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75 February, I895. MODERN LANGUAGE NO TES. Vol. x, No. 2. 76tlemen attendingthe convention,and theAcornClub and theNew Century lub showedsimilar ourtesies o all ladies attending. Thearrangementsor ntertainingo large a num-ber ofguests were admirably planned, andwere mostsuccessfully arriedout. A largeshareof thesuccess,both in planning nd inbringingo pass so intricate program,s dueto theuntiringoresightnd zeal of the Chair-maanof the Local Committee,Mr. TalcottWilliams,ofthe PhiladelphiaPress. Beforethe Association adjourned, ProfessorBrightmoved a vote of thanks. which was passedunanimously, to theofficersftheUniversityofPennsylvania, he local committeeof ar-rangenlents,nd all otherorganized personalservicethathas contribtutedo the entertain-ment ftheCongress fAmerican hilologistscollectively, nd to the entertainmentfthisAssociation n tsseparatemeetings.Whiile hevaried programsofthe ointses-sioniswere of interest,yet it cannotbe saidthat he attendancewas large, except at thleWhitneymemorialmeeting. Classical andoriental scholars did not appear to listenclosely to papers upon modern languages;nor did studentsof modernlanguages payclose attention o papers upon classical andorientalsubjects. The opinion seemed toprevail, so far as the writer ould discover,thatsimultaneousmeetings re certainly n-joyable, clhieflyecatuseof the opportuinitiesthattheyafford fmeetingold friends;butthatointmeetings re not particularly rofit-able, owingto the technicalityf the paperspresentedto the variousassociationis.Thisdifficultyas avoided in part n tlheprogramof the ointsessionat which aperswereread;and therewas complete agreement s to theappropriatenessf the oint meetinignhonorofProfessorWhitney. His wvork as beenlhelpfuloa largernumber f inguisticcholarsthan that of any otherpliilologianthatthiscountryhas produced; and the WhitieymemorialmeetingbrouLghltogetlherhe larg-est numberof mien nd women devotedtoliterarynd linguistic tudythathas ever as-sembledn this ountry.

HERBERT EVELETH GREENE.JTOhnso.pkins Untwiesity.

THE ETHICS OF TRANSLA TIOV.DOUBTLESS the Italians are right ndubbingevery translator traitor. But just as cer-tainly very anguage studentwill insistthatthereare degrees of treason,and that thecrime of the translatorwho really under-stands his author, nd conscientiouslyhinkshisthoughtsfter im nanother anguage, snotto be comparedwith hat fthe rresponsi-ble literary iend alled the dictionary rans-lator. If there is one principle n literaryethics hatneedsemphasizing,t s this: Thatthe man who,witlhout perfect ommand fboth languages, venturesto publish translation, commits aii unpardonable sin, forwhich here is no expiation. For he is suretogivemoreorless permanent ormo a meretravestyn the ideas and the anguageof hisoriginal,and to defiraud,wvithouitecourse,boththeforeign uthor nd thepublic.This principlehas been flagrantly iolatedin a translationiust published,of GustavFreytag's Technikdes Dramas.* It sdoub-lyunfortunatehat hiswork houlldhave fal-len intothehands ofthePhilistines, ot onlybecause of its excellence,but also because agood reproductionwould be of verygreatvalue to almost everystudentof dramaticliterature.The presenttranslationiertainlydoes notoffer satisfactoryeproduction; n fact, t isa classic exampleof dictionary ranslation,full of absurd misconceptions nd atrociouserrors,nd couclhednabominableEnglish.A few clharacteristic istranslationsonlythe briefest) ill make evidentthevery im-ited acquaintance of the translatorwiththelanguage of the original. Der herzoglicheDragoner-Major Blasius is translated asDuke Blasius ; Gese/zedes Schafens aslaws of creation ; also as also ; Schaut-spielkunsi as scenic art : bestimmtiGeseit-mnass s chosenmovemenit; neuereBiihneas later stage, and wvirNeueeren s welater ones ; gewandteDialek/ikas cleverdialect ; bffentlicheedet as freedomofspeech ; Romnanzens Romans ; ehrbaras reverential; traulich s credulously ;*Freytag's Technique of the Drama, translated by Elias

J. MlacEwan. Chicago: S. C. Grigg% Co.38

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77 February, I895. MODERN LA NG UAGE NO TES. Vol. x, No. 2. 78hohe langweilige Bewegunzg as stilted, edi-ous moment ; Shakespeare is said to havecreated the drama of the earlier Teutons ;and so on, ad inauseanm. At thisrate toftenhappens,of course,that important assagesare rendered bsolutely nintelligible,rmadeto say just the opposite of whatthe authorintended.One moreextract, s aniillulstrationfthetranslator'style:The dramatic ncludesthose emotionis fthe soul which steel themselves to will,anid to do, and those emotionsof the soulwhichare aroused by a deed or a courseof action; also the nnerprocesseswhichmanexperiencesfrom he first low ofperceptiontopassionatedesireand action, s well as theinfluences hichone's ownand others'deedsexert uponthe soul; also the rushing orthof will powerfrom hedepthsof man's soultowardthe external world, nd the influx ffashioning-nfluencesfromthe outer worldintoman's inmost einig;also thecomingntobeing of a deed, and itsconsequenceson thehuman soul.No more need be said to prove thatthepresent ranslations a veryunsatisfactorye-productionif Freytag'swork, hat it is oftenmisleading, lways uinreliable.Even in thisgarbledform,ndeed,thebookwilldeserveawide use, for there is no otherto take itsplace. It is to be hoped,however, hatFrey-tag may some dlay ind more successfuln-terpreter. JOHN S. NOLLEN.Iowa College.SOMHESUGGESTED RIfE EMENDA-TIONS TO THE YORK MI}S-TER Y PLA YS.IN a study fthe York Mystery laysduringthe past winter,under the directionofDr.Davidson ofAdelbert College, myattentionwas often alled tocertain rrors n therines.It is thepurposeof thispaperto givea list oftheseerrors nd tomake some suggestions sto emending hem.The errors re of variouskinds; errorsofinsertion,transposition,ubstitution, artialalteration, nd scribal errors. The scribalerrors re bothdialectal and due to careless-ness. Of the latter,errorsof carelessness,nothing eed be said, but the dialectal errors

are quite mportant.Thleplayswerenorthernintheir rigin,whilethe scribeswere often fsouthernbirth nd education. It was mostniatural,herefore,hat a southernscribe incopyinig manuscript f a play should oftensubstituteouthern ormsnd spellingsfor heold and correctnorthernorms nd spellings.Errors rising rom ubstitutionnd partialalterationrealsoverymportant.Thescribes,wlheneverhe text did not stuit heirtaste,tookthe ibertyo changethe verseorrime otheiridea of correctverse or rime. Oftenvhole tanzas and verses are entirely r par-tially e-arrangedrentirely ew stanzas andverses are substituted.These can generallybe detectedbya changefromhenormal our-stressedand tlhree-stressederses,but whenthe rimeonlyhas been altered, t smorediffi-cult tofind heoriginal ime-word.Theymaybe found ometitnesya comparisonwiththeWoodkirkcycle,which oftenretainsthe oldnorthern orm,but moreoftenbycomparingthe rime-seriesontaining imiliarrimes. Inall cases whereemendations re suggested,have endeavoredto give a sufficientumberof otherrime-series,n wlhich he same wordor wordsoccur,to verifyheemendation.

The playsexaminedwere he parent ycleplays as given by Dr. Davidson in his Yalethesisin I892, that is, York ii,viii, x, x, xi,xii, xv, xvii, xx, xxiii, xxiv, xxvii, xxxv, xxxvii,xliv, and the Woodkirkplay, ConspiracioetCap tofrom Cayphas to Tunc dicetSanc-tusJohannes. EMENDATIONS.Yii,9. ainendid. hange to amendeto rimewithfenzde, ende, ende. Instances of thisending np.p. are....Yix, 22. Slyke hettyng at him mekillamende.Yxxxv, I28. This boringmuste all beamende.Yii, I9. set: firmnament.hangesetto sent.The translations-pe water willbe senttoflowe othe are ndnereAnd pan thefirmament.It is apparently scribal rror hrough aste,but tmaybe, however, dialectal error,butno evidencecan be found. Cf. 11.48:50; also

Yxvii, 42:44.39