學習理論學習理論

•Behavioral Behavioral – 是行為的改變 是透過練習的結果是行為的改變 是透過練習的結果 consequences and consequences and

practicepractice– 看待學習者和他們的行為是來自於環境刺激的結果看待學習者和他們的行為是來自於環境刺激的結果

•Cognitive Cognitive (individual constructivist)(individual constructivist) – attention, memory, knowledge, organization, elabattention, memory, knowledge, organization, elab

oration, effortoration, effort– 看待學習者的學習是來自於對知識經驗刺激透過計畫看待學習者的學習是來自於對知識經驗刺激透過計畫

注意目標想法記憶種種活動進而建構意義注意目標想法記憶種種活動進而建構意義

Practice Practice

認知取向的學習理論認知取向的學習理論• Information-processing theoryInformation-processing theory 學習是處理我們所接收到的訊息 老師是訊息的提學習是處理我們所接收到的訊息 老師是訊息的提

供者學生是訊息的處理者供者學生是訊息的處理者

請簡單寫出你用來記憶和學習新概念的方法請簡單寫出你用來記憶和學習新概念的方法其過程是其過程是感官接收器感官接收器 (4(4秒秒))--知覺 注意知覺 注意短期短期((工作工作))記憶記憶 (12(12秒秒)-)-複誦 組織複誦 組織長期記憶長期記憶 - The goal of teaching - The goal of teaching

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS.

COUNT THE NUMBER OF “F’s” IN THE FOLLOWING COUNT THE NUMBER OF “F’s” IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGEPASSAGE

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS.

COUNT THE NUMBER OF “F’s” IN THE FOLLOWING COUNT THE NUMBER OF “F’s” IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGEPASSAGE

Which player has the strongest poker hand?Which player has the strongest poker hand?

AA

BB

Which player has the strongest poker hand?Which player has the strongest poker hand?

AA

BB

Did you notice the red six of spades?Did you notice the red six of spades?

Can a Powerpoint show tell what Can a Powerpoint show tell what you think?you think?

You can see 6 cardsYou can see 6 cards..Think one of themThink one of them..

Just thinkJust think..Think nowThink now..

Close your eyes and

Just think about your card.

Look,Look,I took your card.I took your card.

Bet I can do it again.Bet I can do it again.

Look at the cardsLook at the cards..Go ahead. Pick a different oneGo ahead. Pick a different one..

Just thinkJust think..Think harder.Think harder.

Close your eyes and

Just think about your card.

I took your card again!I took your card again!

Here’s how it’s doneHere’s how it’s done. .

You can see 6 cardsYou can see 6 cards..Think one of themThink one of them..

Just thinkJust think..Think nowThink now..

Look,Look,I took your card.I took your card.

Back to short-term memory

你能在你能在 1212 秒內記起來嗎秒內記起來嗎 ??

FBFB

IMTIMT

VUVU

SAHBSAHB

OCOC

IAIA

或許這樣便容易記起來或許這樣便容易記起來

FBFBIMTIMTVUVUSAHBSAHBOCOCIAIA

FBIFBI

MTVMTV

USAUSA

HBOHBO

CIACIA

如何幫助學生增進長期的記憶如何幫助學生增進長期的記憶 ??

Using a good strategy is more helpfUsing a good strategy is more helpful than just trying to learn.ul than just trying to learn.

給於高層次的處理 給於高層次的處理 (( 與他有關與他有關 ) ) 雙碼 聯雙碼 聯結結

對聯學習 序列學習 自由學習對聯學習 序列學習 自由學習

WHAT ARE EIGHT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND?

EIGHT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND

• Avon• Somerset• Cornwall• Wiltshire• Dorset• Devon

• Hampshire• Surrey

1 An AvonAvon lady walks up a path toward a house.

2 She is sweating because it is SUMMER (SomersetSomerset).

3 Suddenly, she sees a giant CORN growing out of a WALL of the house (CornwallCornwall).

4 The corn is beginning to WILT in the heat (WiltshireWiltshire).

5 She knocks on the DOOR (DorsetDorset),

6 which is opened by the DEVIL (DevonDevon)

7 eating a HAM (HampshireHampshire).

8 She panics, screams “SORRY!” and dashes back down the path (SurreySurrey).

為何導致遺忘為何導致遺忘 ? ?

• 干擾干擾• 倒攝抑制倒攝抑制 (( 新舊訊息相似新舊訊息相似 ))• 順攝抑制順攝抑制