-

1. - . . - 2,3, 5 . 2' OH, (-) ". 2' H, -, ". 2' 3' H, -- , .0. - - . , , . ", . ", BP A-T , , G-C, . " BP A-U G-C.1. - . , , . - 5' , . . , .

- . CO-. ATP , . ATP ADP+P. . . - , ATP .

- - 5', 5' , 3', ' 3' . - 3', 5' OH 3', 3' . . Nucleoside\Nucleotide analogs - - ' 2 . \, . . azt - HIV. ' 3 N3 . .

. : - , , s. s , , . , , r, , - , . , (s) , , . , s r, , . , r s . , ? , , . , ". , , " '. '. ' - ", - - " , . ' . , . - ' ' -. , - - . , . ? - ' . ", A=T C=G. . , , . , . , " .

. " , , " " - . , " . " " , . " 5' 3'. , ' 5', 3'. (transcription) ' " ". " mRNA, , . " 5' 3'. , 5', 3'. "" "" , . , " ", " " ". " " " ". " ", reverse viruses. , " " " reverse transcriptase, , . , . " .

, - , , . - -, , . - ( , ) , . . - L D. , L. , . ' , . , , . , - , . " 5' 3', . "" "" " ? " . , . "" , . U. , . A, C G. . . " , tRNA. . tRNA " . -, " tRNA .

-

1. - . . , . , . . ' . ? . : - . , , (), , .. - , . . .. . , , .

- - . , . , .

2. - ( ). - ". , , , . , . ( ), ( ). - - -. " , () . .

* , . - , , , -. , , , . , .

3. - , 4. - .

- , , .. , ' . - . - ph, , \ ', '. , .

ss - cys, . - . ss .

- . , . , , . , - . , , , . , , . , ATP, OH , . , , , , , \ . OH . OH ., , post-tranlational-modifications - - , . . , , . . , , , , .

-. " . , , , . 2, . , , . . , . , , . - , . . , , . -, " , , . , . . , , , " . , . . , , , - , . . , . . , . , . , , , . - , , . - .

. , ' , . , , , . , , , . , . . . , , . . - - . , . , . - State A - , . , . ( ). , , State B. , , . State A. - . , . .

, , . : Coupled transport - , . , , , , . - Symport - , Antiport - . ATP Driven Pumps - ATP ADP+Pi. , . Light Driven Pump - , .

- - Symport . . , , "" . - . , . . , , , . , . - ' . atpase - atp adp+pi ' . . - . . , . , , . , , , , , .

. . , , . . , . - , , . . - . , , 1 . . , . , , . " - ligand gated. . . .

, voltage gated - " . , . , , , ' . , , , . auction potential .

, . " , , "T "T , . "" , ". " . - , , , -, 4 . . , - nuclear lamina, , . nuclear lamina . , " - . " "", . " . , , "" - , . " , " . , nuclear pore, . , . , . - . 50 . (NLS (Nuclear Localization Signal. - 4-8 . ARG LYS, . - . , . "" , (9nm) , . " , , - - " . " . - " . . ", 200 . . 11nm. - Linker DNA. octameric histone core - , , , " , . , - H2A,H2B,H3,H4. . , , " , , , . lys - , , ().

" . , " , 10-15 . , .

H1, . - , , . 6 , .

(90%), 10% , , , . , , . " - , Junk DNA, . " .

-

, ori, , . ", "T . -, - ", , - ." ", " " template. - primer, ", (). 5' 3' , 3' 5' . " ". . , , ", ." , 107. , . , , , Proof-reading, 109, . ? - , , BP. , . , " , E P, "T P, E . ORI, . , . . 3' 5' , , Leading Strand. 5', Legging Strand. " . ". " , " " . legging strand, "" . " legging strand , leading, , - . Legging, " , . , , - , , ". , . - , , . . " , legging, , . , legging "", . " , " . , . , " , " .

. " . ' " - legging strand. " . ".

- . " ". . " . " , " " , ', . " . ", , A G C -U. , . - , . . . , " , . " 5' 3' ("). , , . " , " , sence, anti-sence. ", - up-streem - . , " , - . down-streem - 3 . . , . , . " , stop site. " , , . , ", .

, " . , " , . , " . , . sn" - . " . " 1,2,3. . " rrna. (). " 2 . , " 2 . " 3 trna , : .

" . - ", " . " , - . " . , gc au, gu, , " . . - stem and loop. loops - kissing loops.

m ., , 5' 3' , - aug stop. ' . - aug, stop codon. , 5 ( 5'-5' triptophate bridge.), 3' a, , -. , , . , " , , , . , -, u1, -, " u2. . " , . . , " . - exon skiping, . , , " "T , , . - aug stop. , " , " . - . . . ", " . nuclear transport receptor, . " , , " , " .

" . snRNA, snoRNA, hnRNA . mRNA.

tran " . ' tRNA. . - d,t, anti-codon, '. 3' cca, a . 5' 3' tRNA.

WOOBLE - - - , , 64 20 , . 1 trna wooble, ' 3 - . , U,C,A G U, ' TRNA.

- Initiation - - . - amino-acyl trna synthetas. 20 , . - ( ), TRNA. TRNA MRNA, , AMINO-ACYL TRNA, . 4^10. " - , " Poly A 3', 5' 5' cap, eIF4E, eIF4G, , , , " . , "T , " . aug ribosome binding site( ), , . -, " , 5', " 5'cap. aup. . aup, trna met , " gtp, gdp p, . Elongation - . - . " . -' - ' ' . - - ' (30S) 16 ", 21 , 900000 ' , ' (50S) " 28S, 34 , 1600000 ' , , - 80S 70S, -' . -, 18 ", 33 , " 49 . , - 100S 80S, -' . - A SITE, AMINO-ACYL-TRNA. tran . , . P SITE, PEPTIDYL TRNA, trna . met, . trna met , p-site. E SITE trna . , . - GTP , AATRNA, , TRNA mRNA, TRNA . , GTP TRNA . gtp TRNA . EF2, EF-G. " . . , . Termination - , STOP. STOP TRNA, . RELEASE FACTOR, TRNA. A-SITE, P-SITE, ' , TRNA E SITE, -'.

, . . , , . M-Phase, , . " (), s-phase. G1-Phase. " G2-Phase. , . - , ', - -, , . , . , . . , , . , , . g1 , , . , . , -, , " s g1, g0, . g1 checkpoint. "" , g2 checkpoint, -metaphase checkpoint. g1 checkpoint ( ), ( ), , g1 checkpoint. , . , . S, , , " , ". ", , " , G2 M. , . . m-phase promoting factor MPF, . s s-phase activator. , . , . , ", Re-replication block. , s. ori , (NLS), ORI, . . G1, ORI s-phase activator. Licensing factors. S, SPF, , ORI, . Licensing factors ORI, re-replication block. . . Cyclin-Dependent Kinase CDK, . S, S-phase CDK, s-phase cyclin, , M, mitotic CDK, mitotic cyclin, . , . , . , .

, : - . , , . survival factors, . , Survival factors . - . Growth Factor, , , . () - . , - , , " . " . - . , , . . . - . . , -. , . " , . . , , . , .

-

ER , ER, ER. ER , ER, - er . er - (rough er) (smooth er). ER . ER , . - 20-25 .. mrna , . , signal regocnition particle ER, . . , , . , srp SRP receptor, gtp gdp. , signal peptidase, ER, , ER.

srp " ' srp. - , , er, gtp.

ER . ER . , stop-signal, ER, . , Type 1. , start signal , ER, . stop signal start signal . Type 2. , - " , SS, (), . '. , , ' , , ' . , ' , . SS PDI, SS. SS , , H , , , . , SS " , . ER, ER, ', .

'

, (). , , N-glucosamine , 1 . , N-linked, ER, O-linked, , '. , - NH3-ASP-X-SER\THR-COOH , X PRO. , ' OLIGOSACCHARIDE GLYCO-MOIETY, N-linked glycoprotein. - ER, ER. ER, ASP-X-SER-THR . . ' UTP . , UDP-GlucNAC. UDP, , . ER , , . - ' . ' , - . , ' . , " ' , " ER. ER, . ' ER, . , - ( ), ' , (---NANA), , . . , (High manose type) , . ER.

' TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK CIS GOLGI NETWORK. CIS ER, trans , . CIS cis golgi network, ERGIC, ' ER. vesiculo-tubular-cluster. Golgi vesicle '. TRANS Secretory vesicle ' . ' - CGN - , . . CIS - ( (High mannose). Medial - GlcNAc. trans - . TGN - NANA. ( )

- ER ER . () ER ER. ', ', ER ', ER, '. , . : ER ' COPII. ER ' COPI, ', , --- (KDEL), KDEL Receptor ' Clathrin. ' , Clathrin.

ER , Cargo Receptors, - , ER exit sites. Sar1 GDP, GDP GTP Sar1, COPII, . COPII. , '. ', GTP Sar1 GDP+Pi. "", ' Snares, '. Snares . v-snares, t-snare, . v-snare t-snare , , SNARERS .

. , . , . , . . , . . , . . . . e1 , - (S-C=O). e2 e3, e2 , e3 ( ) , . E2 E3 E1, E2 E1 . e3, e2 . , " E1 , .

, , - " (atp) . e3, e3 . . , E3. , E3.

, , . .

(cytoskeleton). , - 25nm. , . . , . . - -' - - ( ) - ( ), . "" . - , , . . , . . - . -, ], . - (Dynamic instability). GTP, . , GTP GDP , , . GTP GTP-cap. , GDP, , GDP , . , . . CAPPING PROTEIN, , + , , . , , . , X. , , . . , . ( ) , . , . , atp, , . adp atp. atp adp, . , adp atp , , , . , . , . er, ER . .

. , , " . ", " . , ", , , spindle pole. , . .

-1. Interphase - . . . 2. Prophase - . , . , " . . , , . , , . " , . -, . 3. prometaphase - , . , . - . . microtubule kinetochore. , . . . . , , , , . , . , . " CDK, . , , . " . . 0. metaphase - , . , . . . , , . .1. anaphase - . . " , " , , E3 , . a. anaphase a - , " -. . b. anaphase b - . . 2. telophase - , . , , . . , " - " - , , . , " . 3. cytokinesis - . , . , . , .

" , : - () , . . - , , .

, , . , , , , . . , , , " '. , , , , . , . , - , . . - , , , 4 - . " , , X , . . .

, Synaptonemal complex, '' . . " , axial cores. - 1. .2. Leptotene - axial, , crossing over. 3. Zygotene - axial .4. Pachytene - . 5. Diplotene - axial .6. Diakinesis - axial .

, , . , , .

. - - . - "" " . , , , . -' . , . , . . . , . . ' . . , . , . . , . "" . GTP, GDP+Pi, . ATP ADP+Pi. , , , V-snare T-snare. - - , . - " . - .

, . , . . , . . -, . LDL. LDL , , . , LDL , , , .

. . , . , , . , , , , .

. , , , . . . . , PH , . ATP ADP+Pi, . . ? ER, . ER ' ' . ' , . , 6. N-linked. . , . , .

. , , (, 7nm), ,intermediate filaments, 10nm. intermediate filaments - . - coiled coil. , , , . , . - , , . . . ". . , . , , . - . - . + -. , , , . , , . . , . , Cross Linking Proteins . Capping Proteins . . . " attachment protein. , spectrin. cell cortex. - ATP, . ATP ADP, , . , atp . , . , , . - , , , "" . , . , . . , . ARP complex , . - . - . . I , . II . , . I , II . - , . , II, . Z-disc, Z-disc . Z-disc , . Z-disc . - . atp . , atp, . , . , , .

, , , . . , , -. , , . , . , . . . , . . - , . , , . ER , (). , , , , . . , Hyaluronan molecule, GAG, , . GAG , - 3 , 6, . . , , Adapter Protein. , . - Cell attachment site, , Collagen binding site .

- - Occluding Junctions - Tight Junctions. , . . , . . , , . - Anchoring Junctions - - , . " ". . , . Cadherin. . , . . . . . . - Communicating Junctions - Gap Junctions. , . , 1kd. . .

atp . . . " . (oh-). . nadh. nadh nad+. . - , ' atp. , , , . . ' . . - , . , . , ' - carier. , ' . . ' atp. . " , : - , , , . , - , . . , ( ) , (). . . . . , . nad nadh ( nadh). , . , , co-a, ' . . CO-A - , . co-a. acetyl co-a cytric-acid-cycle, . ' , co2, nadh. ' nadh . ' nadh fadh2. gtp . nadh fadh2 atp. NADH .

" " . . atp, , . . . . . " . , , , , , . , . . . . , . atp, atp , . . , , -, . - . , . C . C B. heme, , , . c . .

NADH , . " NADH dehydrogenase complex, B-C, C, " Cytochrome Oxidase Complex, , . , . ATP. ( ) atp ( ).

. PH . - . , ADP+Pi ATP.

ATP, , .

, , . , , , " . , , " . , " . , " . - . . , . , . , , . , , . - . " - - . . Fight or Flight, . , . - . , . , . , , , '. , . , . - , , . , , " , . , , . " , , , . , , . , . , . - - . - . , , , , , .

. , , , .

, , . , , , .

, . , , . Relay. , , .

g - . , gdp gtp g, . - , -. gdp , ' -. GTP. . . . . , . , , cyclic amp, cyclic gmp. , atp . - ser,tyr, thr. . . anzyme capled-receptor - . '. , , . , . ras g , gdp gtp. , .

()

. . , . , . , . toll-like receptors. , , . pamps ( ), ( ). , . . -, , . . , . . .

? ' . jak. , . , . . PKR . . , . - , ' , eIF2 . , , , , . , , , .

. , , , . . ". " - , PKR. .

, . , . . .

. . " " .

, . , , , .

, , . , . master genes , . , ] , .

, , " . , , " "". re-programing.

ipsc - .

, . . , , . . , . . . . , . -.

, . gain of function. . e7 eb .

, , . - , . - , . . . , . . , , , , . . .