空间宇宙线和高能伽玛射线探测with the High Energy cosmic-Radiation

Detection (HERD) Facility onboard China’s Space Station

Shuang-Nan Zhang ( 张双南 )zhangsn@ihep.ac.cn

Center for Particle Astrophysics 粒子天体物理中心

Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

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China’s Space Station ProgramP

has

e -

I

2003

201110 astronauts in 5 flights space walk

Ph

ase

-II

2016

Space lab: no living cabin

Ph

ase

-II

2020 Space Station3 large modules~ 60 tons~10-year lifetime

HERD

HERD

POLAR

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HERD

Dark matter particle

protonHe

Gamma-ray

electron

background

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Science goals Mission requirements

Dark matter search

R1: Better statistical measurements of e/γ between 100 GeV to 10 TeV

Origin of Galactic Cosmic rays

R2: Better spectral and composition measurements of CRs between 300 GeV to PeV* with a large geometrical factor

HERD: High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detector

Secondary science: γ-ray astronomy monitoring of GRBs, microquasars, Blazars and other transients down to 100 MeV for γ -rays plastic scintillator shields for γ -ray selection*complementary to high altitude cosmic-ray observations

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HERD Cosmic Ray Capability Requirement

P (<A> ~ 1)He (<A> ~ 4)L (<A> ~ 8)M (<A> ~ 14)H (<A> ~ 25)VH (<A> ~ 35) Fe (<A> ~ 56)

Except for L, up to PeV spectra feasible with

GF~2-3 in ~years: discriminate between models.

N(E

>E

0; 2

yr) PeV

PeV

Model 1Light model

Model 2Heavy Model

TeV TeV

PeV PeV

HERD HERD

Detection limit: N = 10 events

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HERD 基线设计： 3 维量能器 5 面灵敏HERD 比国内外类似实验性能提高几十倍，但是重量是国际空间站AMS 的 ~1/3 ，只比其它实验略重

CALO 量能器电子 / 伽玛能量测量宇宙线核子能量测量电子 / 质子鉴别

侧面 STK( 钨板 + 硅微条 )

顶面 STK( 钨板 + 硅微条 )电荷探测宇宙线成分甄别伽玛径迹探测

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HERD 初步方案设计载荷总重量约2300 kg ，总包络尺寸为1510×1480×1580 mm3 ，总电子学路数约 45 万路，总功耗约 1430W 。

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Characteristics of all components

  type size X0,λ unit main functionstracker(top)

Si strips

70 cm ×70 cm

2 X0 7 x-y(W foils)

ChargeEarly showerTracks

tracker4 sides(baseline)

Si strips

65 cm ×50 cm

-- 3 x-y Nucleon TrackCharge

CALO ~10KLYSO cubes

63 cm ×63 cm ×63 cm

55 X03 λ

3 cm ×3 cm ×3 cm

 e/γ energynucleon energye/p separation

HERD+ design: 5 sides with the same trackers total weight ~2800 kg an half-open-bay vehicle needed and will be available for HERD.

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Expected performance of HERD

γ/e energy range (CALO) tens of GeV-10TeV

nucleon energy range (CALO) up to PeV

γ/e angular resol. (top Si-strips) 0.1o

nucleon charge resol. (all Si-strips) 0.1-0.15 c.u

γ/e energy resolution (CALO) <1%@200GeVproton energy resolution (CALO) 20%

e/p separation power (CALO) <10-5

electron eff. geometrical factor (CALO) 3.7 m2sr@600 GeV

proton eff. geometrical factor (CALO) 2.6 m2sr@400 TeV

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各空间实验主要性能参数对比

HERD 比国内外类似实验性能提高几十倍，但是重量是 AMS 的 1/4-1/3 ，只比其它实验

略重

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Other detectors: Top down “small” FoV

ISS-CREAM: 2015

ISS-CALET: 2015

ISS-AMS: 2011

暗物质粒子卫星2015

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Simulation results: energy resolutions

Electron < 1%; Proton: ~20%Essential for spectral features!

Electrons

Protons

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Energy Resolution for gamma-rays

500 MeV-100 GeV result

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HERD Eff. Geometrical Factor: CALO

All five sidesAll five sides

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PAMELA: 2006-2016 CALET: 2015-2020; AMS: 2011-2021; DAMPE: 2015-2020; Fermi: 2008-2018; HERD: 2020-2021

HERD sensitivity to gamma-ray line

HERD 1 yr

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000

00

Z

DM annihilation line of HERD

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Expected HERD Proton and He Spectra

Horandel model as HERD inputOnly statistical error

Protons

He

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Expected HERD Spectra of C and Fe

C

Fe

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Gamma-ray Sky Survey Sensitivity

Narrow FoV

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量能器读出方案

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闪烁体信号读出方案• WLSF 将 LYSO 晶体闪烁光子引出

• 光纤输出至 ICCD 系统

像增强器

光锥

ICCD系统

光纤缠绕 晶体封装

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HERD 关键技术攻关

2×2×6 CsI 颗粒阵列（光纤引出）上下各为一符合探测器

典型宇宙线事例的 ICCD 图像

• 高能所进行光纤耦合和晶体封装方式研究、晶体性能研究、方案初步验证、量能器整体设计方案研究等• 进行光纤性能研究、晶体－光纤单元光输出研究• CsI(Na) 阵列 +ICCD 的宇宙线测试装置• LYSO 晶体基本性质测试• 正在利用所内 E2 束线进行晶体发光线性测量

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Size: 600(L) x 460(W) x 350(H)mmWeight: 50Kg --- 4 units

Weight: ~120 kg, Size: 450×450×670 (mm) ----4 units

TaperRelay Lens

Signal Readout: Two Types of Coupling

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Performance Characteristics of

Principle Prototype : 512×512 back illuminated CCD;Adjustable CCD gain and MCP gain ;Fame rate : 280 frame/second;External trigger mode

Relay Lens Tests

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Taper Coupling Tests

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Requirement of dynamic range

• Simulation dynamic range of 106

– Crystal’s linearity is OK: To be verified in BEPC beam test– Image intensifier: ~ 104

– CCD: FWC/sqrt(ENC) < 104 (FWC=full well charge)• 2 outputs with different energy ranges from crystals

– Option 1: 2 fibers on the surface of crystals– Option 2: Fiber splitter outside the calorimeter

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计划 2015 年 1/20 样机 CERN 束流试验• CERN/SPS 束流， H2 、 H4 、 H8 适合 HERD

使用– 原初注入质子，打靶产生次级粒子，经过多极磁体对

能量挑选– 动量范围：质子 10 – 400 GeV/c ；电子 5 –

300GeV/c– ~1 分钟一个束团，每个束团持续 8 秒

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1st HERD workshop, Oct.17-18, 2012, IHEP, Beijing

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2nd HERD Workshop @IHEP 2013/12/2-3

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The HERD Proto-Collaboration Team• Chinese institutions (more welcome!)

– Institute of High Energy Physics, Purple Mountain Observatory, Xi’an Institute of Optical and Precision Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Nanjing University, Peking University, Yunnan University, China University of Geosciences, Ningbo University, Guangxi University

• International institutions (more welcome!)– Switzerland: University of Geneva– Italy: Università di Pisa/INFN, IAPS/INAF, University of

Florence/INFN, University of Perugia/INFN, University of Trento/INFN, University of Bari/INFN

– Sweden: KTH– USA: MIT/Harvard

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