

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MAIN EXHIBITION INSTITUTESISTANBUL TRADE FAIRSCnr Uluslararasi Fuar MerkeziCobancesme Kavsagi Havalimani Karsisi34830 Yesilkoy - IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 6630881 Fax : 0090 (212) 6630974; 6630973Internet : www.itf-exhibitions.comE-Mail : [email protected]

INTERTEKS ULUSLARARASI FUARCILIKMim Kemal Oke Cad. No.1080200 Nisantasi – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 2250920Fax : 0090 (212) 2250933 Internet : www.interteks.comE-Mail : [email protected]

RDF FUARCILIK LTD. STI.Mebusan Yokusu, Selime Hatun Cami Sok.No.11/1080040 Findikli – IstanbulTel : 0090 (212) 25123 28 – 2450204Fax : 0090 (212) 2529886Internet : www.rdf.com.trE-Mail : [email protected]

TUYAP TUM FUARCILIK YAPIM A.S.Gurpinar Kavsagi Beylikduzu Buyukcekmece - Istanbul Tel : 0090 (212) 886 68 43 (70 lines)Fax : 0090 (212) 886 67 44Internet : www.tuyap.comE-Mail : [email protected]

MINISTRIEST.C. ADALET BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Justice)www.adalet.gov.tr

T.C. BAYINDIRLIK VE ISKAN BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Public works)www.bayindirlik.gov.tr

T.C. CALISMA VE SOSYAL GUVENLIK BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Labour)www.calisma.gov.tr

T.C. CEVRE BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Environment)www.cevre.gov.tr

T.C. DISISLERI BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Foreign Affairs)www.mfa.gov.tr

T.C. ENERJI VE TABII KAYNAKLAR BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Energy)www.enerji.gov.tr

T.C. ICISLERI BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Internal Affairs)www.icisleri.gov.tr

T.C. MALIYE BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Finance)




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http://www.enerji.gov.tr/

http://www.mfa.gov.tr/

http://www.cevre.gov.tr/

http://www.calisma.gov.tr/

http://www.bayindirlik.gov.tr/

http://www.adalet.gov.tr/


http://www.tuyap.com/


http://www.rdf.com.tr/


http://www.interteks.com/


http://www.itf-exhibitions.com/




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www.maliye.gov.tr

T.C. SANAYI VE TICARET BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Industry and Commerce)www.sanayi.gov.tr

T.C. SAGLIK BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Health)www.saglik.gov.tr

T.C. ORMAN BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Forests)www.orman.gov.tr

T.C. KULTUR BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Culture)www.kultur.gov.tr

T.C. MILLI EGITIM BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Pubblic Instruction )www.meb.gov.tr

T.C. MILLI SAVUNMA BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Defense)www.msb.gov.tr

T.C. TARIM VE KOYISLERI BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Agriculture)www.tarim.gov.tr

T.C. TURIZM BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Turism)www.turizm.gov.tr

T.C. ULASTIRMA BAKANLIGI(Ministry of Transports)www.ubak.gov.tr

MAIN NEWSPAPERSCUMHURIYETwww.cumhuriyet.com.tr

DUNYA (Financial magazine)www.dunyagazetesi.com.tr

MILLIYETwww.milliyet.com.tr

HURRIYETwww.hurriyet.com.tr

RADIKALwww.radikal.com.tr

SABAHwww.sabah.com.tr

TURKISH DAILY NEWS (in english)www.turkishdailynews.com

MAIN TELEVISION NETWORKSTRT Turkish Radio and Television co. (state)www.trt.net.tr

CNN TURKwww.cnnturk.com.tr

ATVwww.atv.com.tr

Kanal Dwww.kanald.com.tr

Show TVwww.showtvnet.com

Star TV




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http://www.kanald.com.tr/

http://www.atv.com.tr/

http://www.cnnturk.com.tr/

http://www.trt.net.tr/

http://www.turkishdailynews.com/

http://www.sabah.com.tr/

http://www.radikal.com.tr/

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/

http://www.milliyet.com.tr/

http://www.dunyagazetesi.com.tr/

http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/

http://www.ubak.gov.tr/

http://www.turizm.gov.tr/

http://www.tarim.gov.tr/

http://www.msb.gov.tr/

http://www.meb.gov.tr/

http://www.kultur.gov.tr/

http://www.orman.gov.tr/

http://www.saglik.gov.tr/

http://www.sanayi.gov.tr/

http://www.maliye.gov.tr/




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www.startv.com.tr

NTV TVwww.ntv.com.tr

TGRTwww.tgrt.com.tr




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http://www.ntv.com.tr/

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7. USEFUL INFORMATION7.1 International calling Codes00 90 country’s code 312 Ankara212 Istanbul (European section)216 Istanbul (Asian section)232 Izmir

7.2 Time zone+2 hours respecting Greenwich time, +1 hour respecting Italy, same time with Greece.

7.3 DocumentationFor the Italian tourists in Turkey, an ID should be sufficient. For Italians that visit Turkey for different reasons, a passport of three months validation should be necessary.More specifically, a passport is necessary for people who reach Turkey by their on means (car, lorry, etc.). The vehicles should be declared during entrance and exit from the country. The entrance to the country from the countries of Iraq and Syria, because of the special status of these areas, is submitted to special regulations, which in some cases demand (mainly for the transport through secondary passes) an official document by the Italian Embassy and Turkish Authorities. Moreover, these passes are closed during night, as a result travelers should wait for the opening hour, and unfortunately there are not any proper waiting facilities. Visa: Italian tourists should pay 10 Euros or 10 dollars in the boarders for acquiring a visa of a three months period. It is underlined that coastal authorities in the boarders of Kuþadasi tend to keep the passports of the tourists coming from the Greek island of Samos that want to make a daily visitation in Turkey. The passport is returned by the exit of the country, avoiding this way the deposit of money for visa issuance. The possessors of a diplomatic passport do not have to issue a visa for a three months stay. In general it recommended not surpassing the provisioned period because fines are high enough.

7.4 Working DaysPublic Services : Monday to Friday from 8.00/9.00 to 12.00/13.30 and from 16.00/17.00, in summer and during Ramadan the working hours are reduced to 14.00 Banks: Monday to Friday from 8.30 to 12.00 and from 13.30 to 17.00Stores: Monday to Friday from 9.00 to 12.00 and from 13.30 to 18.00 or 19.00

7.5 Official Holidays1st January (New Year)23th April (Babies day)19th May(Youth day)30th August (Victory day)28th October (semi-holiday)29th October (Republic day)Seker Bayrami (religious holiday of three days duration after the end of Ramadan) Kurban Bayrami ( movable religious fest of four days duration according to the Islamic calendar).




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