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Analyzing the non-linear effects at variouspower levels and channel counts on the

performance of DWDM based optical fiber

communication system

CONFERENCE PAPER · JANUARY 2012

DOI: 10.1109/ICET.2012.6375446

CITATION

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4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:

Iftikhar Rasheed

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

13 PUBLICATIONS  3 CITATIONS 

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Muhammad Abdullah Sandhu

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

11 PUBLICATIONS  3 CITATIONS 

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Mahwish Chaudhary

3 PUBLICATIONS  3 CITATIONS 

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Available from: Iftikhar Rasheed

Retrieved on: 17 February 2016

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahwish_Chaudhary?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahwish_Chaudhary?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Iftikhar_Rasheed?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261500467_Analyzing_the_non-linear_effects_at_various_power_levels_and_channel_counts_on_the_performance_of_DWDM_based_optical_fiber_communication_system?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahwish_Chaudhary?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahwish_Chaudhary?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahwish_Chaudhary?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMDQ2NztBUzoyMzA4NjEyMTU4OTE0NjRAMTQzMjA1MzAxMTg5OQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad_Sandhu3?enrichId=rgreq-e3830402-29b3-4e90-8864-5ca7997dcc24&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTUwMD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Analyzing the Non-linear Effects at various Power Levels and ChannelCounts on the Performance of DWDM based Optical Fiber

Communication System

Iftikhar Rasheed, Muhammad Abdullah, Shahid Mehmood, Mahwish ChaudharyDepartment of Telecommunication Engineering

The Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpur, Pakistan

iftikhar.rasheed@iub.edu.pk, abdullah.sandhu@iub.edu.pk,shahiducet@gmail.com, mahwish_ch@hotmail.com

 Abstract—   In order to expand the capacity of optical fiber

communication system the most important phenomena is theemergence of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM).

Using DWDM, multiple channel of information can be

transmitted on single fiber. There are some limiting factors

related to data rate and capacity in DWDM optical fiber

communication system. These limiting factors can be linear ornon-linear. We can compensate the linear effect such as

dispersion and attenuation by using pulse having right shapecalled soliton but the non-linear effect accumulate.The most important non-linear effect occur in the fiber optics

communication system are Self phase modulation(SPM),

stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS), Cross phase modulation

(XPM), Four wave mixing ( FWM) and Stimulated Raman

scattering (SRS). These non linear effects are the most importantlimiting mechanism to the capacity of optical fiber

communication system. Self phase modulation (SPM), Stimulated

brillouin scattering (SBS) occurs only in single channel fiber

optics communication system and Cross phase modulation

(XPM), Four wave mixing (FWM), Stimulated Raman scattering(SRS) have impact on multichannel DWDM fiber communication

system. In this paper, we analyze the impact of cross phasemodulation (XPM), Four wave mixing (FWM), stimulated

Raman scattering (SRS) on DWDM communication system at

different power level & different number of data channels. Wealso describe some novel technique to reduce the effect of these

non linearities (XPM, FWM, SRS) in DWDM fibercommunication system. For simulation we use OptiSystem

software.

 Key word: DWDM, Cross phase modulation, Four wave

 mixing, Stimulated Raman scattering

I.INTRODUCTION

Non-linearity’s in fiber arose as the number of datachannel, transmission length, data rate & power level increase.Mainly non-linearity occurs in fiber because of dependence of refractive index on power going through fiber.

This phenomena is shown by equation (1)

n = no + n2 (P/Aeff ) [1] (1)

Here no is core refractive index, n2 is non linear refractive indexcoefficient, P is optical power in watt and Aeff   is fiber core’seffective area [1].

Practically change in refractive index with optical power issmall but this becomes effective when the length of fiber ishundreds of kilometer.The brief introduction of XPM, FWM & SRS is given below.

 A. Cross phase modulation(XPM)

Cross-phase modulation (XPM) is an example of fibernonlinear effects which can limit the distance and the capacity

of DWDM optical fiber transmissions[2].When a single optical pulse transmit through the optical

fiber, then because of refractive index dependence on power,the leading edge of pulse cause increase in refractive index &its trailing edge cause decrease in refractive index.[3] Leadingedge of pulse shift toward longer wavelength and trailing edgetoward shorter wavelength. This phenomenon called self phasemodulation, causes overall spreading of pulse.

In case of multiple pulse travel in the fiber as in DWDMcommunication system, multiple pulses overlap to cause crossphase modulation.

Distortion & pulse broadening is caused by cross phasemodulation.

 B. Four wave mixing(FWM)

Four wave mixing (WM) is the important factor havingcatastrophic effect on DWDM communication system. Thisnon linear effect arises when two or more pulses transmitthrough same fiber.

Generally FWM effect occur if the three light pulses,having different wavelength & traveling through single fiber,interact together to generate a new pulse.

If the three wavelength λ A,  λ B & λ C are propagating throughsingle fiber, these wavelengths will interact according toequation (2) to generate new λ D

λ D = λ A  ± λ B ± λ C here A ≠ B ≠ C [4] (2)

In general, the number of crossing product K, for M number of input channel is given by equation (3)

 

  [5] (3)

Equation (3) shows that non linear effect FWM increase asnumber of channel in DWDM system increase.

978-1-4673-4451-7/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

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Interchange crosstalk effect is caused in DWDM system byFWM non- linearity.

FWM effect can be reduced by using unequal channelspacing & by dispersion management.

C. Stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is the ultimateperformance limiting phenomenon in multichannel opticalTransmission systems [6]. Among the WDM channels,

stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) causes a power transferfrom shorter wavelength channels to longer wavelengthchannels [7]

When intense beam of light of high power level, which isusually called pump, propagates in the optical fiber, theninteraction between vibration of molecules of SiO2  and lightcause stimulated Raman scattering.

This effect primarily affects the power distribution of theinput data channels and leads to channel to channelcrosstalk [8].

II.SIMULATION OF CROSS PHASE MODULATION

Our proposed algorithm (shown in figure 1) consists ofWDM transmitter, WDM receiver, optical fiber & bit error rateanalyzer to analyze the output result.

In order to analyze the impact of XPM on optical fibercommunication system at various power levels, we vary theinput power & number of channel of WDM transmitter.

The optical transmission link in our algorithm is suchdesigned that the residual dispersion is almost 0 ps/nm/Km.Transmission link consist 100Km single mode fiber (SMF)with dispersion of 16 ps/nm/Km followed by 20Km longdispersion compensating fiber (DCF) with dispersion of-72ps/nm/km (shown in figure 1). One Optical amplifier (OA)with gain of 35dB & zero noise figure is used after DCF. NRZnodulation type is used. Link is operating at 10Gbps. For thevisualization of BER, Q factor & eye diagram, BER analyzer is

used. Channels spacing is 100GHz.

λ 1 λ 1

λ 2 λ 2

λ 3 λ 3  OpticalReceiver

SMF DC OA

λ n  λ n 

BER Analyzer

WDM MUX WDM DEMUX

Figure 1

If transmitter consist 11 DWDM channels & 3dBm powerthen eye & bit error rate, Q factor etc at optical receiver areshown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Eye DiagramOutput result for 11 input data channels, 3dBm input power & channelspacing 100GHz

If the number of channels increases to 18 and power to5dBm then we get following eye diagram, bit error rate andmax Quality Factor (Shown in figure 3)

Figure 3. Eye DiagramOutput result for 18 input data channels & 5dBm input power , channelspacing 100GHz

Now for 26 number of channels & 11dBm power, theoutput eye diagram & bit error rate, Q factor etc are shown infigure 4.

Figure 4. Eye DiagramOutput results for 26 input data channels , 11dBm input power, channel

spacing 100GH

By comparing the figure 2, figure 3 & figure 4, we cananalyze that as the power & number of channel trnsmittingthrough fiber increase, the cross phase modulation effect alsoincrrease. Figure 2, 3 & 4 shows the the bit error rate (BER) of

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fiber communication system increase by increasing transmitterpower & number of data channels because of XPM.

 A. Cross phase modulation compensation

In order to make DWDM fiber communication systemeffective for long distance communication, it is necesssary toreduce the non linear Cross phase modulation effect.The penalty arising from XPM can be effectively decreased bydispersion management technique & increasing channel

spacing.For the circuit shown in figure 1, increase the channelspacing to 110GHz & reducing the length of DCF to 16 km toleave some residual dispersion (almost 450 ps/nm/Km) infiber transmission link.

The Eye diagram, BER & Q factor for 11 WDM channel& 3dBm power are shown below (Figure. 5)

Figure 5. Eye DiagramOutput result for 11 channels , 3dBm input power, channel spacing is 110GHz& residual dispersion is not zero

Figure 2 & Figure 5 shows the output results of twodifferent fiber communication system having almost sametransmission length, input data channels & input power but theresidual dispersion & channel spacing for both are different.

So by comparing figure 2 & figure 5, we get that BER offiber system (whose output results are shown in figure 5)

decrease & Quality factor increase, by reducing XPM effect.

III.SIMULATION OF CROSS PHASE MODULATION

For analyzing the effect of FWM on DWDM fibercommunication system at different power level & number ofinput data channel the proposed algorithm is almost same asshown in figure 1. Transmission link consist 70Km SMFfollowed by 16Km DCF. After DCF an optical amplifier with25 dB gain is used. Dispersion of SMF is 17 ps/nm/Km & DCFis -72ps/nm/Km. residual dispersion of link is almost zero.Channel spacing is 100GHz. NRZ modulation type is used.Input power and number of data channels are increasesgradually. Optical spectrum analyzer is used to analyze thespectrum at input & output.

Spectrum of input signal is measured after the WDMmultiplexer, and after optical amplifier the output signalspectrum is measured by Optical spectrum analyzer.

For 8 input channels & -8dBm input power, spectrum ofinput & output signal is shown below in Figure 6 & Figure 7respectively.

Figure 6. Input spectrum for 8 data channels & -8dBm input WDMtransmitter power

Figure 7. output spectrum for 8 data channels & -8dBm input WDMtransmitter power

Now if the number of channels increases to 16 & power to2dBm, the output optical spectrum is shown in figure 8.

Figure 8. Output spectrum for 16 data channels & 2dBm input WDM

transmitter power

For 30 data channels and 10 dBm input power, opticalspectrum of output signal is shown in figure 9.

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  Figure 9. Output spectrum for 30 data channels & 10 dBm inputWDM transmitter power

Following table (figure 10) gives the analysis that howFWM effect increase with increasing the input power &number of channel.

No of Obs Input power

in dBm

Input

number of

channel

Maximum

FWM side

band power

1 -8 dBm 8 -66 dBm

2 2 dBm 16 -47 dBm

3 10 dBm 30 -38 dBm

Figure 10.

 A. Four wave mixing compensation

Rectangular optical filter can be very much effective tocompensate the four wave mixing effect.

For optical fiber communication system whose output isshown in figure 7, in that system, if we use Rectangular opticalfilter after optical amplifier. Bandwidth of Rectangular opticalfilter is set 800 GHz & central frequency is 193.35GHz. Theoutput of this modified circuit is shown in figure 11.

Figure 11. Output spectrum for 8 I/P data channels, -8dBm input WDMtransmitter power & Rectangular optical filter is used at o/p

By comparing figure 7 & figure 11, we can conclude thatFWM can be completely removed by Rectangular optical filter.Rectangular optical filter did not reduce the output power.

Uneven channel spacing at the input side can also be usedto overcome the effect of FWM.

IV.SIMULATION OF STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING

System which we selected for analysis of SRS consists ofCW lasers for input, ideal WDM multiplexer, optical fiber andoptical spectrum analyzer to observe the output results.

For SRS analysis in optical fiber communication system atvarious power levels, we vary the number of channels and

power by keeping length of fiber unchanged.

We design our system such that length of optical fiberwhich we selected is 0.2 km. Channel spacing is not constant;it varies from one channel to other. We keep the power of firstinput channel greater than all of other remaining inputchannels.

If we have 11 DWDM input data channels and power offirst channel is 50dbm and -99dbm of each of remaining 10channels, then input signal spectrum after WDM Muxer andoutput signal spectrum after fiber are shown in figure 12 &figure13 respectively .

Figure 12. Input signal spectrum for 11 channels

Figure 13. Ioutput signal spectrum for 11 input channels

Now, we have 18 input channels, power of first channel is54.7712 dbm and -99dbm of each remaining channels. Thenfigure 14 shows the SRS effects.

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  Figure 14. output signal spectrum for 18 channels

Comparing the output spectrum shown in figure 13 &figure 14, we conclude that SRS affect increase with increasein power & number of input channels.

By increasing the effective area of fiber we can reduce SRSin fiber communication system.

V.CONCLUSIONThis paper briefly presents the analysis of XPM, FWM and

SRS effect in DWDM fiber optics communication system. Theanalysis is done on the basis of result obtained from simulationin OptiSystem. In this paper we show how the non linearity’si.e. XPM, FWM and SRS increase in optical fibercommunication system by increasing the input power andnumber of input channels. Further, some effective techniquesfor compensating the XPM & FWM effects are discussedbriefly in this paper. Currently the work is underway, onefficient compensation of SRS.

REFERENCES

[1] Ivan P. Kaminow, Tingye Li, Alan E. Willner“optical fiber telecommunication”

[2] N. Kikuchi, K. Sekine and S. Sasaki” Analysis of cross-phasemodulation (XPM) effect on WDM transmission performance”ELECTRONICS LETTERS 10th April 1997 Vol. 33 No. 8

[3] Milora cviteticd “optical transmission system engineering”

[4] A.V.Ramprasad, M.Meenakshi, G.Geetha, R.Satheesh kumar“Suppression of Four Wave Mixing Crosstalk Components in DWDMOptical Systems” 1-4244-0340-5/06/$20.00 02006 IEEE

[5] Bijayananda Patnaik , P.K.Sahu “ Optimization of Four Wave MixingEffect in Radio-over-Fiber for a 32-Channel 40-GBPS DWDM System”978-0-7695-4294-2/10 $26.00 © 2010 IEEE DOI10.1109/ISED.2010.31

[6] Jinsong Wang, Xiaohan Sun, and Mingde Zhang “Effect of GroupVelocity Dispersionon Stimulated Raman Crosstalk inMultichannelTransmission Systems” IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGYLETTERS, VOL. 10, NO. 4, APRIL 1998

[7] Toshiaki Yamamoto, Student Member, IEEE, and Seiji Norimatsu“Statistical Analysis on Stimulated Raman Crosstalk in Dispersion-Managed Fiber Links” JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY,VOL. 21, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2003

[8] S´ebastien Bigo, Member, IEEE, St´ephane Gauchard, Alain Bertaina,and Jean-Pierre Hamaide, Member, IEEE “Experimental Investigation ofStimulated RamanScattering Limitation on WDM TransmissionOverVarious Types of Fiber Infrastructures” IEEE PHOTONICSTECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 11, NO. 6, JUNE 1999