VIC NGHIN CU NGN NG CC DN TC THIU S TI VIT NAM1

PGS.TS. L Khc Cng (Trng i hc Khoa hc x hi v Nhn vn

i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh)

1. Gii thiu 1.1 Cui th k XIX, vic nghin cu ngn ng cc dn tc t ngi ti Vit Nam

c ch . T n nay, hng trm cng trnh ca cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam v nc ngoi, nhiu nht l Hoa K, Php, Nga v lnh vc ny c cng b.

C th ni hu ht cc bnh din nh cnh hung v chnh sch ngn ng, vn ci ngun v vic sp xp danh mc cc ngn ng theo ci ngun, loi hnh v cu trc ngn ng, vn ch vit, gio dc song ng i vi cc dn tc thiu s, c lm r hoc nu vn gii khoa hc tip tc tho lun.

Nhng thnh tu nghin cu trong gn 150 qua v cc ngn ng dn tc t ngi ng gp vo thnh tu chung ca khoa hc nhn vn ti Vit Nam, gip Chnh ph Vit Nam c nhng chnh sch ph hp i vi vic pht trin ngn ng, vn ho cc dn tc thiu s.

Bo co ny trnh by khi qut lch s ca vic nghin cu, nhng thnh tu t c cng nh nhng cng vic cn phi tip tc kho st ca gii ng hc ti Vit Nam.

1.2 Ging nh cc nc ti khu vc ng Nam , Vit Nam l mt quc gia a dn tc. Ngoi dn tc Vit (Kinh) chim 85,73% dn s, cn c 53 dn tc anh em, thuc 5 ng h: Ng h Nam (Austroasiatic); ng h ThiKa ai (Tai Kadai); ng h Nam o (Austronesian); ng h HnTng (Sino Tibetan). Di y l danh mc 54 dn tc ti Vit Nam 2:

1 Bo co tham d Hi tho quc t v Nghin cu so snh nhn vn i Loan - Vit Nam ln th hai nm

2013 ti i Loan. 2 Tng iu tra Dn s v Nh Vit Nam nm 2009, Tng cc Thng k Vit Nam.

Stt Dn tc Dn s

% so vi dn s

- Vit

Nam 85.846.997 100 %

1 Vit 73.594.427 85,73%

2 Ty 1.626.392 1,89%

3 Thi 1.550.423 1,81%

4 Hoa 823.071 0,96%

5 Kh Me 1.260.640 1,47%

6 Mng 1.268.963 1,48%

7 Nng 968.800 1,13%

8 Hmng 1.068.189 1,24%

9 Dao 751.067 0,87%

10 Gia rai 411.275 0,48%

11 Ngi 1.035 0%

12 331.194 0,39%

13 Ba Na 227.716 0,27%

14 C Ho 166.112 0,19%

15 Sn Chay 169.410 0,2%

16 X ng 169.501 0,2%

17 Chm 161.729 0,19%

18 Sn Du 146.821 0,17%

19 Hr 127.420 0,15%

20 Mnng 102.741 0,12%

21 Ra Glai 122.245 0,14%

22 Xting 85.436 0,1%

23 Bru-Vn

Kiu 74.506 0,09%

24 Th 74.458 0,09%

25 Giy 58.617 0,07%

26 C Tu 61.588 0,07%

27 Gi-Tring 50.962 0,06%

S

tt Dn tc Dn s

% so vi dn s

28 M 41.405 0,05%

29 Kh M 72.929 0,08%

30 Co 33.817 0,04%

31 T i 43.886 0,05%

32 Ch Ro 26.855 0,03%

33 Khng 13.840 0,02%

34 Xinh Mun 23.278 0,03%

35 H Nh 21.725 0,03%

36 Chu Ru 19.314 0,02%

37 Lo 14.928 0,02%

38 La Ch 13.158 0,02%

39 La Ha 8.177 0,01%

40 Ph L 10.944 0,01%

41 La H 9.651 0,01%

42 L L 4.541 0,01%

43 L 5.601 0,01%

44 Cht 6.022 0,01%

45 Mng 3.700 0%

46 P Thn 6.811 0,01%

47 C Lao 2.636 0%

48 Cng 2.029 0%

49 B Y 2.273 0%

50 Si La 709 0%

51 Pu Po 687 0%

52 Bru 397 0%

53 u 376 0%

54 R mm 436 0%

-- Ngi Nc Ngoi

2.134 0%

2. Vic nghin cu ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s ti Vit Nam

Hot ng nghin cu cc ngn ng dn tc t ngi ti Vit Nam c th chia ra lm ba giai on: trc nm 1960, 1960 1975 v 1975 - nay.

2.1 Trc nm 1960 Thi k ny bt u vi s thnh lp Hi Truyn gio Kontum3 vo nm 1849.

Cc gio s ngi Php truyn o trong cng ng ngi Bahnar ti Kontum, sau m rng sang cc dn tc khc Ty Nguyn. Cng nh hu ht cc dn tc thiu s ti Vit Nam, hi by gi ngi Bahnar cha c ch vit. c th tip cn vi ngi Bahnar v vi cc dn tc thiu s khc, cc gio s hc ting v s dng h thng ch vit Latin ghi m cc ngn ng ny.

Nm 1861, h thng ch vit ting Bahnar bng mu t Latin c cc gio s ngi Php xy dng nhm phc v cho vic truyn gio. Ch vit Bahnar c dng in Kinh Thnh, ging o v sau a vo chng trnh gio dc song ng Bahnar-Php. Tip theo b ch Bahnar l 2 b ch Jarai (1918) v (1923), v c bn ging b ch Bahnar. Ngy 2.12.1935, Ton quyn ng Dng k ngh nh cng nhn h thng ch vit bng mu t Latin dng chung cho cc dn tc thiu s Ty Nguyn. B ch ny c sa cha nhiu ln v thng c gi l ch do c dng rng ri trong cng ng ngi , mt trong nhng dn tc c dn s ng nht Ty Nguyn. B ch ny va tip cn vi nhng thnh tu ca ng m hc, va gn gi vi ting Vit. Hu ht cc h thng ch vit cc tnh, thnh pha Nam c xy dng sau ny t nhiu u da trn h thng ch vit ting .

Sau ting Bahnar, ngi Php tip tc xy dng ch vit cho nhiu dn tc thiu s khc. Cc h thng ch vit ny c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca cuc sng nh tn gio, lu tr v bo tn vn hc dn gian, ghi Lut tc (coutumier), Ngoi ngn ng, cc nh nghin cu ngi Php cn nghin cu dn tc hc, vn hc dn gian ca cc tc ngi.

Sau khi chim c Bc K (1886), Php tng cng hot ng nghin cu cc dn tc thiu s cng nh ngn ng dn tc thiu s. Nm 1887, gio s R.P.H. Azmar xut bn cun Dictionaire Stieng, Rucueil de 2500 Mots in ti Si Gn. y l cun t in u tin i chiu mt ngn ng dn tc thiu s - ting Php. phn thng bo u sch, R.P.H. Azmar vit: "Cch phin m cc m thanh ca ngn ng Sting s dng trong cun t in ny l cch hp l nht ca cc nh truyn gio sng lp ra cho ting An Nam, lc l ngn ng ph bin" 4. Hai nm sau, nm 1889, Dictionnaire Bahnar-Franais ca Pitro X. Dourisboure c in ti Hongkong.

R.P.J. Alberty l linh mc ti a phn Kon Tum t nm 1900, tc gi v ng tc gi cun T vng Php Bahnar, Bahnar Php in H Ni vo nm 1940, v i thoi Php - Bahnar v Bahnar- Php, in Si Gn nm 1944.

Ngoi t in, cc nh nghin cu ngi Php v chu u cng c nhng nghin cu i snh nhm ch ra mi quan h gia cc ngn ng khu vc ng Nam t u th k XX. Nm 1907 trong tc phm Les peuples Mon-Khmer, Wilhelm Schmidt cho rng ngn ng Phng Nam (Austric) bao gm hai h ngn ng Nam o (Austronesian hoc Malayo-polynesian) v Nam (Austroasiatic). Nm 1924, Przyluski trong Les

3 Kontum l mt tnh thuc vng Ty Nguyn ca Vit Nam.

4 Azmar R.P.H., Dictionaire Stieng, Recueil de 2500 mots, Excursions et Reconnaissances, Imprimerie

Coloniale, Saigon, 1887.

Langues du Monde chia h Nam thnh ba chi Munda, Mon-Khmer v Vit (Annamite),

Ti cc tnh thuc Bc K, nhng nghin cu u tin v ngn ng dn tc thiu s xut hin vo nm 1910. Sau 6 nm i truyn gio, linh mc F.M. Savina in cun Dictionnaire Ty - Annamite Franais (1910). Nm 1924, F.M Savina in hai cun T in Php - Nng Tu (Hong Kong) v Histoire du Miao (Paris); sau l Guide linguistique de lIndochine franaise (1939). Nm 1928, Georges Minot vit T in Ty Trng Php, vi h thng ch vit ting Ty Latin ho.

Nm 1947, Franois Martini c Cao y Php giao cho thnh lp Hi ng Latin ho ngn ng ca ngi Ty Bc K. Ba nm sau, h thng ch vit ting Ty bng mu t Latin c ph bin trong cng ng ngi Ty. 5

Nm 1954, Php b Vit Nam nh bi ti in Bin Ph. Tuy vy, cc cng trnh nghin cu, t in, sch dy ting ca cc hc gi, gio s ngi Php vn tip tc c xut bn thng qua cole Franaise dExtrme-Orient; chng hn nh Dictionnaire Bahnar-Franais khong 10.000 t do Paul Guilleminet (mt tr l hi qun Si Gn, sau c b nhim qun l hnh chnh cao nguyn Trung K) v linh mc R.P.Jules Alberty bin son, c xut bn ti Paris nm 1959.

D cc cuc kho st, nghin cu c nhiu mc ch khc nhau, song khng th ph nhn nhng ng gp rt quan trng ca cc hc gi, gio s ngi Php trong vic cung cp nhng thng tin b ch v ngn ng hc, nhn hc, vn hc dn gian, vn ho, ca mt s kh ln cc dn tc t ngi ti Vit Nam. Cc nh nghin cu c nhiu ng gp trong thi k ny l R.P.H. Azmar, Georges Condominas, Andr Maitre, Paul Guilleminet, R.P.Jules Alberty, Pitro X. Dourisboure, Jacques Dournes,

2.2 Giai on 1960 - 1975 D t nc b chia ct, song c hai min Bc, Nam vn c nhng nghin cu v

ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s. Cc nh nghin cu, ging vin, sinh vin cc trng i hc ti H Ni, tiu biu

l Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni, tin hnh nhiu cuc in d kho st cc ngn ng dn tc t ngi Ty Bc, Vit Bc phn loi loi hnh, ng h v xy dng ch vit cho cc ngn ng dn tc y. Thi gian ny, Chnh ph nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho Vit Nam ban hnh nhiu vn bn lin quan n chnh sch dn tc v chnh sch ngn ng. Hin php nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho (1960) khng nh: Cc dn tc c quyn dng ting ni, ch vit, pht trin vn ho dn tc mnh. Nm 1965, ng Cng sn Vit Nam ban hnh Ch th 84 nu r: S dng ch dn tc l mt nguyn vng thit tha ca cc dn tc, cn tip tc nghin cu v mt khoa hc, ng thi mnh dn s dng rng ri ba th ch Ty Nng, Mo, Thi trn sch bo, trong c quan hnh chnh v trong i sng hng ngy6. Nm 1969, Chnh ph Vit Nam ra Quyt nh s 153-CP v vic xy dng h thng ch vit theo mu t Latin cho ting Ty Nng, Mo, Thi v nhiu ngn ng khc min Bc; v vic dy xen k ting Vit v ting cc dn tc thiu s trng tiu hc. Ch Ty Nng, ch Mo c thng qua v s dng trong gio dc, vn ho. Ch Thi c ci tin.

5 Trn Thu Dung, 2012. Nhng cun t in ting dn tc thiu s v gi. Tin Phong Online, s

29/12/2012 6 Vn kin ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam v chnh sch dn tc, Nxb. S tht, H Ni, 1978.

min Nam, t cui nhng nm 1950, u nhng nm 1960, cc nh nghin cu thuc Vin Ng hc ma h (Summer Institute of Linguistics - SIL) ca M bt u kho st ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s t v tuyn th 17 tr vo. Kt qu ca chng trnh nghin cu ny l hng lot sch dy ting, sch cng c, Kinh thnh bng cc ting dn tc nh , Chm, Raglai, Churu, Jrai, Kho, Mnng, Sting, M, Chrau, Sedang, Bru Vn Kiu,... c ph bin. Nhiu lp o to gio vin dn tc thiu s c t chc. Thng 10.1963, SIL phi hp vi B Gio dc chnh quyn Si Gn v Trng i hc Dakota (M) nghin cu ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s min Nam vi mc ch bin son chng trnh gio dc song ng trong cc cng ng dn tc thiu s. SIL trin khai mnh m d n Song ng: mt nhp cu ni lin hai nn vn ho Kinh - Thng. cc tnh thnh ti min Nam, tiu biu l ti Ty Nguyn v ng Nam B, nhiu chng trnh gio dc song ng ting Vit ting dn tc thiu s c trin khai t lp v lng n tiu hc. 22 ngn ng dn tc thiu s, trong c nhiu ngn ng Mn - Khmer (Sedang, Halang, Jeh, Bahnar, Kho, Mnng, Sting, Chrau, Katu, Bru) v Malayo Polynesian (Chm, , Jarai, Churu, Raglai, Hroi) xy dng c chng trnh gio dc song ng. C th ni y l thi gian m cc chng trnh gio dc song ng trong cng ng cc dn tc thiu s c tin hnh rm r nht ti Vit Nam v thu c nhng kt qu khch l. c c nhng ng liu chnh xc trong thi gian nhanh nht, SIL c 1 2 nh nghin cu kho st su mt ngn ng trn tt c cc bnh din ng m, t vng t in, ng php; chng hn David D. Thomas ting Chrau, Ralph Haupers v Lorrain Haupers ting Sting, Kenneth D. Smith ting Sedang, Richard L. Phillips ting Hr, Ngoi vic xy dng/ci tin ch vit, cc nh ngn ng hc ca t chc SIL cn bin son rt nhiu t in i chiu ting dn tc thiu s - ting Vit/ting Anh. SIL cng cng b nhiu cng trnh nghin cu, lun vn v ngn ng dn tc t ngi ti Vit Nam trn tp ch Mon-Khmer Studies.

Nm 1975, M tht bi trong cuc chin tranh ti Vit Nam. SIL chnh thc chm dt hot ng ca mnh ti Vit Nam. Cc nh ng hc ca SIL vn tip tc cng vic nghin cu ca mnh nhng ch yu l xut b dch/ in Kinh thnh o Tin Lnh bng cc b ch Latin ho m h xy dng.

2.3 Giai on 1975 nay Nm 1975, sau khi t nc thng nht, Chnh ph Vit Nam ch o Tiu ban

ting ni v ch vit cc dn tc thiu s bao gm nhiu c quan, ban ngnh iu tra ngn ng dn tc thiu s trong c nc trn c hai bnh din ting ni v ch vit lm c s cho vic hoch nh chnh sch dn tc v chnh sch ngn ng. T gia nm 1977, cc on iu tra cc ngn ng dn tc thiu s c thnh lp. Cn c kt qu iu tra, nm 1980, Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh 153-CP v ch trng i vi ch vit ca cc dn tc thiu s. Quyt nh nu r: Ting ni v ch vit ca mi dn tc thiu s Vit Nam va l vn qu ca cc dn tc , va l ti sn vn ho chung ca c nc. cc vng dn tc thiu s, ting v ch dn tc c dng ng thi vi ting v ch ph thng (tc ting Vit v ch Quc ng Latin LKC). Cng vi ch ph thng, ch dn tc tham gia vo nhiu mt hot ng vng ng bo cc dn tc thiu s, nht l trong vic gi gn v pht trin vn vn ho ca cc dn tc. V th, i i vi vic hon thnh ph cp ting v ch ph thng, cn ra sc gip cc dn tc thiu s xy dng mi hoc ci tin ch vit ca tng dn tc. Cc dn tc thiu s cha c ch vit u c gip xy dng ch vit theo h ch Latin.

Nm 1980, ngay sau khi c quyt nh 153-CP, tnh Gia Lai - Kontum t chc ci tin b ch vit dng chung cho cc dn tc Bahnar, Sedang, Jarai, ng thi t chc Ban bin son sch gio khoa dng cho cc dn tc nu trn. Ngoi cc a phng, cc vin nghin cu, trng i hc ti Vit Nam m tiu biu l Vin Ngn ng hc, Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni, Trng i hc Tng hp Thnh ph H Ch Minh, c nhiu hot ng tch cc nhm iu tra tng th, kho st cc bnh din ca ngn ng dn tc thiu s nh ng m, t vng - ng ngha, ng php, t in, lch s, c im loi hnh, ngn ng hc x hi,

Vin Ngn ng hc hp tc vi Vin ng phng hc v Vin Ngn ng hc thuc Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Lin X trc y v Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Nga hin nay tin hnh nhiu cuc iu tra in d hn 30 ngn ng dn tc thiu s Vit Nam. Vin cng xut vi Chnh ph nhng vn lin quan n chnh sch ngn ng, gp phn xc nh thnh phn dn tc Vit Nam. Vi s t vn ca Vin, nm 1979, Vit Nam cng b tc danh ca 54 dn tc chung sng trn lnh th Vit Nam. Vin cng cng vi cc tnh, thnh ph xy dng, ci tin ch vit cho cc ngn ng dn tc thiu s nh: hon thin ch vit Pakoh - Ta ih, Bru - Vn Kiu, Raglai, Ka Tu, Chm, Hroi, Hr; xy dng ch Thi ci tin, Latin ho ch Thi, xy dng phng n ch Mng, xut ci tin ch Hmng,.... Song song vi vic xy dng ch vit, Vin cng bin son cc t in song ng, sch hc ting dn tc, nh: T in Vit - Mo, T in Ty - Nng - Vit, Vit - Ty - Nng, T in Jarai - Vit, T in Thi - Vit, T in Mng - Vit, Sch hc ting Pakoh, Ta ih, Sch hc ting Bru - Vn Kiu, Sch hc ting , Sch hc ting Raglai, Sch hc ting Ka Tu, Sch hc ting Bahnar, Sch hc ting Chm Hroi, Hr...

pha Nam, c th l ti Trng i hc Tng hp Thnh ph H Ch Minh, hot ng nghin cu ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s Nam Trng Sn Ty Nguyn c bt u t thp nin 80 ca th k XX. Khoa Ng vn Trng i hc Tng hp Thnh ph H Ch Minh (nay l Khoa Vn hc v Ngn ng, Trng i hc Khoa hc x hi v Nhn vn i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh) lin tc t chc cc cuc in d ngn ng hc tri di t Ty Nguyn (c Lc, Lm ng, c Nng, Kontum,), n ng Nam B (Bnh Phc, Bnh Dng, ng Nai), Nam Trung B (Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun), Ty Nam B (Sc Trng, An Giang, Kin Giang,). Kh nhiu cng trnh, nht l t in i chiu ting dn tc thiu s - ting Vit v cc cng trnh, tuyn tp vn hc dn gian cc dn tc anh em nh Mnng, Raglai, Churu, Khmer, c xut bn. Nhiu kho lun tt nghip i hc v ngn ng dn tc thiu s (Mnng, Sting, Kho, M, Chm, Raglai, Chrau, Churu, Bru, Khmer,) c bo v thnh cng. T ci ni v nh hng y, nhiu th h ging vin, sinh vin ca Khoa Ng vn chn ti lun vn thc s, lun n tin s v cc vn ca ngn ng dn tc thiu s khu vc pha Nam nh lun n ca Trn Th M (ting Mnng), L Khc Cng (ting Sting), Nguyn Vn Hu, Ph Vn Hn (ting Chm), L Tng Hiu (ting Bru-Vn Kiu, Nguyn Quang Vinh (ting Chrau),

3. Thnh tu v phng hng 3.1 Cho n nay, B Gio dc v o to Vit Nam xy dng c mt s

chng trnh gio dc song ng a vo ging dy trong cc trng tiu hc v trng ph thng dn tc ni tr l: 1) Chng trnh ting Khmer (ti cc tnh Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, Kin Giang, Vnh Long, C Mau...) ; 2) Chng trnh ting Chm c truyn Akhar Thrah (ti hai tnh Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun); 3) Chng trnh ting Chm Ja Wi (ti hai

tnh An Giang, Ty Ninh); 4) Chng trnh ting Hoa (ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh, cc tnh Bnh Thun, Lm ng, Bc Liu...); 5) Chng trnh ting (ti tnh c Lc); 6) Chng trnh ting Jarai (ti tnh Gia Lai); 7) Chng trnh ting Bahnar (ti cc tnh Kon Tum, Gia Lai); 8) Chng trnh ting Kho (ti tnh Lm ng) ; 9) Chng trnh ting Hmng (ti cc tnh Yn Bi, Lo Cai, in Bin, Lai Chu).

Vic dy v hc ting dn tc trong cc trng ph thng dn tc ni tr d cn nhiu kh khn song bc u o to c mt s lng kh ln hc sinh dn tc thiu s bit s dng thnh tho c ting Vit ln ting m . Cc hc sinh ny sau khi tt nghip l nhng ht nhn tch cc trong cc hot ng thng tin, gio dc,. H cng ng gp tch cc vo vic su tm, tuyn chn cc tc phm vn hc dn gian ca dn tc mnh, b sung vo kho tng vn hc dn gian ca i gia nh cc dn tc Vit Nam. Nhiu tc phm vn hc dn gian c xut bn vi s hp tc ca cc tr thc, ngh nhn dn tc thiu s, c in bng ting Vit v ting dn tc hoc song ng. Nhiu t bo c in, nhiu i pht thanh, i truyn hnh pht sng bng ting dn tc to iu kin thun li ph bin v pht trin cc ngn ng ny. Cc i pht thanh, i truyn hnh quc gia ngy cng c thm nhiu cc chng trnh bng ting dn tc thiu s. Hin nay, i Ting ni Vit Nam pht thanh cc ting dn tc Hoa, Khmer, Chm, Mng, Bahnar, Thi,...T nm 2006, i Ting ni Vit Nam trin khai d n m rng mng ph sng pht thanh cc chng trnh vn ha - x hi v cc chng trnh bng ting dn tc khu vc trung du min ni Bc B. Ban Truyn hnh dn tc (chng trnh VTV5) cng pht nhiu th ting l Hoa, Khmer, Chm, Hmng, Thi, , Sedang,... cha k hng chc chng trnh pht thanh, truyn hnh bng ting dn tc trn cc i pht thanh, truyn hnh ca cc a phng.

C th thy, cng vi ch vit ph thng (ch Quc ng), ch vit cc dn tc anh em ang chng t vai tr ca mnh trong cc lnh vc hot ng ti cc vng ng bo dn tc thiu s, nht l trong vic gn gi v pht trin vn ho dn tc, xy dng cuc sng mi, ph bin kin thc trng trt, chn nui, v sinh, bo v rng,...

3.2 Vit Nam c nhiu c gng xy dng ch vit, xy dng chng trnh gio dc song ng cho nhiu cng ng dn tc t ngi ti Vit Nam, nhng hiu qu t c l cha cao. Nguyn nhn quan trng l vic xy dng ch vit thiu k hoch chung, mi ni lm mt cch khin hin nay c hng chc phng n ch vit khc nhau c ph duyt. Mt nguyn nhn khc l quan im khng ng v vic dy ch, dy ting cho cc dn tc t ngi. Mt s ngi cho rng vic dy ting, hc ting dn tc ch nhm mc ch cui cng l gip cho b con hc ting Vit - ting ph thng - tt hn.

Khng th ph nhn mt thc t l trong chin tranh, nhiu cn b, tr thc ngi dn tc v ngi Vit dng ting Vit phin m ting dn tc hc ting v sau , dy ch Quc ng cho b con. Nhiu cn b, thanh nin dn tc t ngi nh m c xo m ch. Mt thc t khc lkhng khc nhau lm, v ting Vit l ngn ng ph thng, ngn ng nh nc, nn hu ht cc b ch ca nhiu ngn ng dn tc thiu s khi xy dng c gng to s gn gi vi ting Vit trong cch ghi m. Nhng nhng thc t khng c ngha l vic xy dng ch vit, xy dng chng trnh gio dc song ng cho ng bo thiu s ch nhm mc ch gip ci thin ting Vit ca b con. Tht ra, cu cnh ca vic y mnh vic hc ch, hc ting bn ng ca b con dn tc thiu s l nhm gip b con hiu bit hn, qua bo tn v pht huy tt hn nn vn ho ca dn tc mnh tt hn. Thi gian

qua, nhiu gi tr vn ho, tinh thn ca cc dn tc thiu s b mai mt hoc khng c pht huy do khng c ch vit ghi li, do khng c ph bin cng nh ging dy trong nh trng.

Chng trnh song ng ti mt s trng ph thng dn tc dy c 2 ngn ng: Lp 1 dy ch v ting dn tc thiu s, lp 2 thm mn ting Vit. V cc lp sau, lp 3, lp 4, lp 5 tng dn cc mn hc khc v cc mn ny thng ch dy bng ting Vit. Cch lm ny khin ch v ting dn tc khng pht huy c vai tr ca n, v d b lng qun sau khi hc sinh nm vng ting Vit. Nhiu trng cao ng/i hc s phm cha c khoa ging dy ting dn tc cho gio sinh l ngi bn ng hoc gio sinh ngi Vit. Nhng bt cp s tip tc tc ng tiu cc n hot ng gio dc song ng.

Nhng cng vic cn phi lm trong nhng nm ti l : Cung cp ti chnh kp thi cho chng trnh quc gia: "Kho tng chung di sn

vn ho phi vt th ca cc tc ngi Vit Nam". - Tip tc iu tra dn s v ngn ng trong c nc nm chc cc tc ngi

v dn s tc ngi. iu chnh, b sung nhng ngn ng/tc ngi cha c a vo danh mc ngn ng/tc ngi. Chng hn nghin cu c kt lun sm trng hp v trng hp ngn ng/tc ngi Tmun Bnh Phc v Ty Ninh, mt trng hp va c d lun nu ln trong thi gian gn y;

- Xy dng, hon thin ch vit theo mu t Latin cho tt c cc ngn ng cha c ch vit. Lu thch ng n s gn gi gia h thng ng m ca cc nhm ngn ng p dng mt vi b ch cho tt c cc ngn ng, trnh vic trm hoa ua n, mi ngn ng xy dng mt h thng ch vit ring;

- Tip tc bin son cc loi t in i chiu song/a ng, t in gii thch cho cc ngn ng cha c t in;

- Xy dng mt chng trnh song ng thng nht c th p dng cho tt c cc dn tc t ngi; nhanh chng hon thnh vic bin son cc chng trnh gio dc cho cc tc ngi c dn s ng;

- Pht trin cc chng trnh truyn thanh, truyn hnh ting dn tc, lu cc ni dung v vn ho dn tc thiu s, dy ting;

- Tip tc thu thp, bo tn v ph bin cc vn bn vit bng ch c ca cc dn tc thiu s;

- Hon thin chng trnh, phng thc qun l nhm nng cao cht lng cc trng ph thng dn tc ni tr trong c nc o to gio vin, cn b ngi dn tc thiu s.

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. R.P.H. Azmar. 1887. Dictionaire Stieng, Recueil de 2500 mots. Saigon.

2. Hng Th Chu. 2001. Xy dng b ch phin m cho cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam. Nxb. Vn ho dn tc. 3. L Khc Cng. 2010. H thng ch vit ting Sting v vn xy dng t in i chiu Vit Sting, Sting Vit. Tp ch Khoa hc x hi s 3. 4. Trn Thu Dung, 2012. Nhng cun t in ting dn tc thiu s v gi. Tin Phong Online, s 29/12/2012

5. Cu Long Giang. 1974. Hi truyn gio Kontum. Trong Cao nguyn min Thng. Nxb Si Gn.

6. Nguyn Vn Li. 1999. Cc ngn ng nguy cp v vic bo tn s a dng vn ho, ngn ng tc ngi Vit Nam. Tp ch Ngn ng, s 4. 7. Trng Vn Sinh. 1993. Gio dc song ng v vic dy - hc ting Vit cho cc hc sinh dn tc thiu s pha Nam. Trong: Gio dc ngn ng v s pht trin vn ha cc dn tc thiu s pha Nam. Nxb. Khoa hc x hi. 8. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 2009. Ethnologue, Languages of the World, 16

th

Edition, Dallas, Texas.

9. Vin Ngn ng hc. 1997. Cnh hung v chnh sch ngn ng cc quc gia a dn tc. Nxb. Khoa hc x hi. 10. Vin Ngn ng hc. 1984. Ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam v chnh sch ngn ng. Nxb. Khoa hc x hi.