2014. 4. 1.

(final ending)

: -, -, : -(), -, - : -, -(), -() : -, -, -() : -(), -(), -() : -, -

: -, -() : -(), -() : -, -, -, -

: -(), - (): -(), -() : -

(prefinal ending) : -()- (tense-aspect-modality, TAM) : --, --, --

(morpho-phonemics)

(morpheme) (alternation) . : ( )

. (variant) . (allomorph) .

: -, -, -, --, --, -()

: -/, -/-, -/ .

: -- -(), -()(), -(), -(), -(), -(), -(), -()-

3 : , , :

: (), (), () + + +

: (), (), (), + + +

: (), (), (), () + + +

: (), , (), () + + +

: (), , () + + +

: , , , + + ?

: (), (), () (+) (+) > (+) > (+)

: (), (), (), (+) (+) (+)

: (), (), (), () (+) (+) (+)

: (), , (), () (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)

: (), , () (+)/(+) (+) (+)

: , , , /(+) /(+) (+)

, (communicative intention) .

, , , , (offer), , , , .

etic . etic .

etic emic .

--

.

(speech act type)

(sentence type) ( ) . . (declarative sentence) (interrogative sentence) (imperative sentence) (exclamative sentence): .

(declarative sentence) - (statement) (interrogative sentence) - (question)[ ] (imperative sentence) - (command), (request)[

] (suggestive sentence) - (proposal)[ ] (promisive sentence) - (promise) (exclamative sentence) - (exclamation)

11 .

. , , , , offer, -

(face-threatening)

(preparatory condition), (sincerity condition) :

: :

( ) ? ?

( ) /.

H A

1.H A . S H A .2.H A S H .

S H A .

H A .

S H . H S .

p 1.S p ( ) .2.H p S H . S p .

p .

.

1.S . , ( ) .2.H S H .

S .

H .

S , H S .

H AA S , S A S .

S A .

.

.

H A

1.S A H .2.H A S H .

S A H .

A H .

. .

, E

1.S E E H .2. E S H .

S E H .

E H .

. .

S H ( ). S H .

H , E

E H , S E H .

S E .

E .

.

(intonation)

yes-no , ( ) .

, ,

(particle) ( ): ,

() :

, ,

yes-no

. / .

/ / ,, ,,

() (), / / ,, ,,

, (), ,, ,,

() ,, ,,

() () () ()

, ,

()

? () . .

- . - . - . , - .

-

- . -(), -(), -; -; -(); -, -, -

2/. 3

3 . Let him/her ~.

1 . Let me ~. , , : V-sasete kudasai

. (inter-subjective)

.

. .

(mirativity) .

. .

.

/ , .

-, -() .

-, - : , -, -() : ,

, ( )

etic

() Dont V - - V-u na -V

( ) V - V-e V

( )

Lets V- V-

V-

1 ( )

Let me V V

I will V --

V-u V

5 etic

1

1

- - - - --()-()-()-()

(polarity) 4 etic .

4 4 3 2 .

etic

4 2 3

,

da yea

yes

, ; hai oui ja j igen ja

ba da yes()

iie

si jo j de doch

nu nay

no non nej nei nem nein

ba nu no

4 etic .

da nu , ba .

4 etic yes no 2 .

(agreement) (disagreement) 2.

2 .

3 , .

.

da ba da

nu ba nu

oui si

non

. : , ? (clause) / , .

.

-() -() , , .

, (+) . [+] .

-(), -, -

( ) (temporal relation)

/ (sequential): after (simultaneous): while (counter-sequential): before

(causal relation) (cause): because (reason): because (purpose): in order to/that

(logical relation) (conjunction): and (disjunction): or (contrast): whereas (condition): if (concession): although, though (concessive conditional): even if

(exact simultaneity)

-1. (punctual simultaneity) : .

-2. (co-extensiveness, concurrency) : . : .

(partial overlap) : .

(proper inclusion) -1.

: . : .

-2. : .

-

, , .

. co-extensiveness .

. , .

. . . .

. - . . . .

. .

.

.

. .

, . . . () . . () ()

/: . . .

. .

.

.

Figure/Ground domain Figure/Ground

Figure: . . Ground: /. Figure . . / ?? .

domain Figure/Ground (Figure) Ground

. , .

while Ground . John sings while he drives. / *John drives while he sings. John sings while driving. / *John drives while singing. He dreamt while he slept. / *He slept while he dreamt. Quirk et als. (1985: 1083): While and the less frequent whilst require that their

clause must be durative, but the matrix clause need not be. They arrived while I was sunbathing. He cut himself while shaving.

- Figure/Ground - Ground Figure .

. / . . / .

- - , - , . . * .

- - - , . . * .

Ground / , Figure / . , Ground , Figure .

[ ] . [ ] .

- Figure .

TV . / TV .

Ground .

A,B

Figure Ground .

-(nagara) -

: / . * , - Figure , Ground

. .

Lyons entity , , first-order entity

, extension . , .

second-order entity / (state-of-affairs)/. extension extension .

third-order entity (hold) (proposition). , extension . , , .

(cause): second-order entity A () B () /.

(reason): third-order entity X A() B /B .

- [], - [] .

, , ,

/ . . / . .

. , .

. [ ] , [] [ ]

. . /// .

+ . . // .

: , , .

-, -, but // /* . [] ///* . [] John is a student whereas/but Mary is a housewife. [] It rained yesterday, but/*whereas they went to picnic. []

. -, - ( ) //??/??

. [] ( ) //

/?? . [ ] (

) [] (

) [ ] also/and particle .

even if, - if : []-[ ]

/(supposition)

, , .

. Suppose that there is another earth in addition to the real earth. ~ .

(condition) , ,

. , . () + () : ~ ~ ; if ~ then ~ ; /~ ~

() . .

~ , ~

() , . + , .

(non-factual)

. (counter-factual).

, . .

: if + : , : ( )

:

If I were a bird, I could fly to you. :

If I had been there, I could have helped you.

. .

( ) /, . ( ) /, .

, . : : ,

.

: -, - : -, -

-, - -- .

-- . -, -

- . -, -

: ()

: ()

, [] [] .

Traugott and Knig 1991: 199-203 while, -(), -nagara .

. . . .

-

[] [] . , . ,

.

.

(purpose clause) .

so that

,

: , .

: (benefactive) (purpose marker) .

: - , - : no tame-ni, ~suru tame-ni

.

: - : +ni + .

. + , , . : be going to : aller + ()

4 9 yes-no () , ( ) 5 etic ( ) - Figure/Ground - Figure/Ground Lyons entity , , , , , : , , : () : () , - (purpose clause)