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Ancient Egypt3100-671 B.C.

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Geography and Early Egypt

The Big Idea

The water and fertile soils of the Nile Valley allowed a greatcivilization to develop in Egypt.

Main Ideas

• Egypt was called the “gift of the Nile” because the NileRiver was so important.

• ivilization developed after people began farming alongthe Nile.

• !trong "ings unified all of Egypt.

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Main Idea 1:

Egypt was called the “Gift of the

 Nile” because the Nile River was so

iportant!

• "he Nile River brought life to Egypt and allowed it to thrive!

• #iannual flooding of the Nile ade faring possible!

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$eatures of the Nile• "he Nile is the longest river in the world% with a distance of over &%'''

iles!

• (ncient Egypt included two regions% a southern and a northern region

given their naes by their relation to the Nile!

•

(t several points% the rough terrain caused cataracts% or rapids% to for!• "he Nile divided into several branches% foring a delta% a triangular area

of land ade fro soil deposited by a river!

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Using this

map what are

some physical

characteristics

of Egypt?

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"he $loods of the Nile• )ittle rain fell in the Egyptian desert% but the Nile flooded every year% in

the suer and fall!

• "he Nile*s flooding coated the land around it with a rich silt that ade the

soil ideal for faring!

•

+ithout the floods% people could never have fared in Egypt!

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Main Idea ,:

-ivili.ation developed after people

 began faring along the Nile!• "he Nile provided both water and fertile soil for faring!

• Egypt*s location offered another advantage because it had natural barriers

that ade it hard to invade!

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anals were builtto carry water tofields of wheat#barley# fruits# andvegetables.

The Nile allowedfarmers to raiseanimals such ascattle and sheep.

Increased $ood /roductionThe river alsoprovided manytypes of fish to eat#and hunterstrapped duc"s andgeese.

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+hy did ost Egyptians live in

the Nile delta0

"he Nile provided rich soils for faring

and protection

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"wo ingdos• /rotected fro invaders% the villages of Egypt eventually grew into two

2ingdos!

 – "he desert was harsh to cross!

 – "he Mediterranean and the Red 3ea 2ept eneies away!

 – -ataracts in the Nile ade it hard to travel!

• "he capital of )ower Egypt was called /e% and the capital of 4pper Egypt

was called Ne2hen!

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Main Idea 5:

 3trong 2ings unified all of Egypt!

• (ccording to tradition% Menes rose to power in 4pper Egypt and unified

the two 2ingdos by ta2ing control of )ower Egypt and arrying a

)ower Egyptian princess!

• Menes was probably Egypt*s first pharaoh% or ruler!

• 6e also founded Egypt*s first dynasty% or series of rulers fro the sae

faily!

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"he 7ld ingdoThe Big Idea

Egyptian government and religion were closely connectedduring the $ld %ingdom.

Main Ideas

• &ife in the $ld %ingdom was influenced by pharaohs# rolesin society# and trade.

• Religion shaped Egyptian life.

• The pyramids were built as huge tombs for Egyptian

pharaohs.

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Main Idea 1:

)ife in the 7ld ingdo wasinfluenced by pharaohs% roles in

society% and trade!

• "he Old Kingdom was a period in which the Egyptians developed a

syste based on the belief that the pharaoh was both a 2ing and a god!

• (s the population grew% social classes appeared!

•Egypt began to trade goods with its neighbors!

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Egyptian 3ociety• Social classes

 – /haraohs ruled Egypt as gods!

 – Nobles were officials and priests who helped run the governent!

 – 3cribes and craftspeople wrote and produced goods!

 – $arers% servants% and slaves ade up ost of Egyptian society!

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The Egyptians hadgods for nearlyeverything#

including the sun#the s"y# and theearth. These godswould often mi'human and animalforms.

Egyptian religionfocused on theafterlife# or life

after death.They believed thatwhen a persondied# his or her kaleft the body andbecame a spirit.

Main Idea ,:

Religion shaped Egyptian life!

They developedembalming topreserve bodies

and "eep the lin"between the bodyand the spirit. Thespecially treatedbodies wrapped incloth were called

mummies.

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7ld ingdo ,8'' #!-!

Religious #eliefs• Egyptians studied

“#oo2 of the 9ead” to

learn agic spells inorder to be granted life

after death

•  Embalming preserve

 bodies of the dead

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7ld ingdo ,8'' #!-!

Religious beliefsEbaling• Involved placing the

 body in a bo; and

covering it with thecheical natron! "he

 body would dry up

causing shrin2age!

#ody was thenwrapped in linen

mummy

• 1st used because they

 believed pharaohs* souls

could not live w

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A hole was made

in the body, and

the embalmerspulled out all the

internal organs

except for theheart.

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Hole stuffed

with linen and

spices

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(fter &' days%

the body was

carefully

wrapped in

linen

 bandages!

/riests said

spells whilethe body was

wrapped!

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Pyramids arehuge stone tombswith four triangular

sides that meet ina point on the top.(istorians areunsure how theywere built.

)yramids displayedamazingengineering# or

the application ofscientific"nowledge forpractical purposes.

Main Idea 5:

"he pyraids were built as huge

tobs for Egyptian pharaohs!The size and shapeof the pyramidsshowed the

importance ofpharaohs. Theywere the people*slin" to the gods# sothe Egyptianswanted their spirits

to be happy.

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yramids in

!i"a

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haraoh #$oser

Step yramid at

Sa%%ara

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"he Middle and New ingdosThe Big Idea

+uring the ,iddle and New %ingdoms# order and greatnesswere restored in Egypt.

Main Ideas

• The ,iddle %ingdom was a period of stable governmentbetween periods of disorder.

• The New %ingdom was the pea" of Egyptian trade andmilitary power# but their greatness did not last.

• -or" and daily life were different among Egypt*s socialclasses.

Main Idea 1:

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ollowing a periodof competition for

power between thenobles and thepharaohs# the,iddle %ingdombegan.

Egypt fell intodisorder around

/012 3. 4 groupcalled the (y"sosinvaded and ruledthe region for522 years.

Main Idea 1: "he Middle ingdo was a period

of stable governent between periods of disorder!

The Egyptiansfought bac"# and

4hmose of Thebesdeclared himself"ing and drove the(y"sos out ofEgypt# beginningthe New %ingdom.

M i Id ,

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Main Idea ,:

"he New ingdo was the pea2 of

Egyptian trade and ilitary power% but their greatness did not last!

•$earing future invasions% the Egyptians too2 control of all possibleinvasion routes into the 2ingdo!

• Egypt too2 over vast lands and was the leading ilitary power in the

area!

• Egypt becae rich because of the lands it con=uered!

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Growth and Effects of "rade•

-on=uests brought traders into contact with distant lands% and traderoutes% or paths followed by traders% developed!

• &ueen Hatshepsut encouraged trade and used the profits to support the

arts and architecture!

• )ed by 'amses the !reat% Egypt fought invaders for any years%

leaving their epire diinished!

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"eple of

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"eple of

6atshepsut

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Main Idea 5:

 +or2 and daily life were different

aong Egypt*s social classes!• "he cople; society re=uired people to ta2e on any different 2inds of

 >obs!

• $aily life was very iportant in Egyptian society% and ost Egyptians

lived in their own hoes!

 – +oen had any legal rights% including owning property% a2ing

contracts% and divorcing their husbands!

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Scribesew people weremore respectedthan scribes. Theydid not have to payta'es# and manybecame wealthy.

Artisans, Artists,and Architects

These 6obsre7uired advanceds"ills and were alsovery admired inEgypt.

Egyptian ?obs

Merchants andTraders

4lthough trade wasimportant# fewheld thesepositions. !omehad to travel verylong distances tobuy and sell goods.

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SoldiersEgypt created apermanent armythat offeredsoldiers a chanceto rise in socialstatus and receiveland as payment.

Farmers andOther Peasants

This group madeup the vastma6ority of thepopulation. Theygrew crops tosupport theirfamilies and to payta'es.

(dditional Egyptian ?obsSlaves

!laves wereusually criminals orprisoners. Theyhad some legalrights# however.

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(he )ig *dea

"he Egyptians ade lasting achieveents in writing% architecture% and

art!

Main *deas

• Egyptian writing used hieroglyphics!

• Egypt*s great teples were lavishly decorated!

• Egyptian art filled tobs!

Egyptian (chieveents

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-ontributions of Egyptians

• /apyrus paper ade fro a reed called papyrus%also used to a2e sandals% bas2ets% rafts% river

 boats

• In2 

•  Nuber syste based on 1'% fractions and wholenubers% geoetry to survey land after floods

•

4sed flooding to create a calendar • $irst specialist in edicine dentists% eye doctors%

anial doctors% surgeons% splints% bandages%copresses% settling bones

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Main Idea 1:

Egyptian writing used hieroglyphics!

• 6ieroglyphics was the Egyptian

writing syste!

• Egyptians learned to write

hieroglyphics on papyrus% a longlasting%  paperli2e aterial ade

fro reeds!

• 3cribes wrote on papyrus using

 brushes and in2!

• 6istorians learned how to read

hieroglyphics after discovering

the 'osetta Stone written in three

languages!

 – 6ieroglyphics

 – ( later for of Egyptian

 – Gree2 

"he 3tone is now

housed in the #ritishMuseu! "he 3tone

has hieroglyphics

first% then 9eotic%

then Gree2

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M i Id ,

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Egyptians believedthe massivetemples werehomes of the gods.

)eople visited toworship# offer giftsto the gods# andas" for favors.

Main Idea ,:

 Egypt*s great teples were lavishly

decorated!Temples had

• !tone sphin'esand other

statues• obelisk tall#

four8sided pillarthat is pointed atthe top

• )ainted walls and

columns thatalso hadhieroglyphics

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Sphinx

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(emple of 'amses **, Abu Simbel

"his entire teple @and a few othersA were

oved uphill to save the fro )a2e Nasser

after the 6igh 9a was copleted in 1BC1!

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Main Idea 5:

 Egyptian art filled tobs!

Egyptian art was filled with lively%

colorful scenes% but only 2ings%

 priests% and other iportant people

could enter the tobs!

• "obs contained art such as

• (rt and hieroglyphics on walls

and coluns

• 3tone statues and carvings

• ?ewelry

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) t f d i

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)oats found in

(utan+hamuns

(omb

Ph h T kh C i

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 Pharaoh Tutankhamun Canopic

Coffins