13.sung heui cho

8/7/2019 13.Sung Heui Cho

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Energy Consumption Characteristics of High-rise Apartment

Buildingsaccording to the Building-shape

and Mixed-use Development

Sung Heui Cho1*

, In Young Choi1

1 Dept. of Housing & Interior Design, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the energy consumption characteristics according to

building-shape and mixed-use development in high-rise apartment buildings. For the purpose

of the study, it tried to identify the energy consumption characteristics of high-rise apartment

buildings by applying the energy consumption unit of electricity and city gas as an objective

index and reviewing and analyzing the electricity and city gas consumption according to

actual living of the residents. The results of the study are as follows: (1) When looking into

the electrical energy consumption characteristics according to whether to be mixed-use,

mixed use apartment building was found to use more energy than general apartment building.

Especially the power consumption of mixed-use building was remarkably higher in summer.When surveying the residents, the residents perceived that the apartment unit was not

pleasant to stay in from the perspective of thermal sensation in summer. On the other hand,

there was no significant difference in electric energy. It can be interpreted that it is because

the residents of mixed-use apartment reduce the time to spend in the house rather than use air

conditioners to cool down the temperature of the house. (2) In the electric energy

consumption characteristics according to the building shape, plate type building consumed

less energy than the tower type buildings. If we classify the electricity consumption as one for

unit and one for common area, tower type showed 1.48 times more consumption than the

plate type in common area. It showed the influence of building shape on the estimation of

electrical energy consumption unit. (3) When looking into the city gas consumption

characteristics according to whether to be mixed-use or not, there was no big difference

between mixed use apartments and general apartments. On the other hand in the city gas

consumption characteristics according to the building shape, the plate type building showed

10% higher consumption of gas than the tower type buildings. In the survey on the residents,

it was found that the gas consumption in winter and the living comfort in summer had been

affected by the building shape. (4) When looking into the energy consumption characteristics

by converting the electricity and city gas consumption unit value to CO2 emission, it was

found that the mixed-use building had higher emission than the general apartment buildings.


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1. Introduction

The recent interest in energy makes us think about the importance of energy managementbeyond energy savings by technologies. Therefore the importance of energy management in

residence buildings which are responsible for 24% of domestic energy consumption and

constitute 68% of the buildings became a hot issue.

Apartment buildings are the representative residential buildings in Korea. High-rise

apartment buildings higher than 30 stories became not unusual since apartment buildings with

25~30 stories were built in so called New Towns. tower type buildings as well as

conventional plate-type buildings, mixed-use high rise residential buildings have been

developed and supplied. However, quantitative studies regarding the energy consumption

characteristics according to the diverse development of such high-rise buildings have not

sufficiently been made. Most of the researches have approached setting the energy efficiencyas the basic unit and have not been able to reflect the energy characteristics of the actual

residents.

Accordingly, this research tries to identify the energy characteristics of high-rise buildings

from the comprehensive perspective by analyzing the energy consumption according to the

shapes and the purpose of use of the buildings through quantitative data and reviewing the

energy consumption characteristics of the residents through empirical surveys. It is

meaningful in that it would help to show a practical direction of the energy savings in high-

rise apartment buildings.

2. Study Contents and Methodology

The purpose of this study was to identify the energy consumption characteristics in high-rise

apartment buildings. For the purpose of the study case studies and residents survey were

performed. First of all, subject apartment complexes were selected through preliminary

studies and their circumstances were identified for the case studies. For the analysis of energy

consumption, electricity and gas which became major energy sources from mid of 1990s

were selected as energy sources and their consumption was compared and analyzed by

apartment. Monthly and Yearly Consumption Data in 2008~2009 were used for the studywith the help of KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) Pusan Office and Pusan City

Gas.

To identify the energy consumption characteristics, residents survey was performed on the

residents of the subject apartment complexes in the form of structural questionnaires. The

questionnaires consist of questions asking the perception of the comfort of indoor

environments, electricity and gas consumption status. As the mixed-use apartments in Korea

are usually developed with mid to large size units, the subjects of the study were selected

from the apartment buildings larger than 132 . The survey has been performed from

September 13, 2010 to September 30. 160 copies of questionnaires were distributed and 142

copies were collected. Excluding the copies with missing or insincere answers, 128 copies


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(30 copies from Complex A, 34 copies from Complex B, 32 copies from Complex C, and 32

copies from Complex D) were used for the final analysis. The collected data were analyzed

using SPSS WIN 14.0.

3. Review of Previous Studies

Apartment buildings are the most representative residential type in city areas in Korea and 25

to 30 story high rise apartment buildings are not unusual any more. Since the late 1990s,

high-end high-rise mixed-use residential apartments have been developed in full scale. Now

over 30 story buildings are common and super high-rise buildings with more than 50 stories

are being developed in some areas. In this study, high-rise buildings are conceptualized as the

buildings with over 30 stories reflecting such development characteristics.

It is trend that apartment buildings in Korea are being built as a complex with business or

commercial facilities as some mixed-use apartment buildings. To avoid monotonous

development, various kinds of shapes are being planned and such planning is encouraged by

the government (apartment house design guideline- Official Announcement of the Ministry

of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, September 8, 2009). Thanks to these efforts tower-

type shape buildings are built in addition to the conventional plate type buildings.

Accordingly, the development characteristics of high-rise apartment buildings can be

classified as mixed-use and general apartments from the functional aspect and tower type and

plate type from the floor plan configuration aspect.

Studies regarding the energy consumption in the high-rise apartment buildings are mostly

biased to total amount of energy consumed, Energy savings of window systems and building

envelope system or the measurement of facility efficiency. In particular, from the perspective

of energy consumption characteristics, S.C. Cho (2009) pointed that tower type buildings or

high-rise mixed-use residential buildings with high proportion of curtain wall application

over-consumed energy comparing to general multi-family apartment units. However, in this

study the investigation index was the energy consumption by household. As the space per

household in the mixed-use residential buildings is much larger than that in the general

apartment housing units, the result of that study had limitation to explain the energy

consumption status. On the other hand, in the study analyzing the consumption per actualarea not houseld [6], there was no significant difference in the consumption of electricity and

City Gas (LNG) between mixed-use residential buildings and general apartment buildings.

Additionally, W.K. Choi et al. (2007) reported that actually there was no significant

difference in energy consumption between the general apartment model and high-rise mixed-

use residential building model when energy consumption in the same cubic meter in each

model type was investigated. However it is also pointed that cooling and heating energy cost

in the high-rise mixed-use residential building is high and according to some newspaper

article, the electricity bill of the households in the high-rise mixed-use apartment building

was 10 times higher and consumes 4 to 5 times more energy than the general households [8].

Additionally there are other issues such as too much sunlight in summer and consequential

overload because of curtain wall structure, the problems in ventilation and the use of common


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electricity because of high speed elevator and ventilation facilities [1, 7, 10]. It shows that the

energy consumption status in the super high-rise apartment buildings cannot be fully

understood with the simple approach of the analysis of energy consumption unit as a ratio ofenergy consumption per area. Accordingly, to identify the actual energy consumption

characteristics, the perception of the residents on the indoor environments and the type of

their use of energy should be identified together.

4. Energy Consumption Analysis

4.1 Characteristics of Subjects Apartment Complexes

Subject Apartment Complexes were selected to identify the energy consumptioncharacteristics according to the purpose of use and shape which are the development

characteristics of high-rise apartment buildings. First of all, the subjects were selected from

the complexes planned after 2001 when the insulation standards were added to Energy

Savings Building Design Standards legislated by the Ministry of Construction and

Transportation (currently the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) from the

perspective of insulation performance of the buildings. As high-rise apartment buildings are

located along the coast in Busan [3], Wu-dong, Jaesong-dong in Haewundae-gu and Minrak-

dong in Suyoung-gu were selected as the target area as they have similar outdoor

environments such as geography, weather and city environments. Eight complexes were

abstracted from the database of Status of Multi-family Housing Units with more than 20

households in Busan (2009) of Busan Metropolis. Finally 4 complexes were selected by

considering the time of completion of those mixed-use residential buildings and general

apartment buildings.

Complex A is a complex of mixed-use apartment buildings with commercial facilities in the

ground floor of a building out of 4 buildings. It has tower shape and glass envelope

encompassing the building with curtain wall structure. Complex B was completed at the same

time with Complex A. It has a reinforced concrete wall structure and tower shape. It has

similar floor plan to Complex A with expandable balconies which some bedrooms do not

have.

Complex C has I or L shape floor layout plans (plate-type). It has reinforced concrete wall

structure and has floor plan with the balconies in the living-room and bedrooms which are

difficult to be expanded. Complex D is very similar to Complex C except that it is designed

as tower type.


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Table 1

WheMi

L

(

Co

Comp

Numb

Nu

Ho

Number

B

Buil

Apartm

Expand

B

St

Hea

In mul

areas.

calcula

expansiMinistr

have b

Howev

before

the pla

selecti

balconi

balconi

Theref

not onl

Accord

. Characteromplex

ther to bexed-use

ocation

usan)

struction

letion Date

r of Stories

mber of

seholds

of Apartment

ildings

ing Shape

ent Unit Plan

able Balcony

alcony

ructure

ing Type

i-family h

Therefore,

ing the re

on becamy of Const

en develop

er, as exp

005, Com

nning stag

ely. Altho

es, approx

es in their

re, in orde

y the supp

ingly, it wa

istics of Su

Mixed-us

Guwu

Haewun

2005.

3

3

Towe

Expa

No

Curtai

Struct

Individua

(City

using unit

we need

idential ar

legal byuction and

ed with ex

ndable bal

lex A wa

e while C

gh Comp

mately 50

individual

r to identi

ied areas

s assumed

ects A a

BuildingA

-dong,

ae-gu

06.28

8

0

Type

dable

()

Wall

ure

l Heating

as)

in Korea,

to conside

a by hous

the enforcTransporta

andable ba

conies we

developed

omplex B

ex C and

% of hou

area by th

y the ener

ut also th

n this stud

rtment CoB

Residentipartment Bui

Jaesong-do

Haewundae-

2005.10.

30-51

2,752

14

Tower Ty

Partiall

ExpandablSome ha

balconies (

Concrete Wal

Structure

Individual H

(City Gas)

balconies

whether

ehold. Ad

ement oftion and a

lconies in

e selective

with the f

was plan

Complex

eholds ex

residents

y consum

service a

that 50%

lexes

alding Apart

ng,

u,

M

Su

6

pe

(I

e

No

e

) bal

l-type Co

typ

ating

Heati

are provide

the balco

itionally, o

alcony relartment bu

ase of floo

ly applied

oor plan c

ed to ap

D were d

anded the

themselve

tion chara

eas to cal

f balconie

C

esidentialent Building

inrak-dong,

young-gu

003.08.18

31

1,082

10

late Type

or L shape)

-expandable

ome have

conies ()

ncrete Wall-

e Structure

Individual

g (City Gas)

d with co

y has bee

n Decemb

ated constildings con

plan with

to the apa

nsidering

ly the ex

eveloped

ir living r

because

teristics,

ulate the

had been

ResidApartment

Minra

Suyoun

2003.

3

5

Towe

Non-exp

Some

balconie

Concrete

Struct

Individua

(City

pliment as

n expande

r 2, 2005

uction lawstructed af

wall type s

rtments co

he expansi

andable b

ithout ex

oom by i

f their ow

e need to

ctual livin

xpanded.

entialBuilding

-dong,

g-gu

11.29

5

1

Type

andable

have

s ()

all-type

ure

l Heating

as)

service

d when

balcony

by theerwards

ructure.

mpleted

on from

alconies

andable

cluding

needs.

onsider

space.


6/32

In the energy consumption analysis in this study, Complex A (mixed-use residential building)

and Complex B (general apartment building) were compared to identify the energy

consumption characteristics according to the purpose of use of the subject buildings, whileComplex C (plate type) and Complex D (tower type) were compared to identify the energy

consumption characteristics according to the building shape.

Table 2. Balcony Expansion Ratio (n=128)

Expanded Floor Plan Non-Expanded

Floor PlanTotal

A B C D Total

Bed Room 30(100.0) 29(85.3) 13(40.6) 9(28.1) 81(63.3) 47(36.7) 128(100.0)

Living Room 30(100.0) 33(100.0) 16(50.0) 16(51.6) 95(75.4) 31(24.6) 126(100.0)

4.2 Electricity Consumption

The power supplied to the apartment houses by KEPCO consists of electricity for the units

(Household Electricity), Common Electricity for the common area and all the corresponding

households will share the bill, Industrial Electricity and Electricity for Street Lights. However,

some complexes included electricity for street lights in the common electricity according to

their contract with KEPCO. Thus, the electricity for street lights was added to the common

electricity in order to compare all the subjects on the same standards. The electricity

consumption was calculated adding the electricity for the units and common electricity,

which are directly related to residents living.

KEPCO provided the data of average consumption for two years (2008~2009) and we set the

electricity consumption unit per floor area (kWh/) as an electrical energy consumption unit.

However, to calculate the floor area per unit, we added the service area to the supplied area

while previous studies considered the supplied area only.

When the electricity consumption in a year (kWh/) was looked into, it was found that

Complex A is the highest and Complex C is the lowest. To review this trend in details,

Complex A and Complex B were compared according to their purpose of use. The annual

power consumption of Complex A was 38.19kWh/ and that of Complex B was

36.42kWh/, which showed the multi-use residential building (Complex A) showed a little

higher consumption. However, in Complex A the common electricity occupies 32.16% of the

total consumption. Therefore, Complex A consumed less than Complex B in the electricityfor the units. To interpret the values, we need to analyze their living styles considering that

Complex A planned more built-in household electronics and facilities and actually has more

household electronics than Complex B (Table 10). When looking into the consumption by

month, Complex A showed higher consumption in summer (July to September). It showed

that there was difference in electricity consumption pattern between mixed-use residential

apartments and general apartments. The power consumption in summer is related to the use

of air conditioners. When investigating the actual number of air conditioner units in the

complex (Table 10), Complex A had 4.4 units per household (SD=2.4) while Complex B had

2.3 units (SD=1.4). Consequently, Complex A consumed more power than Complex B in

Electricity for Units. However, the difference was insignificant and the further analysis of

the actual use of air conditioners is needed.


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When l

B cons

34.17kthis va

Electri

Compl

than in

monthl

Januar

winter

Table 3

A

B

C

D

Fig. 1.

4.3 Cit

All sub

data o

were u

areas o

energy

ooking into

med 36.4

h/

yealue by div

ity consu

x C (plate

household

power c

and Febru

onsumes a

. Electricit

Unit

Common

Sum

Unit

Common

Sum

Unit

Common

Sum

Unit

Common

Sum

otal Electr

Gas Cons

ject compl

the avera

ed. For the

f the reside

consumpti

the consu

kWh/,

ly. Compliding it in

ption of

type). It s

electricity

nsumption

ary is simil

s much po

Consump

1 2

2.21 2.1

1.20 1.2

3.41 3.3

2.47 2.4

0.82 0.8

3.29 3.2

2.46 2.5

0.62 0.5

3.08 3.0

2.29 2.2

0.83 0.8

3.12 3.1

icity Cons

mption

xes used i

e consum

analysis, t

ntial area (

n (N/

ption cha

omplex D

x C (plateto Househ

omplex

howed that

according

pattern a

arly as hig

er as cooli

ion in a Ye

3 4

3 1.92 1.9

4 0.94 0.9

7 2.86 2.9

3 2.14 2.2

0 0.73 0.7

3 2.87 2.9

1 2.18 2.2

7 0.55 0.5

8 2.73 2.8

4 2.00 2.1

9 0.75 0.7

3 2.75 2.8

mption Ra

dividual h

tion for t

he total Cit

supplied ar

).

acteristics

consumed

type) consld Electri

and B (t

there was

o the shap

cording to

as that in

ng in sum

ar (kWh/

5 6

1.88 1.99

0.88 0.92

2.76 2.92

2.11 2.17

0.71 0.74

2.82 2.91

2.15 2.25

0.50 0.47

2.65 2.72

2.01 2.10

0.72 0.72

2.73 2.82

io

eating met

o years (2

y Gas cons

ea plus 50

ccording t

5.09kWh/

med the eity and C

ower type)

bigger dif

e. There w

the shape

uly and Au

er.

)

7 8

2.48 2.91

0.99 1.11

3.47 4.03

2.33 2.53

0.74 0.77

3.07 3.30

2.21 2.43

0.56 0.62

2.77 3.05

2.15 2.44

0.70 0.74

2.84 3.18

ig. 2. Mo

od using

008~2009)

umption w

of servic

the buildi

and Co

ectricity leommon El

was 1.48

erence in

as no signi

. The pow

gust, whic

9 10

2.30 1.98

1.03 0.94

3.33 2.92

2.23 2.12

0.76 0.72

2.99 2.84

2.45 2.13

0.39 0.57

2.84 2.70

2.19 2.05

0.80 0.74

2.98 2.79

thly Electr

ity Gas. F

provided

as divided

area) to g

ng shape,

plex C c

ast. If we lectricity,

times hig

ommon el

ficant diffe

er consum

showed h

11 12

2.05 2.09

1.03 1.04

3.08 3.13

2.28 2.31

0.76 0.76

3.04 3.08

2.26 2.30

0.57 0.59

2.83 2.88

2.10 2.17

0.82 0.78

2.92 2.95

city Consu

or the anal

y Pusan

y the sum

et the basi

omplex

nsumed

ok intoommon

er than

ectricity

rence in

tion in

ating in

Total

25.91

12.28

38.19

27.34

9.07

36.42

27.58

6.59

34.17

25.89

9.20

35.09

mption

sis, the

ity Gas

of floor

unit of


8/32

When l

A sho

consuconsu

consu

consu

consu

When l

5.74N

C sho

approxi

energy

in thewas hi

showe

summe

Table 4

A 1.

B 0.

C 0.

D 0.

Fig.

4.4 CO

The c

consu

Corpor

For CO

B 0.02

residen

little hi

ooking into

ed 5.34N

ed more gption, bot

ption in wi

ption char

ption patte

ooking int

/, Com

ed highe

mately 10

efficiency

late typeher than t

the same

.

. City Gas

1 2

04 1.08

89 1.05

95 1.01

88 0.95

. Total Ga

Emission

nsumption

ption to

tion.

2 emission,

798tco2/

ial buildin

gher powe

the consu

/, wh

as, theremixed-us

nter and sh

acteristics

n.

the consu

plex B 5.2

gas con

differenc

y placing

uilding. Tat in Co

pattern, w

onsumpti

3 4

0.79 0.55

0.84 0.67

0.95 0.70

0.87 0.66

s Consump

character

O2 emiss

Complex

and Co

g showed

consump

ption cha

le Comple

as no sigapartment

owed lowe

according

mption cha

N/, a

umption t

e. It is pro

to 4 hous

e gas cons plex B an

hich is hig

n in a Yea

5

0.28 0

0.34 0

0.44 0

0.40 0

ion Ratio

istics wer

on using

showed 0

plex D 0.

little hig

ion than t

acteristics

x B show

ificant difs and gene

consumpti

to the pur

racteristics

d Comple

an tower

ably beca

holds surr

umption frd Complex

h consum

(N/)

6 7

.16 0.12

.20 0.14

.22 0.18

.24 0.15

analyze

CO2 Calc

.02890tco202719tco2/

er emissio

e other co

ccording t

d 5.28N

erence. Wral residen

on in sum

pose of u

according

D 5.19N

type Co

se tower t

und the co

om NoveD. In mo

tion in wi

8 9

0.09 0.0

0.11 0.1

0.13 0.1

0.10 0.0

Fig. 4. M

by con

ulator by

, Compl

. Compl

value. Al

mplexes a

the purpo

/. Alt

en lookinial apartm

er. There

e as they

to the sha

/. The

plex B a

pe buildin

re while th

ber to Jannthly cons

ter and l

10

0.12

0.12

1 0.14

0.12

nthly Gas

erting the

Korea E

x C 0.028

ex A whi

though Co

d less gas

se of use,

ough Co

into thents showe

as no con

showed t

e, Comple

late type

nd D. Th

has better

e units sha

ary in Comption, b

w consum

11 12

.27 0.75

.23 0.59

.27 0.64

.19 0.55

onsumpti

power

ergy Man

0tco2/,

h is a m

plex A s

consumpti

omplex

plex A

onthlyhigher

picuous

e same

C was

omplex

re was

heating

e a wall

plex Cth type

ption in

Total

5.34

5.28

5.74

5.19

n

nd gas

gement

omplex

xed-use

owed a

on than


9/32

Compl

contrib

influen

Table 5

Electr

City

Gas(LN

Total

5. Ene

5.1 Ch

When l

the ave

showe

C, whil

full-ti

or highmembe

monthl

units.

develo

C and

197

approxi

constru

x C, it sh

tes 59% a

e on CO2

. Annual C

city C

C

)

C

C

C

gy Consu

racteristic

ooking int

rage age o

higher rati

e 50s sho

e housewi

er. In familrs (70.9%).

income o

hen looki

ed as 198

which w

is high. R

mately 60

ction permi

wed the

nd Gas co

mission.

O2 emissio

nsumption p

2 emission p

nsumption p

2 emission p

2 emission p

ption Ch

of Subject

the gener

f the hous

o in Comp

ed higher

es, and m

y composiIn the ag

ver 700 w

g into the

and plu

as develop

egarding t

have be

t (Table 6).

ighest val

tributes 41

per area

er area(kWh/

er area(tco2/

er area(N/

er area(tco2/

er area(tco2/

Fig.5

racteristic

s responde

l character

wives was

ex A and 3

ratio in Co

st of them

ion, mostof their fi

as the hig

unit size,

s and the r

d as gener

e ownersh

en staying

e in CO2

% to the

) 38.

) 0.01

) 5.3

) 0.011

) 0.02

. Annual C

s of the Re

nts

istics of th

46.7 (SD

0s and 40

mplex D.

were highl

f them werst child, t

est as the

the mixed-

tio of 231

al apartme

ip of the

in their a

emission a

O2 emissi

19 3

99 0.0

4 5

91 0.0

90 0.0

O2 emissio

sidents

subjects

9.3). Hous

s showed

eventy-fiv

educated

e nucleare ratio of

subjects w

use reside

and ov

t houses u

nits, 88.9

artment b

ong the

n, electrici

B

.42

1620 0.

.28

1178 0.

798 0.

n per area

respondent

ewives in

igher ratio

e percent (

as 90% we

amily (75.adulthood

re middle

tial buildi

r is very h

nder 231

owned t

ildings fr

ubjects. A

ty power h

C

34.17

01520

5.74

01280

02800

s, it was fo

heir 40s

in Comple

5%) of th

re college

%) and 3-as the hi

to large a

g Comple

gh. In Co

, the ratio

eir house

m their b

s power

as more

D

35.09

0.01561

5.19

0.01158

0.02719

nd that

nd 50s

x B and

m were

raduate

familyhest. In

artment

A was

plex B,

of 165-

nit and

ildings


10/32

Table 6. Characteristics of Subjects respondents N(%)

Items A B C D Total

Age of Housewife 30's 0(0.0) 21(63.6) 6(20.0) 4(12.5) 31(24.8)

40's 20(66.7) 9(27.3) 17(56.7) 4(12.5) 50(40.0)

50's 9(30.0) 2(6.1) 3(10.0) 19(59.4) 33(26.4)

Over 60 1(3.3) 1(3.0) 4(13.3) 5(15.6) 11(8.8)

Total 30(100.0) 33(100.0) 30(100.0) 32(100.0) 125(100.0)

Education of Housewives Over College 28(96.6) 28(96.6) 23(76.7) 29(90.6) 108(90.0)

High school

Graduated

1(3.4) 1(3.4) 7(23.3) 3(9.4) 12(10.0)

Total 29(100.0) 29(100.0) 30(100.0) 32(100.0) 120(100.0)

Employment ofHousewife

Employed 10(34.5) 5(16.1) 9(30.0) 6(20.0) 30(25.0)

Full-time Housewife 19(65.5) 26(83.9) 21(70.0) 24(80.0) 90(75.0)

Total 29(100.0) 31(100.0) 30(100.0) 30(100.0) 120(100.0)

Family Composition Couple 2(6.7) 4(11.8) 5(15.6) 7(21.9) 18(14.1)

Nuclear Family 27(90.0) 27(79.4) 21(65.6) 22(68.8) 97(75.8)

Expanded Family 1(3.3) 3(8.8) 6(18.8) 3(9.4) 13(10.2)

Total 30(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 128(100.0)

Age of the first child Before Schooling 3(10.0) 7(20.6) 2(6.3) 3(9.3) 15(11.7)

Primary 1(3.3) 18(52.9) 13(40.6) 1(3.1) 33(25.8)

Secondary 7(23.3) 4(11.8) 5(15.7) 2(6.3) 18(14.1)

Adult 19(63.3) 5(14.7) 12(37.5) 26(81.3) 62(48.4)

Total 30(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 128(100.0)

Monthly Income

(ten thousand won)

under 400 0(0.0) 1(2.9) 6(18.8) 7(22.6) 14(11.1)

400-500 1(3.4) 7(20.6) 5(15.6) 7(22.6) 20(15.9)

500-600 0(0.0) 2(5.9) 8(25.0) 3(9.7) 13(10.3)

600-700 2(6.9) 2(5.9) 2(6.3) 2(6.5) 8(6.3)

700 and over 26(89.7) 22(64.7) 11(34.4) 12(38.7) 71(56.3)

Total 29(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 31(100.0) 126(100.0)

Size of House 132-164 0(0.0) 1(2.9) 7(21.9) 10(31.3) 18(14.1)

165-197 0(0.0) 31(91.2) 25(78.1) 14(43.8) 70(54.7)

198-230 6(20.0) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 8(25.0) 15(11.7)

231 and over 24(80.0) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 25(19.5)

Total 30(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 128(100.0)

House Ownership Own 26(89.7) 27(79.4) 30(96.8) 29(90.6) 112(88.9)

Rent 3(10.3) 7(20.6) 1(3.2) 3(9.4) 14(11.1)

Total 29(100.0) 34(100.0) 31(100.0) 32(100.0) 126(100.0)


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5.2 Perception on the Comfort of the Indoor environments

The comfort of the indoor environments which directly influence the energy consumptionof the households was evaluated by 5 points scale (1= Not Comfort at all, 2= Not Comfort,

3= So so, 4= Comfort, 5= Very Comfort) focusing on Lighting, Ventilation and Thermal

Sensation (Table 7).

Table7. Comfort of Indoor environments of the Bedroom and the Living room M(SD)

Mixed-use Shape

A B T-Value B C D F-Value

Summer SS-Sunlight and Lighting 3.8(0.9) 3.9(0.8) 0.7(n.s) 3.9(0.8) 4.0(0.8) 4.1(0.7) 0.5(n.s)

SA-Ventilation 3.4(0.9) 3.7(0.8) 1.3(n.s) 3.7(0.8)

a

4.2(0.7)

b

4.1(0.8)

ab

4.4*

ST-Thermal Sensation 2.6(1.0) 3.3(0.8) -3.2** 3.3(0.8) 3.7(1.1) 3.4(0.8) 1.1(n.s)

Winter WS- Sunlight and Lighting 4.1(0.7) 4.0(0.7) 0.4(n.s) 4.0(0.7) 4.0(0.7) 4.0(0.9) 0.1(n.s)

WA- Ventilation 3.6(0.7) 3.7(0.7) 0.4(n.s) 3.7(0.7) 4.1(0.7) 4.0(0.8) 2.2(n.s)

WT-Thermal Sensation 3.3(1.1) 4.0(0.6) -3.1** 4.0(0.6) 3.8(0.8) 3.5(0.8) 2.9(n.s)

* p


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Complex B perceived the indoor environment less pleasant. They perceived thermal sensation

in summer (ST1) bad because of sunlight. It is because of the increase in window areas as

Complex B was planned to have similar floor plan to Complex A. Complex C and ComplexD which have similar floor plan and exterior window shape showed similar perception on

comfort. However, Complex D showed different use of electricity (Table 11), which can be

interpreted because of the higher age of the residents of Complex D rather than the influence

of the building shape.

Table 8. Thermal Sensation of Bedroom and Living Room M(SD)

Mixed Use Shape

A B T- Value B C D F- Value

ST1-It is hot in the room because of over

lighting in summer

4.5(0.6) 3.4(0.9) 5.6*** 3.4(0.9)

b

2.8(1.2)

a

3.1(1.0)

ab

3.8*

ST2-It is hot in the room because of badventilation.

3.9(1.1) 2.6(1.0) 4.8*** 2.6(1.0) 2.2(0.9) 2.3(0.9) 1.3(n.s)

WT1-Draft is felt from the windows of the bed

room in winter.

2.9(1.2) 2.4(1.0) 2.0* 2.4(1.0) 2.3(0.9) 2.6(1.0) 0.9(n.s)

WT2-Draft is felt from the windows of the

living room in winter,

3.1(1.2) 2.5(1.1) 2.1* 2.5(1.1) 2.3(0.8) 2.6(1.0) 0.7(n.s)

* p


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also from the residents characteristics. Complex B was found to have more air conditioner

units because of the tower type buildings shape and Complex D was found to have more

Kimchi-fridges, TVs and heating appliances because the ratio of 50s is high.

When looking into the use of air conditioners and other household appliances, it was found

that there was no significant difference between Complex A and Complex B. However, there

was significant difference in U3 which is the time spent in the house relating the use of air

conditioners in summer. The residents of Complex A, which is a mixed-use residential

building with curtain wall structure, spent more time outside in summer. It is expected that

the reduced stay inside the house in summer will reduce the consumption of electrical energy.

When looking into the consumption characteristics according to the building shape, it was

found that U2 and U4 were higher in Complex D than in Complex B and C, However it can

be interpreted because of the higher ratio of over 50s in Complex D rather than because ofthe building shape.

Table 10. Number of Electrical Appliances M(SD)

Mixed-use Building Shape


Refrigerator and Freezer 2.3(0.7) 1.9(0.8) 1.8(n.s) 1.9(0.8) 1.6(0.7) 2.0(0.9) 2.4(n.s)

Kimchi-Fridge 1.2(0.4) 0.9(0.6) 2.8** 0.9(0.6)

a

1.4(0.6)

b

1.3(0.4)

b

8.5***

Washing Machine 1.0(0.2) 1.1(0.3) -0.8(n.s) 1.1(0.3) 1.0(0.2) 1.0(0.2) 0.7(n.s)

TV 2.1(0.6) 1.6(0.8) 2.7* 1.6(0.8)

a

1.7(0.7)

ab

2.2(1.0)

b

4.1*

Computer 1.7(0.7) 1.5(0.6) 1.1(n.s) 1.5(0.6) 1.5(0.8) 1.1(0.5) 3.8*

Air Conditioner 4.4(2.4) 2.3(1.4) 4.0*** 2.3(1.4)

b

1.3(0.6)

a

1.6(0.7)

a

8.2**

Electrical Heating Appliances 0.9(1.1) 1.0(0.9) -0.3(n.s) 1.0(0.9)

a

1.6(1.1)

ab

1.7(1.4)

b

3.8*

* p


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5.4 Actual Conditions of City Gas Consumption

When looking into the characteristics related to the use of City Gas, it was identified thatmost of them practiced energy savings related to us of boiler. There was no difference

between the complexes according to the mixed-use or building shape. Instead, there was

similar characteristic of use among them.

Table 12. City Gas Use M(SD)

Mixed Use Building Shape

A B T-value B C D F- value

G1-Maintain the boiler heating

temperature as the recommended (18-

20)

3.2(1.1) 2.8(1.0) 1.5(n.s) 2.8(1.0) 3.0(1.0) 3.2(0.8) 1.7(n.s)

G2-Do not turn the boiler power off 3.3(1.2) 3.2(1.0) 0.2(n.s) 3.2(1.0) 3.3(1.3) 3.6(1.3) 1.0(n.s)

G3-Wear half sleeves or shorts inside of

the house in winter time.2.6(0.8) 2.9(1.1) 1.2(n.s) 2.9(1.1) 2.6(1.2) 2.3(0.9) 2.5(n.s)

G4-Dine outside rather than eating at

home.2.9(0.8) 2.6(0.7) 1.8(n.s) 2.6(0.7) 2.5(1.0) 2.4(0.8) 0.3(n.s)

* p


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showed that there is heavy cooling load, which can be interpreted as the additional cooling

load to adjust the bad thermal sensation because of the wide window space. On the other

hand, there was no significant difference in electric energy consumption although they hadmore appliances than the general apartment residents. It can be interpreted that it is because

the residents of mixed-use building reduce the time to spend in the house rather than use air

conditioners to cool down the temperature of the house.

(3) In the electric energy consumption characteristics according to the building shape, plate

type building consumed less energy than the tower type buildings. If we classify the

electricity consumption as one for household and one for common area, there was more

significant difference in the electricity consumption in common area. Tower type showed

1.48 times more consumption than the plate type. It shows the influence of building shape on

the estimation of electrical energy consumption unit. Although we could not identify

characteristic of monthly consumption according to the building shape, it was found thatelectrical energy consumption in winter was as high as in summer.

(4) When looking into the city gas consumption characteristics according to whether to be

mixed-use or not, there was no big difference between mixed use apartments and general

apartments. And they have the same consumption pattern in monthly use, we could not

identify city gas consumption characteristics. On the other hand in the city gas consumption

characteristics according to the building shape, the plate type building showed 10% higher

consumption of gas than the tower type buildings. It can be interpreted as the influence of

heat energy efficiency according to the floor plan that tower type has more concentrated floor

configuration than the plate type. In the survey on the residents, plate type apartment

residents felt more comfort than the tower type apartment residents regarding the indoor

ventilation. It is also identified that the tower type apartment residents had complaints

against the sun lights in the daytime in summer. Accordingly, it was found that the gas

consumption in winter and the living comfort in summer had been affected by the building

shape.

(5) When looking into the energy consumption characteristics by converting the electricity

and city gas consumption unit value to CO2 emission, it was found that the mixed-use

building had higher emission than the general apartment buildings. As electricity occupies 59%

and city gas 41% of the energy use in the apartment complexes, it can be understood that CO2

emission is more influenced by the electricity consumption.

The above mentioned energy consumption characteristics according to whether to be mixed-

use and according to the building shape could be utilized as important material in the aspect

of energy management. In case of mixed-use apartment building which is developed in the

curtain wall structure, it would be needed to find out the structural alternative to increase the

residents indoor environmental comfort and to reduce the unnecessary energy. Also it would

need to develop more effective floor plan considering the energy consumption characteristics

according to the building shape.


16/32

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the NationalResearch Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and

Technology (No.2010-0001860)

References

[1] S.C. Cho, A Study on the Integrated Envelope System of Super High-rise mixed-use

Apartment for Energy Efficiency Design, Master Thesis, Suwon University, 2009.

[2] W.K. Choi, H.J. Kim, S.J. Suh, A Study on the Analysis of Energy Consumption Patterns

According to the Building Shapes with the Same Volume, Journal of the Korea SolarEnergy Society 27(2) (2007) 103-109.

[3] Y. Choi, Y.K. Kong, W.H. Jang, A Comparative Analysis on the Locational Preference of

Super High-Rise Mixed-Use Building in Busan, Journal of the Architecture Institute of

Korea 21(4) (2005) 63-72.

[4] Jinlong O, Kazunori H, Energy-saving Potential by Improving Occupants' Behavior in

Urban Residential Sector in Hangzhou City, China, Energy and Buildings 41 (2009) 711-

720.

[5] D.H. Kang, A Study on the Characteristic of Energy Consumption in the Super High-rise

Mixed-use Housing, Master Thesis, Ajou University, 2009.

[6] D.H. Kang, H.S. Je, A Study on the Characteristic of Energy Consumption in the Super

High-rise Mixed-use Housing, Journal of the Urban Design Institute of Korea (2008)

529-535.

[7] M.W. Kim, S.G. Lee, Evaluation of Residential Tall buildings in terms of Energy and

Ecological Environment, Journal of the Korea Planners Association (2007) 563-570.

[8] Kukinews, Super high-rise mixed-use residential buildings ignoring energy efficiency,

(2008. 10. 05).

[9] H.J. Lee, J.Y. Kim, W.H. Hong, Energy and water consumption characteristics of

apartment complexes, Journal of the Korean Housing Association (2010) 173-178.[10] S.B. Lee, C.H. Jung, [Special] Apartment House Energy Saving Technology through

Dual Intelligent Window, Journal of the Korea Green Building Council 11(3) (2010) 46-

55.

[11] Korea Electric Power Corporation(cyber), http://cyber.kepco.co.kr

[12] Pusan City Gas, http://www.pusangas.co.kr

[13] Korea Energy Economics Institute(KEEI), http://www.keei.re.kr

[14] Korea Energy Management Corporation, http://co2.kemco.or.kr


17/32

Author biography

Sung Heui Cho

Sung Heui Cho graduated from the Department of Architectural Engineering of Yonsei

University in 1980, received master's degree from the same graduate school (M.E.) in 1982,

and Ph.D in Architectural Engineering from the Yonsei University in 1988. She is a professor

of Housing and Interior Design at Pusan National University in Korea. Professor Cho has

over 25 years experience in teaching, design, and consultative committee in built

environment, specialized in environment and behavior research (EBR), multi-family housing

(design and evaluation), post-occupancy evaluation (POE), and color design in architectural

design.

Prof. Cho has published many academic papers and presentations, co-authored several books,

and carried out research projects related to multi-family housing developments, housing

culture and community developments, urban regeneration and environmental color design foreducational environments. She received "Academic Award" by the Korean Housing

Association and the Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment in 2009. She

received "Thesis Prize" for scientific and technological progress awarded by the Korean

Federation of Science and Technology Societies in 2010.

Prof. Cho is currently a Member of Review Board on Directorate for Basic Research in

Science and Engineering Division under National Research Foundation of Korea.


18/32


19/32

Energy consumption characteristics of

High-rise apartment Buildings according to

Energy consumption characteristics of

High-rise apartment Buildings according to

u ng-s ape an m xe -use eve opmenu ng-s ape an m xe -use eve opmen

Professor Sung Heui Cho

Dept. of Housing & Interior Design

Pusan National University

4th International Symposium on Sustainable Healthy Buildings / November 19, 2010 / Seoul, Korea

1. IntroductionStudy Background I Study Contents and Methodology

2. Energy Consumption Analysis

3. Energy Consumption Characteristics of the Residents

Subjects Apartment Complexes

Electricity Consumption I City Gas Consumption I CO2 Emission

Characteristics of Subjects Respondents

4. Conclusion

Perception on the Comfort of the Indoor Environments

Actual Conditions of Electricity Consumption / City Gas Consumption


20/32

Introduction

Residence buildings 68%

High-rise apartment buildings higher than 30 stories

became not unusual.

Tower type buildings as well as conventional plate-type Buildings 24%

Fig. Domestic energy consumption, Korea

76%

buildings, Mixed-use high rise residential buildings have

been developed and supplied.

Building energy issues are related to the energy

management. The importance of energy management in

housing buildings gets bigger and bigger.

International Symposium on Sustainable Healthy Buildings 01Pusan National University

Introduction

D.H. Kang, H.S. Je, A Study on the Characteristic of Energy Consumption in the High-rise Mixed-use Housing(2008).

A: Super high-rise apartment

B: Super high-rise apartment

C: high-rise apartment

D: apartment of the middle story

W.K. Choi, H.J. Kim, S.J. Suh, A Study on the Analysis of Energy Consumption Patterns According to the Building Shapes with

the Same Volume (2007).

.[City Gas Consumption per Area].[Electricity Consumption per Area]

.[Energy Consumption]


.[Unit Model]


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Introduction

Kukinews, High-rise mixed-use residential buildings

ignoring energy efficiency, 2008.10.5.

There are other issues such as too much sunlight in summer and consequential overload because of curtain wall

structure, the problems in ventilation and the use of common electricity because of high speed elevator and

ventilation facilities (S.C. Cho 2009; S.B. Lee et al., 2010; M.W. Kim et al., 2007).


Introduction

This research tries to identify the energy characteristics of

High-rise apartment buildings from the

Comprehensive perspective by

This research tries to identify the energy characteristics of

High-rise apartment buildings from the

Comprehensive perspective by

Analyzing the energy consumption.Analyzing the energy consumption.



22/32

Introduction

[Study Contents and Methodology]

Analysis of energy

consumption

Subject apartment

complexes were selected

and their circumstances

were identified

Actual Living Styles of

Residents

re m nary s u es es en s s urvey

Electricity Consumption

City Gas Consumption

CO2 emission

Perception on the Comfort

of the Indoor environments

Actual Conditions of

Electricity Consumption

Actual Conditions of

City Gas Consumption

Size of House:larger than 132

Quest ionnaires : 160 copies were

distributed and 128 copies used for

the final analysis


Energy Consumption

Subjects Apartment Complexes I Electricity Consumption

y as onsump on m ss on


23/32

2.1 Subjects Apartment Complexes

the subjects were selected from the complexes planned after 2001 when the insulation standards were added to

Energy Savings Building Design Standards legislated by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation

(currently the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs)

Wu-dong, Jaesong-dong in Haewundae-gu and Minrak-dong in Suyoung-gu were selected as the target area as they

have similar outdoor environments such as geography, weather and city environments

Final 4 complexes were selected from the database of Status of Multi -Family Housing with more than 20

households in Busan (2009) of Busan Metropolis.



Complexes A B C D

Whether to be Mixed-use Mixed-use BuildingResidential Apartment Residential Apartment Residential Apartment

Table 1. Characteristics of Subjects Apartment Complexes

u ng u ng u ng

Location (Busan)Guwu-dong,

Haewundae-gu

Jaesong-dong,

Haewundae-gu,

Minrak-dong, Suyoung-

gu

Minrak-dong, Suyoung-

gu

Construction Completion 2005.06.28 2005.10.26 2003.08.18 2003.11.29

Number of Stories 38 30-51 31 35Number of Households 390 2,752 1,082 591

Number of ApartmentBuildings 4 14 10 6

Building Shape

Tower Type Tower Type Plate Type

(I or L Type)

Tower Type

Apartment Unit Plan

StructureCurtain Wall Structure

Concrete Wall-type

Structure

Concrete Wall-type

Structure

Concrete Wall-type

StructureHeating Type Individual Heating

(City Gas)

Individual Heating

(City Gas)

Individual Heating

(City Gas)

Individual Heating

(City Gas)



24/32


A B C D

Mixed-use Building

Tower Type

Curtain Wall Structure

Expandable Balcony

Residential Apartment

Building

Tower Type

Concrete Wall Type

Partially Expandable


Building

Plate Type (I or L type)

Concrete Wall Type

Non-expandable Balcony


Building

Tower Type

Concrete Wall Type

Non-expandable Balcony

Expanded Floor Plan Non-ExpandedFloor Plan

TotalA B C D Total

Bed Room 30(100.0) 29(85.3) 13(40.6) 9(28.1) 81(63.3) 47(36.7) 128(100.0)Living Room 30(100.0) 33(100.0) 16(50.0) 16(51.6) 95(75.4) 31(24.6) 126(100.0)

Table 2. Balcony Expansion Ratio (n=128)



- Data: KEPCO provided the data of average consumption for two years (2008~2009)

(electricity for the household and the common electricity)

- Electrical consumption unit (kWh/)

12.28 9.07 6.59 9.20

20

25

30

35

40

45

Unit Common

Mixed-use Development

Complex A( 38.19kWh/) > Complex B( 36.42kWh/)

Fig 1. Annual Electricity Consumption

25.91 27.34 27.58 25.89

0

5

10

15

A B C D

Complex A the common electricity occupies 32.16%

Complex A consumed less than Complex B in the

household electricity

By month, Complex A showed higher consumption in

summer



25/32


Fig 2. Monthly Electricity Consumption

5

3.8

4.1

4.4A B C D

Building-shape

monthComplex

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

A Unit 2.21 2.13 1.92 1.97 1.88 1.99 2.48 2.91 2.30 1.98 2.05 2.09 25.91(67.8)

Table 3. Electricity Consumption in a Year (kWh/)

2.0

2.3

2.6

2.9

3.2

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Complex C (Plate Type) consumed the electricity least

Common Electricity consumption of Complex D and

complex B (Tower Type) was 1.48 times higher than

Complex C (Plate Type).

Common 1.20 1.24 0.94 0.95 0.88 0.92 0.99 1.11 1.03 0.94 1.03 1.04 12.28(32.2)

Sum3.41 3.37 2.86 2.92 2.76 2.92 3.47 4.03 3.33 2.92 3.08 3.13 38.19(100.0)

B Unit 2.47 2.43 2.14 2.22 2.11 2.17 2.33 2.53 2.23 2.12 2.28 2.31 27.34(75.1)

Common 0.82 0.80 0.73 0.76 0.71 0.74 0.74 0.77 0.76 0.72 0.76 0.76 9.07(24.9)

Sum 3.29 3.23 2.87 2.98 2.82 2.91 3.07 3.30 2.99 2.84 3.04 3.08 36.42(100.0)

C Unit 2.46 2.51 2.18 2.24 2.15 2.25 2.21 2.43 2.45 2.13 2.26 2.30 27.58(80.7)

Common 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.59 0.50 0.47 0.56 0.62 0.39 0.57 0.57 0.59 6.59(19.3)

Sum 3.08 3.08 2.73 2.83 2.65 2.72 2.77 3.05 2.84 2.70 2.83 2.88 34.17(100.0)

D Unit 2.29 2.24 2.00 2.14 2.01 2.10 2.15 2.44 2.19 2.05 2.10 2.17 25.89(73.8)

Common 0.83 0.89 0.75 0.74 0.72 0.72 0.70 0.74 0.80 0.74 0.82 0.78 9.20(26.2)

Sum 3.12 3.13 2.75 2.88 2.73 2.82 2.84 3.18 2.98 2.79 2.92 2.95 35.09(100.0)


2.3 City Gas Consumption

- Data: Pusan City Gas provided the data of average consumption for two years (2008~2009)

- City Gas consumption unit (N/)

5.34 5.285.74

5.19

2

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Mixed-use Development

No significant difference between them

Fig 3. Annual Gas Consumption

0.0

1.0

.

A B C D

: omp ex . > omp ex .

Monthly consumption, both showed

higher consumption in winter and

lower consumption in summer.



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1.0

1.1

1.2

A B C D

2.3 City Gas Consumption

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Building-shape

The plate type Complex C showed higher than

tower type Complex B and D.

The gas consumption from November to

January in Complex C was higher than that in

Complex B and Complex D.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

A 1.04 1.08 0.79 0.55 0.28 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.27 0.75 5.34

B 0.89 1.05 0.84 0.67 0.34 0.20 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.23 0.59 5.28

C 0.95 1.01 0.95 0.70 0.44 0.22 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.27 0.64 5.74

D 0.88 0.95 0.87 0.66 0.40 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.19 0.55 5.19

Table 4. City Gas Consumption in a Year (N/)Fig 4. Monthly City Gas Consumption


2.4 CO2 Emission

- The consumption characteristic was analyzed by converting the power and gas consumption to CO2 emission using CO2 Calculator by

Korea Energy Management Corporation.

0.035

Electricity City Gas

Fig 5. . Annual CO2 emission per area

0.01699 0.01620 0.01520 0.01561

0.01191 0.01178 0.01280 0.01158

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

Complex A which is a mixed-use residential building

showed a little higher emission value. Power contributes 59% and Gas contributes 41% to the

CO2 emission, electricity power has more influence

on CO2 emission.

A B C D

Electricity Consumption per area(kWh/) 38.19 36.42 34.17 35.09

CO2 emission per area(tco2 /) 0.01699 0 .01620 0.01520 0.01561

City Gas(LNG) Consumption per area(N/) 5.34 5.28 5.74 5.19

CO2 emission per area(tco2 /) 0.01191 0 .01178 0.01280 0.01158

Total CO2 emission per area(tco2 /) 0.02890 0 .02798 0.02800 0.02719

Table 5. . Annual CO2 emission per area A B C D



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Energy Use Characteristics of the

Residents

Perception on the Comfort of the Indoor environments

Actual Conditions of Electricity Consumption

Actual Conditions of City Gas Consumption

3.1 Characteristics of Subjects respondents

Items A B C D Total

Age of Housewives 30's 0(0.0) 21(63.6) 6(20.0) 4(12.5) 31(24.8)40's 20(66.7) 9(27.3) 17(56.7) 4(12.5) 50(40.0)50's 9(30.0) 2(6.1) 3(10.0) 19(59.4) 33(26.4)

Over 60 1(3.3) 1(3.0) 4(13.3) 5(15.6) 11(8.8)Total 30(100.0) 33(100.0) 30(100.0) 32(100.0) 125(100.0)

Table 6. Characteristics of Subjects respondents M(SD)

mp oyment o ousew ves Employed 10 34.5) 5 16.1) 9 30.0) 6 0.0) 30 5.0)Full-time Housewife 19 (65.5) 26 (83.9) 21 (70.0) 24(80 .0) 90(75 .0)

Total 29(100.0) 31(100.0) 30(100.0) 30(100.0) 120(100.0)

Family Composition Couple 2(6.7) 4(11.8) 5(15.6) 7(21.9) 18(14.1)Nuclear Family 27 (90.0) 27 (79.4) 21 (65.6) 22(68 .8) 97(75 .8)

Expanded Family 1(3.3) 3(8.8) 6(18.8) 3(9.4) 13(10.2)

Total 30(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 128(100.0)Number of Family Members Less than 2 4(13.3) 5(14.7) 4(12.9) 10(31.3) 23(18.1)3-4 24 (80.0) 22 (64.7) 23 (74.2) 21(65 .6) 90(70 .9)

Over 5 2(6.7) 7(20.6) 4(12.9) 1(3.1) 14(11.0)Total 30(100.0) 34(100.0) 31(100.0) 32(100.0) 127(100.0)

Age of the first child Before Schooling 3(10.0) 7(20.6) 2(6.3) 3(9.3) 15(11.7)Primary 1(3.3) 18(52.9) 13(40.6) 1(3.1) 33(25.8)

Secondary 7(23.3) 4(11.8) 5(15.7) 2(6.3) 18(14.1)Adult 19(63.3) 5(14.7) 12(37.5) 26(81.3) 62(48.4)Total 30(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 128(100.0)

Monthly Income under 400 0(0.0) 1(2.9) 6(18.8) 7(22.6) 14(11.1)

(ten thousand won) 400-500 1(3.4) 7(20.6) 5(15.6) 7(22.6) 20(15.9)500-600 0(0.0) 2(5.9) 8(25.0) 3(9.7) 13(10.3)600-700 2(6.9) 2(5.9) 2(6.3) 2(6.5) 8(6.3)

700 and over 26(89.7) 22(64.7) 11(34.4) 12(38.7) 71(56.3)Total 29(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 31(100.0) 126(100.0)

Size of House 132-164 0(0.0) 1(2.9) 7(21.9) 10(31.3) 18(14.1)165-197 0(0.0) 31(91.2) 25(78.1) 14(43.8) 70(54.7)198-230 6(20.0) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 8(25.0) 15(11.7)

231 and over 24(80.0) 1(2.9) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 25(19.5)Total 30(100.0) 34(100.0) 32(100.0) 32(100.0) 128(100.0)

House Ownership Own 26 (89.7) 27 (79.4) 30 (96.8) 29(90 .6) 112(88 .9)Rent 3(10.3) 7(20.6) 1(3.2) 3(9.4) 14(11.1)Total 29(100.0) 34(100.0) 31(100.0) 32(100.0) 126(100.0)



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3.2 Perception on the Comfort of Indoor environments

Mixed-use Shape


SS-Sunlight and Lighting 3.8(0.9) 3.9(0.8) 0.7(n.s) 3.9(0.8) 4.0(0.8) 4.1(0.7) 0.5(n.s)

Table 7. Indoor environmental Comfort of the Bedroom and the Living Room M(SD)

Summer SA-Ventilation 3.4(0.9) 3.7(0.8) 1.3(n.s). .

a

. .

b

. .

ab4.4*

ST-Thermal Sensation 2.6(1.0) 3.3(0.8) -3.2** 3.3(0.8) 3.7(1.1) 3.4(0.8) 1.1(n.s)

Winter

WS- Sunlight and Lighting 4.1(0.7) 4.0(0.7) 0.4(n.s) 4.0(0.7) 4.0(0.7) 4.0(0.9) 0.1(n.s)

WA- Ventilation 3.6(0.7) 3.7(0.7) 0.4(n.s) 3.7(0.7) 4.1(0.7) 4.0(0.8) 2.2(n.s)

WT-Thermal Sensation 3.3(1.1) 4.0(0.6) -3.1** 4.0(0.6) 3.8(0.8) 3.5(0.8) 2.9(n.s)

* p


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3.3 Actual Conditions of Electricity Consumption

Fig 1. Annual Electricity Consumption

12.28 9.07 6.59 9.20

25

30

35

40

45Unit Common

Mixed-use Building Shape


Refrigerator and Freezer 2.3(0.7) 1.9(0.8) 1.8(n.s) 1.9(0.8) 1.6(0.7) 2.0(0.9) 2.4(n.s)

Kimchi Fridge 1.2(0.4) 0.9(0.6) 2.8** 0.9(0.6) 1.4(0.6) 1.3(0.4) 8.5***

Table 10. Number of Electrical Appliances M(SD)

25.91 27.34 27.58 25.89

0

5

10

15

20

A B C D

a b b

Washing Machine 1.0(0.2) 1.1(0.3) -0.8(n.s) 1.1(0.3) 1.0(0.2) 1.0(0.2) 0.7(n.s)

TV 2.1(0.6) 1.6(0.8) 2.7* 1.6(0.8)a

1.7(0.7)ab

2.2(1.0)b

4.1*

Computer 1.7(0.7) 1.5(0.6) 1.1(n.s) 1.5(0.6) 1.5(0.8) 1.1(0.5) 3.8*

Air Conditioner 4.4(2.4) 2.3(1.4) 4.0*** 2.3(1.4)

b

1.3(0.6)

a

1.6(0.7)

a

8.2**

Electrical Heating Appliances 0.9(1.1) 1.0(0.9) -0.3(n.s) 1.0(0.9)

a

1.6(1.1)

ab

1.7(1.4)

b

3.8*

* p


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3.4 Actual Conditions of City Gas Consumption

A B C D

Mixed Use Building Shape

Table 12. City Gas Use M(SD)

A B T-value B C D F- value

G1-Maintain the heating temperature as the recommended (18-20) 3.2(1.1) 2.8(1.0) 1.5(n.s) 2.8(1.0) 3.0(1.0) 3.2(0.8) 1.7(n.s)

G2-Do not turn the boiler power off 3.3(1.2) 3.2(1.0) 0.2(n.s) 3.2(1.0) 3.3(1.3) 3.6(1.3) 1.0(n.s)

G3-Wearha lfs leevesorshorts insideof thehouse inwinte r time. 2 .6(0 .8) 2 .9(1 .1) 1 .2(n .s ) 2 .9(1 .1) 2 .6(1 .2) 2 .3(0 .9) 2.5(n.s )

G4-Dine outside rather than eating at home. 2.9(0.8) 2.6(0.7) 1.8(n.s) 2.6(0.7) 2.5(1.0) 2.4(0.8) 0.3(n.s)

* p


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(3) Electric energy consumption characteristics according to the building shape;

Plate type building consumed less energy than the tower type buildings.

(more significant difference in the electricity consumption in common area)

Conclusion

Tower type showed 1.48 times more consumption than the plate type.

Electrical energy consumption in winter was as high as in summer.

(4) City gas consumption characteristics according to whether to be mixed-use or not;

They have the same consumption pattern in monthly use (no big difference between

mixed use apartments and general apartments).

On the other hand according to the building sha e

Plate type building showed 10% higher consumption of gas than the tower types.

(influence of heat energy efficiency of tower type has more concentrated floor plan)


Residents Survey results;

Residents of the plate type apartment felt more comfort in indoor ventilation than the

tower types. It was found that the gas consumption in winter and the living comfort in

Conclusion

summer had been affected by the building shape.

(5) CO2 emission characteristics;

Mixed-use apartment had higher emission than the general apartment buildings.

(electricity occupies 59% and city gas 41% of the energy use )

CO2 emission is more influenced by the electricity consumption than the gas.

The above mentioned energy consumption characteristics according to whether to be

mixed-use and according to the building shape can be utilized as important material in

the aspect of energy management.



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Thank You


13.sung heui cho

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