chapter 2 arthrology ( 关节学 )

Human Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 1

Chapter 2Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGYARTHROLOGY (关节学 )

A. IntroductionB. The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk ( 躯干骨连结 )

C. The Joints of the Upper Limb ( 上肢骨连结 )D. The Joints of the Lower Limb ( 下肢骨连结 )

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Section 1Section 1 IntroductionIntroduction

A. Classifications of Arthrology ( 关节学分类 )

B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Joint ( 滑膜关节的主要结构 )

C. The Accessory Structures of a Synovial Joint ( 滑膜关节的辅助结构 )

D. The Movements of Joints ( 关节运动 )

E. The Classifications of Synovial Joints ( 滑膜关节的分类 )

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A. ClassificationsA. Classifications1. Synarthrosis ( 不动关节 ) 1) Fibrous joints

( 纤维连结 )

2) Cartilaginous joints

( 软骨连结 )

3) Synostosis ( 骨性结合 )

2. Diarthrosis ( 动关节 )

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B. The Essential B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Structures of a Synovial

JointJoint1. Articular surface ( 关节面 ): articul

ar cartilage ( 关节软骨 )2. Joint capsule ( 关节囊 ): fibro

us membrane ( 纤维层 ) synovial membrane ( 滑膜层 )

3. Joint cavity ( 关节腔 ): synovia ( 滑液 ), negative to the atmosphere pressure ( 负压 )

[arthritis 关节炎 ]

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C. The Accessory C. The Accessory Structures of the Synovial Structures of the Synovial

JointsJoints1. Ligament ( 韧带 )2. Articular disc ( 关节盘 )3. Articular lip ( 关节唇 )4. Synovial plica ( 滑膜襞 )5. Synovial bursa ( 滑囊 )

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D.D. The MThe Movement ofovement of Joint Joint

1. Gliding or slipping movement ( 滑动 )

2. Flexion ( 屈） and extension ( 伸 )

3. Adduction ( 收 ) and abduction ( 展 )

4. Pronation ( 旋前 ) and supination( 旋后 )

5. Rotation ( 旋转 )

6. Circumduction ( 环转 )

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E.TE.Types ofypes of S Synovial Jointsynovial Joints1.Uniaxial joints

1) Hinge (trochlear) joints ( 屈戍 [ 滑车 ] 关节 ) 2) Pivot joints ( 车轴关节 )

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E.TE.Types ofypes of S Synovial Jointsynovial Joints2. Biaxial joints 1) Elliptic (condyloid) joints ( 椭圆 [ 髁状 ] 关节 ) 2) Saddle joints ( 鞍状关节 )

3. Polyaxial joints 1) Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint

s ( 球窝关节 ) 2) Plane (gliding) joints ( 平面 [ 滑

动 ] 关节 )

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Section 2Section 2 The Joints of The Joints of the Bones of the Trunkthe Bones of the Trunk

A. The Vertebral Column ( 脊柱 )

B. The Thoracic Cage( 胸廓 )

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A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

1. The Joints of the Vertebral Bodies

1) intervertebral discs ( 椎间盘 )

a. anulus fibrosus ( 纤维环 )

b. nucleus pulposus ( 髓核 )

[prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出 ]

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[prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出 ]

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2) anterior longitudinal lig

ament ( 前纵韧带 ) Location: base of skull →sacrum.

Function:

a. stabilize vertebral column

b. prevent hyperextension

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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3) posterior longitudinal ligament ( 后纵韧带 )

Location: in vertebral canal. atlas →sacrum.

Function: a. stabilize vertebral colu

mn b. prevent hyperflexion

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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2. The Joints of the Vertebral Arches

1) zygapophysial joints

( 关节突关节 )

2) ligamenta flava (yellow ligament) ( 黄韧带 )

[hypertrophy of ligamentum flava 黄韧带肥厚 ]

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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3) interspinal ligaments ( 棘间韧带 )

4) inter- transverse ligaments ( 横突间 韧带 )

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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3) interspinal ligaments ( 棘间韧带 )

4) intertransverse ligaments ( 横突间韧带 )

5) supraspinal ligament ( 棘上韧带 )

Location: C7→median crest of sacrum.

Function: a. stabilize vertebral column b. prevent hyperflexion

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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6) ligamentum nuchae ( 项韧带 )

Location: back of neck. Extending: C7 → ext

ernal occipital protuberance.

Function: stabilize the skull.

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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3. The Vertebral Column as a Whole

1) Curvatures a. cervical curvature ( 颈曲 )

b. thoracic curvature ( 胸曲 )

c. lumbar curvature ( 腰曲 )

d. sacral curvature ( 骶曲 )

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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2) Movements

a. flexion (forward bending) ( 屈 )

b. extension (backward bending) ( 伸 )

c. lateral flexion (side bending) （侧屈） d. rotation （旋转） e. spring （弹拨）

A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

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B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage1. Superior aperture of

thorax ( 上口 ) (inlet of thorax) [syndrome of superior aperture of thorax

胸廓上口综合征 ]

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2. Inferior aperture of thorax (outlet of thorax) ( 下口 )

1) costal arch ( 肋弓 )

[chicken breast 鸡胸 ]

2) infrasternal angle ( 胸骨下角 )

[percussion 听诊 ]

B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage

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B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage

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3. Thoracic Joints 1) costovertebral joints

( 肋椎关节 )

2) costotransverse joints

( 肋横突关节 )

B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage

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3) sternocostal joints ( 胸肋关节 ) 2nd →7th

B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage

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Section 3Section 3 The Joints The Joints of the Upper Limbof the Upper Limb

A

BC

D

E

A. Sternoclavicular joint ( 胸锁关节 )

B. Shoulder joint ( 肩关节 ) C. Elbow joint ( 肘关节 )D. The joints between radi

us and ulna ( 桡尺骨间关节 )E. The joints of hand ( 手关节 )

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A.TA.Thehe SSternoclavicularternoclavicular J Jointoint1. Composition1. Composition Sternum Sternum (( 胸骨胸骨 ) ) Clavicle Clavicle (( 锁骨锁骨 )) 1st Costal cartilage 1st Costal cartilage (( 第第 11 肋软骨肋软骨 ))2. Structures2. Structures Capsule Capsule (( 关节囊关节囊 ) ) Ligaments Ligaments (( 韧带韧带 ))

Articular disc Articular disc (( 关节盘关节盘 ))

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3. Movements3. Movements 1) Anterior and posterior: 1) Anterior and posterior: 20º 20º 〜〜 30º30º 2)2) Up and down: Up and down: 60º 60º 3) Rotation 3) Rotation (( 旋转旋转 ) 20 º) 20 º 4) 4) Circumduction Circumduction (( 环转环转 ))

A.TA.Thehe SSternoclavicularternoclavicular J Jointoint

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B. B. The Shoulder JointThe Shoulder Joint1. Structures 1) glenoid labrum (盂唇 ) 2) tendon of the long head of biceps brachi

i (肱二头肌长头肌腱）2. Movements 1) flexion 90 º º extension 35 º35 º 2) abduction 90 ºº adduction 90 ºº

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3) medial rotation 45 ºº 4) lateral rotation 45 ºº 4) circumduction ( 环转 ) [dislocation of shoulder joint 肩关节脱位 ]

B. B. The Shoulder JointThe Shoulder Joint

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C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint 1. Composition 1) humeroulnar joint ( 肱尺关节 ) 2) humeroradial joint ( 肱桡关节 ) 3) proximal radioulnar joint ( 桡尺

近侧关节 ) [dislocation of elbow joint 肘关节脱位 ]

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2. Structures 1) annular ligament

( 环状韧带 ) 2) radial collateral li

gament ( 桡侧副韧带 ) 3) ulnar collateral lig

ament ( 尺侧副韧带 )

C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint

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3. Movements flexion 135 ºº extension 135 º + 15 ºº + 15 º

pronation 90 ºº supination 90 ºº

C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint

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1. Proximal radioulnar joint

( 桡尺近侧关节 )

2. Interosseous membrane of f

orearm ( 前臂骨间膜 )

3. Distal radioulnar joint

( 桡尺远侧关节 )

articular disc ( 关节盘 )

D. The Joints Between D. The Joints Between Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna

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D. The Joints BetweenD. The Joints Between Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna

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E. The Joints of the HandE. The Joints of the Hand

1. Wrist (radiocarpal) joint ( 腕关节 )

2. Intercarpal joints

( 腕骨间关节 )

3. Carpometacarpal joints ( 腕掌关节 )

4. Intermetacarpal joints ( 掌骨间关节 )

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E. The Joints of the HandE. The Joints of the Hand

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5. Metacarpophalangeal joints ( 掌指关节 )

6. Inter- phalangeal joints ( 指骨间关节 )[rheumatoid arthritis类风湿关节炎 ]

E. The Joints of the HandE. The Joints of the Hand

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Section 4Section 4 Joints of Joints of the Lower Limbthe Lower Limb

A. The Pelvis ( 骨盆 )B. The Hip Joint ( 髋关节 )C. The Knee Joint ( 膝关节 )D. The Tibiofibular Union

( 胫腓联结 )E. Joints of the Foot ( 足关节 )F. Arches of the Foot ( 足弓 )

D

C

A

B

E F

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A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis1. Dividing 1) greater pelvis (false pelvis) （大骨盆） 2) lesser pelvis (true pelvis) （小骨盆）

M F

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2. Apertures 1) superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet) ( 骨盆上口 ) 2) inferior pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet)( 骨盆 a. pubic arch ( 耻骨弓 ) [ 下口 ) b. subpubic angle ( 耻骨下角 )

A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis

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3. Structures

1) sacroiliac joint

( 骶髂关节 )

2) sacrotuberous ligt.

( 骶结节韧带 )

3) sacrospinous ligament

( 骶棘韧带 )

A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis

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4) obturator membrane

( 闭孔膜 ) 5) pubic symphysis ( 耻骨联合 ) a. interpubic disc ( 耻骨间盘 ) b. suprapubic ligam

ent ( 耻骨上韧带 ) c. arcuate pubic lig

ament ( 耻骨弓状韧

带 )

A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis

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A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis

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B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint1. Structures

1) acetabular labrum ( 髋臼唇 )

2) transverse acetabular ligt.

( 髋臼横韧带 )

3) ligament of head of femur( 股骨头韧带 )

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4) iliofemoral ligament

( 髂股韧带 ) 5) pubofemoral lig

ament ( 耻股韧带 )

B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint

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6) ischiofemoral lig

ament

( 坐股韧带 )

7) zona orbicularis

( 轮匝带 )

[dislocation of hip jo

int 脱位 ]

B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint

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2. Movements

1) flexion 125 ºº & extension 125 º + º + 1010ºº

2) abduction 45 ºº & adduction 30 ºº

3) medial rotation 45 º &

lateral rotation 45 ºº

4) circumduction ( 环转 )

B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint

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C. The Knee JointC. The Knee Joint

1. Structures 1) patellar ligament

( 髌韧带 )

2) tibial collateral ligament ( 胫侧副韧带 )

3) fibular collateral ligament ( 腓侧副韧带 )

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4) anterior cruciate ligament ( 前交叉韧带 )

5) posterior cruciate ligament ( 后交叉韧带 )

[drawer test 抽屉试验 ]

The Knee JointThe Knee Joint

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The Knee JointThe Knee Joint 6) medial meniscus

( 内侧半月板 ) 7) lateral meniscus

( 外侧半月板 ) [meniscus injury 半月板损伤 ]

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The Knee JointThe Knee Joint 8) alar folds

( 翼状襞 )

9) suprapatellar bursa ( 髌上囊 )

[arthrocentesis of knee joint

膝关节穿刺术 ]

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2. Movements 1) flexion 130 ºº

extension 130 º º +10º+10º

2) medial rotation 10 ºº

lateral rotation 10 ºº

The Knee JointThe Knee Joint

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D. TD. Thehe Tibiofibular U Tibiofibular Unionnion

1. Tibiofibular joint ( 胫腓关节 )

2. Crural interosseous membrane

( 小腿骨间膜 ) 3. Tibiofibular syndesm

osis ( 胫腓连结 )

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E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot1. Ankle joint (talocrural joint) ( 踝关节 )

1) medial (deltoid) ligament ( 内侧韧带 )

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2) lateral ligaments [sprained ankle 扭伤 ] a. anterior talofibular ligament ( 距腓前韧带 ) b. calcaneofibular ligament ( 跟腓韧带 ) c. posterior talofibular ligament( 距腓后韧带 )

E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot

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2. Intertarsal joint ( 跗骨间关节 )3. Transverse tarsal joint (Chopart’s joint)

( 跗横关节 )

E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot

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4. Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc’s joint) ( 跗跖关节 )

5. Intermetatarsal joints ( 跖骨间关节 )6. Metatarsophalangeal joints ( 跖趾关节 )

E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot

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7. Interphalangeal joints ( 趾骨间关节 )

E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot

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F. F. Arches of theArches of the F Footoot 1. Medial longitudinal arch ( 内侧纵弓 )

2. Lateral longitudinal arch ( 外侧纵弓 )

3. Transverse arch ( 横弓 )

[flat foot 扁平足 ]

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Section 5Section 5 The Synovial The Synovial Joint of the SkullJoint of the Skull

Temporomandibular (Mandib

ular) Joint

(颞下颌关节 )

1. Structures

1) lateral ligament

(外側韧带 )

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The Synovial Joint of the SkullThe Synovial Joint of the Skull

2) medial ligament ( 內側韧带 )3) sphenomandibular l

igament ( 蝶下頜韌帶 )4) stylomandibular lig

ament ( 莖突下頜韌帶 )

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5) articular disc ( 关节盘 ) [dislocation of the mandibular joint 脱位 ]

The Synovial Joint of the SkullThe Synovial Joint of the Skull

closing opening

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2. Movements

1) opening ( 张口 ) 40 ºº & closing ( 闭口 ) the mouth -- biting ( 咬 ) & chewing ( 咀嚼 )

2) protrusion ( 前进 ) & retraction ( 后退 )

3) lateral movement -- grinding ( 研磨 )

[disturbance of mandibular joint 紊乱 ]

The Synovial Joint of the SkullThe Synovial Joint of the Skull

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